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Fujiyama F, Karube F, Hirai Y. Globus pallidus is not independent from striatal direct pathway neurons: an up-to-date review. Mol Brain 2024; 17:34. [PMID: 38849935 PMCID: PMC11157709 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-024-01107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Striatal projection neurons, which are classified into two groups-direct and indirect pathway neurons, play a pivotal role in our understanding of the brain's functionality. Conventional models propose that these two pathways operate independently and have contrasting functions, akin to an "accelerator" and "brake" in a vehicle. This analogy further elucidates how the depletion of dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease can result in bradykinesia. However, the question arises: are these direct and indirect pathways truly autonomous? Despite being distinct types of neurons, their interdependence cannot be overlooked. Single-neuron tracing studies employing membrane-targeting signals have shown that the majority of direct pathway neurons terminate not only in the output nuclei, but also in the external segment of the globus pallidus (GP in rodents), a relay nucleus of the indirect pathway. Recent studies have unveiled the existence of arkypallidal neurons, which project solely to the striatum, in addition to prototypic neurons. This raises the question of which type of GP neurons receive these striatal axon collaterals. Our morphological and electrophysiological experiments showed that the striatal direct pathway neurons may affect prototypic neurons via the action of substance P on neurokinin-1 receptors. Conversely, another research group has reported that direct pathway neurons inhibit arkypallidal neurons via GABA. Regardless of the neurotransmitter involved, it can be concluded that the GP is not entirely independent of direct pathway neurons. This review article underscores the intricate interplay between different neuronal pathways and challenges the traditional understanding of their independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Fuyuki Karube
- Laboratory of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Yasuharu Hirai
- Laboratory of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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2
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Al-Nema M, Gaurav A, Lee MT, Okechukwu P, Nimmanpipug P, Lee VS. Evaluation of the acute oral toxicity and antipsychotic activity of a dual inhibitor of PDE1B and PDE10A in rat model of schizophrenia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278216. [PMID: 36454774 PMCID: PMC9714703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 1B (PDE1B) and PDE10A are dual-specificity PDEs that hydrolyse both cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate, and are highly expressed in the striatum. Several reports have suggested that PDE10A inhibitors may present a promising approach for the treatment of positive symptoms of schizophrenia, whereas PDE1B inhibitors may present a novel mechanism to modulate cognitive deficits. Previously, we have reported a novel dual inhibitor of PDE1B and PDE10A, compound 2 [(3-fluorophenyl)(2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-4-yl)methanone] which has shown inhibitory activity for human recombinant PDE1B and PDE10A in vitro. In the present study, the safety profile of compound 2 has been evaluated in rats in the acute oral toxicity study, as well as; the antipsychotic-like effects in the rat model of schizophrenia. Compound 2 was tolerated up to 1 g/kg when administered at a single oral dose. Additionally, compound 2 has strongly suppressed ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion, which presented a model for the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. It has also shown an ability to attenuate social isolation induced by chronic administration of ketamine and enhanced recognition memory of rats in the novel object recognition test. Altogether, our results suggest that compound 2 represents a promising therapy for the treatment of the three symptomatic domains of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayasah Al-Nema
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anand Gaurav
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (AG); (VSL)
| | - Ming Tatt Lee
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Office of Postgraduate Studies, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Patrick Okechukwu
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Piyarat Nimmanpipug
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Vannajan Sanghiran Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (AG); (VSL)
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3
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Nigral neuropathology of Parkinson's motor subtypes coincide with circuitopathies: a scoping review. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:2231-2242. [PMID: 35854141 PMCID: PMC9418085 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The neuropathological substrates of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients with motor subtypes tremor-dominance (TD), non-tremor dominance (nTD), postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD), and akinetic-rigid (AR) are not completely differentiated. While extensive pathological research has been conducted on neuronal tissue of PD patients, data have not been discussed in the context of mechanistic circuitry theories differentiating motor subtypes. It is, therefore, expected that a more specific and tailored management of PD symptoms can be accomplished by understanding symptom-specific neuropathological mechanisms with the detail histology can provide. This scoping review gives an overview of the literature comparing TD and nTD PD motor subtypes by clarify observed pathology with underlying physiological circuitry theories. Studies using an array of pathological examination techniques have shown significant differences between TD and nTD PD subtypes. nTD PD patients show higher neuronal loss, gliosis, extraneuronal melanin deposits, and neuroaxonal dystrophy in multiple subregions of the substantia nigra (SN) related to the overactivity of the indirect motor loop. TD patients show more severe cell loss specifically in medial SN subdivisions, and have damage in the retrorubral field A-8 that projects to the dorsolateral striatum and ventromedial thalamus in the direct motor loop. Pathological studies are consistent with neuroimaging data and support contemporary mechanistic circuitry theories of PD motor symptom genesis. Further multimodal neuroimaging and histological studies are required to validate and expand upon these findings.
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4
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Relationship of the Nigrostriatal Tract with the Motor Function and the Corticospinal Tract in Chronic Hemiparetic Stroke Patients: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10040731. [PMID: 35455908 PMCID: PMC9028700 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10040731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship of the nigrostriatal tract (NST) with motor function and the corticospinal tract (CST) using diffusion tensor tractography in chronic hemiparetic stroke patients. Forty-three consecutive patients with putaminal hemorrhage in the chronic stage were recruited. The Motricity Index was used to evaluate the motor function of affected hemiparetic extremities. The fractional anisotropy and the tract volume of ipsilesional NST and ipsilesional CST were acquired. The tract volume (Rho = 0.824) of ipsilesional NST and fractional anisotropy (r = 0.682) and the tract volume (Rho = 0.886) of ipsilesional CST showed a strong positive correlation with the Motricity Index score. The fractional anisotropy of ipsilesional NST showed moderate positive correlations with the fractional anisotropy (r = 0.449) and tract volume (Rho = 0.353) of ipsilesional CST. The tract volume of ipsilesional NST showed strong positive correlations with the fractional anisotropy (Rho = 0.716) and the tract volume (Rho = 0.799) of ipsilesional CST. The regression model showed that the tract volumes of ipsilesional NST and ipsilesional CST were positively associated with the Motricity Index score (Adjusted R2 = 0.763, F = 45.998). Mediation analysis showed that the tract volume of ipsilesional CST partially mediated the effects of the tract volume of ipsilesional NST on the Motricity Index score (z = 3.34). A close relationship was found between ipsilesional NST and the motor function of affected extremities in chronic hemiparetic patients with putaminal hemorrhage. Moreover, ipsilesional NST influenced the motor function of affected extremities indirectly through ipsilesional CST.
