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Chidiac L, Yazbeck H, Mahfouz R, Zgheib NK. Pharmacogenomics in Lebanon: current status, challenges and opportunities. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2024; 24:16. [PMID: 38778046 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-024-00336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics (PGx) research and applications are of utmost relevance in Lebanon considering its population genetic diversity. Moreover, as a country with regional leadership in medicine and higher education, Lebanon holds a strong potential in contributing to PGx research and clinical implementation. In this manuscript, we first review and evaluate the available PGx research conducted in Lebanon, then describe the current status of PGx practice in Lebanon while reflecting on the local and regional challenges, and highlighting areas for action, and opportunities to move forward. We specifically expand on the status of PGx at the American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center as a case study and guide for the further development of local and regional comprehensive PGx research, teaching, and clinical implementation programs. We also delve into the status of PGx knowledge and education, and prospects for further advancement such as with online courses and certificates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Chidiac
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hady Yazbeck
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rami Mahfouz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nathalie K Zgheib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Silva IMD, Vacario BGL, Okuyama NCM, Barcelos GRM, Fuganti PE, Guembarovski RL, Cólus IMDS, Serpeloni JM. Polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing genes and urinary bladder cancer susceptibility and prognosis: Possible impacts and future management. Gene 2024; 907:148252. [PMID: 38350514 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown the association of genetic variants with risks of occupational and environmentally induced cancers, including bladder (BC). The current review summarizes the effects of variants in genes encoding phase I and II enzymes in well-designed studies to highlight their contribution to BC susceptibility and prognosis. Polymorphisms in genes codifying drug-metabolizing proteins are of particular interest because of their involvement in the metabolism of exogenous genotoxic compounds, such as tobacco and agrochemicals. The prognosis between muscle-invasive and non-muscle-invasive diseases is very different, and it is difficult to predict which will progress worse. Web of Science, PubMed, and Medline were searched to identify studies published between January 1, 2010, and February 2023. We included 73 eligible studies, more than 300 polymorphisms, and 46 genes/loci. The most studied candidate genes/loci of phase I metabolism were CYP1B1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2A6, CYP3E1, and ALDH2, and those in phase II were GSTM1, GSTT1, NAT2, GSTP1, GSTA1, GSTO1, and UGT1A1. We used the 46 genes to construct a network of proteins and to evaluate their biological functions based on the Reactome and KEGG databases. Lastly, we assessed their expression in different tissues, including normal bladder and BC samples. The drug-metabolizing pathway plays a relevant role in BC, and our review discusses a list of genes that could provide clues for further exploration of susceptibility and prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabely Mayara da Silva
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Beatriz Geovana Leite Vacario
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; Center of Health Sciences, State University of West Paraná (UNIOESTE), Francisco Beltrão-Paraná, 85605-010, Brazil.
| | - Nádia Calvo Martins Okuyama
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Rafael Mazzaron Barcelos
- Department of Biosciences, Institute for Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos 11.060-001, Brazil.
| | | | - Roberta Losi Guembarovski
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Ilce Mara de Syllos Cólus
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Mara Serpeloni
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil.
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Ross RB, Gadwa J, Yu J, Darragh LB, Knitz MW, Nguyen D, Olimpo NA, Abdelazeem KN, Nguyen A, Corbo S, Van Court B, Beynor J, Neupert B, Saviola AJ, D'Alessandro A, Karam SD. PPARα Agonism Enhances Immune Response to Radiotherapy While Dietary Oleic Acid Results in Counteraction. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:1916-1933. [PMID: 38363297 PMCID: PMC11061609 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Head and neck cancer (HNC) improvements are stagnant, even with advances in immunotherapy. Our previous clinical trial data show that altered fatty acid (FA) metabolism correlates with outcome. We hypothesized that pharmacologic and dietary modulation of FA catabolism will affect therapeutic efficacy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We performed in vivo and in vitro experiments using PPARα agonism with fenofibrate (FF) or high oleic acid diets (OAD) with radiotherapy, generating metabolomic, proteomic, stable isotope tracing, extracellular flux analysis, and flow-cytometric data to investigate these alterations. RESULTS FF improved antitumor efficacy of high dose per fraction radiotherapy in HNC murine models, whereas the OAD reversed this effect. FF-treated mice on the control diet had evidence of increased FA catabolism. Stable isotope tracing showed less glycolytic utilization by ex vivo CD8+ T cells. Improved efficacy correlated with intratumoral alterations in eicosanoid metabolism and downregulated mTOR and CD36. CONCLUSIONS Metabolic intervention with increased FA catabolism improves the efficacy of HNC therapy and enhances antitumoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Blake Ross
