1
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Hop PJ, Lai D, Keagle PJ, Baron DM, Kenna BJ, Kooyman M, Shankaracharya, Halter C, Straniero L, Asselta R, Bonvegna S, Soto-Beasley AI, Wszolek ZK, Uitti RJ, Isaias IU, Pezzoli G, Ticozzi N, Ross OA, Veldink JH, Foroud TM, Kenna KP, Landers JE. Systematic rare variant analyses identify RAB32 as a susceptibility gene for familial Parkinson's disease. Nat Genet 2024; 56:1371-1376. [PMID: 38858457 PMCID: PMC11250361 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01787-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Despite substantial progress, causal variants are identified only for a minority of familial Parkinson's disease (PD) cases, leaving high-risk pathogenic variants unidentified1,2. To identify such variants, we uniformly processed exome sequencing data of 2,184 index familial PD cases and 69,775 controls. Exome-wide analyses converged on RAB32 as a novel PD gene identifying c.213C > G/p.S71R as a high-risk variant presenting in ~0.7% of familial PD cases while observed in only 0.004% of controls (odds ratio of 65.5). This variant was confirmed in all cases via Sanger sequencing and segregated with PD in three families. RAB32 encodes a small GTPase known to interact with LRRK2 (refs. 3,4). Functional analyses showed that RAB32 S71R increases LRRK2 kinase activity, as indicated by increased autophosphorylation of LRRK2 S1292. Here our results implicate mutant RAB32 in a key pathological mechanism in PD-LRRK2 kinase activity5-7-and thus provide novel insights into the mechanistic connections between RAB family biology, LRRK2 and PD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Hop
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Pamela J Keagle
- Department of Neurology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Desiree M Baron
- Department of Neurology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Brendan J Kenna
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Kooyman
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Shankaracharya
- Department of Neurology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Cheryl Halter
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Letizia Straniero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosanna Asselta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Ryan J Uitti
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Ioannis Ugo Isaias
- Parkinson Institute, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg and Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gianni Pezzoli
- Parkinson Institute, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ticozzi
- Department of Neurology-Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, 'Dino Ferrari' Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Jan H Veldink
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kevin P Kenna
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - John E Landers
- Department of Neurology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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2
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Ratan Y, Rajput A, Pareek A, Pareek A, Jain V, Sonia S, Farooqui Z, Kaur R, Singh G. Advancements in Genetic and Biochemical Insights: Unraveling the Etiopathogenesis of Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2024; 14:73. [PMID: 38254673 PMCID: PMC10813470 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative movement disorder worldwide, which is primarily characterized by motor impairments. Even though multiple hypotheses have been proposed over the decades that explain the pathogenesis of PD, presently, there are no cures or promising preventive therapies for PD. This could be attributed to the intricate pathophysiology of PD and the poorly understood molecular mechanism. To address these challenges comprehensively, a thorough disease model is imperative for a nuanced understanding of PD's underlying pathogenic mechanisms. This review offers a detailed analysis of the current state of knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PD, with a particular emphasis on the roles played by gene-based factors in the disease's development and progression. This study includes an extensive discussion of the proteins and mutations of primary genes that are linked to PD, including α-synuclein, GBA1, LRRK2, VPS35, PINK1, DJ-1, and Parkin. Further, this review explores plausible mechanisms for DAergic neural loss, non-motor and non-dopaminergic pathologies, and the risk factors associated with PD. The present study will encourage the related research fields to understand better and analyze the current status of the biochemical mechanisms of PD, which might contribute to the design and development of efficacious and safe treatment strategies for PD in future endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashumati Ratan
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India; (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Aishwarya Rajput
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India; (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Ashutosh Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India; (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Aaushi Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India; (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Vivek Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India;
| | - Sonia Sonia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India;
| | - Zeba Farooqui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
| | - Ranjeet Kaur
- Adesh Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Bathinda 151101, Punjab, India;