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5
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Identification of dual inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 1B/10A using structure-based drug design approach. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Cirnaru MD, Song S, Tshilenge KT, Corwin C, Mleczko J, Galicia Aguirre C, Benlhabib H, Bendl J, Apontes P, Fullard J, Creus-Muncunill J, Reyahi A, Nik AM, Carlsson P, Roussos P, Mooney SD, Ellerby LM, Ehrlich ME. Unbiased identification of novel transcription factors in striatal compartmentation and striosome maturation. eLife 2021; 10:e65979. [PMID: 34609283 PMCID: PMC8492065 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many diseases are linked to dysregulation of the striatum. Striatal function depends on neuronal compartmentation into striosomes and matrix. Striatal projection neurons are GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs), subtyped by selective expression of receptors, neuropeptides, and other gene families. Neurogenesis of the striosome and matrix occurs in separate waves, but the factors regulating compartmentation and neuronal differentiation are largely unidentified. We performed RNA- and ATAC-seq on sorted striosome and matrix cells at postnatal day 3, using the Nr4a1-EGFP striosome reporter mouse. Focusing on the striosome, we validated the localization and/or role of Irx1, Foxf2, Olig2, and Stat1/2 in the developing striosome and the in vivo enhancer function of a striosome-specific open chromatin region 4.4 Kb downstream of Olig2. These data provide novel tools to dissect and manipulate the networks regulating MSN compartmentation and differentiation, including in human iPSC-derived striatal neurons for disease modeling and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Daniela Cirnaru
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Sicheng Song
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | | | - Chuhyon Corwin
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Justyna Mleczko
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | | | - Houda Benlhabib
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Jaroslav Bendl
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Pasha Apontes
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - John Fullard
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Jordi Creus-Muncunill
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Azadeh Reyahi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Ali M Nik
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Peter Carlsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Panos Roussos
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South)BronxUnited States
| | - Sean D Mooney
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | | | - Michelle E Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
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7
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Cataldi S, Stanley AT, Miniaci MC, Sulzer D. Interpreting the role of the striatum during multiple phases of motor learning. FEBS J 2021; 289:2263-2281. [PMID: 33977645 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The synaptic pathways in the striatum are central to basal ganglia functions including motor control, learning and organization, action selection, acquisition of motor skills, cognitive function, and emotion. Here, we review the role of the striatum and its connections in motor learning and performance. The development of new techniques to record neuronal activity and animal models of motor disorders using neurotoxin, pharmacological, and genetic manipulations are revealing pathways that underlie motor performance and motor learning, as well as how they are altered by pathophysiological mechanisms. We discuss approaches that can be used to analyze complex motor skills, particularly in rodents, and identify specific questions central to understanding how striatal circuits mediate motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Cataldi
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Pharmacology, Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY, USA
| | - Adrien T Stanley
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Pharmacology, Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY, USA
| | | | - David Sulzer
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Pharmacology, Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY, USA
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8
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Aristieta A, Barresi M, Azizpour Lindi S, Barrière G, Courtand G, de la Crompe B, Guilhemsang L, Gauthier S, Fioramonti S, Baufreton J, Mallet NP. A Disynaptic Circuit in the Globus Pallidus Controls Locomotion Inhibition. Curr Biol 2020; 31:707-721.e7. [PMID: 33306949 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The basal ganglia (BG) inhibit movements through two independent circuits: the striatal neuron-indirect and the subthalamic nucleus-hyperdirect pathways. These pathways exert opposite effects onto external globus pallidus (GPe) neurons, whose functional importance as a relay has changed drastically with the discovery of two distinct cell types, namely the prototypic and the arkypallidal neurons. However, little is known about the synaptic connectivity scheme of different GPe neurons toward both motor-suppressing pathways, as well as how opposite changes in GPe neuronal activity relate to locomotion inhibition. Here, we optogenetically dissect the input organizations of prototypic and arkypallidal neurons and further define the circuit mechanism and behavioral outcome associated with activation of the indirect or hyperdirect pathways. This work reveals that arkypallidal neurons are part of a novel disynaptic feedback loop differentially recruited by the indirect or hyperdirect pathways and that broadcasts inhibitory control onto locomotion only when arkypallidal neurons increase their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Aristieta
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France; CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Massimo Barresi
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France; CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Shiva Azizpour Lindi
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France; CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Grégory Barrière
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Gilles Courtand
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Brice de la Crompe
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France; CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Lise Guilhemsang
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France; CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Gauthier
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France; CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphanie Fioramonti
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France; CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jérôme Baufreton
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France; CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Nicolas P Mallet
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France; CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
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9
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Abstract
Background:Tics, defined as quick, rapid, sudden, recurrent, non-rhythmic motor movements or vocalizations are required components of Tourette Syndrome (TS) - a complex disorder characterized by the presence of fluctuating, chronic motor and vocal tics, and the presence of co-existing neuropsychological problems. Despite many advances, the underlying pathophysiology of tics/TS remains unknown.Objective:To address a variety of controversies surrounding the pathophysiology of TS. More specifically: 1) the configuration of circuits likely involved; 2) the role of inhibitory influences on motor control; 3) the classification of tics as either goal-directed or habitual behaviors; 4) the potential anatomical site of origin, e.g. cortex, striatum, thalamus, cerebellum, or other(s); and 5) the role of specific neurotransmitters (dopamine, glutamate, GABA, and others) as possible mechanisms (Abstract figure).Methods:Existing evidence from current clinical, basic science, and animal model studies are reviewed to provide: 1) an expanded understanding of individual components and the complex integration of the Cortico-Basal Ganglia-Thalamo-Cortical (CBGTC) circuit - the pathway involved with motor control; and 2) scientific data directly addressing each of the aforementioned controversies regarding pathways, inhibition, classification, anatomy, and neurotransmitters.Conclusion:Until a definitive pathophysiological mechanism is identified, one functional approach is to consider that a disruption anywhere within CBGTC circuitry, or a brain region inputting to the motor circuit, can lead to an aberrant message arriving at the primary motor cortex and enabling a tic. Pharmacologic modulation may be therapeutically beneficial, even though it might not be directed toward the primary abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey S. Singer
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Farhan Augustine
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
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10
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Durante V, de Iure A, Loffredo V, Vaikath N, De Risi M, Paciotti S, Quiroga-Varela A, Chiasserini D, Mellone M, Mazzocchetti P, Calabrese V, Campanelli F, Mechelli A, Di Filippo M, Ghiglieri V, Picconi B, El-Agnaf OM, De Leonibus E, Gardoni F, Tozzi A, Calabresi P. Alpha-synuclein targets GluN2A NMDA receptor subunit causing striatal synaptic dysfunction and visuospatial memory alteration. Brain 2020; 142:1365-1385. [PMID: 30927362 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by altered striatal dopaminergic signalling that leads to motor and cognitive deficits. Parkinson's disease is also characterized by abnormal presence of soluble toxic forms of α-synuclein that, when clustered into Lewy bodies, represents one of the pathological hallmarks of the disease. However, α-synuclein oligomers might also directly affect synaptic transmission and plasticity in Parkinson's disease models. Accordingly, by combining electrophysiological, optogenetic, immunofluorescence, molecular and behavioural analyses, here we report that α-synuclein reduces N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated synaptic currents and impairs corticostriatal long-term potentiation of striatal spiny projection neurons, of both direct (D1-positive) and indirect (putative D2-positive) pathways. Intrastriatal injections of α-synuclein produce deficits in visuospatial learning associated with reduced function of GluN2A NMDA receptor subunit indicating that this protein selectively targets this subunit both in vitro and ex vivo. Interestingly, this effect is observed in spiny projection neurons activated by optical stimulation of either cortical or thalamic glutamatergic afferents. We also found that treatment of striatal slices with antibodies targeting α-synuclein prevents the α-synuclein-induced loss of long-term potentiation and the reduced synaptic localization of GluN2A NMDA receptor subunit suggesting that this strategy might counteract synaptic dysfunction occurring in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Durante
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio de Iure
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Loffredo
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Monterotondo (Rome), Italy.,PhD Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Nishant Vaikath
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maria De Risi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Telethon Foundation, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Silvia Paciotti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ana Quiroga-Varela
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Davide Chiasserini
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Manuela Mellone
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Petra Mazzocchetti
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Valeria Calabrese
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Campanelli
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mechelli
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Di Filippo
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Veronica Ghiglieri
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Philosophy, Human, Social and Educational Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Barbara Picconi
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,University of San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Omar M El-Agnaf
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Elvira De Leonibus
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Monterotondo (Rome), Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Telethon Foundation, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tozzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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11
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Activation of the mGlu 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor has antipsychotic-like effects and is required for efficacy of M 4 muscarinic receptor allosteric modulators. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:2786-2799. [PMID: 30116027 PMCID: PMC6588501 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical and preclinical studies suggest that selective activators of the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor have potential as a novel treatment for schizophrenia. M4 activation inhibits striatal dopamine release by mobilizing endocannabinoids, providing a mechanism for local effects on dopamine signaling in the striatum but not in extrastriatal areas. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) typically induce endocannabinoid release through activation of Gαq/11-type G proteins whereas M4 transduction occurs through Gαi/o-type G proteins. We now report that the ability of M4 to inhibit dopamine release and induce antipsychotic-like effects in animal models is dependent on co-activation of the Gαq/11-coupled mGlu1 subtype of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor. This is especially interesting in light of recent findings that multiple loss of function single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human gene encoding mGlu1 (GRM1) are associated with schizophrenia, and points to GRM1/mGlu1 as a gene within the "druggable genome" that could be targeted for the treatment of schizophrenia. Herein, we report that potentiation of mGlu1 signaling following thalamo-striatal stimulation is sufficient to inhibit striatal dopamine release, and that a novel mGlu1 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) exerts robust antipsychotic-like effects through an endocannabinoid-dependent mechanism. However, unlike M4, mGlu1 does not directly inhibit dopamine D1 receptor signaling and does not reduce motivational responding. Taken together, these findings highlight a novel mechanism of cross talk between mGlu1 and M4 and demonstrate that highly selective mGlu1 PAMs may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia.
