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Tian Y, Oh JH, Rhee HY, Park S, Ryu CW, Cho AR, Jahng GH. Gray-white matter boundary Z-score and volume as imaging biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1291376. [PMID: 38161586 PMCID: PMC10755914 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1291376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents typically gray matter atrophy and white matter abnormalities in neuroimaging, suggesting that the gray-white matter boundary could be altered in individuals with AD. The purpose of this study was to explore differences of gray-white matter boundary Z-score (gwBZ) and its tissue volume (gwBTV) between patients with AD, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and cognitively normal (CN) elderly participants. Methods Three-dimensional T1-weight images of a total of 227 participants were prospectively obtained from our institute from 2006 to 2022 to map gwBZ and gwBTV on images. Statistical analyses of gwBZ and gwBTV were performed to compare the three groups (AD, MCI, CN), to assess their correlations with age and Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), and to evaluate their effects on AD classification in the hippocampus. Results This study included 62 CN participants (71.8 ± 4.8 years, 20 males, 42 females), 72 MCI participants (72.6 ± 5.1 years, 23 males, 49 females), and 93 AD participants (73.6 ± 7.7 years, 22 males, 71 females). The AD group had lower gwBZ and gwBTV than CN and MCI groups. K-MMSE showed positive correlations with gwBZ and gwBTV whereas age showed negative correlations with gwBZ and gwBTV. The combination of gwBZ or gwBTV with K-MMSE had a high accuracy in classifying AD from CN in the hippocampus with an area under curve (AUC) value of 0.972 for both. Conclusion gwBZ and gwBTV were reduced in AD. They were correlated with cognitive function and age. Moreover, gwBZ or gwBTV combined with K-MMSE had a high accuracy in differentiating AD from CN in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that evaluating gwBZ and gwBTV in AD brain could be a useful tool for monitoring AD progression and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunan Tian
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hoon Oh
- Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Young Rhee
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonchan Park
- Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Ryu
- Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Rang Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon-Ho Jahng
- Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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de Wet S, Theart R, Loos B. Cogs in the autophagic machine-equipped to combat dementia-prone neurodegenerative diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1225227. [PMID: 37720551 PMCID: PMC10500130 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1225227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are often characterized by hydrophobic inclusion bodies, and it may be the case that the aggregate-prone proteins that comprise these inclusion bodies are in fact the cause of neurotoxicity. Indeed, the appearance of protein aggregates leads to a proteostatic imbalance that causes various interruptions in physiological cellular processes, including lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as break down in calcium homeostasis. Oftentimes the approach to counteract proteotoxicity is taken to merely upregulate autophagy, measured by an increase in autophagosomes, without a deeper assessment of contributors toward effective turnover through autophagy. There are various ways in which autophagy is regulated ranging from the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) to acetylation status of proteins. Healthy mitochondria and the intracellular energetic charge they preserve are key for the acidification status of lysosomes and thus ensuring effective clearance of components through the autophagy pathway. Both mitochondria and lysosomes have been shown to bear functional protein complexes that aid in the regulation of autophagy. Indeed, it may be the case that minimizing the proteins associated with the respective neurodegenerative pathology may be of greater importance than addressing molecularly their resulting inclusion bodies. It is in this context that this review will dissect the autophagy signaling pathway, its control and the manner in which it is molecularly and functionally connected with the mitochondrial and lysosomal system, as well as provide a summary of the role of autophagy dysfunction in driving neurodegenerative disease as a means to better position the potential of rapamycin-mediated bioactivities to control autophagy favorably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sholto de Wet
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Rensu Theart
- Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ben Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Wu M, Chen Z, Jiang M, Bao B, Li D, Yin X, Wang X, Liu D, Zhu LQ. Friend or foe: role of pathological tau in neuronal death. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2215-2227. [PMID: 36918705 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal death is one of the most common pathological hallmarks of diverse neurological diseases, which manifest varying degrees of cognitive or motor dysfunction. Neuronal death can be classified into multiple forms with complicated and unique regulatory signaling pathways. Tau is a key microtubule-associated protein that is predominantly expressed in neurons to stabilize microtubules under physiological conditions. In contrast, pathological tau always detaches from microtubules and is implicated in a series of neurological disorders that are characterized by irreversible neuronal death, such as necrosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy-dependent neuronal death and phagocytosis by microglia. However, recent studies have also revealed that pathological tau can facilitate neuron escape from acute apoptosis, delay necroptosis through its action on granulovacuolar degeneration bodies (GVBs), and facilitate iron export from neurons to block ferroptosis. In this review, we briefly describe the current understanding of how pathological tau exerts dual effects on neuronal death by acting as a double-edged sword in different neurological diseases. We propose that elucidating the mechanism by which pathological tau affects neuronal death is critical for exploring novel and precise therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moxin Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Zhiying Chen
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, 332000, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Bing Bao
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, 332000, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Dongling Li
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, 332000, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Xiaoping Yin
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, 332000, China.
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, China.
| | - Xueren Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Ling-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Arasaratnam CJ, Song JJ, Yoshida T, Curtis MA, Graybiel AM, Faull RLM, Waldvogel HJ. DARPP-32 cells and neuropil define striosomal system and isolated matrix cells in human striatum. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:888-920. [PMID: 37002560 PMCID: PMC10392785 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
The dorsal striatum forms a central node of the basal ganglia interconnecting the neocortex and thalamus with circuits modulating mood and movement. Striatal projection neurons (SPNs) include relatively intermixed populations expressing D1-type or D2-type dopamine receptors (dSPNs and iSPNs) that give rise to the direct (D1) and indirect (D2) output systems of the basal ganglia. Overlaid on this organization is a compartmental organization, in which a labyrinthine system of striosomes made up of sequestered SPNs is embedded within the larger striatal matrix. Striosomal SPNs also include D1-SPNs and D2-SPNs, but they can be distinguished from matrix SPNs by many neurochemical markers. In the rodent striatum the key signaling molecule, DARPP-32, is a exception to these compartmental expression patterns, thought to befit its functions through opposite actions in both D1- and D2-expressing SPNs. We demonstrate here, however, that in the dorsal human striatum, DARPP-32 is concentrated in the neuropil and SPNs of striosomes, especially in the caudate nucleus and dorsomedial putamen, relative to the matrix neuropil in these regions. The generally DARPP-32-poor matrix contains scattered DARPP-32-positive cells. DARPP-32 cell bodies in both compartments proved negative for conventional intraneuronal markers. These findings raise the potential for specialized DARPP-32 expression in the human striosomal system and in a set of DARPP-32-positive neurons in the matrix. If DARPP-32 immunohistochemical positivity predicts differential functional DARPP-32 activity, then the distributions demonstrated here could render striosomes and dispersed matrix cells susceptible to differential signaling through cAMP and other signaling systems in health and disease. DARPP-32 is highly concentrated in cells and neuropil of striosomes in post-mortem human brain tissue, particularly in the dorsal caudate nucleus. Scattered DARPP-32-positive cells are found in the human striatal matrix. Calbindin and DARPP-32 do not colocalize within every spiny projection neuron in the dorsal human caudate nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Arasaratnam
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer J Song
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tomoko Yoshida
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Henry J Waldvogel
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Ribeiro RT, Carvalho AVS, Palavro R, Durán-Carabali LE, Zemniaçak ÂB, Amaral AU, Netto CA, Wajner M. L-2-Hydroxyglutaric Acid Administration to Neonatal Rats Elicits Marked Neurochemical Alterations and Long-Term Neurobehavioral Disabilities Mediated by Oxidative Stress. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:119-140. [PMID: 36580261 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
L-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L-2-HGA) is an inherited neurometabolic disorder caused by deficient activity of L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase. L-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid (L-2-HG) accumulation in the brain and biological fluids is the biochemical hallmark of this disease. Patients present exclusively neurological symptoms and brain abnormalities, particularly in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Since the pathogenesis of this disorder is still poorly established, we investigated the short-lived effects of an intracerebroventricular injection of L-2-HG to neonatal rats on redox homeostasis in the cerebellum, which is mostly affected in this disorder. We also determined immunohistochemical landmarks of neuronal viability (NeuN), astrogliosis (S100B and GFAP), microglia activation (Iba1), and myelination (MBP and CNPase) in the cerebral cortex and striatum following L-2-HG administration. Finally, the neuromotor development and cognitive abilities were examined. L-2-HG elicited oxidative stress in the cerebellum 6 h after its injection, which was verified by increased reactive oxygen species production, lipid oxidative damage, and altered antioxidant defenses (decreased concentrations of reduced glutathione and increased glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities). L-2-HG also decreased the content of NeuN, MBP, and CNPase, and increased S100B, GFAP, and Iba1 in the cerebral cortex and striatum at postnatal days 15 and 75, implying long-standing neuronal loss, demyelination, astrocyte reactivity, and increased inflammatory response, respectively. Finally, L-2-HG administration caused a delay in neuromotor development and a deficit of cognition in adult animals. Importantly, the antioxidant melatonin prevented L-2-HG-induced deleterious neurochemical, immunohistochemical, and behavioral effects, indicating that oxidative stress may be central to the pathogenesis of brain damage in L-2-HGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Teixeira Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andrey Vinícios Soares Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Palavro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, Porto Alegre, RS, 260090035-003, Brazil
| | - Luz Elena Durán-Carabali
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, Porto Alegre, RS, 260090035-003, Brazil
| | - Ângela Beatris Zemniaçak
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Umpierrez Amaral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Regional Integrada Do Alto Uruguai E das Missões, Av. Sete de Setembro, Erechim, RS, 162199709-910, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Netto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, Porto Alegre, RS, 260090035-003, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, Porto Alegre, RS, 260090035-003, Brazil.
