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Nicholson L, Piras IS, DeBoth MD, Siniard A, Heras-Garvin A, Stefanova N, Huentelman MJ. Transcriptomic insights into multiple system atrophy from a PLP-α-synuclein transgenic mouse model. Brain Res 2024; 1834:148912. [PMID: 38575106 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare, neurodegenerative disorder with rapid motor and non-motor symptom progression. MSA is characterized by protein aggregations of α-synuclein found in the cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes. Despite this pathological hallmark, there is still little known about the cause of this disease, resulting in poor treatment options and quality of life post-diagnosis. In this study, we investigated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) via RNA-sequencing of brain samples from a validated PLP-α-synuclein transgenic mouse model, identifying a total of 40 DEGs in the PLP group compared to wild-type (WT), with top detected genes being Gm15446, Mcm6, Aldh7a1 and Gm3435. We observed a significant enrichment of immune pathways and endothelial cell genes among the upregulated genes, whereas downregulated genes were significantly enriched for oligodendrocyte and neuronal genes. We then calculated possible overlap of these DEGs with previously profiled human MSA RNA, resulting in the identification of significant downregulation of the Tsr2 gene. Identifying key gene expression profiles specific to MSA patients is crucial to further understanding the cause, and possible prevention, of this rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nicholson
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - I S Piras
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - M D DeBoth
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - A Siniard
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - A Heras-Garvin
- Laboratory for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - N Stefanova
- Laboratory for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - M J Huentelman
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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2
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Andersen AM, Kaalund SS, Marner L, Salvesen L, Pakkenberg B, Olesen MV. Quantitative cellular changes in multiple system atrophy brains. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2023; 49:e12941. [PMID: 37812040 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by a combined symptomatology of parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, autonomic failure and corticospinal dysfunction. In brains of MSA patients, the hallmark lesion is the aggregation of misfolded alpha-synuclein in oligodendrocytes. Even though the underlying pathological mechanisms remain poorly understood, the evidence suggests that alpha-synuclein aggregation in oligodendrocytes may contribute to the neurodegeneration seen in MSA. The primary aim of this review is to summarise the published stereological data on the total number of neurons and glial cell subtypes (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia) and volumes in brains from MSA patients. Thus, we include in this review exclusively the reports of unbiased quantitative data from brain regions including the neocortex, nuclei of the cerebrum, the brainstem and the cerebellum. Furthermore, we compare and discuss the stereological results in the context of imaging findings and MSA symptomatology. In general, the stereological results agree with the common neuropathological findings of neurodegeneration and gliosis in brains from MSA patients and support a major loss of nigrostriatal neurons in MSA patients with predominant parkinsonism (MSA-P), as well as olivopontocerebellar atrophy in MSA patients with predominant cerebellar ataxia (MSA-C). Surprisingly, the reports indicate only a minor loss of oligodendrocytes in sub-cortical regions of the cerebrum (glial cells not studied in the cerebellum) and negligible changes in brain volumes. In the past decades, the use of stereological methods has provided a vast amount of accurate information on cell numbers and volumes in the brains of MSA patients. Combining different techniques such as stereology and diagnostic imaging (e.g. MRI, PET and SPECT) with clinical data allows for a more detailed interdisciplinary understanding of the disease and illuminates the relationship between neuropathological changes and MSA symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberte M Andersen
- Centre for Neuroscience and Stereology, Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanne S Kaalund
- Centre for Neuroscience and Stereology, Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Marner
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisette Salvesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Pakkenberg
- Centre for Neuroscience and Stereology, Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel V Olesen
- Centre for Neuroscience and Stereology, Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Gao C, Jiang J, Tan Y, Chen S. Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:359. [PMID: 37735487 PMCID: PMC10514343 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia activation is observed in various neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advances in single-cell technologies have revealed that these reactive microglia were with high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Some identified microglia in specific states correlate with pathological hallmarks and are associated with specific functions. Microglia both exert protective function by phagocytosing and clearing pathological protein aggregates and play detrimental roles due to excessive uptake of protein aggregates, which would lead to microglial phagocytic ability impairment, neuroinflammation, and eventually neurodegeneration. In addition, peripheral immune cells infiltration shapes microglia into a pro-inflammatory phenotype and accelerates disease progression. Microglia also act as a mobile vehicle to propagate protein aggregates. Extracellular vesicles released from microglia and autophagy impairment in microglia all contribute to pathological progression and neurodegeneration. Thus, enhancing microglial phagocytosis, reducing microglial-mediated neuroinflammation, inhibiting microglial exosome synthesis and secretion, and promoting microglial conversion into a protective phenotype are considered to be promising strategies for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we comprehensively review the biology of microglia and the roles of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, dementia with Lewy bodies and Huntington's disease. We also summarize the possible microglia-targeted interventions and treatments against neurodegenerative diseases with preclinical and clinical evidence in cell experiments, animal studies, and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