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12
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Karthivashan G, Ganesan P, Park SY, Lee HW, Choi DK. Lipid-based nanodelivery approaches for dopamine-replacement therapies in Parkinson's disease: From preclinical to translational studies. Biomaterials 2019; 232:119704. [PMID: 31901690 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, has increased exponentially as the global population continues to age. Although the etiological factors contributing to PD remain uncertain, its average incidence rate is reported to be 1% of the global population older than 60 years. PD is primarily characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons and/or associated neuronal networks and the subsequent depletion of dopamine (DA) levels in the brain. Thus, DA or levodopa (l-dopa), a precursor of DA, represent cardinal targets for both idiopathic and symptomatic PD therapeutics. While several therapeutic strategies have been investigated over the past decade for their abilities to curb the progression of PD, an effective cure for PD is currently unavailable. Even DA replacement therapy, an effective PD therapeutic strategy that provides an exogenous supply of DA or l-dopa, has been hindered by severe challenges, such as a poor capacity to bypass the blood-brain barrier and inadequate bioavailability. Nevertheless, with recent advances in nanotechnology, several drug delivery systems have been developed to bypass the barriers associated with central nervous system therapeutics. In here, we sought to describe the adapted lipid-based nanodrug delivery systems used in the field of PD therapeutics and their recent advances, with a particular focus placed on DA replacement therapies. This work initially explores the background of PD; offers descriptions of the most recent molecular targets; currently available clinical medications/limitations; an overview of several lipid-based PD nanotherapeutics, functionalized nanoparticles, and technical aspects in brain delivery; and, finally, presents future perspectives to enhance the use of nanotherapeutics in PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindarajan Karthivashan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), College of Biomedical and Health Science and BK21plus Glocal Education Program of Nutraceuticals Development, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Palanivel Ganesan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Applied Life Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Young Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Won Lee
- Department of Neurology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), College of Biomedical and Health Science and BK21plus Glocal Education Program of Nutraceuticals Development, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Abstract
Tics are sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movements or vocalizations (phonic productions) that are commonly present in children and are required symptoms for the diagnosis of Tourette syndrome. Despite their frequency, the underlying pathophysiology of tics/Tourette syndrome remains unknown. In this review, we discuss a variety of controversies surrounding the pathophysiology of tics, including the following: Are tics voluntary or involuntary? What is the role of the premonitory urge? Are tics due to excess excitatory or deficient inhibition? Is it time to adopt the contemporary version of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical (CBGTC) circuit? and Do we know the primary abnormal neurotransmitter in Tourette syndrome? Data from convergent clinical and animal model studies support complex interactions among the various CBGTC sites and neurotransmitters. Advances are being made; however, numerous pathophysiologic questions persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey S Singer
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Farhan Augustine
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Jellinger KA. Neuropathology and pathogenesis of extrapyramidal movement disorders: a critical update-I. Hypokinetic-rigid movement disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:933-995. [PMID: 31214855 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extrapyramidal movement disorders include hypokinetic rigid and hyperkinetic or mixed forms, most of them originating from dysfunction of the basal ganglia (BG) and their information circuits. The functional anatomy of the BG, the cortico-BG-thalamocortical, and BG-cerebellar circuit connections are briefly reviewed. Pathophysiologic classification of extrapyramidal movement disorder mechanisms distinguish (1) parkinsonian syndromes, (2) chorea and related syndromes, (3) dystonias, (4) myoclonic syndromes, (5) ballism, (6) tics, and (7) tremor syndromes. Recent genetic and molecular-biologic classifications distinguish (1) synucleinopathies (Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease-dementia, and multiple system atrophy); (2) tauopathies (progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, FTLD-17; Guamian Parkinson-dementia; Pick's disease, and others); (3) polyglutamine disorders (Huntington's disease and related disorders); (4) pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration; (5) Wilson's disease; and (6) other hereditary neurodegenerations without hitherto detected genetic or specific markers. The diversity of phenotypes is related to the deposition of pathologic proteins in distinct cell populations, causing neurodegeneration due to genetic and environmental factors, but there is frequent overlap between various disorders. Their etiopathogenesis is still poorly understood, but is suggested to result from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Multiple etiologies and noxious factors (protein mishandling, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, energy failure, and chronic neuroinflammation) are more likely than a single factor. Current clinical consensus criteria have increased the diagnostic accuracy of most neurodegenerative movement disorders, but for their definite diagnosis, histopathological confirmation is required. We present a timely overview of the neuropathology and pathogenesis of the major extrapyramidal movement disorders in two parts, the first one dedicated to hypokinetic-rigid forms and the second to hyperkinetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, 1150, Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Mariani LL, Longueville S, Girault JA, Hervé D, Gervasi N. Differential enhancement of ERK, PKA and Ca 2+ signaling in direct and indirect striatal neurons of Parkinsonian mice. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 130:104506. [PMID: 31220556 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by severe locomotor deficits due to the disappearance of dopamine (DA) from the dorsal striatum. The development of PD symptoms and treatment-related complications such as dyskinesia have been proposed to result from complex alterations in intracellular signaling in both direct and indirect pathway striatal projection neurons (dSPNs and iSPNs, respectively) following loss of DA afferents. To identify cell-specific and dynamical modifications of signaling pathways associated with PD, we used a hemiparkinsonian mouse model with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion combined with two-photon fluorescence biosensors imaging in adult corticostriatal slices. After DA lesion, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation was increased in response to DA D1 receptor (D1R) or α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) stimulation. The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) pathway contributing to ERK activation displayed supersensitive responses to D1R stimulation after 6-OHDA lesion. This cAMP/PKA supersensitivity was specific of D1R-responding SPNs and resulted from Gαolf upregulation and deficient phosphodiesterase activity. In lesioned striatum, the number of D1R-SPNs with spontaneous Ca2+ transients augmented while Ca2+ response to AMPA receptor stimulation specifically increased in iSPNs. Our work reveals distinct cell type-specific signaling alterations in the striatum after DA denervation. It suggests that over-activation of ERK pathway, observed in PD striatum, known to contribute to dyskinesia, may be linked to the combined dysregulation of DA and glutamate signaling pathways in the two populations of SPNs. These findings bring new insights into the implication of these respective neuronal populations in PD motor symptoms and the occurrence of PD treatment complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise-Laure Mariani
- Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Science and Engineering Faculty, Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Longueville
- Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Science and Engineering Faculty, Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Science and Engineering Faculty, Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Denis Hervé
- Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Science and Engineering Faculty, Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.
