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Chen S, Zhong L, Chu X, Wan P, Liu Z, Lu Y, Zhang Z, Wang X, Zhou Z, Shao X, Liu B. Downregulation of Polo-like kinase 4 induces cell apoptosis and G2/M arrest in acute myeloid leukemia. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 243:154376. [PMID: 36821942 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) is a crucial regulator for centriole replication and is reported to be aberrantly expressed in various cancers, where it participates to tumorigenesis. However, PLK4 effect in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), is still uncertain. This study investigates the function of PLK4 in AML. METHODS Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure the level of PLK4. Centrinone, a selective PLK4 small molecule inhibitor, was used for PLK4 inhibition and explore its effect in AML cells. The cell growth was detected by the CCK8, while the cell cycle and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry. The level of proteins associated with apoptosis, cell cycle and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were analyzed by western blotting. RESULTS PLK4 was overexpressed in AML cells. PLK4 knockdown or its specific inhibition by centrinone induced G2/M phase arrest via suppressing the expression of cyclin B1 and Cdc2 and promoting the level of proapoptotic proteins. Moreover, PLK4 targeting enhanced the level of proteins related to ER stress, such as GRP78, ATF4, ATF6, and CHOP. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrated that targeting PLK4 can induce apoptosis, G2/M and ER stress in AML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Chen
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Liang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xuan Chu
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Peng Wan
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Zhenyan Liu
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Zhonghui Zhang
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Ziwei Zhou
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Xin Shao
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Beizhong Liu
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China; Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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2
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Féral K, Jaud M, Philippe C, Di Bella D, Pyronnet S, Rouault-Pierre K, Mazzolini L, Touriol C. ER Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in Leukemia: Friend, Foe, or Both? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020199. [PMID: 33573353 PMCID: PMC7911881 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an evolutionarily conserved adaptive signaling pathway triggered by a stress of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen compartment, which is initiated by the accumulation of unfolded proteins. This response, mediated by three sensors-Inositol Requiring Enzyme 1 (IRE1), Activating Transcription Factor 6 (ATF6), and Protein Kinase RNA-Like Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase (PERK)—allows restoring protein homeostasis and maintaining cell survival. UPR represents a major cytoprotective signaling network for cancer cells, which frequently experience disturbed proteostasis owing to their rapid proliferation in an usually unfavorable microenvironment. Increased basal UPR also participates in the resistance of tumor cells against chemotherapy. UPR activation also occurs during hematopoiesis, and growing evidence supports the critical cytoprotective role played by ER stress in the emergence and proliferation of leukemic cells. In case of severe or prolonged stress, pro-survival UPR may however evolve into a cell death program called terminal UPR. Interestingly, a large number of studies have revealed that the induction of proapoptotic UPR can also strongly contribute to the sensitization of leukemic cells to chemotherapy. Here, we review the current knowledge on the consequences of the deregulation of UPR signaling in leukemias and their implications for the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Féral
- Inserm UMR1037-Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, 2 avenue Hubert Curien, Oncopole entrée C, CS 53717, 31037 Toulouse, France; (K.F.); (M.J.); (S.P.)
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Manon Jaud
- Inserm UMR1037-Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, 2 avenue Hubert Curien, Oncopole entrée C, CS 53717, 31037 Toulouse, France; (K.F.); (M.J.); (S.P.)
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Philippe
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; (C.P.); (D.D.B.); (K.R.-P.)
| | - Doriana Di Bella
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; (C.P.); (D.D.B.); (K.R.-P.)
| | - Stéphane Pyronnet
- Inserm UMR1037-Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, 2 avenue Hubert Curien, Oncopole entrée C, CS 53717, 31037 Toulouse, France; (K.F.); (M.J.); (S.P.)
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Kevin Rouault-Pierre
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; (C.P.); (D.D.B.); (K.R.-P.)
| | - Laurent Mazzolini
- Inserm UMR1037-Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, 2 avenue Hubert Curien, Oncopole entrée C, CS 53717, 31037 Toulouse, France; (K.F.); (M.J.); (S.P.)