- Lab for Translational Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), Shanghai Tech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Zhang S, Dauer K, Strohäker T, Tatenhorst L, Caldi Gomes L, Mayer S, Jung BC, Kim WS, Lee S, Becker S, Liesche‐Starnecker F, Zweckstetter M, Lingor P. Alpha-synuclein fibrils amplified from multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease patient brain spread after intracerebral injection into mouse brain. Brain Pathol 2023; 33:e13196. [PMID: 37485772 PMCID: PMC10467043 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are neurodegenerative disorders with alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation pathology. Different strains of α-syn with unique properties are suggested to cause distinct clinical and pathological manifestations resulting in PD, MSA, or DLB. To study individual α-syn spreading patterns, we injected α-syn fibrils amplified from brain homogenates of two MSA patients and two PD patients into the brains of C57BI6/J mice. Antibody staining against pS129-α-syn showed that α-syn fibrils amplified from the brain homogenates of the four different patients caused different levels of α-syn spreading. The strongest α-syn pathology was triggered by α-syn fibrils of one of the two MSA patients, followed by comparable pS129-α-syn induction by the second MSA and one PD patient material. Histological analysis using an antibody against Iba1 further showed that the formation of pS129-α-syn is associated with increased microglia activation. In contrast, no differences in dopaminergic neuron numbers or co-localization of α-syn in oligodendrocytes were observed between the different groups. Our data support the spreading of α-syn pathology in MSA, while at the same time pointing to spreading heterogeneity between different patients potentially driven by individual patient immanent factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Zhang
- Clinical Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University Hospital rechts der IsarTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Karina Dauer
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of NeurodegenerationUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Timo Strohäker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)GöttingenGermany
| | - Lars Tatenhorst
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of NeurodegenerationUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Lucas Caldi Gomes
- Clinical Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University Hospital rechts der IsarTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of NeurodegenerationUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Simon Mayer
- Clinical Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University Hospital rechts der IsarTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Byung Chul Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, Convergence Research Center for Dementia, College of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Woojin S. Kim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical SciencesThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South Wales and Neuroscience Research AustraliaRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Seung‐Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, Convergence Research Center for Dementia, College of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Stefan Becker
- Department of NMR Based Structural BiologyMax Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary SciencesGöttingenGermany
| | - Friederike Liesche‐Starnecker
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, School of MedicineTechnical University MunichMunichGermany
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical FacultyUniversity of AugsburgAugsburgGermany
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)GöttingenGermany
- Department of NMR Based Structural BiologyMax Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary SciencesGöttingenGermany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Clinical Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University Hospital rechts der IsarTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of NeurodegenerationUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
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5
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Stefanova N, Wenning GK. Multiple system atrophy: at the crossroads of cellular, molecular and genetic mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:334-346. [PMID: 37085728 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00697-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare oligodendroglial α-synucleinopathy characterized by neurodegeneration in striatonigral and olivopontocerebellar regions and autonomic brain centres. It causes complex cumulative motor and non-motor disability with fast progression and effective therapy is currently lacking. The difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of MSA are largely related to the incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease. The MSA pathogenic landscape is complex, and converging findings from genetic and neuropathological studies as well as studies in experimental models of MSA have indicated the involvement of genetic and epigenetic changes; α-synuclein misfolding, aggregation and spreading; and α-synuclein strain specificity. These studies also indicate the involvement of myelin and iron dyshomeostasis, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and other cell-specific aspects that are relevant to the fast progression of MSA. In this Review, we discuss these findings and emphasize the implications of the complexity of the multifactorial pathogenic cascade for future translational research and its impact on biomarker discovery and treatment target definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Stefanova