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, Porto Alegre, RS, 235090035-007, Brazil.
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6
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Environmental stimulation in Huntington disease patients and animal models. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 171:105725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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7
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Solés-Tarrés I, Cabezas-Llobet N, Lefranc B, Leprince J, Alberch J, Vaudry D, Xifró X. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Protects Striatal Cells and Improves Motor Function in Huntington’s Disease Models: Role of PAC1 Receptor. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:797541. [PMID: 35153755 PMCID: PMC8832515 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.797541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expression of mutant huntingtin (mHtt). One of the main features of HD is the degeneration of the striatum that leads to motor discoordination. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide that acts through three receptors named PAC1R, VPAC1R, and VPAC2R. In the present study, we first investigated the effect of PACAP on STHdhQ7/Q7 and STHdhQ111/Q111 cells that express wild-type Htt with 7 and mHtt with 111 glutamines, respectively. Then we explored the capacity of PACAP to rescue motor symptoms in the R6/1, a murine model of HD. We found that PACAP treatment (10–7 M) for 24 h protects STHdhQ111/Q111 cells from mHtt-induced apoptosis. This effect is associated with an increase in PAC1R transcription, phosphorylation of ERK and Akt, and an increase of intracellular c-fos, egr1, CBP, and BDNF protein content. Moreover, the use of pharmacological inhibitors revealed that activation of ERK and Akt mediates these antiapoptotic and neurotrophic effects of PACAP. To find out PAC1R implication, we treated STHdh cells with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), which exhibits equal affinity for VPAC1R and VPAC2R, but lower affinity for PAC1R, in contrast to PACAP which has same affinity for the three receptors. VIP reduced cleaved caspase-3 protein level, without promoting the expression of c-fos, egr1, CBP, and the neurotrophin BDNF. We next measured the protein level of PACAP receptors in the striatum and cortex of R6/1 mice. We observed a specific reduction of PAC1R at the onset of motor symptoms. Importantly, the intranasal administration of PACAP to R6/1 animals restored the motor function and increased the striatal levels of PAC1R, CBP, and BDNF. In conclusion, PACAP exerts antiapoptotic and neurotrophic effects in striatal neurons mainly through PAC1R. This effect in HD striatum allows the recovery of motor function and point out PAC1R as a therapeutic target for treatment of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Solés-Tarrés
- New Therapeutic Targets Group, Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Núria Cabezas-Llobet
- New Therapeutic Targets Group, Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Benjamin Lefranc
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, UNIROUEN, Inserm, Normandie University, Rouen, France
- Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, UNIROUEN, Inserm, Normandie University, Rouen, France
- Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - Jordi Alberch
- Departament de Biomedicina, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Vaudry
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, UNIROUEN, Inserm, Normandie University, Rouen, France
- Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - Xavier Xifró
- New Therapeutic Targets Group, Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Xavier Xifró,
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Hyeon SJ, Park J, Yoo J, Kim SH, Hwang YJ, Kim SC, Liu T, Shim HS, Kim Y, Cho Y, Woo J, Kim KS, Myers RH, Ryu HL, Kowall NW, Song EJ, Hwang EM, Seo H, Lee J, Ryu H. Dysfunction of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) triggers neuropathological processes via altered p53 activity in Huntington's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 204:102110. [PMID: 34166773 PMCID: PMC8364511 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with neuronal damage in Huntington's disease (HD), but the precise mechanism of mitochondria-dependent pathogenesis is not understood yet. Herein, we found that colocalization of XIAP and p53 was prominent in the cytosolic compartments of normal subjects but reduced in HD patients and HD transgenic animal models. Overexpression of mutant Huntingtin (mHTT) reduced XIAP levels and elevated mitochondrial localization of p53 in striatal cells in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, XIAP interacted directly with the C-terminal domain of p53 and decreased its stability via autophagy. Overexpression of XIAP prevented mitochondrially targeted-p53 (Mito-p53)-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress and striatal cell death, whereas, knockdown of XIAP exacerbated Mito-p53-induced neuronal damage in vitro. In vivo transduction of AAV-shRNA XIAP in the dorsal striatum induced rapid onset of disease and reduced the lifespan of HD transgenic (N171-82Q) mice compared to WT littermate mice. XIAP dysfunction led to ultrastructural changes of the mitochondrial cristae and nucleus morphology in striatal cells. Knockdown of XIAP exacerbated neuropathology and motor dysfunctions in N171-82Q mice. In contrast, XIAP overexpression improved neuropathology and motor behaviors in both AAV-mHTT-transduced mice and N171-82Q mice. Our data provides a molecular and pathological mechanism that deregulation of XIAP triggers mitochondria dysfunction and other neuropathological processes via the neurotoxic effect of p53 in HD. Together, the XIAP-p53 pathway is a novel pathological marker and can be a therapeutic target for improving the symptoms in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jae Hyeon
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea; Department of Molecular & Life Sciences, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Jinyoung Park
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Junsang Yoo
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Kim
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Yu Jin Hwang
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Seung-Chan Kim
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Tian Liu
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Hyun Soo Shim
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Yunha Kim
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Yakdol Cho
- KIST Research Animal Resource Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Jiwan Woo
- KIST Research Animal Resource Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Key-Sun Kim
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea; KIST Research Animal Resource Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Richard H Myers
- Boston University Genome Science Institute and Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Hannah L Ryu
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Neil W Kowall
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Eun Joo Song
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
| | - Eun Mi Hwang
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Hyemyung Seo
- Department of Molecular & Life Sciences, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea.
| | - Junghee Lee
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA.
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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9
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Luft C, Haute GV, Wearick-Silva LE, Antunes KH, da Costa MS, de Oliveira JR, Donadio MVF. Prenatal stress and KCl-induced depolarization modulate cell death, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis genes, oxidative and inflammatory response in primary cortical neurons. Neurochem Int 2021; 147:105053. [PMID: 33961947 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Maternal stress has been described as an important component in the offspring's cerebral development, altering the susceptibility to diseases in later life. Moreover, the postnatal period is essential for the development and integration of several peripheral and central systems related to the control of homeostasis. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of prenatal stress on the activation of cortical neurons, by performing experiments both under basal conditions and after KCl-induced depolarization. Female mice were divided in two groups: control and prenatal restraint stress. Cortical neurons from the offspring were obtained at gestational day 18. The effects of prenatal stress and KCl stimulations on cellular mortality, autophagy, gene expression, oxidative stress, and inflammation were evaluated. We found that neurons from PNS mice have decreased necrosis and autophagy after depolarization. Moreover, prenatal stress modulated the HPA axis, as observed by the increased GR and decreased 5HTr1 mRNA expression. The BDNF is an important factor for neuronal function and results demonstrated that KCl-induced depolarization increased the gene expression of BDNF I, BDNF IV, and TRκB. Furthermore, prenatal stress and KCl treatment induced significant alterations in oxidative and inflammatory markers. In conclusion, prenatal stress and stimulation with KCl may influence several markers related to neurodevelopment in cortical neurons from neonate mice, supporting the well-known long-term effects of maternal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Luft
- Laboratory of Pediatric Physical Activity, Infant Center, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics and Inflammation, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Viegas Haute
- Laboratory of Pediatric Physical Activity, Infant Center, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luís Eduardo Wearick-Silva
- Exercise, Behavior and Cognition Research Group, Psychology Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Krist Helen Antunes
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mariana Severo da Costa
- Laboratory of Pediatric Physical Activity, Infant Center, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics and Inflammation, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jarbas Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics and Inflammation, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Márcio Vinícius Fagundes Donadio
- Laboratory of Pediatric Physical Activity, Infant Center, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics and Inflammation, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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10
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Deng Y, Wang H, Joni M, Sekhri R, Reiner A. Progression of basal ganglia pathology in heterozygous Q175 knock-in Huntington's disease mice. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:1327-1371. [PMID: 32869871 PMCID: PMC8049038 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We used behavioral testing and morphological methods to detail the progression of basal ganglia neuron type-specific pathology and the deficits stemming from them in male heterozygous Q175 mice, compared to age-matched WT males. A rotarod deficit was not present in Q175 mice until 18 months, but increased open field turn rate (reflecting hyperkinesia) and open field anxiety were evident at 6 months. No loss of striatal neurons was seen out to 18 months, but ENK+ and DARPP32+ striatal perikarya were fewer by 6 months, due to diminished expression, with further decline by 18 months. No reduction in SP+ striatal perikarya or striatal interneurons was seen in Q175 mice at 18 months, but cholinergic interneurons showed dendrite attenuation by 6 months. Despite reduced ENK expression in indirect pathway striatal perikarya, ENK-immunostained terminals in globus pallidus externus (GPe) were more abundant at 6 months and remained so out to 18 months. Similarly, SP-immunostained terminals from striatal direct pathway neurons were more abundant in globus pallidus internus and substantia nigra at 6 months and remained so at 18 months. FoxP2+ arkypallidal GPe neurons and subthalamic nucleus neurons were lost by 18 months but not prototypical PARV+ GPe neurons or dopaminergic nigral neurons. Our results show that striatal projection neuron abnormalities and behavioral abnormalities reflecting them develop between 2 and 6 months of age in Q175 male heterozygotes, indicating early effects of the HD mutation. The striatal pathologies resemble those in human HD, but are less severe at 18 months than even in premanifest HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunping Deng
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Marion Joni
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Radhika Sekhri
- Department of PathologyThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Anton Reiner
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
- Department of OphthalmologyThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
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11