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jacob Gadwa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Justin Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laurel B. Darragh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael W. Knitz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Diemmy Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Nicholas A. Olimpo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Khalid N.M. Abdelazeem
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
- Radiation Biology Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alexander Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sophia Corbo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Benjamin Van Court
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jessica Beynor
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Brooke Neupert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anthony J. Saviola
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sana D. Karam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
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Hein DW, Salazar-González RA, Doll MA, Zang Y. The effect of the rs1799931 G857A (G286E) polymorphism on N-acetyltransferase 2-mediated carcinogen metabolism and genotoxicity differs with heterocyclic amine exposure. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2697-2705. [PMID: 37592049 PMCID: PMC10529816 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03577-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Human N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) is subject to genetic polymorphism in human populations. In addition to the reference NAT2*4 allele, two genetic variant alleles (NAT2*5B and NAT2*7B) are common in Europe and Asia, respectively. NAT2*5B possesses a signature rs1801280 T341C (I114T) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), whereas NAT2*7B possesses a signature rs1799931 G857A (G286E) SNP. NAT2 alleles possessing the T341C (I114T) or G857A (G286E) SNP were recombinant expressed in yeast and tested for capacity to catalyze the O-acetylation of the N-hydroxy metabolites of heterocyclic amines (HCAs). The T341C (I114T) SNP reduced the O-acetylation of N-hydroxy-2-amino-3-methylimidazo [4,5-f] quinoline (N-OH-IQ), N-hydroxy-2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo [4,5-f] quinoxaline (N-OH-MeIQx) and N-hydroxy- 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b] pyridine (N-OH-PhIP), whereas the G857A (G286E) SNP reduced the O-acetylation of N-OH-IQ and N-OH-MeIQx but not N-OH-PhIP. The G857A (G286E) SNP significantly (p < 0.05) reduced apparent Km toward N-OH-PhIP but did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect apparent Vmax. Cultures of DNA repair-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with human CYP1A2 and NAT2*4, NAT2*5B or NAT2*7B alleles were incubated with various concentrations of IQ, MeIQx or PhIP and double-stranded DNA damage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured. Transfection with human CYP1A2 did not significantly (p > 0.05) increase HCA-induced DNA damage and ROS over un-transfected cells. Additional transfection with NAT2*4, NAT2*5B or NAT2*7B allele increased both DNA damage and ROS. The magnitude of the increases was both NAT2 allele- and substrate-dependent showing the same pattern as observed for the O-acetylation of the N-hydroxylated HCAs suggesting that both are mediated via NAT2-catalyzed O-acetylation. The results document the role of NAT2 and its genetic polymorphism on the O-acetylation and genotoxicity of HCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Raúl A Salazar-González
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Mark A Doll
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Yu Zang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
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Habil MR, Hein DW. Effects of dose and human N-acetyltransferase 1 genetic polymorphism in benzidine metabolism and genotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1765-1772. [PMID: 37097310 PMCID: PMC10192036 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03497-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Benzidine undergoes N-acetylation and following CYP1A2-catalyzed N-hydroxylation undergoes O-acetylation catalyzed by N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1). Benzidine exposure is associated with urinary bladder cancer but the effect of NAT1 genetic polymorphism on individual risk remains unclear. We used Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with human CYP1A2 and NAT1*4 allele (reference) or NAT1*14B (variant) to investigate the effects of dose and NAT1 polymorphism on benzidine metabolism and genotoxicity. Rates of benzidine N-acetylation in vitro were higher in CHO cells transfected with NAT1*4 compared to NAT1*14B. CHO cells transfected with NAT1*14B exhibited greater N-acetylation rates in situ than cells transfected with NAT1*4 at low doses of benzidine expected with environmental exposures but not at higher doses. NAT1*14B exhibited over tenfold lower apparent KM which resulted in higher intrinsic clearance for benzidine N-acetylation compared to CHO cells transfected with NAT1*4. Benzidine-induced hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) mutations were higher in CHO cells transfected with NAT1*14B than with NAT1*4 (p < 0.001). Benzidine caused concentration-dependent increase in γ-H2AX signal (indicative of DNA double-strand breaks) in CHO cells transfected with NAT1*4 or NAT1*14B. CHO cells transfected with NAT1*14B exhibited significantly higher level of DNA damage than with NAT1*4 (p < 0.0001). Benzidine-induced ROS did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) between CHO cells transfected with NAT1*4 or NAT1*14B except at 50 μM. Levels of benzidine-induced DNA damage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) showed strong dose-dependent correlation. Our findings support human studies associating NAT1*14B with increased incidence or severity of urinary bladder cancer in workers exposed to benzidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam R Habil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - David W Hein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Habil MR, Salazar-González RA, Doll MA, Hein DW. Effect of N-acetyltransferase 2 genetic polymorphism on 4,4'-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1773-1781. [PMID: 37142755 PMCID: PMC10259506 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) or MOCA is an aromatic amine used primarily in polyurethane and rubber industry. MOCA has been linked to hepatomas in animal studies while limited epidemiologic studies reported the association of exposure to MOCA and urinary bladder and breast cancer. We investigated MOCA-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in DNA repair-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected with human metabolizing enzymes CYP1A2 and N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) variants as well as in rapid, intermediate, and slow NAT2 acetylator cryopreserved human hepatocytes. N-acetylation of MOCA was highest in UV5/1A2/NAT2*4 followed by UV5/1A2/NAT2*7B and UV5/1A2/NAT2*5B CHO cells. Human hepatocytes showed a NAT2 genotype-dependent response with highest N-acetylation in rapid acetylators followed by intermediate and slow acetylators. MOCA induced higher levels of mutagenesis and DNA damage in UV5/1A2/NAT2*7B compared to UV5/1A2/NAT2*4 and UV5/1A2/NAT2*5B cells (p < 0.0001). MOCA also induced higher levels of oxidative stress in UV5/1A2/NAT2*7B cells. MOCA caused concentration-dependent increase in DNA damage in cryopreserved human hepatocytes (linear trend p < 0.001) which was NAT2 genotype dependent i.e., highest in rapid acetylators, lower in intermediate acetylators, and lowest in slow acetylators (p < 0.0001). Our findings show that N-acetylation and genotoxicity of MOCA is NAT2 genotype dependent and suggest that individuals possessing NAT2*7B are at higher risk to MOCA-induced mutagenicity. DNA damage, and oxidative stress. They confirm significant differences in genotoxicity between the NAT2*5B and NAT2*7B alleles, both of which are associated with slow acetylator phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam R Habil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Raúl A Salazar-González
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Mark A Doll
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - David W Hein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Clavijo-Buriticá DC, Sosa CC, Heredia RC, Mosquera AJ, Álvarez A, Medina J, Quimbaya M. Use of Arabidopsis thaliana as a model to understand specific carcinogenic events: Comparison of the molecular machinery associated with cancer-hallmarks in plants and humans. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15367. [PMID: 37101642 PMCID: PMC10123165 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Model organisms are fundamental in cancer research given that they rise the possibility to characterize in a quantitative-objective fashion the organisms as a whole in ways that are infeasible in humans. From this perspective, model organisms with short generation times and established protocols for genetic manipulation allow the understanding of basic biology principles that might guide carcinogenic onset. The cancer-hallmarks (CHs) approach, a modular perspective for cancer understanding, stands that underlying the variability among different cancer types, critical events support the carcinogenic origin and progression. Thus, CHs as interconnected genetic circuitry, have a causal effect over cancer biogenesis and might represent a comparison scaffold among model organisms to identify and characterize evolutionarily conserved modules to understand cancer. Nevertheless, the identification of novel cancer regulators by comparative genomics approaches relies on selecting specific biological processes or related signaling cascades that limit the type of detected regulators, even more, holistic analysis from a systemic perspective is absent. Similarly, although the plant Arabidopsis thaliana has been used as a model organism to dissect specific disease-associated mechanisms, given the evolutionary distance between plants and humans, a general concern about the utility of using A. thaliana as a cancer model persists. In the present research, we take advantage of the CHs paradigm as a framework to establish a functional systemic comparison between plants and humans, that allowed the identification not only of specific novel key genetic regulators, but also, biological processes, metabolic systems, and genetic modules that might contribute to the neoplastic transformation. We propose five cancer-hallmarks that overlapped in conserved mechanisms and processes between Arabidopsis and human and thus, represent mechanisms which study can be prioritized in A. thaliana as an alternative model for cancer research. Additionally, derived from network analyses and machine learning strategies, a new set of potential candidate genes that might contribute to neoplastic transformation is described. These findings postulate A. thaliana as a suitable model to dissect, not all, but specific cancer properties, highlighting the importance of using alternative complementary models to understand carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chrystian C. Sosa
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Cali, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación EECO, Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Tecnologías, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia
| | - Rafael Cárdenas Heredia
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Cali, Colombia
| | - Arlen James Mosquera
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Cali, Colombia
| | - Andrés Álvarez
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Cali, Colombia
| | - Jan Medina
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Cali, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Quimbaya
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Cali, Colombia
- Corresponding author.