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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6
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Mahjoub Y, Martino D. Immunology and microbiome: Implications for motor systems. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 195:135-157. [PMID: 37562867 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98818-6.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Immune-inflammatory mechanisms seem to play a relevant role in neurodegenerative disorders affecting motor systems, particularly Parkinson's disease, where activity changes in inflammatory cells and evidence of neuroinflammation in experimental models and patients is available. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is also characterized by neuroinflammatory changes that involve primarily glial cells, both microglia and astrocytes, as well as systemic immune dysregulation associated with more rapid progression. Similarly, the exploration of gut dysbiosis in these two prototypical neurodegenerative motor disorders is advancing rapidly. Altered composition of gut microbial constituents and related metabolic and putative functional pathways is supporting a pathophysiological link that is currently explored in preclinical, germ-free animal models. Less compelling, but still intriguing, evidence suggests that motor neurodevelopmental disorders, e.g., Tourette syndrome, are associated with abnormal trajectories of maturation that include also immune system development. Microglia has a key role also in these disorders, and new therapeutic avenues aiming at its modulation are exciting prospects. Preclinical and clinical research on the role of gut dysbiosis in Tourette syndrome and related behavioral disorders is still in its infancy, but early findings support the rationale to delve deeper into its contribution to neural and immune maturation abnormalities in its spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Mahjoub
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Davide Martino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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7
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Han S, Gim Y, Jang EH, Hur EM. Functions and dysfunctions of oligodendrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1083159. [PMID: 36605616 PMCID: PMC9807813 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1083159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are characterized by the progressive loss of selectively vulnerable populations of neurons, which is responsible for the clinical symptoms. Although degeneration of neurons is a prominent feature that undoubtedly contributes to and defines NDD pathology, it is now clear that neuronal cell death is by no means mediated solely by cell-autonomous mechanisms. Oligodendrocytes (OLs), the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS), enable rapid transmission of electrical signals and provide metabolic and trophic support to neurons. Recent evidence suggests that OLs and their progenitor population play a role in the onset and progression of NDDs. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence suggesting a role of OL lineage cells in the pathogenesis of age-related NDDs. We start with multiple system atrophy, an NDD with a well-known oligodendroglial pathology, and then discuss Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), NDDs which have been thought of as neuronal origins. Understanding the functions and dysfunctions of OLs might lead to the advent of disease-modifying strategies against NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwan Han
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yunho Gim
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hae Jang
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Comparative Medicine Disease Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Hur
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Comparative Medicine Disease Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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8
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Reddy K, Dieriks BV. Multiple system atrophy: α-Synuclein strains at the neuron-oligodendrocyte crossroad. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:77. [DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00579-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe aberrant accumulation of α-Synuclein within oligodendrocytes is an enigmatic, pathological feature specific to Multiple system atrophy (MSA). Since the characterization of the disease in 1969, decades of research have focused on unravelling the pathogenic processes that lead to the formation of oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions. The discovery of aggregated α-Synuclein (α-Syn) being the primary constituent of glial cytoplasmic inclusions has spurred several lines of research investigating the relationship between the pathogenic accumulation of the protein and oligodendrocytes. Recent developments have identified the ability of α-Syn to form conformationally distinct “strains” with varying behavioral characteristics and toxicities. Such “strains” are potentially disease-specific, providing insight into the enigmatic nature of MSA. This review discusses the evidence for MSA-specific α-Syn strains, highlighting the current methods for detecting and characterizing MSA patient-derived α-Syn. Given the differing behaviors of α-Syn strains, we explore the seeding and spreading capabilities of MSA-specific strains, postulating their influence on the aggressive nature of the disease. These ideas culminate into one key question: What causes MSA–specific strain formation? To answer this, we discuss the interplay between oligodendrocytes, neurons and α-Syn, exploring the ability of each cell type to contribute to the aggregate formation while postulating the effect of additional variables such as protein interactions, host characteristics and environmental factors. Thus, we propose the idea that MSA strain formation results from the intricate interrelation between neurons and oligodendrocytes, with deficits in each cell type required to initiate α-Syn aggregation and MSA pathogenesis.