| | - Gurjit Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
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3
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Spargo TP, Opie-Martin S, Bowles H, Lewis CM, Iacoangeli A, Al-Chalabi A. Calculating variant penetrance from family history of disease and average family size in population-scale data. Genome Med 2022; 14:141. [PMID: 36522764 PMCID: PMC9753373 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic penetrance is the probability of a phenotype when harbouring a particular pathogenic variant. Accurate penetrance estimates are important across biomedical fields including genetic counselling, disease research, and gene therapy. However, existing approaches for penetrance estimation require, for instance, large family pedigrees or availability of large databases of people affected and not affected by a disease. METHODS We present a method for penetrance estimation in autosomal dominant phenotypes. It examines the distribution of a variant among people affected (cases) and unaffected (controls) by a phenotype within population-scale data and can be operated using cases only by considering family disease history. It is validated through simulation studies and candidate variant-disease case studies. RESULTS Our method yields penetrance estimates which align with those obtained via existing approaches in the Parkinson's disease LRRK2 gene and pulmonary arterial hypertension BMPR2 gene case studies. In the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis case studies, examining penetrance for variants in the SOD1 and C9orf72 genes, we make novel penetrance estimates which correspond closely to understanding of the disease. CONCLUSIONS The present approach broadens the spectrum of traits for which reliable penetrance estimates can be obtained. It has substantial utility for facilitating the characterisation of disease risks associated with rare variants with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. The yielded estimates avoid any kinship-specific effects and can circumvent ascertainment biases common when sampling rare variants among control populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Spargo
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Sarah Opie-Martin
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Harry Bowles
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, de Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alfredo Iacoangeli
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, SE5 9RX, UK.
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, London, UK.
- NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, SE5 9RX, UK.
- King's College Hospital, Bessemer Road, London, SE5 9RS, UK.
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4
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Berenguer-Escuder C, Grossmann D, Antony P, Arena G, Wasner K, Massart F, Jarazo J, Walter J, Schwamborn JC, Grünewald A, Krüger R. Impaired mitochondrial-endoplasmic reticulum interaction and mitophagy in Miro1-mutant neurons in Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:1353-1364. [PMID: 32280985 PMCID: PMC7254851 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial Rho GTPase 1 (Miro1) protein is a well-known adaptor for mitochondrial transport and also regulates mitochondrial quality control and function. Furthermore, Miro1 was associated with mitochondrial-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contact sites (MERCs), which are key regulators of cellular calcium homeostasis and the initiation of autophagy. Impairments of these mechanisms were linked to neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD). We recently revealed that PD fibroblasts harboring Miro1 mutations displayed dysregulations in MERC organization and abundance, affecting mitochondrial homeostasis and clearance. We hypothesize that mutant Miro1 impairs the function of MERCs and mitochondrial dynamics, altering neuronal homeostasis and integrity in PD. PD skin fibroblasts harboring the Miro1-R272Q mutation were differentiated into patient-derived neurons. Live-cell imaging and immunocytochemistry were used to study mitophagy and the organization and function of MERCs. Markers of autophagy or mitochondrial function were assessed by western blotting. Quantification of organelle juxtapositions revealed an increased number of MERCs in patient-derived neurons. Live-cell imaging results showed alterations of mitochondrial dynamics and increased sensitivity to calcium stress, as well as reduced mitochondrial clearance. Finally, western blot analysis indicated a blockage of the autophagy flux in Miro1-mutant neurons. Miro1-mutant neurons display altered ER-mitochondrial tethering compared with control neurons. This alteration likely interferes with proper MERC function, contributing to a defective autophagic flux and cytosolic calcium handling capacity. Moreover, mutant Miro1 affects mitochondrial dynamics in neurons, which may result in disrupted mitochondrial turnover and altered mitochondrial movement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dajana Grossmann
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Belvaux, Luxembourg.,Section for Translational Neurodegeneration "Albrecht Kossel", Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Paul Antony
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Giuseppe Arena
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Kobi Wasner
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - François Massart
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Javier Jarazo
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jonas Walter
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jens C Schwamborn