- CNRS ERL5294, CRCT, F-31037 Toulouse, France
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (C.T.)
| | - Christian Touriol
- Inserm UMR1037-Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, 2 avenue Hubert Curien, Oncopole entrée C, CS 53717, 31037 Toulouse, France; (K.F.); (M.J.); (S.P.)
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, F-31000 Toulouse, France
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (C.T.)
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3
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Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress and protein misfolding in disorders of the liver and pancreas. Adv Med Sci 2019; 64:315-323. [PMID: 30978662 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of synthesis and folding of membrane and secretory proteins. The fraction of protein passing through the ER represents a large proportion of the total protein in the cell. Protein folding, glycosylation, sorting and transport are essential tasks of the ER and a compromised ER folding network has been recognized to be a key component in the disease pathogenicity of common neurodegenerative, metabolic and malignant diseases. On the other hand, the ER protein folding machinery also holds significant potential for therapeutic interventions. Many causes can lead to ER stress. A disturbed calcium homeostasis, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a persistent overload of misfolded proteins within the ER can drive the course of adisease. In this review the role of ER-stress in diseases of the liver and pancreas will be examined using pancreatitis and Wilson´s disease as examples. Potential therapeutic targets in ER-stress pathways will also be discussed.
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4
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Kam MK, Lee DG, Kim B, Lee HS, Lee SR, Bae YC, Lee DS. Peroxiredoxin 4 ameliorates amyloid beta oligomer-mediated apoptosis by inhibiting ER-stress in HT-22 hippocampal neuron cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2019; 35:573-588. [PMID: 31147869 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-019-09477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by amyloid beta oligomers (AβO), which induce cell death by triggering oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Oxidative stress is regulated by antioxidant enzymes, including peroxiredoxins. Peroxiredoxins (Prx) are classified into six subtypes, based on their localization and cysteine residues, and protect cells by scavenging hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Peroxiredoxin 4 (Prx4) is unique in being localized to the ER; however, whether Prx4 protects neuronal cells from AβO-induced toxicity remains unclear, although Prx4 expression is upregulated in AβO-induced oxidative stress and ER stress. In this study, we established HT-22 cells in which Prx4 was either overexpressed or silenced to investigate its role in AβO-induced toxicity. AβO-stimulation of HT-22 cells with overexpressed Prx4 caused decreases in both AβO-induced ROS and ER stress (followed by ER expansion). In contrast, AβO stimulation caused increases in both ROS and ER stress that were notably higher in HT-22 cells with silenced Prx4 expression than in HT-22 cells. Consequently, Prx4 overexpression decreased apoptotic cell death and ameliorated the AβO-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+. Therefore, we conclude that Prx4 has a protective effect against AβO-mediated oxidative stress, ER stress, and neuronal cell death. Furthermore, these results suggest that Prx4 may be a target for preventing AβO toxicity in AD. Graphical abstract .