| | - Nicolas Gervasi
- Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Science and Engineering Faculty, Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.
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16
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Ruud J, Alber J, Tokarska A, Engström Ruud L, Nolte H, Biglari N, Lippert R, Lautenschlager Ä, Cieślak PE, Szumiec Ł, Hess ME, Brönneke HS, Krüger M, Nissbrandt H, Korotkova T, Silberberg G, Rodriguez Parkitna J, Brüning JC. The Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Protein (FTO) Regulates Locomotor Responses to Novelty via D2R Medium Spiny Neurons. Cell Rep 2019; 27:3182-3198.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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17
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Lewis MH, Rajpal H, Muehlmann AM. Reduction of repetitive behavior by co-administration of adenosine receptor agonists in C58 mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 181:110-116. [PMID: 31054946 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive behaviors are diagnostic for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and commonly observed in other neurodevelopmental disorders. Currently, there are no effective pharmacological treatments for repetitive behavior in these clinical conditions. This is due to the lack of information about the specific neural circuitry that mediates the development and expression of repetitive behavior. Our previous work in mouse models has linked repetitive behavior to decreased activation of the subthalamic nucleus, a brain region in the indirect and hyperdirect pathways in the basal ganglia circuitry. The present experiments were designed to further test our hypothesis that pharmacological activation of the indirect pathway would reduce repetitive behavior. We used a combination of adenosine A1 and A2A receptor agonists that have been shown to alter the firing frequency of dorsal striatal neurons within the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia. This drug combination markedly and selectively reduced repetitive behavior in both male and female C58 mice over a six-hour period, an effect that required both A1 and A2A agonists as neither alone reduced repetitive behavior. The adenosine A1 and A2A receptor agonist combination also significantly increased the number of Fos transcripts and Fos positive cells in dorsal striatum. Fos induction was found in both direct and indirect pathway neurons suggesting that the drug combination restored the balance of activation across these complementary basal ganglia pathways. The adenosine A1 and A2A receptor agonist combination also maintained its effectiveness in reducing repetitive behavior over a 7-day period. These findings point to novel potential therapeutic targets for development of drug therapies for repetitive behavior in clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, United States of America
| | - Hemangi Rajpal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, United States of America
| | - Amber M Muehlmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, United States of America.
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18
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Iraji A, Deramus TP, Lewis N, Yaesoubi M, Stephen JM, Erhardt E, Belger A, Ford JM, McEwen S, Mathalon DH, Mueller BA, Pearlson GD, Potkin SG, Preda A, Turner JA, Vaidya JG, van Erp TGM, Calhoun VD. The spatial chronnectome reveals a dynamic interplay between functional segregation and integration. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:3058-3077. [PMID: 30884018 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is highly dynamic, reorganizing its activity at different interacting spatial and temporal scales, including variation within and between brain networks. The chronnectome is a model of the brain in which nodal activity and connectivity patterns change in fundamental and recurring ways over time. Most literature assumes fixed spatial nodes/networks, ignoring the possibility that spatial nodes/networks may vary in time. Here, we introduce an approach to calculate a spatially fluid chronnectome (called the spatial chronnectome for clarity), which focuses on the variations of networks coupling at the voxel level, and identify a novel set of spatially dynamic features. Results reveal transient spatially fluid interactions between intra- and internetwork relationships in which brain networks transiently merge and separate, emphasizing dynamic segregation and integration. Brain networks also exhibit distinct spatial patterns with unique temporal characteristics, potentially explaining a broad spectrum of inconsistencies in previous studies that assumed static networks. Moreover, we show anticorrelative connections to brain networks are transient as opposed to constant across the entire scan. Preliminary assessments using a multi-site dataset reveal the ability of the approach to obtain new information and nuanced alterations that remain undetected during static analysis. Patients with schizophrenia (SZ) display transient decreases in voxel-wise network coupling within visual and auditory networks, and higher intradomain coupling variability. In summary, the spatial chronnectome represents a new direction of research enabling the study of functional networks which are transient at the voxel level, and the identification of mechanisms for within- and between-subject spatial variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Iraji
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | | | - Noah Lewis
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | | | | | - Erik Erhardt
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Aysneil Belger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Judith M Ford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Psychiatry Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Sarah McEwen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel H Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Psychiatry Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Bryon A Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Steven G Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Adrian Preda
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Jessica A Turner
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jatin G Vaidya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Theo G M van Erp
- Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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19
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Augustine F, Singer HS. Merging the Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Tics. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2019; 8:595. [PMID: 30643668 PMCID: PMC6329776 DOI: 10.7916/d8h14jtx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anatomically, cortical-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical (CBGTC) circuits have an essential role in the expression of tics. At the biochemical level, the proper conveyance of messages through these circuits requires several functionally integrated neurotransmitter systems. In this manuscript, evidence supporting proposed pathophysiological abnormalities, both anatomical and chemical is reviewed. In addition, the results of standard and emerging tic-suppressing therapies affecting nine separate neurotransmitter systems are discussed. The goal of this review is to integrate our current understanding of the pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome (TS) with present and proposed pharmacotherapies for tic suppression. Methods For this manuscript, literature searches were conducted for both current basic science and clinical information in PubMed, Google-Scholar, and other scholarly journals to September 2018. Results The precise primary site of abnormality for tics remains undetermined. Although many pathophysiologic hypotheses favor a specific abnormality of the cortex, striatum, or globus pallidus, others recognize essential influences from regions such as the thalamus, cerebellum, brainstem, and ventral striatum. Some prefer an alteration within direct and indirect pathways, whereas others believe this fails to recognize the multiple interactions within and between CBGTC circuits. Although research and clinical evidence supports involvement of the dopaminergic system, additional data emphasizes the potential roles for several other neurotransmitter systems. Discussion A greater understanding of the primary neurochemical defect in TS would be extremely valuable for the development of new tic-suppressing therapies. Nevertheless, recognizing the varied and complex interactions that exist in a multi-neurotransmitter system, successful therapy may not require direct targeting of the primary abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Augustine
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harvey S. Singer
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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20
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Dopamine-endocannabinoid interactions mediate spike-timing-dependent potentiation in the striatum. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4118. [PMID: 30297767 PMCID: PMC6175920 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine modulates striatal synaptic plasticity, a key substrate for action selection and procedural learning. Thus, characterizing the repertoire of activity-dependent plasticity in striatum and its dependence on dopamine is of crucial importance. We recently unraveled a striatal spike-timing-dependent long-term potentiation (tLTP) mediated by endocannabinoids (eCBs) and induced with few spikes (~5–15). Whether this eCB-tLTP interacts with the dopaminergic system remains to be investigated. Here, we report that eCB-tLTP is impaired in a rodent model of Parkinson’s disease and rescued by L-DOPA. Dopamine controls eCB-tLTP via dopamine type-2 receptors (D2R) located presynaptically in cortical terminals. Dopamine–endocannabinoid interactions via D2R are required for the emergence of tLTP in response to few coincident pre- and post-synaptic spikes and control eCB-plasticity by modulating the long-term potentiation (LTP)/depression (LTD) thresholds. While usually considered as a depressing synaptic function, our results show that eCBs in the presence of dopamine constitute a versatile system underlying bidirectional plasticity implicated in basal ganglia pathophysiology. Dopamine tightly regulates plasticity at corticostriatal synapses. Here, the authors report that endocannabinoid dependent LTP induced with few spikes in the striatum is impaired in a rodent model of Parkinson’s disease, requires dopamine through presynaptic D2 receptors located on corticostriatal inputs.