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Anne Grünewald
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Belvaux, Luxembourg.,Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Belvaux, Luxembourg.,Parkinson Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL) , Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.,Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
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5
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Loesch DP, Horimoto ARVR, Heilbron K, Sarihan EI, Inca-Martinez M, Mason E, Cornejo-Olivas M, Torres L, Mazzetti P, Cosentino C, Sarapura-Castro E, Rivera-Valdivia A, Medina AC, Dieguez E, Raggio V, Lescano A, Tumas V, Borges V, Ferraz HB, Rieder CR, Schumacher-Schuh A, Santos-Lobato BL, Velez-Pardo C, Jimenez-Del-Rio M, Lopera F, Moreno S, Chana-Cuevas P, Fernandez W, Arboleda G, Arboleda H, Arboleda-Bustos CE, Yearout D, Zabetian CP, Cannon P, Thornton TA, O'Connor TD, Mata IF. Characterizing the Genetic Architecture of Parkinson's Disease in Latinos. Ann Neurol 2021; 90:353-365. [PMID: 34227697 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work was undertaken in order to identify Parkinson's disease (PD) risk variants in a Latino cohort, to describe the overlap in the genetic architecture of PD in Latinos compared to European-ancestry subjects, and to increase the diversity in PD genome-wide association (GWAS) data. METHODS We genotyped and imputed 1,497 PD cases and controls recruited from nine clinical sites across South America. We performed a GWAS using logistic mixed models; variants with a p-value <1 × 10-5 were tested in a replication cohort of 1,234 self-reported Latino PD cases and 439,522 Latino controls from 23andMe, Inc. We also performed an admixture mapping analysis where local ancestry blocks were tested for association with PD status. RESULTS One locus, SNCA, achieved genome-wide significance (p-value <5 × 10-8 ); rs356182 achieved genome-wide significance in both the discovery and the replication cohorts (discovery, G allele: 1.58 OR, 95% CI 1.35-1.86, p-value 2.48 × 10-8 ; 23andMe, G allele: 1.26 OR, 95% CI 1.16-1.37, p-value 4.55 × 10-8 ). In our admixture mapping analysis, a locus on chromosome 14, containing the gene STXBP6, achieved significance in a joint test of ancestries and in the Native American single-ancestry test (p-value <5 × 10-5 ). A second locus on chromosome 6, containing the gene RPS6KA2, achieved significance in the African single-ancestry test (p-value <5 × 10-5 ). INTERPRETATION This study demonstrated the importance of the SNCA locus for the etiology of PD in Latinos. By leveraging the demographic history of our cohort via admixture mapping, we identified two potential PD risk loci that merit further study. ANN NEUROL 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas P Loesch
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | - Elif I Sarihan
- Lerner Research Institute, Genomic Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Emily Mason
- Lerner Research Institute, Genomic Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Mario Cornejo-Olivas
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru.,Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Luis Torres
- Movement Disorders Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru.,School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Pilar Mazzetti
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru.,School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos Cosentino
- Movement Disorders Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru.,School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | - Elena Dieguez
- Neurology Institute, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Victor Raggio
- Department of Genetics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andres Lescano
- Neurology Institute, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Vitor Tumas
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanderci Borges
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique B Ferraz
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Rieder
- Departamento de Neurologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Artur Schumacher-Schuh
- Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sonia Moreno
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Pedro Chana-Cuevas
- CETRAM, Facultad de ciencias Medicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - William Fernandez
- Neuroscience and Cell Death Research Groups, Medical School and Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gonzalo Arboleda
- Neuroscience and Cell Death Research Groups, Medical School and Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Humberto Arboleda
- Neuroscience and Cell Death Research Groups, Medical School and Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos E Arboleda-Bustos
- Neuroscience and Cell Death Research Groups, Medical School and Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Dora Yearout
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA.,Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Cyrus P Zabetian
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA.,Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | | | - Timothy D O'Connor
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ignacio F Mata
- Lerner Research Institute, Genomic Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.,Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA.,Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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6