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Salazar-González RA, Doll MA, Hein DW. N-acetyltransferase 2 genetic polymorphism modifies genotoxic and oxidative damage from new psychoactive substances. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:189-199. [PMID: 36138126 PMCID: PMC10187882 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) as drugs of abuse is common and increasingly popular, particularly among youth and neglected communities. Recent studies have reported acute toxic effects from these chemicals; however, their long-term toxicity is unknown. Genetic differences between individuals likely affect the toxicity risk. Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) capacity differs among individuals due to genetic inheritance. The goal of the present study is to investigate the gene-environment interaction between NAT2 polymorphism and toxicity after exposure to these chemicals. We measured N-acetylation by human NAT1 and NAT2 and found that N-acetylation of NPS is carried out exclusively by NAT2. Differences in N-acetylation between NAT2*4 (reference allele) and NAT2*5B (common variant allele) were highly significant (p < 0.0001). Using DNA repair-deficient genetically engineered Chinese hamster ovary (CHO cells), expressing human CYP1A2 and either NAT2*4 or NAT2*5B, we measured the induction of DNA double-strand breaks ([Formula: see text]H2Ax) following treatment of the CHO cells with increasing concentrations of NPS. The induction of [Formula: see text]H2Ax showed a NAT2 allele-dependent response, higher in the NAT2*4 vs NAT2*5B alleles (p < 0.05). Induction of oxidative stress (ROS/RNS) was evaluated; we observed NAT2 allele-dependent response for all compounds in concentrations as low as 10 [Formula: see text]M, where NAT2*4 showed increased ROS/RNS vs NAT2*5B (p < 0.05). In summary, NPS are N-acetylated by NAT2 at rates higher in cells expressing NAT2*4 than NAT2*5B. Exposure to psychoactive chemicals results in genotoxic and oxidative damage that is modified by the NAT2 genetic polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl A Salazar-González
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Mark A Doll
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - David W Hein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Habil MR, Salazar-González RA, Doll MA, Hein DW. Differences in β-naphthylamine metabolism and toxicity in Chinese hamster ovary cell lines transfected with human CYP1A2 and NAT2*4, NAT2*5B or NAT2*7B N-acetyltransferase 2 haplotypes. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2999-3012. [PMID: 36040704 PMCID: PMC10187863 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
β-naphthylamine (BNA) is an important aromatic amine carcinogen. Current exposures derive primarily from cigarette smoking including e-cigarettes. Occupational and environmental exposure to BNA is associated with urinary bladder cancer which is the fourth most frequent cancer in the United States. N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) is an important metabolizing enzyme for aromatic amines. Previous studies investigated mutagenicity and genotoxicity of BNA in bacteria and in rabbit or rat hepatocytes. However, the effects of human NAT2 genetic polymorphism on N-acetylation and genotoxicity induced by BNA still need to be clarified. We used nucleotide excision repair-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that were stably transfected with human CYP1A2 and NAT2 alleles: NAT2*4 (reference allele), NAT2*5B (variant slow acetylator allele common in Europe) or NAT2*7B (variant slow acetylator allele common in Asia). BNA N-acetylation was measured both in vitro and in situ via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) mutations, double-strand DNA breaks, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured as indices of toxicity. NAT2*4 cells showed significantly higher BNA N-acetylation rates followed by NAT2*7B and NAT2*5B. BNA caused concentration-dependent increases in DNA damage and ROS levels. NAT2*7B showed significantly higher levels of HPRT mutants, DNA damage and ROS than NAT2*5B (p < 0.001, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001 respectively) although both are slow alleles. Our findings suggest that BNA N-acetylation and toxicity are modified by NAT2 polymorphism. Furthermore, they confirm heterogeneity among slow acetylator alleles for BNA metabolism and toxicity supporting differential risk for individuals carrying NAT2*7B allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam R Habil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Raúl A Salazar-González
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Mark A Doll
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - David W Hein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Habil MR, Doll MA, Hein DW. Acetyl coenzyme A kinetic studies on N-acetylation of environmental carcinogens by human N-acetyltransferase 1 and its NAT1*14B variant. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:931323. [PMID: 36386142 PMCID: PMC9650386 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.931323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) is a xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme that uses acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA) as a cofactor for N-acetylation of many carcinogens including aromatic amines and alkylanilines. NAT1 is characterized by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may modulate affinity towards AcCoA. In the current study, we used Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected with human NAT1*4 (reference allele) or NAT1*14B (variant allele) to measure AcCoA kinetic parameters for N-acetyltransferase activity measurements towards p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), β-naphthylamine (BNA), benzidine and 3,4-dimethylaniline (3,4-DMA). Our results showed higher N-acetylation rates for each substrate catalyzed by NAT1*4 compared to NAT1*14B. NAT1*4 exhibited higher affinity to AcCoA when catalyzing the N-acetylation of BNA and benzidine compared to NAT1*14B. The results of the current study provide further insights into differences in carcinogen metabolism among individuals possessing the NAT1*14B haplotype.