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21
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Hirjak D, Kubera KM, Thomann PA, Wolf RC. Motor dysfunction as an intermediate phenotype across schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders: Progress and perspectives. Schizophr Res 2018; 200:26-34. [PMID: 29074330 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary motor abnormalities (PMA), as found in patients with schizophrenia, are quantitatively and qualitatively distinct markers of motor system abnormalities. PMA have been often referred to phenomena that are present across schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. A dysfunction of frontoparietal and subcortical networks has been proposed as core pathophysiological mechanism underlying the expression of PMA. However, it is unclear at present if such mechanisms are a common within schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. To address this question, we review recent neuroimaging studies investigating the neural substrates of PMA in schizophrenia and so-called "nonschizophrenic nonaffective psychoses" (NSNAP) such as schizophreniform, schizoaffective, brief psychotic, and other unspecified psychotic disorders. Although the extant data in patients with schizophrenia suggests that further investigation is warranted, MRI findings in NSNAP are less persuasive. It is unclear so far which PMA, if any, are characteristic features of NSNAP or, possibly even specific for these disorders. Preliminary data suggest a relationship between relapsing-remitting PMA in hyper-/hypokinetic cycloid syndromes and neurodegenerative disorders of the basal ganglia, likely reflecting the transnosological relevance of subcortical abnormalities. Despite this evidence, neural substrates and mechanisms underlying PMA that are common in schizophrenia and NSNAP cannot be clearly delineated at this stage of research. PMA and their underlying brain circuits could be promising intermediate phenotype candidates for psychotic disorders, but future multimodal neuroimaging studies in schizophrenia and NSNAP patients and their unaffected first-degree relatives are needed to answer fundamental transnosologic questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Hirjak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Katharina M Kubera
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp A Thomann
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Mental Health, Odenwald District Healthcare Center, Erbach, Germany
| | - Robert C Wolf
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Charvin D, Medori R, Hauser RA, Rascol O. Therapeutic strategies for Parkinson disease: beyond dopaminergic drugs. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 17:804-822. [PMID: 30262889 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2018.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Existing therapeutic strategies for managing Parkinson disease (PD), which focus on addressing the loss of dopamine and dopaminergic function linked with degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, are limited by side effects and lack of long-term efficacy. In recent decades, research into PD pathophysiology and pharmacology has focused on understanding and tackling the neurodegenerative processes and symptomology of PD. In this Review, we discuss the challenges associated with the development of novel therapies for PD, highlighting emerging agents that aim to target cell death, as well as new targets offering a symptomatic approach to managing features and progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert A Hauser
- Department of Neurology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Services de Neurologie et de Pharmacologie Clinique, Réseau NS-PARK/FCRIN et Centre COEN NeuroToul, CHU de Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
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23
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Bordia T, Perez XA. Cholinergic control of striatal neurons to modulate L-dopa-induced dyskinesias. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:859-868. [PMID: 29923650 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
L-dopa induced dyskinesias (LIDs) are a disabling motor complication of L-dopa therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) management. Treatment options remain limited and the underlying network mechanisms remain unclear due to a complex pathophysiology. What is well-known, however, is that aberrant striatal signaling plays a key role in LIDs development. Here, we discuss the specific contribution of striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) and GABAergic medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs) with a particular focus on how cholinergic signaling may integrate multiple striatal systems to modulate LIDs expression. Enhanced ChI transmission, altered MSN activity and the associated abnormal downstream signaling responses that arise with nigrostriatal damage are well known to contribute to LIDs development. In fact, enhancing M4 muscarinic receptor activity, a receptor favorably expressed on D1 dopamine receptor-expressing MSNs dampens their activity to attenuate LIDs. Likewise, ChI activation via thalamostriatal neurons is shown to interrupt cortical signaling to enhance D2 dopamine receptor-expressing MSN activity via M1 muscarinic receptors, which may interrupt ongoing motor activity. Notably, numerous preclinical studies also show that reducing nicotinic cholinergic receptor activity decreases LIDs. Taken together, these studies indicate the importance of cholinergic control of striatal neuronal activity and point to muscarinic and nicotinic receptors as significant pharmacological targets for alleviating LIDs in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuja Bordia
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Xiomara A Perez
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
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24
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Fieblinger T, Zanetti L, Sebastianutto I, Breger LS, Quintino L, Lockowandt M, Lundberg C, Cenci MA. Striatonigral neurons divide into two distinct morphological-physiological phenotypes after chronic L-DOPA treatment in parkinsonian rats. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10068. [PMID: 29968767 PMCID: PMC6030109 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic regression of striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) is a pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). Here we investigate how chronic dopamine denervation and dopamine replacement with L-DOPA affect the morphology and physiology of direct pathway SPNs (dSPNS) in the rat striatum. We used a lentiviral vector optimized for retrograde labeling (FuG-B-GFP) to identify dSPNs in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions. Changes in morphology and physiology of dSPNs were assessed through a combination of patch-clamp recordings and two photon microscopy. The 6-OHDA lesion caused a significant reduction in dSPN dendritic complexity. Following chronic L-DOPA treatment, dSPNs segregated into two equal-sized clusters. One group (here called "cluster-1"), showed sustained dendritic atrophy and a partially normalized electrophysiological phenotype. The other one ("cluster-2") exhibited dendritic regrowth and a strong reduction of intrinsic excitability. Interestingly, FosB/∆FosB induction by L-DOPA treatment occurred preferentially in cluster-2 dSPNs. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of retrograde FuG-B-GFP labeling to study dSPNs in the rat and reveals, for the first time, that a subgroup of dSPNs shows dendritic sprouting in response to chronic L-DOPA treatment. Investigating the mechanisms and significance of this response will greatly improve our understanding of the adaptations induced by dopamine replacement therapy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fieblinger
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, Institute for Advanced Study, Wallotstr. 19, D-14193, Berlin, Germany.