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyoung Kam
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gil Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyung Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children/UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Hyun-Shik Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Chungcheonbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Buz PT, Duman FD, Erkisa M, Demirci G, Ari F, Ulukaya E, Acar HY. Development of near-infrared region luminescent N-acetyl-L-cysteine-coated Ag 2S quantum dots with differential therapeutic effect. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:969-987. [PMID: 30917096 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) is a free radical scavenger. We developed NAC-coated Ag2S (NAC-Ag2S) quantum dot (QD) as an optical imaging and therapeutic agent. MATERIALS & METHODS QDs were synthesized in water. Their optical imaging potential and toxicity were studied in vitro. RESULTS NAC-Ag2S QDs have strong emission, that is tunable between 748 and 840 nm, and are stable in biologically relevant media. QDs showed significant differences both in cell internalization and toxicity in vitro. QDs were quite toxic to breast and cervical cancer cells but not to lung derived cells despite the higher uptake. NAC-Ag2S reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) but causes cell death via DNA damage and apoptosis. CONCLUSION NAC-Ag2S QDs are stable and strong signal-generating theranostic agents offering selective therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Merve Erkisa
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Gozde Demirci
- Graduate School of Materials Science & Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Ferda Ari
- Department of Biology, Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey
| | - Engin Ulukaya
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Havva Yagci Acar
- Department of Chemistry, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey.,Surface Science & Technology Center (KUYTAM), Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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Liu Y, Liu K, Wang N, Zhang H. N‑acetylcysteine induces apoptosis via the mitochondria‑dependent pathway but not via endoplasmic reticulum stress in H9c2 cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:6626-6633. [PMID: 28901511 PMCID: PMC5865795 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a precursor of glutathione, is a widely used thiol-containing antioxidant and modulator of the intracellular redox state. Our previous study demonstrated that excess reduced glutathione (GSH) from NAC treatment paradoxically led to a reduction in glutathione redox potential, increased mitochondrial oxidation and caused cytotoxicity at lower reactive oxygen species levels in H9c2 cells. However, no detailed data are available on the molecular mechanisms of NAC-induced cytotoxicity on H9c2 cells. In the present study, it was demonstrated that NAC-induced cytotoxicity towards H9c2 cells was associated with apoptosis. The activation of caspase-9 and −3, and cleavage of procaspase-9 and −3, but not of caspase-8, were involved in NAC-induced apoptosis. The dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, release of cytochrome c, translocation of B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax) to the mitochondria, and the increased ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA indicated that NAC treatment-induced apoptosis occurred mainly through the mitochondria-dependent pathway. Redox western blot analysis demonstrated that NAC did not disrupt the highly oxidized environment of the endoplasmic reticulum, which was indicated by maintenance of the oxidized form of protein disulfide isomerase, an essential chaperone in the formation of disulfide bond formation in the endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, no significant changes in the expression of binding immunoglobulin protein or C/EBP homologous protein were apparent in the process of NAC-induced apoptosis. Taken together, the present study demonstrated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that NAC induced apoptosis via the mitochondria-dependent pathway but not via endoplasmic reticulum stress in H9c2 cells, and the exogenous GSH from NAC did not alter the oxidized milieu of the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyong Liu
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Capital Medical University Affiliated to Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Nian Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Huali Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
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7
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Lee S, Yoon J, Choi M, Choi C. Induction of neuronal activation by femtosecond-pulsed laser irradiation and its potential application for amyloid-β-induced toxicity assessment. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:311-319. [PMID: 27090065 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating neural activity is crucial for studying the neural connectivity and the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disease. Among various techniques for neural activation, direct optical stimulation method with femtosecond-pulsed laser is simple and can be specifically applied on a single neuron. Brief irradiation of femtosecond laser pulses on a neuron elevates intracellular calcium, and it propagates to adjacent neurons. However, the mechanisms of laser-induced neural activation are still unclear. In this report, we have elucidated the mechanism of laser-induced neural activation which could be mediated by superoxide, specifically blocked by diphenyleneiodonium chloride, and depletion in intracellular calcium storage. Furthermore, we also showed that the propagation of calcium initiated by laser stimulation is dependent on the presence of extracellular calcium as well as electrical and chemical synapses. We verified the applicability of such mechanism for the assessment of neuronal functionality, by measuring calcium elevation, intracellular calcium propagation, ROS increase, and performing cell death assay in vehicle and Aβ-treated neurons. This work suggests promising applications of the potential for implementing such laser-induced neural activation for rapid and reliable drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghee Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