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Ren Y, Shen Y, Si N, Fan S, Zhang Y, Xu W, Shi L, Zhang X. Slc20a2-Deficient Mice Exhibit Multisystem Abnormalities and Impaired Spatial Learning Memory and Sensorimotor Gating but Normal Motor Coordination Abilities. Front Genet 2021; 12:639935. [PMID: 33889180 PMCID: PMC8056086 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.639935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC, OMIM#213600), also known as Fahr's disease, is a rare autosomal dominant or recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by bilateral and symmetrical microvascular calcifications affecting multiple brain regions, particularly the basal ganglia (globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, and putamen) and thalamus. The most common clinical manifestations include cognitive impairment, neuropsychiatric signs, and movement disorders. Loss-of-function mutations in SLC20A2 are the major genetic causes of PFBC. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate whether Slc20a2 knockout mice could recapitulate the dynamic processes and patterns of brain calcification and neurological symptoms in patients with PFBC. We comprehensively evaluated brain calcifications and PFBC-related behavioral abnormalities in Slc20a2-deficient mice. METHODS Brain calcifications were analyzed using classic calcium-phosphate staining methods. The Morris water maze, Y-maze, and fear conditioning paradigms were used to evaluate long-term spatial learning memory, working memory, and episodic memory, respectively. Sensorimotor gating was mainly assessed using the prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex program. Spontaneous locomotor activity and motor coordination abilities were evaluated using the spontaneous activity chamber, cylinder test, accelerating rotor-rod, and narrowing balance beam tests. RESULTS Slc20a2 homozygous knockout (Slc20a2-HO) mice showed congenital and global developmental delay, lean body mass, skeletal malformation, and a high proportion of unilateral or bilateral eye defects. Brain calcifications were detected in the hypothalamus, ventral thalamus, and midbrain early at postnatal day 80 in Slc20a2-HO mice, but were seldom found in Slc20a2 heterozygous knockout (Slc20a2-HE) mice, even at extremely old age. Slc20a2-HO mice exhibited spatial learning memory impairments and sensorimotor gating deficits while exhibiting normal working and episodic memories. The general locomotor activity, motor balance, and coordination abilities were not statistically different between Slc20a2-HO and wild-type mice after adjusting for body weight, which was a major confounding factor in our motor function evaluations. CONCLUSION The human PFBC-related phenotypes were highly similar to those in Slc20a2-HO mice. Therefore, Slc20a2-HO mice might be suitable for the future evaluation of neuropharmacological intervention strategies targeting cognitive and neuropsychiatric impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Ren
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqi Shen
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nuo Si
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shiqi Fan
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wanhai Xu
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Shi
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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12
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Le Cann K, Foerster A, Rösseler C, Erickson A, Hautvast P, Giesselmann S, Pensold D, Kurth I, Rothermel M, Mattis VB, Zimmer-Bensch G, von Hörsten S, Denecke B, Clarner T, Meents J, Lampert A. The difficulty to model Huntington's disease in vitro using striatal medium spiny neurons differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6934. [PMID: 33767215 PMCID: PMC7994641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85656-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded polyglutamine repeat in the huntingtin gene. The neuropathology of HD is characterized by the decline of a specific neuronal population within the brain, the striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). The origins of this extreme vulnerability remain unknown. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPS cell)-derived MSNs represent a powerful tool to study this genetic disease. However, the differentiation protocols published so far show a high heterogeneity of neuronal populations in vitro. Here, we compared two previously published protocols to obtain hiPS cell-derived striatal neurons from both healthy donors and HD patients. Patch-clamp experiments, immunostaining and RT-qPCR were performed to characterize the neurons in culture. While the neurons were mature enough to fire action potentials, a majority failed to express markers typical for MSNs. Voltage-clamp experiments on voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels revealed a large variability between the two differentiation protocols. Action potential analysis did not reveal changes induced by the HD mutation. This study attempts to demonstrate the current challenges in reproducing data of previously published differentiation protocols and in generating hiPS cell-derived striatal MSNs to model a genetic neurodegenerative disorder in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Le Cann
- Institute of Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alec Foerster
- Institute of Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Corinna Rösseler
- Institute of Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andelain Erickson
- Institute of Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Petra Hautvast
- Institute of Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Pensold
- Institute of Biology II, Division of Functional Epigenetics in the Animal Model, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Intitute of Human Genetic, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Rothermel
- Institute Für Biology II, Department Chemosensation, AG Neuromodulation, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Virginia B Mattis
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Fujifilm Cellular Dynamics, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Geraldine Zimmer-Bensch
- Institute of Biology II, Division of Functional Epigenetics in the Animal Model, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephan von Hörsten
- Intitute of Virology, Clinical and Molecular Virology, Animal Center of Preclinical Experiments (PETZ), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Tim Clarner
- Intitute for Neuroanatomy, MIT 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jannis Meents
- Institute of Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- Multi Channel Systems MCS GmbH, Aspenhaustrasse 21, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany.
| | - Angelika Lampert
- Institute of Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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13
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Cano A, Ettcheto M, Espina M, Auladell C, Folch J, Kühne BA, Barenys M, Sánchez-López E, Souto EB, García ML, Turowski P, Camins A. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate PEGylated poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles mitigate striatal pathology and motor deficits in 3-nitropropionic acid intoxicated mice. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:19-35. [PMID: 33410329 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To compare free and nanoparticle (NP)-encapsulated epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) for the treatment of Huntington's disease (HD)-like symptoms in mice. Materials & methods: EGCG was incorporated into PEGylated poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid NPs with ascorbic acid (AA). HD-like striatal lesions and motor deficit were induced in mice by 3-nitropropionic acid-intoxication. EGCG and EGCG/AA NPs were co-administered and behavioral motor assessments and striatal histology performed after 5 days. Results: EGCG/AA NPs were significantly more effective than free EGCG in reducing motor disturbances and depression-like behavior associated with 3-nitropropionic acid toxicity. EGCG/AA NPs treatment also mitigated neuroinflammation and prevented neuronal loss. Conclusion: NP encapsulation enhances therapeutic robustness of EGCG in this model of HD symptomatology. Together with our previous findings, this highlights the potential of EGCG/AA NPs in the symptomatic treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Cano
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain.,Unit of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Rovira i Virgili, Reus (Tarragona), Spain
| | - Marta Espina
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Auladell
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology & Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Folch
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Unit of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Rovira i Virgili, Reus (Tarragona), Spain
| | - Britta A Kühne
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Barenys
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria Luisa García
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patric Turowski
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Antonio Camins
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Palomar-Garcia A, Camara E. SeSBAT: Single Subject Brain Analysis Toolbox. Application to Huntington's Disease as a Preliminary Study. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:488652. [PMID: 33117135 PMCID: PMC7550747 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.488652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarkers require complex processing routines that are time-consuming and labor-intensive for clinical users. The Single Subject Brain Analysis Toolbox (SeSBAT) is a fully automated MATLAB toolbox with a graphical user interface (GUI) that offers standardized and optimized protocols for the pre-processing and analysis of anatomical MRI data at the single-subject level. In this study, the two-fold strategy provided by SeSBAT is illustrated through its application on a cohort of 42 patients with Huntington’s disease (HD), in pre-manifest and early manifest stages, as a suitable model of neurodegenerative processes. On the one hand, hypothesis-driven analysis can be used to extract biomarkers of neurodegeneration in specific brain regions of interest (ROI-based analysis). On the other hand, an exploratory voxel-based morphometry (VBM) approach can detect volume changes due to neurodegeneration throughout the whole brain (whole-brain analysis). That illustration reveals the potential of SeSBAT in providing potential prognostic biomarkers in neurodegenerative processes in clinics, which could be critical to overcoming the limitations of current qualitative evaluation strategies, and thus improve the diagnosis and monitoring of neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, the importance of the availability of tools for characterization at the single-subject level has been emphasized, as there is high interindividual variability in the pattern of neurodegeneration. Thus, tools like SeSBAT could pave the way towards more effective and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Palomar-Garcia
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Unit, IDIBELL (Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estela Camara
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Disruption of zinc transporter ZnT3 transcriptional activity and synaptic vesicular zinc in the brain of Huntington's disease transgenic mouse. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:106. [PMID: 32944220 PMCID: PMC7488477 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00459-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease that involves a complex combination of psychiatric, cognitive and motor impairments. Synaptic dysfunction has been implicated in HD pathogenesis. However, the mechanisms have not been clearly delineated. Synaptic vesicular zinc is closely linked to modulating synaptic transmission and maintaining cognitive ability. It is significant to assess zinc homeostasis for further revealing the pathogenesis of synaptic dysfunction and cognitive impairment in HD. Results Histochemical staining by autometallography indicated that synaptic vesicular zinc was decreased in the hippocampus, cortex and striatum of N171-82Q HD transgenic mice. Analyses by immunohistochemistry, Western blot and RT-PCR found that the expression of zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3) required for transport of zinc into synaptic vesicles was obviously reduced in these three brain regions of the HD mice aged from 14 to 20 weeks and BHK cells expressing mutant huntingtin. Significantly, dual-luciferase reporter gene and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that transcription factor Sp1 could activate ZnT3 transcription via its binding to the GC boxes in ZnT3 promoter. Moreover, mutant huntingtin was found to inhibit the binding of Sp1 to the promoter of ZnT3 and down-regulate ZnT3 expression, and the decline in ZnT3 expression could be ameliorated through overexpression of Sp1. Conclusions This is first study to reveal a significant loss of synaptic vesicular zinc and a decline in ZnT3 transcriptional activity in the HD transgenic mice. Our work sheds a novel mechanistic insight into pathogenesis of HD that mutant huntingtin down-regulates expression of ZnT3 through inhibiting binding of Sp1 to the promoter of ZnT3 gene, causing disruption of synaptic vesicular zinc homeostasis. Disrupted vesicular zinc ultimately leads to early synaptic dysfunction and cognitive deficits in HD. It is also suggested that maintaining normal synaptic vesicular zinc concentration is a potential therapeutic strategy for HD.