| | - L Zanetti
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - I Sebastianutto
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - L S Breger
- CNS Gene Therapy, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - L Quintino
- CNS Gene Therapy, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Lockowandt
- CNS Gene Therapy, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - C Lundberg
- CNS Gene Therapy, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - M A Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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25
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Parker D. Kuhnian revolutions in neuroscience: the role of tool development. BIOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY 2018; 33:17. [PMID: 29755159 PMCID: PMC5937865 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-018-9628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The terms "paradigm" and "paradigm shift" originated in "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" by Thomas Kuhn. A paradigm can be defined as the generally accepted concepts and practices of a field, and a paradigm shift its replacement in a scientific revolution. A paradigm shift results from a crisis caused by anomalies in a paradigm that reduce its usefulness to a field. Claims of paradigm shifts and revolutions are made frequently in the neurosciences. In this article I will consider neuroscience paradigms, and the claim that new tools and techniques rather than crises have driven paradigm shifts. I will argue that tool development has played a minor role in neuroscience revolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Parker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY UK
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26
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Cenci MA, Jörntell H, Petersson P. On the neuronal circuitry mediating L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:1157-1169. [PMID: 29704061 PMCID: PMC6060876 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1886-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of rodent models of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), a growing literature has linked molecular changes in the striatum to the development and expression of abnormal involuntary movements. Changes in information processing at the striatal level are assumed to impact on the activity of downstream basal ganglia nuclei, which in turn influence brain-wide networks, but very little is actually known about systems-level mechanisms of dyskinesia. As an aid to approach this topic, we here review the anatomical and physiological organisation of cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits, and the changes affecting these circuits in animal models of parkinsonism and LID. We then review recent findings indicating that an abnormal cerebellar compensation plays a causal role in LID, and that structures outside of the classical motor circuits are implicated too. In summarizing the available data, we also propose hypotheses and identify important knowledge gaps worthy of further investigation. In addition to informing novel therapeutic approaches, the study of LID can provide new clues about the interplay between different brain circuits in the control of movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Henrik Jörntell
- Neural Basis of Sensorimotor Control, Department Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Petersson
- The Group for Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Neuronano Research Centre, Department Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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27
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mGlu 4 allosteric modulation for treating Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:308-315. [PMID: 29578036 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
2017 is the 200th anniversary of the first published description of Parkinson's disease (PD). Fifty years ago, the clinical benefit of levodopa was first documented, representing the most important advance in the treatment of PD so far. Among the novel targets identified in the last decade, positive allosteric modulators (PAM) of mGlu4 receptors show great promise, with the potential to change the paradigm of the PD treatment approach. mGlu4 PAMs have shown consistent efficacy in various preclinical models of PD, and entered clinical trials for the first time in 2017. This review synthesizes the rationale for mGlu4 PAM development for PD and progress to date, reporting the key achievements from preclinical studies to the first-in-class compound assessment in man.
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28
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Shi Z, Piccus Z, Zhang X, Yang H, Jarrell H, Ding Y, Teng Z, Tchernichovski O, Li X. miR-9 regulates basal ganglia-dependent developmental vocal learning and adult vocal performance in songbirds. eLife 2018; 7:29087. [PMID: 29345619 PMCID: PMC5800847 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
miR-9 is an evolutionarily conserved miRNA that is abundantly expressed in Area X, a basal ganglia nucleus required for vocal learning in songbirds. Here, we report that overexpression of miR-9 in Area X of juvenile zebra finches impairs developmental vocal learning, resulting in a song with syllable omission, reduced similarity to the tutor song, and altered acoustic features. miR-9 overexpression in juveniles also leads to more variable song performance in adulthood, and abolishes social context-dependent modulation of song variability. We further show that these behavioral deficits are accompanied by downregulation of FoxP1 and FoxP2, genes that are known to be associated with language impairments, as well as by disruption of dopamine signaling and widespread changes in the expression of genes that are important in circuit development and functions. These findings demonstrate a vital role for miR-9 in basal ganglia function and vocal communication, suggesting that dysregulation of miR-9 in humans may contribute to language impairments and related neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Shi
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Zoe Piccus
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Huidi Yang
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Hannah Jarrell
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Yan Ding
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Zhaoqian Teng
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | | | - XiaoChing Li
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
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29
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Burke DA, Rotstein HG, Alvarez VA. Striatal Local Circuitry: A New Framework for Lateral Inhibition. Neuron 2017; 96:267-284. [PMID: 29024654 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This Perspective will examine the organization of intrastriatal circuitry, review recent findings in this area, and discuss how the pattern of connectivity between striatal neurons might give rise to the behaviorally observed synergism between the direct/indirect pathway neurons. The emphasis of this Perspective is on the underappreciated role of lateral inhibition between striatal projection cells in controlling neuronal firing and shaping the output of this circuit. We review some classic studies in combination with more recent anatomical and functional findings to lay out a framework for an updated model of the intrastriatal lateral inhibition, where we explore its contribution to the formation of functional units of processing and the integration and filtering of inputs to generate motor patterns and learned behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A Burke
- Laboratory on Neurobiology of Compulsive Behaviors, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Horacio G Rotstein
- Federated Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology and Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; Institute for Brain and Neuroscience Research, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Veronica A Alvarez
- Laboratory on Neurobiology of Compulsive Behaviors, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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30
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Nishijima H, Ueno T, Funamizu Y, Ueno S, Tomiyama M. Levodopa treatment and dendritic spine pathology. Mov Disord 2017; 33:877-888. [PMID: 28880414 PMCID: PMC6667906 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with the progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Levodopa is the most effective treatment for the motor symptoms of PD. However, chronic oral levodopa treatment can lead to various motor and nonmotor complications because of nonphysiological pulsatile dopaminergic stimulation in the brain. Examinations of autopsy cases with PD have revealed a decreased number of dendritic spines of striatal neurons. Animal models of PD have revealed altered density and morphology of dendritic spines of neurons in various brain regions after dopaminergic denervation or dopaminergic denervation plus levodopa treatment, indicating altered synaptic transmission. Recent studies using rodent models have reported dendritic spine head enlargement in the caudate‐putamen, nucleus accumbens, primary motor cortex, and prefrontal cortex in cases where chronic levodopa treatment following dopaminergic denervation induced dyskinesia‐like abnormal involuntary movement. Hypertrophy of spines results from insertion of alpha‐amino‐2,3‐dihydro‐5‐methyl‐3‐oxo‐4‐isoxazolepropanoic acid receptors into the postsynaptic membrane. Such spine enlargement indicates hypersensitivity of the synapse to excitatory inputs and is compatible with a lack of depotentiation, which is an electrophysiological hallmark of levodopa‐induced dyskinesia found in the corticostriatal synapses of dyskinetic animals and the motor cortex of dyskinetic PD patients. This synaptic plasticity may be one of the mechanisms underlying the priming of levodopa‐induced complications such as levodopa‐induced dyskinesia and dopamine dysregulation syndrome. Drugs that could potentially prevent spine enlargement, such as calcium channel blockers, N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor antagonists, alpha‐amino‐2,3‐dihydro‐5‐methyl‐3‐oxo‐4‐isoxazolepropanoic acid receptor antagonists, and metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists, are candidates for treatment of levodopa‐induced complications in PD. © 2017 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Nishijima