Graphical Abstract
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Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by neuronal loss and gliosis in multiple areas of the central nervous system including striatonigral, olivopontocerebellar and central autonomic structures. Oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions containing misfolded and aggregated α-synuclein are the histopathological hallmark of MSA. A firm clinical diagnosis requires the presence of autonomic dysfunction in combination with parkinsonism that responds poorly to levodopa and/or cerebellar ataxia. Clinical diagnostic accuracy is suboptimal in early disease because of phenotypic overlaps with Parkinson disease or other types of degenerative parkinsonism as well as with other cerebellar disorders. The symptomatic management of MSA requires a complex multimodal approach to compensate for autonomic failure, alleviate parkinsonism and cerebellar ataxia and associated disabilities. None of the available treatments significantly slows the aggressive course of MSA. Despite several failed trials in the past, a robust pipeline of putative disease-modifying agents, along with progress towards early diagnosis and the development of sensitive diagnostic and progression biomarkers for MSA, offer new hope for patients.
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Teil M, Dovero S, Bourdenx M, Arotcarena ML, Camus S, Porras G, Thiolat ML, Trigo-Damas I, Perier C, Estrada C, Garcia-Carrillo N, Morari M, Meissner WG, Herrero MT, Vila M, Obeso JA, Bezard E, Dehay B. Brain injections of glial cytoplasmic inclusions induce a multiple system atrophy-like pathology. Brain 2022; 145:1001-1017. [PMID: 35285474 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies encompass several neurodegenerative diseases, which include Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy. These diseases are characterized by the deposit of α-synuclein aggregates in intracellular inclusions in neurons and glial cells. Unlike Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, where aggregates are predominantly neuronal, multiple system atrophy is associated with α-synuclein cytoplasmic inclusions in oligodendrocytes. Glial cytoplasmic inclusions are the pathological hallmark of multiple system atrophy and are associated with neuroinflammation, modest demyelination and, ultimately, neurodegeneration. To evaluate the possible pathogenic role of glial cytoplasmic inclusions, we inoculated glial cytoplasmic inclusion-containing brain fractions obtained from multiple system atrophy patients into the striatum of non-human primates. After a 2-year in vivo phase, extensive histochemical and biochemical analyses were performed on the whole brain. We found loss of both nigral dopamine neurons and striatal medium spiny neurons, as well as loss of oligodendrocytes in the same regions, which are characteristics of multiple system atrophy. Furthermore, demyelination, neuroinflammation and α-synuclein pathology were also observed. These results show that the α-synuclein species in multiple system atrophy-derived glial cytoplasmic inclusions can induce a pathological process in non-human primates, including nigrostriatal and striatofugal neurodegeneration, oligodendroglial cell loss, synucleinopathy and gliosis. The present data pave the way for using this experimental model for MSA research and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Teil
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sandra Dovero
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathieu Bourdenx
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Sandrine Camus
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Gregory Porras
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Ines Trigo-Damas
- HM CINAC, HM Puerta del Sur and CIBERNED and CEU-San Pablo University Madrid, E-28938 Mostoles, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,CEU, San Pablo University Madrid, E-28938 Mostoles, Spain
| | - Celine Perier
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Estrada
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Unit, School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, 30100 Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Research on Aging (IUIE), School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Nuria Garcia-Carrillo
- Centro Experimental en Investigaciones Biomédica (CEIB), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Wassilios G Meissner
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,Service de Neurologie-Maladies Neurodégénératives, CRMR Atrophie Multisystématisée, CHU Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - María Trinidad Herrero