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16
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Goodliffe J, Rubakovic A, Chang W, Pathak D, Luebke J. Structural and functional features of medium spiny neurons in the BACHDΔN17 mouse model of Huntington's Disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234394. [PMID: 32574176 PMCID: PMC7310706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the BACHD mouse model of Huntington’s disease (HD), deletion of the N17 domain of the Huntingtin gene (BACHDΔN17, Q97) has been reported to lead to nuclear accumulation of mHTT and exacerbation of motor deficits, neuroinflammation and striatal atrophy (Gu et al., 2015). Here we characterized the effect of N17 deletion on dorsolateral striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in BACHDΔN17 (Q97) and BACWTΔN17 (Q31) mice by comparing them to MSNs in wildtype (WT) mice. Mice were characterized on a series of motor tasks and subsequently whole cell patch clamp recordings with simultaneous biocytin filling of MSNs in in vitro striatal slices from these mice were used to comprehensively assess their physiological and morphological features. Key findings include that: Q97 mice exhibit impaired gait and righting reflexes but normal tail suspension reflexes and normal coats while Q31 mice do not differ from WT; intrinsic membrane and action potential properties are altered -but differentially so- in MSNs from Q97 and from Q31 mice; excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents exhibit higher amplitudes in Q31 but not Q97 MSNs, while excitatory synaptic currents occur at lower frequency in Q97 than in WT and Q31 MSNs; there is a reduced total dendritic length in Q31 -but not Q97- MSNs compared to WT, while spine density and number did not differ in MSNs in the three groups. The findings that Q31 MSNs differed from Q97 and WT neurons with regard to some physiological features and structurally suggest a novel role of the N17 domain in the function of WT Htt. The motor phenotype seen in Q97 mice was less robust than that reported in an earlier study (Gu et al., 2015), and the alterations to MSN physiological properties were largely consistent with changes reported previously in a number of other mouse models of HD. Together this study indicates that N17 plays a role in the modulation of the properties of MSNs in both mHtt and WT-Htt mice, but does not markedly exacerbate HD-like pathogenesis in the BACHD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Goodliffe
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Anastasia Rubakovic
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wayne Chang
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dhruba Pathak
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Luebke
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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17
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Furlong LS, Jakabek D, Power BD, Owens-Walton C, Wilkes FA, Walterfang M, Velakoulis D, Egan G, Looi JC, Georgiou-Karistianis N. Morphometric in vivo evidence of thalamic atrophy correlated with cognitive and motor dysfunction in Huntington's disease: The IMAGE-HD study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2020; 298:111048. [PMID: 32120305 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In Huntington's disease (HD), neurodegeneration causes progressive atrophy to the striatum, cortical areas, and white matter tracts - components of corticostriatal circuitry. Such processes may affect the thalamus, a key circuit node. We investigated whether differences in dorsal thalamic morphology were detectable in HD, and whether thalamic atrophy was associated with neurocognitive, neuropsychiatric and motor dysfunction. Magnetic resonance imaging scans and clinical outcome measures were obtained from 34 presymptomatic HD (pre-HD), 29 early symptomatic HD (symp-HD), and 26 healthy control individuals who participated in the IMAGE-HD study. Manual region of interest (ROI) segmentation was conducted to measure dorsal thalamic volume, and thalamic ROI underwent shape analysis using the spherical harmonic point distribution method. The symp-HD group had significant thalamic volumetric reduction and global shape deflation, indicative of atrophy, compared to pre-HD and control groups. Thalamic atrophy significantly predicted neurocognitive and motor dysfunction within the symp-HD group only. Thalamic morphology differentiates symp-HD from pre-HD and healthy individuals. Thalamic changes may be one of the structural bases (endomorphotypes), of the endophenotypic neurocognitive and motor manifestations of disease. Future research should continue to investigate the thalamus as a potential in vivo biomarker of disease progression in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Furlong
- Research Centre for the Neurosciences of Ageing, Academic Unit of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, Australia; John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
| | - David Jakabek
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Brian D Power
- School of Medicine Fremantle, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia; Clinical Research Centre, North Metropolitan Health Service - Mental Health, WA, Australia
| | - Conor Owens-Walton
- Research Centre for the Neurosciences of Ageing, Academic Unit of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, Australia
| | - Fiona A Wilkes
- Research Centre for the Neurosciences of Ageing, Academic Unit of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, Australia
| | - Mark Walterfang
- Neuropsychiatry Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dennis Velakoulis
- Neuropsychiatry Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gary Egan
- School of Psychological Sciences and The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health Monash University, Clayton, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; Life Sciences Computation Centre, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Cl Looi
- Research Centre for the Neurosciences of Ageing, Academic Unit of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, Australia; Neuropsychiatry Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nellie Georgiou-Karistianis
- School of Psychological Sciences and The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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18
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Blumenstock S, Dudanova I. Cortical and Striatal Circuits in Huntington's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:82. [PMID: 32116525 PMCID: PMC7025546 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder that typically manifests in midlife with motor, cognitive, and/or psychiatric symptoms. The disease is caused by a CAG triplet expansion in exon 1 of the huntingtin gene and leads to a severe neurodegeneration in the striatum and cortex. Classical electrophysiological studies in genetic HD mouse models provided important insights into the disbalance of excitatory, inhibitory and neuromodulatory inputs, as well as progressive disconnection between the cortex and striatum. However, the involvement of local cortical and striatal microcircuits still remains largely unexplored. Here we review the progress in understanding HD-related impairments in the cortical and basal ganglia circuits, and outline new opportunities that have opened with the development of modern circuit analysis methods. In particular, in vivo imaging studies in mouse HD models have demonstrated early structural and functional disturbances within the cortical network, and optogenetic manipulations of striatal cell types have started uncovering the causal roles of certain neuronal populations in disease pathogenesis. In addition, the important contribution of astrocytes to HD-related circuit defects has recently been recognized. In parallel, unbiased systems biology studies are providing insights into the possible molecular underpinnings of these functional defects at the level of synaptic signaling and neurotransmitter metabolism. With these approaches, we can now reach a deeper understanding of circuit-based HD mechanisms, which will be crucial for the development of effective and targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Blumenstock
- Department of Molecules – Signaling – Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
- Molecular Neurodegeneration Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Irina Dudanova
- Molecular Neurodegeneration Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
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19
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Pflanz CP, Charquero-Ballester M, Majid DSA, Winkler AM, Vallée E, Aron AR, Jenkinson M, Douaud G. One-year changes in brain microstructure differentiate preclinical Huntington's disease stages. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 25:102099. [PMID: 31865023 PMCID: PMC6931230 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether brain imaging markers of tissue microstructure can detect the effect of disease progression across the preclinical stages of Huntington's disease. METHODS Longitudinal microstructural changes in diffusion imaging metrics (mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy) were investigated in participants with presymptomatic Huntington's disease (N = 35) stratified into three preclinical subgroups according to their estimated time until onset of symptoms, compared with age- and gender-matched healthy controls (N = 19) over a 1y period. RESULTS Significant differences were found over the four groups in change of mean diffusivity in the posterior basal ganglia and the splenium of the corpus callosum. This overall effect was driven by significant differences between the group far-from-onset (FAR) of symptoms and the groups midway- (MID) and near-the-onset (NEAR) of symptoms. In particular, an initial decrease of mean diffusivity in the FAR group was followed by a subsequent increase in groups closer to onset of symptoms. The seemingly counter-intuitive decrease of mean diffusivity in the group furthest from onset of symptoms might be an early indicator of neuroinflammatory process preceding the neurodegenerative phase. In contrast, the only clinical measure that was able to capture a difference in 1y changes between the preclinical stages was the UHDRS confidence in motor score. CONCLUSIONS With sensitivity to longitudinal changes in brain microstructure within and between preclinical stages, and potential differential response to distinct pathophysiological mechanisms, diffusion imaging is a promising state marker for monitoring treatment response and identifying the optimal therapeutic window of opportunity in preclinical Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Patrick Pflanz
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Marina Charquero-Ballester
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK
| | - D S Adnan Majid
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, California, USA
| | - Anderson M Winkler
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Emmanuel Vallée
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Adam R Aron
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mark Jenkinson
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Gwenaëlle Douaud
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK.