- KAIST Institute for Optical Science and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jonghee Yoon
- KAIST Institute for Optical Science and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Physics, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Myunghwan Choi
- Department of Global Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Chulhee Choi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
- Department of Physics, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
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8
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Li W, Jiang B, Cao X, Xie Y, Huang T. Protective effect of lycopene on fluoride-induced ameloblasts apoptosis and dental fluorosis through oxidative stress-mediated Caspase pathways. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 261:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Suzuki M, Bandoski C, Bartlett JD. Fluoride induces oxidative damage and SIRT1/autophagy through ROS-mediated JNK signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:369-78. [PMID: 26431905 PMCID: PMC4684823 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride is an effective caries prophylactic, but at high doses can also be an environmental health hazard. Acute or chronic exposure to high fluoride doses can result in dental enamel and skeletal and soft tissue fluorosis. Dental fluorosis is manifested as mottled, discolored, porous enamel that is susceptible to dental caries. Fluoride induces cell stress, including endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress, which leads to impairment of ameloblasts responsible for dental enamel formation. Recently we reported that fluoride activates SIRT1 and autophagy as an adaptive response to protect cells from stress. However, it still remains unclear how SIRT1/autophagy is regulated in dental fluorosis. In this study, we demonstrate that fluoride exposure generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the resulting oxidative damage is counteracted by SIRT1/autophagy induction through c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling in ameloblasts. In the mouse-ameloblast-derived cell line LS8, fluoride induced ROS, mitochondrial damage including cytochrome-c release, up-regulation of UCP2, attenuation of ATP synthesis, and H2AX phosphorylation (γH2AX), which is a marker of DNA damage. We evaluated the effects of the ROS inhibitor N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and the JNK inhibitor SP600125 on fluoride-induced SIRT1/autophagy activation. NAC decreased fluoride-induced ROS generation and attenuated JNK and c-Jun phosphorylation. NAC decreased SIRT1 phosphorylation and formation of the autophagy marker LC3II, which resulted in an increase in the apoptosis mediators γH2AX and cleaved/activated caspase-3. SP600125 attenuated fluoride-induced SIRT1 phosphorylation, indicating that fluoride activates SIRT1/autophagy via the ROS-mediated JNK pathway. In enamel organs from rats or mice treated with 50, 100, or 125 ppm fluoride for 6 weeks, cytochrome-c release and the DNA damage markers 8-oxoguanine, p-ATM, and γH2AX were increased compared to those in controls (0 ppm fluoride). These results suggest that fluoride-induced ROS generation causes mitochondrial damage and DNA damage, which may lead to impairment of ameloblast function. To counteract this impairment, SIRT1/autophagy is induced via JNK signaling to protect cells/ameloblasts from fluoride-induced oxidative damage that may cause dental fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Suzuki
- Department of Mineralized Tissue Biology, The Forsyth Institute & Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA
| | - Cheryl Bandoski
- Department of Mineralized Tissue Biology, The Forsyth Institute & Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA
| | - John D Bartlett
- Department of Mineralized Tissue Biology, The Forsyth Institute & Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA.
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Excessive L-cysteine induces vacuole-like cell death by activating endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Amino Acids 2015; 48:149-56. [PMID: 26306843 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
High intake of dietary cysteine is extremely toxic to animals and the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that excessive L-cysteine induces cell death by activating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Jejunal enterocytes were cultured in the presence of 0-10 mmol/L L-cysteine. Cell viability, morphologic alterations, mRNA levels for genes involved in ER stress, protein abundances for glucose-regulated protein 78, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF2α), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), p38 MAPK, and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK1/2) were determined. The results showed that L-cysteine (5-10 mmol/L) reduced cell viability (P < 0.05) and led to vacuole-like cell death in intestinal porcine epithelial cells. These adverse effects of L-cysteine were not affected by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. The protein abundances for CHOP, phosphorylated (p)-eIF2α, p-JNK1/2, p-p38 MAPK, and the spliced form of XBP-1 mRNA were enhanced (P < 0.05), whereas those for p-ERK1/2 were reduced (P < 0.05). Collectively, excessive L-cysteine induces vacuole-like cell death via the activation of ER stress and MAPK signaling in small intestinal epithelial cells. These signaling pathways may be potential targets for developing effective strategies to prevent the toxicity of dietary cysteine.