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El-Haddad NW, El Kawak M, El Asmar K, Jabbour ME, Moussa MA, Habib RR, Dhaini HR. AhRR methylation contributes to disease progression in urothelial bladder cancer. Cancer Biomark 2022; 35:167-177. [PMID: 36093686 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-220002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder Cancer (BCa) is the tenth most incidental malignancy worldwide. BCa is mostly attributed to environmental exposure and lifestyle, particularly tobacco smoking. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Repressor (AhRR) participates in the induction of many enzymes involved in metabolizing carcinogens, including tobacco smoke components. Additionally, studies have shown that smoking demethylates the (AhRR) gene in blood, suggesting AhRR demethylation as a specific serum smoking biomarker. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to validate AhRR demethylation as a smoking biomarker in the target tissue and investigate its contribution to bladder carcinogenesis. METHODS AhRR percent methylation was tested for its association with patient smoking status and oncogenic outcome indicators, particularly p53, RB1, and FGFR3 activating mutations, muscle-invasiveness, and tumor grade, in 180 BCa tissue-based DNA. RESULTS Results showed significantly higher AhRR percent methylation in muscle-invasive compared to non-muscle invasive tumors (42.86% vs. 33.98%; p= 0.011), while lower AhRR methylation was significantly associated with FGFR3 Codon 248 mutant genotype compared to wild-type (28.11% ± 9.44 vs. 37.87% ± 22.53; p= 0.036). All other tested associations were non-statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Although AhRR methylation did not predict smoking status in BCa tumors, it seems to play a role in carcinogenesis and disease progression. Our findings make a basis for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly W El-Haddad
- Department of Environmental Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Michelle El Kawak
- Department of Environmental Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Khalil El Asmar
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Michel E Jabbour
- Department of Urology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad A Moussa
- Department of Urology, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Al-Zahraa University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rima R Habib
- Department of Environmental Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hassan R Dhaini
- Department of Environmental Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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12
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Beane Freeman LE, Kogevinas M, Cantor KP, Villanueva CM, Prokunina-Olsson L, Florez-Vargas O, Figueroa JD, Ward MH, Koutros S, Baris D, Garcia-Closas M, Schwenn M, Johnson A, Serra C, Tardon A, Garcia-Closas R, Carrato A, Malats N, Karagas MR, Rothman N, Silverman DT. Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water and Bladder Cancer: Evaluation of Risk Modification by Common Genetic Polymorphisms in Two Case-Control Studies. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:57006. [PMID: 35536285 PMCID: PMC9088962 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND By-products are formed when disinfectants react with organic matter in source water. The most common class of disinfection by-products, trihalomethanes (THMs), have been linked to bladder cancer. Several studies have shown exposure-response associations with THMs in drinking water and bladder cancer risk. Few epidemiologic studies have evaluated gene-environment interactions for total THMs (TTHMs) with known bladder cancer susceptibility variants. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the combined effect on bladder cancer risk contributed by TTHMs, bladder cancer susceptibility variants identified through genome-wide association studies, and variants in several candidate genes. METHODS We analyzed data from two large case-control studies-the New England Bladder Cancer Study (n/n=989 cases/1,162 controls), a population-based study, and the Spanish Bladder Cancer Study (n/n=706 cases/772 controls), a hospital-based study. Because of differences in exposure distributions and metrics, we estimated effects of THMs and genetic variants within each study separately using adjusted logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) with and without interaction terms, and then combined the results using meta-analysis. RESULTS Of the 16 loci showing strong evidence of association with bladder cancer, rs907611 at 11p15.5 [leukocyte-specific protein 1 (LSP1 region)] showed the strongest associations in the highest exposure category in each study, with evidence of interaction in both studies and in meta-analysis. In the highest exposure category, we observed OR=1.66 (95% CI: 1.17, 2.34, p-trend=0.005) for those with the rs907611-GG genotype and p-interaction=0.02. No other genetic variants tested showed consistent evidence of interaction. DISCUSSION We found novel suggestive evidence for a multiplicative interaction between a putative bladder carcinogen, TTHMs, and genotypes of rs907611. Given the ubiquitous exposure to THMs, further work is needed to replicate and extend this finding and to understand potential molecular mechanisms. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9895.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kenneth P. Cantor