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20
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Skotte NH, Andersen JV, Santos A, Aldana BI, Willert CW, Nørremølle A, Waagepetersen HS, Nielsen ML. Integrative Characterization of the R6/2 Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease Reveals Dysfunctional Astrocyte Metabolism. Cell Rep 2019; 23:2211-2224. [PMID: 29768217 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disease, where dysfunction and loss of striatal and cortical neurons are central to the pathogenesis of the disease. Here, we integrated quantitative studies to investigate the underlying mechanisms behind HD pathology in a systems-wide manner. To this end, we used state-of-the-art mass spectrometry to establish a spatial brain proteome from late-stage R6/2 mice and compared this with wild-type littermates. We observed altered expression of proteins in pathways related to energy metabolism, synapse function, and neurotransmitter homeostasis. To support these findings, metabolic 13C labeling studies confirmed a compromised astrocytic metabolism and regulation of glutamate-GABA-glutamine cycling, resulting in impaired release of glutamine and GABA synthesis. In recent years, increasing attention has been focused on the role of astrocytes in HD, and our data support that therapeutic strategies to improve astrocytic glutamine homeostasis may help ameliorate symptoms in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels H Skotte
- Proteomics Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens V Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alberto Santos
- Proteomics Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Blanca I Aldana
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilie W Willert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Nørremølle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael L Nielsen
- Proteomics Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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21
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Radovanović S, Vodopić S, Stanković I, Dragašević-Mišković N, Kostić V. Spatiotemporal gait characteristics of Huntington’s disease during dual-task walking. Int J Neurosci 2019; 130:136-143. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1667781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saša Radovanović
- Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Vodopić
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Centre of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Iva Stanković
- Neurology Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Vladimir Kostić
- Neurology Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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22
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High-intensity interval training prevents cognitive-motor impairment and serum BDNF level reduction in parkinson mice model. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-019-00586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Siew JJ, Chen HM, Chen HY, Chen HL, Chen CM, Soong BW, Wu YR, Chang CP, Chan YC, Lin CH, Liu FT, Chern Y. Galectin-3 is required for the microglia-mediated brain inflammation in a model of Huntington's disease. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3473. [PMID: 31375685 PMCID: PMC6677843 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that manifests with movement dysfunction. The expression of mutant Huntingtin (mHTT) disrupts the functions of brain cells. Galectin-3 (Gal3) is a lectin that has not been extensively explored in brain diseases. Herein, we showed that the plasma Gal3 levels of HD patients and mice correlated with disease severity. Moreover, brain Gal3 levels were higher in patients and mice with HD than those in controls. The up-regulation of Gal3 in HD mice occurred before motor impairment, and its level remained high in microglia throughout disease progression. The cell-autonomous up-regulated Gal3 formed puncta in damaged lysosomes and contributed to inflammation through NFκB- and NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent pathways. Knockdown of Gal3 suppressed inflammation, reduced mHTT aggregation, restored neuronal DARPP32 levels, ameliorated motor dysfunction, and increased survival in HD mice. Thus, suppression of Gal3 ameliorates microglia-mediated pathogenesis, which suggests that Gal3 is a novel druggable target for HD. The authors show that Galectin-3 is up–regulated in brain tissues from patients and a mouse model of Huntington’s disease (HD) and correlates with disease severity. Galectin-3 accumulates at damaged lysosomes in HD microglia, prevents the clearance of damaged lysosomes, and promotes inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jing Siew
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Mei Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lin Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Mei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Wen Soong
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, and Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 23561, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Ru Wu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Pang Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Chan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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24
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Hirano M, Iritani S, Fujishiro H, Torii Y, Habuchi C, Sekiguchi H, Yoshida M, Ozaki N. Clinicopathological differences between the motor onset and psychiatric onset of Huntington's disease, focusing on the nucleus accumbens. Neuropathology 2019; 39:331-341. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuaki Hirano
- Department of PsychiatryNagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Shuji Iritani
- Department of PsychiatryNagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Hiroshige Fujishiro
- Department of PsychiatryNagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Youta Torii
- Department of PsychiatryNagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Chikako Habuchi
- Department of PsychiatryNagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
- Department of PsychiatryAich Psychiatric Medical Center Nagoya Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sekiguchi
- Department of PsychiatryNagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
- Department of PsychiatryOkehazama Hospital Fujita Mental Care Center & the Neuroscience Research Center Toyoake Japan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of NeuropathologyInstitute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University Nagakute Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of PsychiatryNagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
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25
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Neuropathology and pathogenesis of extrapyramidal movement disorders: a critical update. II. Hyperkinetic disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:997-1027. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Sherman CW, Iyer R, Abler V, Antonelli A, Carlozzi NE. Perceptions of the impact of chorea on health-related quality of life in Huntington disease (HD): A qualitative analysis of individuals across the HD spectrum, family members, and clinicians. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2019; 30:1150-1168. [PMID: 30849283 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2018.1564675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chorea, a hallmark symptom of Huntington's disease (HD), is characterized by jerky involuntary movements affecting the whole body that can interfere with daily functioning and impact health-related quality of life (HRQOL). To characterize chorea's impact on everyday functioning and HRQOL and identify patterns of perception and experiences of chorea among patients, caregivers, and providers. Data from focus groups of individuals with manifest HD (n = 8 early-stage HD; n = 16 late-stage HD), individuals at-risk or prodromal HD (n = 16), family HD caregivers (n = 17), and HD clinicians (n = 25). Focus group recordings were transcribed verbatim and analysed via constant comparison to identify meaningful and salient themes of living with chorea. Global themes of chorea's impact identified included: watching for chorea, experiences of stigma, and constraints on independence and relationships. Themes distinct to specific respondent groups included: Vigilance (at risk, prodromal); adaptation to chorea (early-stage); loss of autonomy and social life (late-stage); monitoring engagement (family caregivers) and safety (clinical providers). Living with chorea significantly constrains daily functioning, interactions, and HRQOL across the HD disease spectrum. Addressing these impacts via appropriate management of chorea can potentially enhance functioning, HRQOL, and overall satisfaction for persons with HD and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravi Iyer
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Frazer, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Noelle E Carlozzi
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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27
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Cheng S, Tereshchenko J, Zimmer V, Vachey G, Pythoud C, Rey M, Liefhebber J, Raina A, Streit F, Mazur A, Bähr M, Konstantinova P, Déglon N, Kügler S. Therapeutic efficacy of regulable GDNF expression for Huntington's and Parkinson's disease by a high-induction, background-free “GeneSwitch” vector. Exp Neurol 2018; 309:79-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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28
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Chi H, Chang HY, Sang TK. Neuronal Cell Death Mechanisms in Major Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3082. [PMID: 30304824 PMCID: PMC6213751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cell death in the central nervous system has always been a challenging process to decipher. In normal physiological conditions, neuronal cell death is restricted in the adult brain, even in aged individuals. However, in the pathological conditions of various neurodegenerative diseases, cell death and shrinkage in a specific region of the brain represent a fundamental pathological feature across different neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will briefly go through the general pathways of cell death and describe evidence for cell death in the context of individual common neurodegenerative diseases, discussing our current understanding of cell death by connecting with renowned pathogenic proteins, including Tau, amyloid-beta, alpha-synuclein, huntingtin and TDP-43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chi
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Kang Sang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan.
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29
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Abstract
The 25 years since the identification of the gene responsible for Huntington disease (HD) have stood witness to profound discoveries about the nature of the disease and its pathogenesis. Despite this progress, however, the development of disease-modifying therapies has thus far been slow. Preclinical validation of the therapeutic potential of disrupted pathways in HD has led to the advancement of pharmacological agents, both novel and repurposed, for clinical evaluation. The most promising therapeutic approaches include huntingtin (HTT) lowering and modification as well as modulation of neuroinflammation and synaptic transmission. With clinical trials for many of these approaches imminent or currently ongoing, the coming years are promising not only for HD but also for more prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer and Parkinson disease, in which many of these pathways have been similarly implicated.