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Genetic predispositions of Parkinson's disease revealed in patient-derived brain cells. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 6:8. [PMID: 32352027 PMCID: PMC7181694 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-020-0110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurological disorder and has been the focus of intense investigations to understand its etiology and progression, but it still lacks a cure. Modeling diseases of the central nervous system in vitro with human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) is still in its infancy but has the potential to expedite the discovery and validation of new treatments. Here, we discuss the interplay between genetic predispositions and midbrain neuronal impairments in people living with PD. We first summarize the prevalence of causal Parkinson's genes and risk factors reported in 74 epidemiological and genomic studies. We then present a meta-analysis of 385 hiPSC-derived neuronal lines from 67 recent independent original research articles, which point towards specific impairments in neurons from Parkinson's patients, within the context of genetic predispositions. Despite the heterogeneous nature of the disease, current iPSC models reveal converging molecular pathways underlying neurodegeneration in a range of familial and sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease. Altogether, consolidating our understanding of robust cellular phenotypes across genetic cohorts of Parkinson's patients may guide future personalized drug screens in preclinical research.
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7
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Goldman SM, Marek K, Ottman R, Meng C, Comyns K, Chan P, Ma J, Marras C, Langston JW, Ross GW, Tanner CM. Concordance for Parkinson's disease in twins: A 20-year update. Ann Neurol 2019; 85:600-605. [PMID: 30786044 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
During the 1990s, we estimated the genetic contribution to Parkinson's disease risk in a large, population-based twin registry. Because many unaffected twins were still alive, previous concordance estimates were based on incomplete information. Ninety-five percent of twins are now deceased. Here, we update concordance and heritability through 2015 using National Death Index data. In total, we identified 30 concordant and 193 discordant pairs. Proband-wise concordance was 0.20 in monozygotic and 0.13 in dizygotic pairs. Heritability was 0.27 overall, 0.83 in pairs diagnosed ≤50, and 0.19 in pairs diagnosed >50. High concordance in dizygotic twins suggests shared effects of early childhood environment. Ann Neurol 2019;85:600-605.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Goldman
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kenneth Marek
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, CT
| | - Ruth Ottman
- G.H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Cheryl Meng
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kathleen Comyns
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Piu Chan
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghong Ma
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Connie Marras
- Department of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - G Webster Ross
- VA Pacific Islands Health Care System; Pacific Health Research and Education Institute, Honolulu, HI
| | - Caroline M Tanner
- Department of Neurology; University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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8
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Liu FC, Lin HT, Kuo CF, Hsieh MY, See LC, Yu HP. Familial aggregation of Parkinson's disease and coaggregation with neuropsychiatric diseases: a population-based cohort study. Clin Epidemiol 2018; 10:631-641. [PMID: 29881310 PMCID: PMC5985793 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s164330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals with a family history of Parkinson's disease (PD) appear to have a higher risk of developing PD and other neuropsychiatric diseases. However, estimates of the relative risks (RRs) of PD and the roles of genetic and environmental factors in PD susceptibility are unclear. The aim of this study was to examine familial aggregation and genetic contributions to PD and the RRs of other neuropsychiatric diseases in relatives of PD patients. Methods In this population-based family cohort study, the records of all individuals actively registered in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database in 2015 were queried (N=24,349,599). In total, 149,187 individuals with a PD-affected parent, 3,698 with an affected offspring, 3,495 with an affected sibling, and 15 with an affected twin were identified. Diagnoses of PD were ascertained between January 1, 1999, and December 31, 2015. The prevalence and RRs of PD and other neuropsychiatric diseases in individuals with first-degree relatives with PD, as well as the contributions of heritability and environmental factors to PD susceptibility were investigated. Results The prevalence of PD was 0.46% in the general population and 0.52% in individuals with first-degree relatives with PD. The RR (95% CI) for PD was 2.20 (1.41-3.45) for siblings, 1.59 (1.47-1.73) for parents, 1.86 (1.63-2.11) for offspring, 63.12 (16.45-242.16) for twins, and 1.46 (1.41-1.52) for spouses. The RR (95% CI) in individuals with first-degree relatives with PD was 1.66 (1.57-1.76) for essential tremor, 1.68 (1.61-1.75) for schizophrenia, and 1.20 (1.12-1.28) for Alzheimer's disease. The estimated contribution to the phenotypic variance of PD was 11.0% for heritability, 9.1% for shared environmental factors, and 79.9% for non-shared environmental factors. Conclusion First-degree relatives of PD patients are more likely to develop PD and other neuropsychiatric diseases. Environmental factors account for a high proportion of the phenotypic variance of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Tang Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Fu Kuo