- Department of Neurology, Aomori Prefectural Central Hospital, Aomori, Japan.,Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ueno
- Department of Neurology, Aomori Prefectural Central Hospital, Aomori, Japan.,Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yukihisa Funamizu
- Department of Neurology, Aomori Prefectural Central Hospital, Aomori, Japan
| | - Shinya Ueno
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tomiyama
- Department of Neurology, Aomori Prefectural Central Hospital, Aomori, Japan.,Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
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31
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Perez XA, Zhang D, Bordia T, Quik M. Striatal D1 medium spiny neuron activation induces dyskinesias in parkinsonian mice. Mov Disord 2017; 32:538-548. [PMID: 28256010 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyskinesias are a disabling motor complication that arises with prolonged l-dopa treatment. Studies using D1 receptor drugs and genetically modified mice suggest that medium spiny neurons expressing D1 receptors play a primary role in l-dopa-induced dyskinesias. However, the specific role of these neurons in dyskinesias is not fully understood. METHODS We used optogenetics, which allows for precise modulation of select neurons in vivo, to investigate whether striatal D1-expressing medium spiny neuron activity regulates abnormal involuntary movements or dyskinesia in parkinsonian mice. D1-cre mice unilaterally lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine received striatal injections of cre-dependent channelrhodopsin2 virus or control virus. After stable virus expression, the effect of optical stimulation on dyskinesia was tested in l-dopa-naïve and l-dopa-primed mice. RESULTS Single-pulse and burst-optical stimulation of D1-expressing medium spiny neurons induced dyskinesias in l-dopa-naïve channelrhodopsin2 mice. In stably dyskinetic mice, l-dopa injection induced dyskinesia to a similar or somewhat greater extent than optical stimulation. Combined l-dopa administration and stimulation resulted in an additive increase in dyskinesias, indicating that other mechanisms also contribute. Molecular studies indicate that changes in extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation in D1-expressing medium spiny neurons are involved. Optical stimulation did not ameliorate parkinsonism in l-dopa-naïve mice. However, it improved parkinsonism in l-dopa-primed mice to a similar extent as l-dopa administration. None of the stimulation paradigms enhanced dyskinesia or modified parkinsonism in l-dopa-naïve or l-dopa-primed control virus mice. CONCLUSION The data provide direct evidence that striatal D1-expressing medium spiny neuron stimulation is sufficient to induce dyskinesias and contributes to the regulation of motor control. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiomara A Perez
- Bioscience Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Danhui Zhang
- Bioscience Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Tanuja Bordia
- Bioscience Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Maryka Quik
- Bioscience Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA
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32
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Alcacer C, Andreoli L, Sebastianutto I, Jakobsson J, Fieblinger T, Cenci MA. Chemogenetic stimulation of striatal projection neurons modulates responses to Parkinson's disease therapy. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:720-734. [PMID: 28112685 DOI: 10.1172/jci90132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) patients experience loss of normal motor function (hypokinesia), but can develop uncontrollable movements known as dyskinesia upon treatment with L-DOPA. Poverty or excess of movement in PD has been attributed to overactivity of striatal projection neurons forming either the indirect (iSPNs) or the direct (dSPNs) pathway, respectively. Here, we investigated the two pathways' contribution to different motor features using SPN type-specific chemogenetic stimulation in rodent models of PD (PD mice) and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID mice). Using the activatory Gq-coupled human M3 muscarinic receptor (hM3Dq), we found that chemogenetic stimulation of dSPNs mimicked, while stimulation of iSPNs abolished the therapeutic action of L-DOPA in PD mice. In LID mice, hM3Dq stimulation of dSPNs exacerbated dyskinetic responses to L-DOPA, while stimulation of iSPNs inhibited these responses. In the absence of L-DOPA, only chemogenetic stimulation of dSPNs mediated through the Gs-coupled modified rat muscarinic M3 receptor (rM3Ds) induced appreciable dyskinesia in PD mice. Combining D2 receptor agonist treatment with rM3Ds-dSPN stimulation reproduced all symptoms of LID. These results demonstrate that dSPNs and iSPNs oppositely modulate both therapeutic and dyskinetic responses to dopamine replacement therapy in PD. We also show that chemogenetic stimulation of different signaling pathways in dSPNs leads to markedly different motor outcomes. Our findings have important implications for the design of effective antiparkinsonian and antidyskinetic drug therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Levodopa/adverse effects
- Levodopa/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neural Pathways/metabolism
- Neural Pathways/pathology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/chemically induced
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/drug therapy
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/metabolism
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/pathology
- Rats
- Receptor, Muscarinic M3/agonists
- Receptor, Muscarinic M3/genetics
- Receptor, Muscarinic M3/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Visual Cortex/metabolism
- Visual Cortex/pathology
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33
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Herrera A, Muñoz P, Paris I, Díaz-Veliz G, Mora S, Inzunza J, Hultenby K, Cardenas C, Jaña F, Raisman-Vozari R, Gysling K, Abarca J, Steinbusch HWM, Segura-Aguilar J. Aminochrome induces dopaminergic neuronal dysfunction: a new animal model for Parkinson's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3583-97. [PMID: 27001668 PMCID: PMC11108377 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
L-Dopa continues to be the gold drug in Parkinson's disease (PD) treatment from 1967. The failure to translate successful results from preclinical to clinical studies can be explained by the use of preclinical models which do not reflect what happens in the disease since these induce a rapid and extensive degeneration; for example, MPTP induces a severe Parkinsonism in only 3 days in humans contrasting with the slow degeneration and progression of PD. This study presents a new anatomy and develops preclinical model based on aminochrome which induces a slow and progressive dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons. The unilateral injection of aminochrome into rat striatum resulted in (1) contralateral rotation when the animals are stimulated with apomorphine; (2) absence of significant loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neuronal elements both in substantia nigra and striatum; (3) cell shrinkage; (4) significant reduction of dopamine release; (5) significant increase in GABA release; (6) significant decrease in the number of monoaminergic presynaptic vesicles; (7) significant increase of dopamine concentration inside of monoaminergic vesicles; (8) significant increase of damaged mitochondria; (9) significant decrease of ATP level in the striatum (10) significant decrease in basal and maximal mitochondrial respiration. These results suggest that aminochrome induces dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons where the contralateral behavior can be explained by aminochrome-induced ATP decrease required both for anterograde transport of synaptic vesicles and dopamine release. Aminochrome could be implemented as a new model neurotoxin to study Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Herrera
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Irmgard Paris
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santo Tomas, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Gabriela Díaz-Veliz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Mora
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jose Inzunza
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Division of Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cesar Cardenas
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, , Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabián Jaña
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, , Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Katia Gysling
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Abarca
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
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34
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Stocchi F, Torti M, Fossati C. Advances in dopamine receptor agonists for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17:1889-902. [PMID: 27561098 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2016.1219337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dopamine agonists (DA) are a class of agents which directly stimulate dopamine receptors mimicking the endogenous neurotransmitter dopamine. At first used as adjunctive therapy in the advanced phases of the disease, over the years a significant role was found for DA monotherapy as a first approach in the initial stage of Parkinson's disease (PD). Several reviews have already reported efficacy and safety of DA in PD and differences between DA and levodopa. Therefore the objective of this review is to gather recent updates in DA therapy. A thorough knowledge of recent literature evidences, would help clinician in the management of treatment with DA. AREAS COVERED Our review investigates recent updates on DA therapy, the role of these compounds in controlling non-motor symptoms (NMS) as well as new formulations under clinical evaluation and newly emerged post-marketing safety considerations. A literature search has been performed using Medline and reviewing the bibliographies of selected articles. EXPERT OPINION DA represents a very important option in the treatment of PD, even though there are still some criticisms and unmet needs. A better knowledge of dopamine receptors could lead to identification of new compounds able to better balance clinical efficacy and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Stocchi