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30
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31
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Luis-Ravelo D, Estévez-Silva H, Barroso-Chinea P, Afonso-Oramas D, Salas-Hernández J, Rodríguez-Núñez J, Acevedo-Arozena A, Marcellino D, González-Hernández T. Pramipexole reduces soluble mutant huntingtin and protects striatal neurons through dopamine D3 receptors in a genetic model of Huntington's disease. Exp Neurol 2018; 299:137-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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32
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Garcia‐Gorro C, de Diego‐Balaguer R, Martínez‐Horta S, Pérez‐Pérez J, Kulisevsky J, Rodríguez‐Dechicha N, Vaquer I, Subira S, Calopa M, Muñoz E, Santacruz P, Ruiz‐Idiago J, Mareca C, Caballol N, Camara E. Reduced striato-cortical and inhibitory transcallosal connectivity in the motor circuit of Huntington's disease patients. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:54-71. [PMID: 28990240 PMCID: PMC6866479 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder which is primarily associated with striatal degeneration. However, the alterations in connectivity of this structure in HD have been underinvestigated. In this study, we analyzed the functional and structural connectivity of the left putamen, while participants performed a finger-tapping task. Using fMRI and DW-MRI, 30 HD gene expansion carriers (HDGEC) and 29 healthy participants were scanned. Psychophysiological interaction analysis and DTI-based tractography were employed to examine functional and structural connectivity, respectively. Manifest HDGEC exhibited a reduced functional connectivity of the left putamen with the left and the right primary sensorimotor areas (SM1). Based on this result, the inhibitory functional connectivity between the left SM1 and the right SM1 was explored, appearing to be also decreased. In addition, the tract connecting these areas (motor corpus callosum), and the tract connecting the left putamen with the left SM1 appeared disrupted in HDGEC compared to controls. Significant correlations were found between measures of functional and structural connectivity of the motor corpus callosum, showing a coupling of both types of alterations in this tract. The observed reduction of functional and structural connectivity was associated with worse motor scores, which highlights the clinical relevance of these results. Hum Brain Mapp 39:54-71, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Garcia‐Gorro
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity UnitIDIBELL (Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge), L'Hospitalet de LlobregatBarcelonaSpain
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational PsychologyUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Ruth de Diego‐Balaguer
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity UnitIDIBELL (Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge), L'Hospitalet de LlobregatBarcelonaSpain
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational PsychologyUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- The Institute of Neurosciences of the University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- ICREA (Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Saul Martínez‐Horta
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of NeurologyBiomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB‐Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant PauBarcelonaSpain
- CIBERNED (Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases), Carlos III InstituteMadridSpain
| | - Jesus Pérez‐Pérez
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of NeurologyBiomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB‐Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant PauBarcelonaSpain
- CIBERNED (Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases), Carlos III InstituteMadridSpain
| | - Jaime Kulisevsky
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of NeurologyBiomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB‐Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant PauBarcelonaSpain
- CIBERNED (Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases), Carlos III InstituteMadridSpain
- Universidad Autónoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Irene Vaquer
- Hestia Duran i Reynals, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Hospitalet de LlobregatBarcelonaSpain
| | - Susana Subira
- Hestia Duran i Reynals, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Hospitalet de LlobregatBarcelonaSpain
- Department of Clinical and Health PsychologyUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Matilde Calopa
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de LlobregatBarcelonaSpain
| | - Esteban Muñoz
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital ClínicBarcelonaSpain
- IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer)BarcelonaSpain
- Facultat de medicina, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Pilar Santacruz
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital ClínicBarcelonaSpain
| | | | | | - Nuria Caballol
- Hospital de Sant Joan Despí Moisès Broggi, Sant Joan DespíBarcelonaSpain
| | - Estela Camara
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity UnitIDIBELL (Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge), L'Hospitalet de LlobregatBarcelonaSpain
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational PsychologyUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
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Ouk K, Aungier J, Cuesta M, Morton AJ. Chronic paroxetine treatment prevents disruption of methamphetamine-sensitive circadian oscillator in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease. Neuropharmacology 2017; 131:337-350. [PMID: 29274752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Circadian abnormalities seen in Huntington's disease (HD) patients are recapitulated in several HD transgenic mouse models. In mice, alongside the master clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), two other oscillators may influence circadian behaviour. These are the food-entrainable oscillator (FEO) and the methamphetamine-sensitive circadian oscillator (MASCO). SCN- and MASCO- (but not FEO-) driven rhythms are progressively disrupted in the R6/2 mouse model of HD. MASCO-driven rhythms are induced by chronic treatment with low dose of methamphetamine and characterised by an increase in period length to greater than 24 h. Interestingly, the rhythms mediated by MASCO deteriorate earlier than those mediated by the SCN in R6/2 mice. Here, we used a pharmacological strategy to investigate the mechanisms underlying MASCO-driven rhythms in WT mice. In contrast to methamphetamine, chronic cocaine was ineffective in generating a MASCO-like component of activity although it markedly increased locomotion. Furthermore, neither blocking dopamine (DA) receptors (with the DA antagonist haloperidol) nor blocking neurotransmission by inhibiting the activity of vesicular monoamine transporter (with reserpine) prevented the expression of the MASCO-driven rhythms, although both treatments downregulated locomotor activity. Interestingly, chronic treatment with paroxetine, a serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor commonly used as antidepressant in HD, was able to restore the expression of MASCO-driven rhythms in R6/2 mice. Thus, MASCO-driven rhythms appear to be mediated by both serotoninergic and dopaminergic systems. This supports the idea that abnormalities in MASCO output may contribute to both the HD circadian and psychiatric phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koliane Ouk
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - Juliet Aungier
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Cuesta
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - A Jennifer Morton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom.
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Faria AV, Liang Z, Miller MI, Mori S. Brain MRI Pattern Recognition Translated to Clinical Scenarios. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:578. [PMID: 29104527 PMCID: PMC5655969 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the performance of structure-based computational analysis in four neurodegenerative conditions [Ataxia (AT, n = 16), Huntington's Disease (HD, n = 52), Alzheimer's Disease (AD, n = 66), and Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA, n = 50)], all characterized by brain atrophy. The independent variables were the volumes of 283 anatomical areas, derived from automated segmentation of T1-high resolution brain MRIs. The segmentation based volumetric quantification reduces image dimensionality from the voxel level [on the order of O(106)] to anatomical structures [O(102)] for subsequent statistical analysis. We evaluated the effectiveness of this approach on extracting anatomical features, already described by human experience and a priori biological knowledge, in specific scenarios: (1) when pathologies were relatively homogeneous, with evident image alterations (e.g., AT); (2) when the time course was highly correlated with the anatomical changes (e.g., HD), an analogy for prediction; (3) when the pathology embraced heterogeneous phenotypes (e.g., AD) so the classification was less efficient but, in compensation, anatomical and clinical information were less redundant; and (4) when the entity was composed of multiple subgroups that had some degree of anatomical representation (e.g., PPA), showing the potential of this method for the clustering of more homogeneous phenotypes that can be of clinical importance. Using the structure-based quantification and simple linear classifiers (partial least square), we achieve 87.5 and 73% of accuracy on differentiating AT and pre-symptomatic HD patents from controls, respectively. More importantly, the anatomical features automatically revealed by the classifiers agreed with the patterns previously described on these pathologies. The accuracy was lower (68%) on differentiating AD from controls, as AD does not display a clear anatomical phenotype. On the other hand, the method identified PPA clinical phenotypes and their respective anatomical signatures. Although most of the data are presented here as proof of concept in simulated clinical scenarios, structure-based analysis was potentially effective in characterizing phenotypes, retrieving relevant anatomical features, predicting prognosis, and aiding diagnosis, with the advantage of being easily translatable to clinics and understandable biologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia V Faria
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zifei Liang
- Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael I Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Susumu Mori
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Wu D, Faria AV, Younes L, Mori S, Brown T, Johnson H, Paulsen JS, Ross CA, Miller MI. Mapping the order and pattern of brain structural MRI changes using change-point analysis in premanifest Huntington's disease. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:5035-5050. [PMID: 28657159 PMCID: PMC5766002 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder that progressively affects motor, cognitive, and emotional functions. Structural MRI studies have demonstrated brain atrophy beginning many years prior to clinical onset ("premanifest" period), but the order and pattern of brain structural changes have not been fully characterized. In this study, we investigated brain regional volumes and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measurements in premanifest HD, and we aim to determine (1) the extent of MRI changes in a large number of structures across the brain by atlas-based analysis, and (2) the initiation points of structural MRI changes in these brain regions. We adopted a novel multivariate linear regression model to detect the inflection points at which the MRI changes begin (namely, "change-points"), with respect to the CAG-age product (CAP, an indicator of extent of exposure to the effects of CAG repeat expansion). We used approximately 300 T1-weighted and DTI data from premanifest HD and control subjects in the PREDICT-HD study, with atlas-based whole brain segmentation and change-point analysis. The results indicated a distinct topology of structural MRI changes: the change-points of the volumetric measurements suggested a central-to-peripheral pattern of atrophy from the striatum to the deep white matter; and the change points of DTI measurements indicated the earliest changes in mean diffusivity in the deep white matter and posterior white matter. While interpretation needs to be cautious given the cross-sectional nature of the data, these findings suggest a spatial and temporal pattern of spread of structural changes within the HD brain. Hum Brain Mapp 38:5035-5050, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological ScienceJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Andreia V. Faria
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological ScienceJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Laurent Younes
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMaryland
- Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMaryland
- Department of Applied Mathematics and StatisticsJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Susumu Mori
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological ScienceJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Timothy Brown
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Hans Johnson
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowa
| | - Jane S. Paulsen
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychology and NeurosciencesUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowa
| | - Christopher A. Ross
- Division of Neurobiology, Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Program in Cellular and Molecular MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Michael I. Miller
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMaryland
- Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMaryland
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMaryland
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Neuroimaging as a tool to study the sources of phenotypic heterogeneity in Huntington's disease. Curr Opin Neurol 2017; 30:398-404. [PMID: 28509681 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a triad of motor, cognitive and psychiatric disturbances. There is great variability regarding the prominence and evolution of each type of clinical sign. One possible source of phenotypic heterogeneity could be the more prominent degeneration of specific brain circuits. The scope of this review is to highlight the most recent neuroimaging studies that have analysed the relationship between brain changes and motor, cognitive and psychiatric alterations in Huntington's disease. RECENT FINDINGS The results from recent neuroimaging studies are heterogeneous. Although there is a great overlap between the different regions associated with each symptomatic domain, there is some degree of differentiation. For example, the motor network is associated with motor impairment, whereas the ventral striatum is especially involved in emotional deficits related with psychiatric problems. SUMMARY Motor, cognitive and psychiatric impairments are associated with structural and functional brain biomarkers. However, the specificity of the regions involved remains unknown, because these studies focused on specific regions and symptoms. In order to tease apart the neural substrates that underlie the phenotypic heterogeneity in Huntington's disease, multivariate approaches combining brain and behavioural measures related to all symptomatic domains should be considered in the future.