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Unit, School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, 30100 Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Research on Aging (IUIE), School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Miquel Vila
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose A Obeso
- HM CINAC, HM Puerta del Sur and CIBERNED and CEU-San Pablo University Madrid, E-28938 Mostoles, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,CEU, San Pablo University Madrid, E-28938 Mostoles, Spain
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Benjamin Dehay
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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11
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Jellinger KA. Heterogeneity of Multiple System Atrophy: An Update. Biomedicines 2022; 10:599. [PMID: 35327402 PMCID: PMC8945102 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a fatal, rapidly progressing neurodegenerative disease of uncertain etiology, clinically characterized by various combinations of Levodopa unresponsive parkinsonism, cerebellar, autonomic and motor dysfunctions. The morphological hallmark of this α-synucleinopathy is the deposition of aberrant α-synuclein in both glia, mainly oligodendroglia (glial cytoplasmic inclusions /GCIs/) and neurons, associated with glioneuronal degeneration of the striatonigral, olivopontocerebellar and many other neuronal systems. Typical phenotypes are MSA with predominant parkinsonism (MSA-P) and a cerebellar variant (MSA-C) with olivocerebellar atrophy. However, MSA can present with a wider range of clinical and pathological features than previously thought. In addition to rare combined or "mixed" MSA, there is a broad spectrum of atypical MSA variants, such as those with a different age at onset and disease duration, "minimal change" or prodromal forms, MSA variants with Lewy body disease or severe hippocampal pathology, rare forms with an unusual tau pathology or spinal myoclonus, an increasing number of MSA cases with cognitive impairment/dementia, rare familial forms, and questionable conjugal MSA. These variants that do not fit into the current classification of MSA are a major challenge for the diagnosis of this unique proteinopathy. Although the clinical diagnostic accuracy and differential diagnosis of MSA have improved by using combined biomarkers, its distinction from clinically similar extrapyramidal disorders with other pathologies and etiologies may be difficult. These aspects should be taken into consideration when revising the current diagnostic criteria. This appears important given that disease-modifying treatment strategies for this hitherto incurable disorder are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, A-1150 Vienna, Austria
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12
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Immunisation with UB-312 in the Thy1SNCA mouse prevents motor performance deficits and oligomeric α-synuclein accumulation in the brain and gut. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:55-73. [PMID: 34741635 PMCID: PMC8732825 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02381-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alpha synuclein has a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), Dementia with Lewy Bodies (LBD) and Multiple System Atrophy (MSA). Immunotherapies aiming at neutralising toxic αSyn species are being investigated in the clinic as potential disease modifying therapies for PD and other synucleinopathies. In this study, the effects of active immunisation against αSyn with the UB-312 vaccine were investigated in the Thy1SNCA/15 mouse model of PD. Young transgenic and wild-type mice received an immunisation regimen over a period of 6 weeks, then observed for an additional 9 weeks. Behavioural assessment was conducted before immunisation and at 15 weeks after the first dose. UB-312 immunisation prevented the development of motor impairment in the wire test and challenging beam test, which was associated with reduced levels of αSyn oligomers in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum of Thy1SNCA/15 mice. UB-312 immunotherapy resulted in a significant reduction of theαSyn load in the colon, accompanied by a reduction in enteric glial cell reactivity in the colonic ganglia. Our results demonstrate that immunisation with UB-312 prevents functional deficits and both central and peripheral pathology in Thy1SNCA/15 mice.