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11
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Ma Z, Wei Q, Dong G, Huo Y, Dong Z. DNA damage response in renal ischemia-reperfusion and ATP-depletion injury of renal tubular cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1842:1088-96. [PMID: 24726884 PMCID: PMC4038345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion leads to acute kidney injury (AKI) that is characterized pathologically by tubular damage and cell death, followed by tubular repair, atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. Recent work suggested the possible presence of DNA damage response (DDR) in AKI. However, the evidence is sketchy and the role and regulation of DDR in ischemic AKI remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrated the induction of phosphorylation of ATM, H2AX, Chk2 and p53 during renal ischemia-reperfusion in mice, suggesting DDR in kidney tissues. DDR was also induced in vitro during the recovery or "reperfusion" of renal proximal tubular cells (RPTCs) after ATP depletion. DDR in RPTCs was abrogated by supplying glucose to maintain ATP via glycolysis, indicating that the DDR depends on ATP depletion. The DDR was also suppressed by the general caspase inhibitor z-VAD and the overexpression of Bcl-2, supporting a role of apoptosis-associated DNA damage in the DDR. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant, suppressed the phosphorylation of ATM and p53 and, to a less extent, Chk2, but NAC increased the phosphorylation and nuclear foci formation of H2AX. Interestingly, NAC increased apoptosis, which may account for the observed H2AX activation. Ku55933, an ATM inhibitor, blocked ATM phosphorylation and ameliorated the phosphorylation of Chk2 and p53, but it increased H2AX phosphorylation and nuclear foci formation. Ku55933 also increased apoptosis in RPTCs following ATP depletion. The results suggest that DDR occurs during renal ischemia-reperfusion in vivo and ATP-depletion injury in vitro. The DDR is partially induced by apoptosis and oxidative stress-related DNA damage. ATM, as a sensor in the DDR, may play a cytoprotective role against tubular cell injury and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Ma
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Reagents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Qingqing Wei
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Reagents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Guie Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Reagents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Reagents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Reagents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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12
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Qiao S, Cabello CM, Lamore SD, Lesson JL, Wondrak GT. D-Penicillamine targets metastatic melanoma cells with induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and Noxa (PMAIP1)-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis. Apoptosis 2013; 17:1079-94. [PMID: 22843330 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-012-0746-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
D-Penicillamine (3,3-dimethyl-D-cysteine; DP) is an FDA-approved redox-active D-cysteine-derivative with antioxidant, disulfide-reducing, and metal chelating properties used therapeutically for the control of copper-related pathology in Wilson's disease and reductive cystine-solubilization in cystinuria. Based on the established sensitivity of metastatic melanoma cells to pharmacological modulation of cellular oxidative stress, we tested feasibility of using DP for chemotherapeutic intervention targeting human A375 melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. DP treatment induced caspase-dependent cell death in cultured human metastatic melanoma cells (A375, G361) without compromising viability of primary epidermal melanocytes, an effect not observed with the thiol-antioxidants N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and dithiothreitol. Focused gene expression array analysis followed by immunoblot detection revealed that DP rapidly activates the cytotoxic unfolded protein response (UPR; involving phospho-PERK, phospho-eIF2α, Grp78, CHOP, and Hsp70) and the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis with p53 upregulation and modulation of Bcl-2 family members (involving Noxa, Mcl-1, and Bcl-2). DP (but not NAC) induced oxidative stress with early impairment of glutathione homeostasis and mitochondrial transmembrane potential. SiRNA-based antagonism of PMAIP1 expression blocked DP-induced upregulation of the proapoptotic BH3-only effector Noxa and prevented downregulation of the Noxa-antagonist Mcl-1, rescuing melanoma cells from DP-induced apoptosis. Intraperitoneal administration of DP displayed significant antimelanoma activity in a murine A375 xenograft model. It remains to be seen if melanoma cell-directed induction of UPR and apoptosis using DP or improved DP-derivatives can be harnessed for future chemotherapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxi Qiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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D-penicillamine and other low molecular weight thiols: review of anticancer effects and related mechanisms. Cancer Lett 2013; 337:8-21. [PMID: 23727371 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight thiols (LMWTs) like N-acetyl cysteine, D-penicillamine, captopril, Disulfiram and Amifostine, etc. have been used as chemo-preventive agents. Recent studies have reported cell growth inhibition and cytotoxicity in several different types of cancer cells following treatment with several LMWTs. Cytotoxic and cytostatic effects of LMWTs may involve interaction of the thiol group with cellular lipids, proteins, intermediates or enzymes. Some of the mechanisms that have been proposed include a p53 mediated apoptosis, thiyl radical induced DNA damage, membrane damage through lipid peroxidation, anti-angiogenic effects induced by inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase enzymes and angiostatin generation. LMWTs are strong chelators of transition metals like copper, nickel, zinc, iron and cobalt and may cause metal co-factor depletion resulting in cytotoxicity. Oxidation of thiol group can also generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Bozhokina E, Vakhromova E, Gamaley I, Khaitlina S. N-acetylcysteine increases susceptibility of HeLa cells to bacterial invasion. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:1568-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hensen SMM, Heldens L, van Enckevort CMW, van Genesen ST, Pruijn GJM, Lubsen NH. Activation of the antioxidant response in methionine deprived human cells results in an HSF1-independent increase in HSPA1A mRNA levels. Biochimie 2013; 95:1245-51. [PMID: 23395854 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In cells starved for leucine, lysine or glutamine heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is inactivated and the level of the transcripts of the HSF1 target genes HSPA1A (Hsp70) and DNAJB1 (Hsp40) drops. We show here that in HEK293 cells deprived of methionine HSF1 was similarly inactivated but that the level of HSPA1A and DNAJB1 mRNA increased. This increase was also seen in cells expressing a dominant negative HSF1 mutant (HSF379 or HSF1-K80Q), confirming that the increase is HSF1 independent. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine completely inhibited the increase in HSPA1A and DNAJB1 mRNA levels upon methionine starvation, indicating that this increase is a response to oxidative stress resulting from a lack of methionine. Cells starved for methionine contained higher levels of c-Fos and FosB mRNA, but knockdown of these transcription factors had no effect on the HSPA1A or DNAJB1 mRNA level. Knockdown of NRF2 mRNA resulted in the inhibition of the increase in the HSPA1A mRNA, but not the DNAJB1 mRNA, level in methionine starved cells. We conclude that methionine deprivation results in both the amino acid deprivation response and an antioxidant response mediated at least in part by NRF2. This antioxidant response includes an HSF1 independent increase in the levels of HSPA1A and DNAJB1 mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne M M Hensen
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Kretzmann NA, Chiela E, Matte U, Marroni N, Marroni CA. N-acetylcysteine improves antitumoural response of Interferon alpha by NF-kB downregulation in liver cancer cells. COMPARATIVE HEPATOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 23206959 PMCID: PMC3539937 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5926-11-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Liver cancer is one of the most common malignancies in the world and at the moment, there is no drug intervention effective for the treatment of liver tumours. Investigate the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which has been studied for its antitumoural properties, on the toxicity of hepatocarcinoma (HCC) cells in vitro when used with the drug interferon alpha-2A (IFN), which is used clinically to treat HCC. Results NAC, IFN and NAC plus IFN reduced cell viability, as determined by MTT assay. More importantly, NAC potentiates the cytotoxic effect of IFN, with the best response achieved with 10 mM of NAC and 2.5 x 104 of IFN. These results were confirmed by Annexin/PI staining through flow cytometry and morphologic analyses. Co-treatment reduced the expression of the nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-kB). In a similar way to NAC, RNAi against p65 potentiated the toxic effect of IFN, suggesting that, indeed, NAC may be enhancing the effect of IFN through inhibition of NF-kB. Conclusions Our results support the notion that NAC may be an important drug for the treatment of liver tumours as primary or adjuvant therapy. IFN has a limited clinical response, and therefore, the anti-proliferative properties of NAC in the liver should be explored further as an alternative for non-responders to IFN treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Alexandre Kretzmann
- Post-Graduation Program in Medicine: Hepatology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90050-170, Brazil.