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Ma Q, Yang J, Milner TA, Vonsattel JPG, Palko ME, Tessarollo L, Hempstead BL. SorCS2-mediated NR2A trafficking regulates motor deficits in Huntington's disease. JCI Insight 2017; 2:88995. [PMID: 28469074 PMCID: PMC5414556 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor dysfunction is a prominent and disabling feature of Huntington's disease (HD), but the molecular mechanisms that dictate its onset and progression are unknown. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2A (NR2A) subunit regulates motor skill development and synaptic plasticity in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the striatum, cells that are most severely impacted by HD. Here, we document reduced NR2A receptor subunits on the dendritic membranes and at the synapses of MSNs in zQ175 mice that model HD. We identify that SorCS2, a vacuolar protein sorting 10 protein-domain (VPS10P-domain) receptor, interacts with VPS35, a core component of retromer, thereby regulating surface trafficking of NR2A in MSNs. In the zQ175 striatum, SorCS2 is markedly decreased in an age- and allele-dependent manner. Notably, SorCS2 selectively interacts with mutant huntingtin (mtHTT), but not WT huntingtin (wtHTT), and is mislocalized to perinuclear clusters in striatal neurons of human HD patients and zQ175 mice. Genetic deficiency of SorCS2 accelerates the onset and exacerbates the motor coordination deficit of zQ175 mice. Together, our results identify SorCS2 as an interacting protein of mtHTT and demonstrate that impaired SorCS2-mediated NR2A subunit trafficking to dendritic surface of MSNs is, to our knowledge, a novel mechanism contributing to motor coordination deficits of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- Graduate Program of Neuroscience
| | - Jianmin Yang
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Teresa A Milner
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jean-Paul G Vonsattel
- The New York Brain Bank/Taub Institute Columbia University, Children's Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mary Ellen Palko
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara L Hempstead
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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38
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Tyebji S, Hannan AJ. Synaptopathic mechanisms of neurodegeneration and dementia: Insights from Huntington's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 153:18-45. [PMID: 28377290 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dementia encapsulates a set of symptoms that include loss of mental abilities such as memory, problem solving or language, and reduces a person's ability to perform daily activities. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, however dementia can also occur in other neurological disorders such as Huntington's disease (HD). Many studies have demonstrated that loss of neuronal cell function manifests pre-symptomatically and thus is a relevant therapeutic target to alleviate symptoms. Synaptopathy, the physiological dysfunction of synapses, is now being approached as the target for many neurological and psychiatric disorders, including HD. HD is an autosomal dominant and progressive degenerative disorder, with clinical manifestations that encompass movement, cognition, mood and behaviour. HD is one of the most common tandem repeat disorders and is caused by a trinucleotide (CAG) repeat expansion, encoding an extended polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin protein. Animal models as well as human studies have provided detailed, although not exhaustive, evidence of synaptic dysfunction in HD. In this review, we discuss the neuropathology of HD and how the changes in synaptic signalling in the diseased brain lead to its symptoms, which include dementia. Here, we review and discuss the mechanisms by which the 'molecular orchestras' and their 'synaptic symphonies' are disrupted in neurodegeneration and dementia, focusing on HD as a model disease. We also explore the therapeutic strategies currently in pre-clinical and clinical testing that are targeted towards improving synaptic function in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiraz Tyebji
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Nadim WD, Simion V, Bénédetti H, Pichon C, Baril P, Morisset-Lopez S. MicroRNAs in Neurocognitive Dysfunctions: New Molecular Targets for Pharmacological Treatments? Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:260-275. [PMID: 27396304 PMCID: PMC5412695 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160709001441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative and cognitive disorders are multifactorial diseases (i.e., involving neurodevelopmental, genetic, age or environmental factors) characterized by an abnormal development that affects neuronal function and integrity. Recently, an increasing number of studies revealed that the dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) may be involved in the etiology of cognitive disorders as Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington's diseases, Schizophrenia and Autism spectrum disorders. METHODS From an extensive search in bibliographic databases of peer-reviewed research literature, we identified relevant published studies related to specific key words such as memory, cognition, neurodegenerative disorders, neurogenesis and miRNA. We then analysed, evaluated and summerized scientific evidences derived from these studies. RESULTS We first briefly summarize the basic molecular events involved in memory, a process inherent to cognitive disease, and then describe the role of miRNAs in neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity and memory. Secondly, we provide an overview of the impact of miRNA dysregulation in the pathogenesis of different neurocognitive disorders, and lastly discuss the feasibility of miRNA-based therapeutics in the treatment of these disorders. CONCLUSION This review highlights the molecular basis of neurodegenerative and cognitive disorders by focusing on the impact of miRNAs dysregulation in these pathological phenotypes. Altogether, the published reports suggest that miRNAs-based therapy could be a viable therapeutic alternative to current treatment options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissem Deraredj Nadim
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Université d’Orléans France, 45071 Orléans Cedex, France
| | - Viorel Simion
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Université d’Orléans France, 45071 Orléans Cedex, France
| | - Hélène Bénédetti
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Université d’Orléans France, 45071 Orléans Cedex, France
| | - Chantal Pichon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Université d’Orléans France, 45071 Orléans Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Baril
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Université d’Orléans France, 45071 Orléans Cedex, France
| | - Séverine Morisset-Lopez
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Université d’Orléans France, 45071 Orléans Cedex, France
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40
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Scahill RI, Andre R, Tabrizi SJ, Aylward EH. Structural imaging in premanifest and manifest Huntington disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2017; 144:247-261. [PMID: 28947121 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801893-4.00020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) neuropathology has a devastating effect on brain structure and consequently brain function; neuroimaging provides a means to assess these effects in gene carriers. In this chapter we first outline the unique utility of structural imaging in understanding HD and discuss some of the acquisition and analysis techniques currently available. We review the existing literature to summarize what we know so far about structural brain changes across the spectrum of disease from premanifest through to manifest disease. We then consider how these neuroimaging findings relate to patient function and nonimaging biomarkers, and can be used to predict disease onset. Finally we review the utility of imaging measures for assessment of treatment efficacy in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael I Scahill
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph Andre
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J Tabrizi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Elizabeth H Aylward
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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41
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Atherton JF, McIver EL, Mullen MR, Wokosin DL, Surmeier DJ, Bevan MD. Early dysfunction and progressive degeneration of the subthalamic nucleus in mouse models of Huntington's disease. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27995895 PMCID: PMC5199195 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an element of cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuitry critical for action suppression. In Huntington's disease (HD) action suppression is impaired, resembling the effects of STN lesioning or inactivation. To explore this potential linkage, the STN was studied in BAC transgenic and Q175 knock-in mouse models of HD. At <2 and 6 months of age autonomous STN activity was impaired due to activation of KATP channels. STN neurons exhibited prolonged NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic currents, caused by a deficit in glutamate uptake, and elevated mitochondrial oxidant stress, which was ameliorated by NMDA receptor antagonism. STN activity was rescued by NMDA receptor antagonism or the break down of hydrogen peroxide. At 12 months of age approximately 30% of STN neurons had been lost, as in HD. Together, these data argue that dysfunction within the STN is an early feature of HD that may contribute to its expression and course. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21616.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F Atherton
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Eileen L McIver
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Matthew Rm Mullen
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - David L Wokosin
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - D James Surmeier
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Mark D Bevan
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
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42
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Foxa1 is essential for development and functional integrity of the subthalamic nucleus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38611. [PMID: 27934886 PMCID: PMC5146925 DOI: 10.1038/srep38611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of transcription factor Foxa1 in mice results in neonatal mortality of unknown cause. Here, we report that ablation of Foxa1 causes impaired development and loss of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Functional deficits in the STN have been implicated in the etiology of Huntington's and Parkinson's disease. We show that neuronal ablation by Synapsin1-Cre-mediated Foxa1 deletion is sufficient to induce hyperlocomotion in mice. Transcriptome profiling of STN neurons in conditional Foxa1 knockout mice revealed changes in gene expression reminiscent of those in neurodegenerative diseases. We identified Ppargc1a, a transcriptional co-activator that is implicated in neurodegeneration, as a Foxa1 target. These findings were substantiated by the observation of Foxa1-dependent demise of STN neurons in conditional models of Foxa1 mutant mice. Finally, we show that the spontaneous firing activity of Foxa1-deficient STN neurons is profoundly impaired. Our data reveal so far elusive roles of Foxa1 in the development and maintenance of STN function.
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43
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Ouk K, Aungier J, Morton AJ. Progressive gene dose-dependent disruption of the methamphetamine-sensitive circadian oscillator-driven rhythms in a knock-in mouse model of Huntington's disease. Exp Neurol 2016; 286:69-82. [PMID: 27646506 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive genetic neurodegenerative disorder characterised by motor and cognitive deficits, as well as sleep and circadian abnormalities. In the R6/2 mouse, a fragment model of HD, rest-activity rhythms controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus disintegrate completely by 4months of age. Rhythms driven by a second circadian oscillator, the methamphetamine-sensitive circadian oscillator (MASCO), are disrupted even earlier, and cannot be induced after 2months of age. Here, we studied the effect of the HD mutation on the expression of MASCO-driven rhythms in a more slowly developing, genetically relevant mouse model of HD, the Q175 'knock-in' mouse. We induced expression of MASCO output by administering low dose methamphetamine (0.005%) chronically via the drinking water. We measured locomotor activity in constant darkness in wild-type and Q175 mice at 2 (presymptomatic), 6 (early symptomatic), and 12 (symptomatic) months of age. At 2months, all mice expressed MASCO-driven rhythms, regardless of genotype. At older ages, however, there was a progressive gene dose-dependent deficit in MASCO output in Q175 mice. At 6months of age, these rhythms could be observed in only 45% of heterozygous and 15% of homozygous mice. By 1year of age, 90% of homozygous mice had an impaired MASCO output. There was also an age-dependent disruption of MASCO output seen in wild-type mice. The fact that the progressive deficit in MASCO-driven rhythms in Q175 mice is HD gene dose-dependent suggests that, whatever its role in humans, abnormalities in MASCO output may contribute to the HD circadian phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koliane Ouk
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom.
| | - Juliet Aungier
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom.
| | - A Jennifer Morton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom.