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13
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Marmion DJ, Peelaerts W, Kordower JH. A historical review of multiple system atrophy with a critical appraisal of cellular and animal models. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1507-1527. [PMID: 34613484 PMCID: PMC8528759 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by striatonigral degeneration (SND), olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA), and dysautonomia with cerebellar ataxia or parkinsonian motor features. Isolated autonomic dysfunction with predominant genitourinary dysfunction and orthostatic hypotension and REM sleep behavior disorder are common characteristics of a prodromal phase, which may occur years prior to motor-symptom onset. MSA is a unique synucleinopathy, in which alpha-synuclein (aSyn) accumulates and forms insoluble inclusions in the cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes, termed glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs). The origin of, and precise mechanism by which aSyn accumulates in MSA are unknown, and, therefore, disease-modifying therapies to halt or slow the progression of MSA are currently unavailable. For these reasons, much focus in the field is concerned with deciphering the complex neuropathological mechanisms by which MSA begins and progresses through the course of the disease. This review focuses on the history, etiopathogenesis, neuropathology, as well as cell and animal models of MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Marmion
- Parkinson's Disease Research Unit, Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Wouter Peelaerts
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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14
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Jucaite A, Cselényi Z, Kreisl WC, Rabiner EA, Varrone A, Carson RE, Rinne JO, Savage A, Schou M, Johnström P, Svenningsson P, Rascol O, Meissner WG, Barone P, Seppi K, Kaufmann H, Wenning GK, Poewe W, Farde L. Glia Imaging Differentiates Multiple System Atrophy from Parkinson's Disease: A Positron Emission Tomography Study with [ 11 C]PBR28 and Machine Learning Analysis. Mov Disord 2021; 37:119-129. [PMID: 34609758 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical diagnosis of multiple system atrophy (MSA) is challenged by overlapping features with Parkinson's disease (PD) and late-onset ataxias. Additional biomarkers are needed to confirm MSA and to advance the understanding of pathophysiology. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the translocator protein (TSPO), expressed by glia cells, has shown elevations in MSA. OBJECTIVE In this multicenter PET study, we assess the performance of TSPO imaging as a diagnostic marker for MSA. METHODS We analyzed [11 C]PBR28 binding to TSPO using imaging data of 66 patients with MSA and 24 patients with PD. Group comparisons were based on regional analysis of parametric images. The diagnostic readout included visual reading of PET images against clinical diagnosis and machine learning analyses. Sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating curves were used to discriminate MSA from PD and cerebellar from parkinsonian variant MSA. RESULTS We observed a conspicuous pattern of elevated regional [11 C]PBR28 binding to TSPO in MSA as compared with PD, with "hotspots" in the lentiform nucleus and cerebellar white matter. Visual reading discriminated MSA from PD with 100% specificity and 83% sensitivity. The machine learning approach improved sensitivity to 96%. We identified MSA subtype-specific TSPO binding patterns. CONCLUSIONS We found a pattern of significantly increased regional glial TSPO binding in patients with MSA. Intriguingly, our data are in line with severe neuroinflammation in MSA. Glia imaging may have potential to support clinical MSA diagnosis and patient stratification in clinical trials on novel drug therapies for an α-synucleinopathy that remains strikingly incurable. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelija Jucaite
- PET Science Centre, Personalized Medicine and Biosamples, R&D, AstraZeneca, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zsolt Cselényi
- PET Science Centre, Personalized Medicine and Biosamples, R&D, AstraZeneca, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William C Kreisl
- Taub Institute, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Centre, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eugenii A Rabiner
- Invicro, London, UK.,Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Varrone
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Juha O Rinne
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Magnus Schou
- PET Science Centre, Personalized Medicine and Biosamples, R&D, AstraZeneca, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Johnström
- PET Science Centre, Personalized Medicine and Biosamples, R&D, AstraZeneca, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Section of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olivier Rascol
- French MSA Reference Centre, Clinical Investigation Centre CIC1436, Department of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NeuroToul COEN Centre, UMR 1 214-ToNIC and University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM and University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Wassilios G Meissner