- a Department of Neurology, Institute for research and medical care , IRCCS San Raffaele Roma , Roma , Italy
| | - Margherita Torti
- a Department of Neurology, Institute for research and medical care , IRCCS San Raffaele Roma , Roma , Italy
| | - Chiara Fossati
- a Department of Neurology, Institute for research and medical care , IRCCS San Raffaele Roma , Roma , Italy
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35
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Lavigne KM, Menon M, Woodward TS. Impairment in subcortical suppression in schizophrenia: Evidence from the fBIRN Oddball Task. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:4640-4653. [PMID: 27477494 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients show widespread impairments in brain activity during oddball tasks, which involve responding to infrequent target stimuli while refraining from responding during continuous non-target stimuli. In a network-based investigation comparing schizophrenia or schizoaffective patients to healthy controls, we sought to clarify which networks were specifically associated with target detection using a multivariate analysis technique that identifies task-specific functional brain networks. We acquired data from the publicly available function biomedical informatics research network collaboration, including 58 patients and 50 controls. Two task-based functional brain networks were identified: (1) a response modulation network including bilateral temporal pole, supramarginal gyrus, striatum, and thalamus, on which patients showed decreased activity relative to controls; and (2) an auditory-motor response activation network, on which patients showed a slower return to baseline than controls, but no difference in peak activation. For both groups, baseline to peak activation of the response modulation network correlated negatively with peak to baseline activity in the response activation network, suggesting a role in suppressing the motor response following targets. Patients' impaired activity in the response modulation network, and subsequent longer return to baseline in the response activation network, correspond with their later and less accurate behavioral performance, suggesting that impairment in suppression of the auditory-motor response activation network could underlie oddball task deficits in schizophrenia. In addition, the magnitude of the activity in the response modulation network was correlated with intensity of delusions of reference, supporting the notion that increased referential ideation is associated with hyperactivity within the subcortical striatal-limbic network. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4640-4653, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Lavigne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada.,BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada
| | - Mahesh Menon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada
| | - Todd S Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada.,BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada
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36
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Coccurello R, Bisogno T. The bright side of psychoactive substances: cannabinoid-based drugs in motor diseases. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2016; 9:1351-1362. [DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2016.1209111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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37
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Schirinzi T, Madeo G, Martella G, Maltese M, Picconi B, Calabresi P, Pisani A. Early synaptic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: Insights from animal models. Mov Disord 2016; 31:802-13. [PMID: 27193205 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The appearance of motor manifestations in Parkinson's disease (PD) is invariably linked to degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. Traditional views on PD neuropathology have been grounded in the assumption that the prime event of neurodegeneration involves neuronal cell bodies with the accumulation of metabolic products. However, this view has recently been challenged by both clinical and experimental evidence. Neuropathological studies in human brain samples and both in vivo and in vitro models support the hypothesis that nigrostriatal synapses may indeed be affected at the earliest stages of the neurodegenerative process. The mechanisms leading to either structural or functional synaptic dysfunction are starting to be elucidated and include dysregulation of axonal transport, impairment of the exocytosis and endocytosis machinery, altered intracellular trafficking, and loss of corticostriatal synaptic plasticity. The aim of this review is to try to integrate different lines of evidence from both pathogenic and genetic animal models that, to different extents, suggest that early synaptic impairment may represent the key event in PD pathogenesis. Understanding the molecular and cellular events underlying such synaptopathy is a fundamental step toward developing specific biomarkers of early dopaminergic dysfunction and, more importantly, designing novel therapies targeting the synaptic apparatus of selective, vulnerable synapses. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Schirinzi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Graziella Madeo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Martella
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Maltese
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Calabresi
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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38
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Hegeman DJ, Hong ES, Hernández VM, Chan CS. The external globus pallidus: progress and perspectives. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:1239-65. [PMID: 26841063 PMCID: PMC4874844 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The external globus pallidus (GPe) of the basal ganglia is in a unique and powerful position to influence processing of motor information by virtue of its widespread projections to all basal ganglia nuclei. Despite the clinical importance of the GPe in common motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease, there is only limited information about its cellular composition and organizational principles. In this review, recent advances in the understanding of the diversity in the molecular profile, anatomy, physiology and corresponding behaviour during movement of GPe neurons are described. Importantly, this study attempts to build consensus and highlight commonalities of the cellular classification based on existing but contentious literature. Additionally, an analysis of the literature concerning the intricate reciprocal loops formed between the GPe and major synaptic partners, including both the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus, is provided. In conclusion, the GPe has emerged as a crucial node in the basal ganglia macrocircuit. While subtleties in the cellular makeup and synaptic connection of the GPe create new challenges, modern research tools have shown promise in untangling such complexity, and will provide better understanding of the roles of the GPe in encoding movements and their associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hegeman
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Ellie S Hong
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Vivian M Hernández
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - C Savio Chan
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Hirjak D, Thomann PA, Kubera KM, Wolf ND, Sambataro F, Wolf RC. Motor dysfunction within the schizophrenia-spectrum: A dimensional step towards an underappreciated domain. Schizophr Res 2015; 169:217-233. [PMID: 26547881 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
At the beginning of the 20th century, genuine motor abnormalities (GMA) were considered to be intricately linked to schizophrenia. Subsequently, however, GMA have been increasingly regarded as unspecific transdiagnostic phenomena or related to side effects of antipsychotic treatment. Despite possible medication confounds, within the schizophrenia spectrum GMA have been categorized into three broad categories, i.e. neurological soft signs, abnormal involuntary movements and catatonia. Schizophrenia patients show a substantial overlap across a broad range of distinct motor signs and symptoms suggesting a prominent involvement of the motor system in disease pathophysiology. There have been several attempts to increase reliability and validity in diagnosing schizophrenia based on behavior and neurobiology, yet relatively little attention has been paid to the motor domain in the past. Nevertheless, accumulating neuroscientific evidence suggests the possibility of a motor endophenotype in schizophrenia, and that GMA could represent a specific dimension within the schizophrenia-spectrum. Here, we review current neuroimaging research on GMA in schizophrenia with an emphasis on distinct and common mechanisms of brain dysfunction. Based on a dimensional approach we show that multimodal neuroimaging combined with fine-grained clinical examination can result in a comprehensive characterization of structural and functional brain changes that are presumed to underlie core GMA in schizophrenia. We discuss the possibility of a distinct motor domain, together with its implications for future research. Investigating GMA by means of multimodal neuroimaging can essentially contribute at identifying novel and biologically reliable phenotypes in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Hirjak
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Philipp A Thomann
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina M Kubera
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadine D Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Fabio Sambataro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medical Sciences (DISM), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Robert C Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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