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Office for Big Data Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yun Hsieh
- Office for Big Data Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Lai-Chu See
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Biostatistics Core Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Xiamen Changgung Hospital, Xiamen, China
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Gaare JJ, Skeie GO, Tzoulis C, Larsen JP, Tysnes OB. Familial aggregation of Parkinson's disease may affect progression of motor symptoms and dementia. Mov Disord 2016; 32:241-245. [PMID: 27862270 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial aggregation has been described in PD of both early and late onset, but has not been studied in a true population-based sample. Moreover, little is known about its association with disease progression and endophenotypes. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this work were to determine familial aggregation of idiopathic PD in a population-based cohort and study the association with clinical endophenotypes and disease progression. METHODS We examined family history data from the Norwegian ParkWest study, a well-characterized, population-based cohort of incident PD patients and age-matched healthy controls. Family data were collected at baseline with a simplified questionnaire (192 cases and 193 controls) and after 3 years of longitudinal follow-up using an extended questionnaire (172 cases and 171 controls). RESULTS Compared to the controls, the PD patients had an increased relative risk of having a first-degree relative with PD when using the extended questionnaire (relative risk = 1.988; P = 0.036), but not when using the simplified questionnaire (relative risk = 1.453; P = 0.224). There was no significant difference in age of onset or motor subtype (P = 0.801). However, cases with a family history of PD had reduced progression over 7 years as measured by UPDRS II (P = 0.008) and smaller rate of decrease of MMSE (P = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm familial aggregation in a population-based cohort of idiopathic PD. Moreover, we show that positive family history of PD in patients is associated with a slower progression of PD symptoms and cognitive decline. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geir Olve Skeie
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Charalampos Tzoulis
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Petter Larsen
- Network for Medical Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ole-Bjørn Tysnes
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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10
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Association between Parkinson's Disease and Cigarette Smoking, Rural Living, Well-Water Consumption, Farming and Pesticide Use: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151841. [PMID: 27055126 PMCID: PMC4824443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Bradford Hill’s viewpoints were used to conduct a weight-of-the-evidence assessment of the association between Parkinson’s disease (PD) and rural living, farming and pesticide use. The results were compared with an assessment based upon meta-analysis. For comparison, we also evaluated the association between PD and cigarette smoking as a “positive control” because a strong inverse association has been described consistently in the literature. Methods PubMed was searched systematically to identify all published epidemiological studies that evaluated associations between Parkinson’s disease (PD) and cigarette smoking, rural living, well-water consumption, farming and the use of pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides or paraquat. Studies were categorized into two study quality groups (Tier 1 or Tier 2); data were abstracted and a forest plot of relative risks (RRs) was developed for each risk factor. In addition, when available, RRs were tabulated for more highly exposed individuals compared with the unexposed. Summary RRs for each risk factor were calculated by meta-analysis of Tier 1, Tier 2 and all studies combined, with sensitivity analyses stratified by other study characteristics. Indices of between-study heterogeneity and evidence of reporting bias were assessed. Bradford Hill’s viewpoints were used to determine if a causal relationship between PD and each risk factor was supported by the weight of the evidence. Findings There was a consistent inverse (negative) association between current cigarette smoking and PD risk. In contrast, associations between PD and rural living, well-water consumption, farming and the use of pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides or paraquat were less consistent when assessed quantitatively or qualitatively. Conclusion The weight of the evidence and meta-analysis support the conclusion that there is a causal relationship between PD risk and cigarette smoking, or some unknown factor correlated with cigarette smoking. There may be risk factors associated with rural living, farming, pesticide use or well-water consumption that are causally related to PD, but the studies to date have not identified such factors. To overcome the limitations of research in this area, future studies will have to better characterize the onset of PD and its relationship to rural living, farming and exposure to pesticides.