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Meunier C, Merienne N, Jollé C, Déglon N, Pellerin L. Astrocytes are key but indirect contributors to the development of the symptomatology and pathophysiology of Huntington's disease. Glia 2016; 64:1841-56. [PMID: 27442486 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease in which an early and selective vulnerability of striatal Spiny Projection Neurons is observed. However, several studies have highlighted the implication of glial cells, and in particular astrocytes, in the pathophysiological mechanisms of this disease. A better understanding of the respective contributions of neurons and astrocytes in HD is needed and would be important for the development of new therapeutic approaches. Today, no comparable in vivo models expressing the mutant HTT selectively in astrocytes or in neurons are available. In this study, we developed comparable cell-type specific mouse models expressing a fragment of Huntingtin specifically in neurons, astrocytes, or in both cell populations of the adult mouse basal ganglia circuit. This approach allowed us to characterize behavioral alterations occurring as soon as 4 weeks postinjection. Interestingly, less severe but significant behavioral alterations were also observed in the two cell-type specific models. We further showed that astrocytes are less affected by mHTT compared to neurons, in particular concerning mHTT aggregation. Additionally, a more indirect contribution of astrocytes compared to neurons was observed in several pathophysiological mechanisms such as astrogliosis and neuronal dysfunction. Finally, we showed that direct and indirect transcriptional alterations within the glial glutamatergic clearing system are caused by astrocytic and neuronal expression of mHTT, respectively. We anticipate that our study will help to better understand the contributions of astrocytes to HD and guide future therapeutic efforts. GLIA 2016;64:1841-1856.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Meunier
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Merienne
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies (LCMN), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Research Center (CRN), LCMN, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Jollé
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Déglon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies (LCMN), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Research Center (CRN), LCMN, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Lin L, Park JW, Ramachandran S, Zhang Y, Tseng YT, Shen S, Waldvogel HJ, Curtis MA, Faull RLM, Troncoso JC, Pletnikova O, Ross CA, Davidson BL, Xing Y. Transcriptome sequencing reveals aberrant alternative splicing in Huntington's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3454-3466. [PMID: 27378699 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG expansion in the gene-encoding Huntingtin (HTT). Transcriptome dysregulation is a major feature of HD pathogenesis, as revealed by a large body of work on gene expression profiling of tissues from human HD patients and mouse models. These studies were primarily focused on transcriptional changes affecting steady-state overall gene expression levels using microarray based approaches. A major missing component, however, has been the study of transcriptome changes at the post-transcriptional level, such as alternative splicing. Alternative splicing is a critical mechanism for expanding regulatory and functional diversity from a limited number of genes, and is particularly complex in the mammalian brain. Here we carried out a deep RNA-seq analysis of the BA4 (Brodmann area 4) motor cortex from seven human HD brains and seven controls to systematically discover aberrant alternative splicing events and characterize potential associated splicing factors in HD. We identified 593 differential alternative splicing events between HD and control brains. Using two expanded panels with a total of 108 BA4 tissues from patients and controls, we identified four splicing factors exhibiting significantly altered expression levels in HD patient brains. Moreover, follow-up molecular analyses of one splicing factor PTBP1 revealed its impact on disease-associated splicing patterns in HD. Collectively, our data provide genomic evidence for widespread splicing dysregulation in HD brains, and suggest the role of aberrant alternative splicing in the pathogenesis of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Juw Won Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shyam Ramachandran
- The Raymond G Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yida Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Ting Tseng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shihao Shen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Henry J Waldvogel
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Juan C Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Olga Pletnikova
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Christopher A Ross
- Division of Neurobiology; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology Neuroscience, and Pharmacology; and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Beverly L Davidson
- The Raymond G Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA .,The Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yi Xing
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Singh-Bains MK, Tippett LJ, Hogg VM, Synek BJ, Roxburgh RH, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RLM. Globus pallidus degeneration and clinicopathological features of Huntington disease. Ann Neurol 2016; 80:185-201. [PMID: 27255697 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Numerous studies have focused on striatal neurodegeneration in Huntington disease (HD). In comparison, the globus pallidus (GP), a main striatal output nucleus, has received less focus in HD research. This study characterizes the pattern of neurodegeneration in 3 subdivisions of the human GP, and its relation to clinical symptomatology. METHODS Stereology was used to measure regional atrophy, neuronal loss, and soma neuronal atrophy in 3 components of the GP-the external segment (GPe), internal segment (GPi), and ventral pallidum (VP)-in 8 HD cases compared with 7 matched control cases. The findings in the HD patients were compared with HD striatal neuropathological grade, and symptom scores of motor impairment, chorea, cognition, and mood. RESULTS Relative to controls, in the HD patients the GPe showed a 54% overall volume decline, 60% neuron loss, and 34% reduced soma volume. Similarly, the VP was reduced in volume by 31%, with 48% neuron loss and 64% reduced soma volume. In contrast, the GPi was less affected, with a 38% reduction in overall volume only. The extent of GP neurodegeneration correlated with increasing striatal neuropathological grade. Decreasing GPe and VP volumes were associated with poorer cognition and increasing motor impairments, but not chorea. In contrast, decreasing GPi volumes were associated with decreasing levels of irritability. INTERPRETATION The HD gene mutation produces variable degrees of GP segment degeneration, highlighting the differential vulnerability of striato-GP target projections. The relationship established between clinical symptom scores and pallidal degeneration provides a novel contribution to understanding the clinicopathological associations in HD. Ann Neurol 2016;80:185-201.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malvindar K Singh-Bains
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lynette J Tippett
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Virginia M Hogg
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Beth J Synek
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Forensic Pathology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard H Roxburgh
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Neurology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Henry J Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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The HTT CAG-Expansion Mutation Determines Age at Death but Not Disease Duration in Huntington Disease. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 98:287-98. [PMID: 26849111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is caused by an expanded HTT CAG repeat that leads in a length-dependent, completely dominant manner to onset of a characteristic movement disorder. HD also displays early mortality, so we tested whether the expanded CAG repeat exerts a dominant influence on age at death and on the duration of clinical disease. We found that, as with clinical onset, HD age at death is determined by expanded CAG-repeat length and has no contribution from the normal CAG allele. Surprisingly, disease duration is independent of the mutation's length. It is also unaffected by a strong genetic modifier of HD motor onset. These findings suggest two parsimonious alternatives. (1) HD pathogenesis is driven by mutant huntingtin, but before or near motor onset, sufficient CAG-driven damage occurs to permit CAG-independent processes and then lead to eventual death. In this scenario, some pathological changes and their clinical correlates could still worsen in a CAG-driven manner after disease onset, but these CAG-related progressive changes do not themselves determine duration. Alternatively, (2) HD pathogenesis is driven by mutant huntingtin acting in a CAG-dependent manner with different time courses in multiple cell types, and the cellular targets that lead to motor onset and death are different and independent. In this scenario, processes driven by HTT CAG length lead directly to death but not via the striatal pathology associated with motor manifestations. Each scenario has important ramifications for the design and testing of potential therapeutics, especially those aimed at preventing or delaying characteristic motor manifestations.
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Pavese N, Tai YF. Genetic and degenerative disorders primarily causing other movement disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2016; 135:507-523. [PMID: 27432681 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53485-9.00025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we will discuss the contributions of structural and functional imaging to the diagnosis and management of genetic and degenerative diseases that lead to the occurrence of movement disorders. We will mainly focus on Huntington's disease, Wilson's disease, dystonia, and neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, as they are the more commonly encountered clinical conditions within this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pavese
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, UK; Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Yen F Tai
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, UK
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Ross CA, Pantelyat A, Kogan J, Brandt J. Determinants of functional disability in Huntington's disease: role of cognitive and motor dysfunction. Mov Disord 2015; 29:1351-8. [PMID: 25216368 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical syndrome of Huntington's disease (HD) is notable for a triad of motor, cognitive, and emotional features. All HD patients eventually become occupationally disabled; however, the factors that render HD patients unable to maintain employment have not been extensively studied. This review begins by discussing the clinical triad of HD, highlighting the distinction in the motor disorder between involuntary movements, such as chorea, and voluntary movement impairment, with the latter contributing more to functional disability. Cognitive disorder clearly contributes to disability, though the relative contribution compared to motor is difficult to unravel, especially because many of the tests used to asses "cognition" have a strong motor component. The role of emotional changes in disability needs more study. The literature on contributions to functional disability, driving impairment, and nursing home placement is reviewed. Relevant experience is presented from the long-standing JHU HD observational study on motor versus cognitive onset, as well as on cognitive and motor features at the time when individuals discontinued working. Finally, we briefly review government policies in several countries on disability determination. We interpret the data from our own studies and from the literature to indicate that there is usually a close relationship between cognitive and motor dysfunction, and that it is critical to take both into consideration in determining disability. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Ross
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Pharmacology, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Mo C, Hannan AJ, Renoir T. Environmental factors as modulators of neurodegeneration: Insights from gene–environment interactions in Huntington's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 52:178-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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