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cristina M. Villanueva
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ludmila Prokunina-Olsson
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Oscar Florez-Vargas
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonine D. Figueroa
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mary H. Ward
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stella Koutros
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dalsu Baris
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Closas
- Trans-Divisional Research Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Allison Johnson
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Consol Serra
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adonina Tardon
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Reina Garcia-Closas
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Carrato
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Alcalá University, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Malats
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Trans-Divisional Research Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Margaret R. Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Doll MA, Hein DW. 560G>A (rs4986782) (R187Q) Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase 1 Increases Affinity for the Aromatic Amine Carcinogens 4-Aminobiphenyl and N-Hydroxy-4-Aminobiphenyl: Implications for Cancer Risk Assessment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:820082. [PMID: 35273499 PMCID: PMC8902414 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.820082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) catalyzes the N-acetylation of arylamine carcinogens such as 4-aminobiphenyl (ABP), and following N-hydroxylation, the O-acetylation of N-hydroxy-arylamine carcinogens such as N-hydroxy-ABP (N-OH-ABP). Genetic polymorphisms in NAT1 are linked to cancer susceptibility following exposures. The effects of individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the NAT1 coding exon on Michaelis-Menten kinetic constants was assessed for ABP N-acetyltransferase and N-OH-ABP O-acetyltransferase activity following transfection of human NAT1 into COS-1 cells (SV40-transformed African green monkey kidney cells). NAT1 coding region SNPs 97C > T (rs56318881) (R33stop), 190C > T (rs56379106) (R64W), 559C > T (rs5030839) (R187stop) and 752A > T (rs56172717) (D251V) reduced ABP N- acetyltransferase and N-OH-ABP O-acetyltransferase activity below detection. 21T > G (rs4986992) (synonymous), 402T > C (rs146727732) (synonymous), 445G > A (rs4987076) (V149I), 613A > G (rs72554609) (M205V) and 640T > G (rs4986783) (S241A) did not significantly affect Vmax for ABP N-acetyltransferase or N-OH-ABP O-acetyltransferase. 781G > A (rs72554610) (E261K), and 787A > G (rs72554611) (I263V) slightly reduced ABP N-acetyltransferase and N-OH-ABP O-acetyltransferase activities whereas 560G > A (rs4986782) (R187Q) substantially and significantly reduced them. 560G > A (rs4986782) (R187Q) significantly reduced the apparent Km for ABP and N-OH-ABP a finding that was not observed with any of the other NAT1 SNPs tested. These findings suggest that the role of the 560G > A (rs4986782) (R187Q) SNP cancer risk assessment may be modified by exposure level to aromatic amine carcinogens such as ABP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Doll
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - David W Hein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
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Yang J, Song C, Zhan X. The role of protein acetylation in carcinogenesis and targeted drug discovery. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:972312. [PMID: 36171897 PMCID: PMC9510633 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.972312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein acetylation is a reversible post-translational modification, and is involved in many biological processes in cells, such as transcriptional regulation, DNA damage repair, and energy metabolism, which is an important molecular event and is associated with a wide range of diseases such as cancers. Protein acetylation is dynamically regulated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) in homeostasis. The abnormal acetylation level might lead to the occurrence and deterioration of a cancer, and is closely related to various pathophysiological characteristics of a cancer, such as malignant phenotypes, and promotes cancer cells to adapt to tumor microenvironment. Therapeutic modalities targeting protein acetylation are a potential therapeutic strategy. This article discussed the roles of protein acetylation in tumor pathology and therapeutic drugs targeting protein acetylation, which offers the contributions of protein acetylation in clarification of carcinogenesis, and discovery of therapeutic drugs for cancers, and lays the foundation for precision medicine in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Yang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Cong Song
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xianquan Zhan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Xianquan Zhan,
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