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11
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Funayama M, Ohe K, Amo T, Furuya N, Yamaguchi J, Saiki S, Li Y, Ogaki K, Ando M, Yoshino H, Tomiyama H, Nishioka K, Hasegawa K, Saiki H, Satake W, Mogushi K, Sasaki R, Kokubo Y, Kuzuhara S, Toda T, Mizuno Y, Uchiyama Y, Ohno K, Hattori N. CHCHD2 mutations in autosomal dominant late-onset Parkinson's disease: a genome-wide linkage and sequencing study. Lancet Neurol 2015; 14:274-82. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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12
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Tanner CM. Alpha-synuclein: one key opens many locks. Mov Disord 2013; 28:1176-8. [PMID: 23925937 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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13
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Mitsui J. [Toward identification of susceptible genes for sporadic neurodegenerative disease]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2013; 53:1336-1338. [PMID: 24291979 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.53.1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) using common polymorphisms have been conducted to identify genetic risks associated with sporadic diseases. Although GWASs have successfully revealed numerous susceptibility genes for neurodegenerative diseases, the odds ratios associated with these risk alleles are generally low and account for only a small proportion of estimated familial clustering. Emerging new technologies for nucleotide sequencing such as exome sequencing has provided an exhaustive list of variants, which will eventually enable us to explore the role of low-frequency variants of large effect sizes in sporadic neurodegenerative diseases. However, it is still a statistical challenge to determine which variants are relevant to diseases among the numerous candidates, and large sample sizes will be required. Using the clues provided by rare familial cases, we have recently identified strong genetic factors in Parkinson diseases and in multiple system atrophy based on the candidate gene approach. Focusing on the familial aggregation may be an efficient approach to identifying risk alleles of large effect sizes in apparently sporadic neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Mitsui
- Department of Neurology, The University of Tokyo
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Abstract
AbstractGenetic, neuropathological and biochemical evidence implicates α-synuclein, a 140 amino acid presynaptic neuronal protein, in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. The aggregated protein inclusions mainly containing aberrant α-synuclein are widely accepted as morphological hallmarks of α-synucleinopathies, but their composition and location vary between disorders along with neuronal networks affected. α-Synuclein exists physiologically in both soluble and membran-bound states, in unstructured and α-helical conformations, respectively, while posttranslational modifications due to proteostatic deficits are involved in β-pleated aggregation resulting in formation of typical inclusions. The physiological function of α-synuclein and its role linked to neurodegeneration, however, are incompletely understood. Soluble oligomeric, not fully fibrillar α-synuclein is thought to be neurotoxic, main targets might be the synapse, axons and glia. The effects of aberrant α-synuclein include alterations of calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative and nitric injuries, cytoskeletal effects, and neuroinflammation. Proteasomal dysfunction might be a common mechanism in the pathogenesis of neuronal degeneration in α-synucleinopathies. However, how α-synuclein induces neurodegeneration remains elusive as its physiological function. Genome wide association studies demonstrated the important role for genetic variants of the SNCA gene encoding α-synuclein in the etiology of Parkinson’s disease, possibly through effects on oxidation, mitochondria, autophagy, and lysosomal function. The neuropathology of synucleinopathies and the role of α-synuclein as a potential biomarker are briefly summarized. Although animal models provided new insights into the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease and multiple system atrophy, most of them do not adequately reproduce the cardinal features of these disorders. Emerging evidence, in addition to synergistic interactions of α-synuclein with various pathogenic proteins, suggests that prionlike induction and seeding of α-synuclein could lead to the spread of the pathology and disease progression. Intervention in the early aggregation pathway, aberrant cellular effects, or secretion of α-synuclein might be targets for neuroprotection and disease-modifying therapy.