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Wu CH, Tang SC, Wang PH, Lee H, Ko JL. Nickel-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition by reactive oxygen species generation and E-cadherin promoter hypermethylation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:25292-302. [PMID: 22648416 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.291195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is considered a critical event in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis and tumor metastasis. During EMT, the expression of differentiation markers switches from cell-cell junction proteins such as E-cadherin to mesenchymal markers such as fibronectin. Although nickel-containing compounds have been shown to be associated with lung carcinogenesis, the role of nickel in the EMT process in bronchial epithelial cells is not clear. The aim of this study was to examine whether nickel contributes to EMT in human bronchial epithelial cells. We also attempted to clarify the mechanisms involved in NiCl(2)-induced EMT. Our results showed that NiCl(2) induced EMT phenotype marker alterations such as up-regulation of fibronectin and down-regulation of E-cadherin. In addition, the potent antioxidant N-acetylcysteine blocked EMT and expression of HIF-1α induced by NiCl(2), whereas the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored the down-regulation of E-cadherin induced by NiCl(2). Promoter hypermethylation of E-cadherin, determined by quantitative real time methyl-specific PCR and bisulfate sequencing, was also induced by NiCl(2). These results shed new light on the contribution of NiCl(2) to carcinogenesis. Specifically, NiCl(2) induces down-regulation of E-cadherin by reactive oxygen species generation and promoter hypermethylation. This study demonstrates for the first time that nickel induces EMT in bronchial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsien Wu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40203, Taiwan
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Lanza A, Lanza M, Santoro R, Soro V, Prime SS, Cirillo N. Deregulation of PERK in the autoimmune disease pemphigus vulgaris occurs via IgG-independent mechanisms. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164:336-43. [PMID: 21039404 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum and IgG isolated from patients with the autoimmune blistering disease pemphigus vulgaris (PV) trigger complex intracellular pathways in keratinocytes, including alterations of the cell cycle and metabolism, which ultimately lead to cell-cell detachment (acantholysis). We have shown previously that one of the earliest pathogenic events in PV is the activation of protein kinases, including the PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase PERK. OBJECTIVES In the present study we investigated in more detail the role of PERK in the pathogenesis of PV. METHODS PERK levels were assessed by Western blotting and in-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and PERK expression was silenced by siRNA technology. The effects of PV sera/IgG on keratinocyte cultures were investigated by flow cytometry, MTT and adhesion assays. RESULTS We show that PERK is activated in keratinocytes exposed to PV serum, as demonstrated by an increase in phosphorylated PERK levels and phosphorylation of eIF2α. Decreased expression of PERK by siRNA reduced the effects of PV serum on the cell cycle and keratinocyte viability, two key events in PV pathophysiology. As impairment of metabolic activity in PV is partially due to non-IgG serum factors, we then investigated the activation of PERK in keratinocytes incubated with whole PV serum, purified PV IgG and IgG-depleted PV serum. The data demonstrated that PV sera depleted of IgG, but not PV IgG, triggered PERK phosphorylation and this correlated with a marked reduction of metabolic activity in keratinocytes exposed to IgG-free serum. Knockdown of PERK by siRNA abrogated the changes in the cell cycle and apoptosis induced by IgG-depleted PV serum. Finally, the reduction of metabolic activity observed in keratinocytes exposed to IgG-depleted PV serum was almost absent in PERK-deficient cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results demonstrate that activation of PERK participates in the reduction of metabolic activity and cell viability seen in PV and that this phenomenon depends on non-IgG factors. PERK activation may represent a novel signalling mechanism linking ER stress and acantholysis in PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lanza
- Dipartimento di Discipline Odontostomatologiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy
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