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15
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Jellinger KA. Neuropathology of sporadic Parkinson's disease: evaluation and changes of concepts. Mov Disord 2011; 27:8-30. [PMID: 22081500 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), one of the most frequent neurodegenerative disorders, is no longer considered a complex motor disorder characterized by extrapyramidal symptoms, but a progressive multisystem or-more correctly-multiorgan disease with variegated neurological and nonmotor deficiencies. It is morphologically featured not only by the degeneration of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system, responsible for the core motor deficits, but by multifocal involvement of the central, peripheral and autonomic nervous system and other organs associated with widespread occurrence of Lewy bodies and dystrophic Lewy neurites. This results from deposition of abnormal α-synuclein (αSyn), the major protein marker of PD, and other synucleinopathies. Recent research has improved both the clinical and neuropathological diagnostic criteria of PD; it has further provided insights into the development and staging of αSyn and Lewy pathologies and has been useful in understanding the pathogenesis of PD. However, many challenges remain, for example, the role of Lewy bodies and the neurobiology of axons in the course of neurodegeneration, the relation between αSyn, Lewy pathology, and clinical deficits, as well as the interaction between αSyn and other pathologic proteins. Although genetic and experimental models have contributed to exploring the causes, pathomechanisms, and treatment options of PD, there is still a lack of an optimal animal model, and the etiology of this devastating disease is far from being elucidated.
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Pihlstrøm L, Toft M. Parkinson's disease: What remains of the "missing heritability"? Mov Disord 2011; 26:1971-3. [PMID: 21812035 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Web-based genome-wide association study identifies two novel loci and a substantial genetic component for Parkinson's disease. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002141. [PMID: 21738487 PMCID: PMC3121750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the causes of Parkinson's disease (PD) are thought to be primarily environmental, recent studies suggest that a number of genes influence susceptibility. Using targeted case recruitment and online survey instruments, we conducted the largest case-control genome-wide association study (GWAS) of PD based on a single collection of individuals to date (3,426 cases and 29,624 controls). We discovered two novel, genome-wide significant associations with PD-rs6812193 near SCARB2 (p = 7.6 × 10(-10), OR = 0.84) and rs11868035 near SREBF1/RAI1 (p = 5.6 × 10(-8), OR = 0.85)-both replicated in an independent cohort. We also replicated 20 previously discovered genetic associations (including LRRK2, GBA, SNCA, MAPT, GAK, and the HLA region), providing support for our novel study design. Relying on a recently proposed method based on genome-wide sharing estimates between distantly related individuals, we estimated the heritability of PD to be at least 0.27. Finally, using sparse regression techniques, we constructed predictive models that account for 6%-7% of the total variance in liability and that suggest the presence of true associations just beyond genome-wide significance, as confirmed through both internal and external cross-validation. These results indicate a substantial, but by no means total, contribution of genetics underlying susceptibility to both early-onset and late-onset PD, suggesting that, despite the novel associations discovered here and elsewhere, the majority of the genetic component for Parkinson's disease remains to be discovered.
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Saunders-Pullman R, Cabassa J, San Luciano M, Stanley K, Raymond D, Ozelius LJ, Bressman SB. LRRK2 G2019S mutations may be increased in Puerto Ricans. Mov Disord 2011; 26:1772-3. [PMID: 21449009 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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