- CRMR AMS, Service de Neurologie-Maladies Neurodégénératives, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,University Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Paolo Barone
- Neurodegenerative Disease Centre, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Klaus Seppi
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Horacio Kaufmann
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- Division of Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Werner Poewe
- Division of Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lars Farde
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Mészáros L, Riemenschneider MJ, Gassner H, Marxreiter F, von Hörsten S, Hoffmann A, Winkler J. Human alpha-synuclein overexpressing MBP29 mice mimic functional and structural hallmarks of the cerebellar subtype of multiple system atrophy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:68. [PMID: 33853667 PMCID: PMC8048356 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare, but fatal atypical parkinsonian disorder. The prototypical pathological hallmark are oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) containing alpha-synuclein (α-syn). Currently, two MSA phenotypes are classified: the parkinsonian (MSA-P) and the cerebellar subtype (MSA-C), clinically characterized by predominant parkinsonism or cerebellar ataxia, respectively. Previous studies have shown that the transgenic MSA mouse model overexpressing human α-syn controlled by the oligodendroglial myelin basic protein (MBP) promoter (MBP29-hα-syn mice) mirrors crucial characteristics of the MSA-P subtype. However, it remains elusive, whether this model recapitulates important features of the MSA-C-related phenotype. First, we examined MSA-C-associated cerebellar pathology using human post-mortem tissue of MSA-C patients and controls. We observed the prototypical GCI pathology and a preserved number of oligodendrocytes in the cerebellar white matter (cbw) accompanied by severe myelin deficit, microgliosis, and a profound loss of Purkinje cells. Secondly, we phenotypically characterized MBP29-hα-syn mice using a dual approach: structural analysis of the hindbrain and functional assessment of gait. Matching the neuropathological features of MSA-C, GCI pathology within the cbw of MBP29-hα-syn mice was accompanied by a severe myelin deficit despite an increased number of oligodendrocytes and a high number of myeloid cells even at an early disease stage. Intriguingly, MBP29-hα-syn mice developed a significant loss of Purkinje cells at a more advanced disease stage. Catwalk XT gait analysis revealed decreased walking speed, increased stride length and width between hind paws. In addition, less dual diagonal support was observed toward more dual lateral and three paw support. Taken together, this wide-based and unsteady gait reflects cerebellar ataxia presumably linked to the cerebellar pathology in MBP29-hα-syn mice. In conclusion, the present study strongly supports the notion that the MBP29-hα-syn mouse model mimics important characteristics of the MSA-C subtype providing a powerful preclinical tool for evaluating future interventional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mészáros
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Heiko Gassner
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franz Marxreiter
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan von Hörsten
- Experimental Therapy, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alana Hoffmann
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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16
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Vigen TR, Brudek T, Pakkenberg B, Olesen MV. Quantitative Cellular Changes in the Thalamus of Patients with Multiple System Atrophy. Neuroscience 2021; 459:142-152. [PMID: 33577952 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The thalamus is a brain region consisting of anatomical and functional connections between various spinal, subcortical, and cortical regions, which has a putative role in the clinical manifestation of Multiple System Atrophy (MSA). Previous stereological studies have reported significant anatomical alterations in diverse brain regions of MSA patients, including the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and white matter, but no quantitative studies have examined the thalamus. To establish the extent of thalamic involvement, we applied stereological methods to estimate the total number of neurons and glial cells (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia) as well as the volume in two thalamic sub-regions, the mediodorsal nucleus (MDT) and the anterior principal nucleus (APn), in brains from ten MSA patients and 11 healthy control subjects. Compared to healthy controls, MSA patients had significantly fewer neurons (26%) in the MDT, but not the APn. We also found significantly more astrocytes (32%) and microglia (54%) in the MDT, with no such changes in the APn. Finally, we saw no group differences in the total number of oligodendrocytes. Our findings show a region-specific loss of thalamic neurons that occurs without loss of oligodendrocytes, whereas thalamic microgliosis seems to occur alongside astrogliosis. These pathological changes in the thalamus may contribute to the cognitive impairment seen in most patients with MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya R Vigen
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark
| | - Tomasz Brudek
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark
| | - Bente Pakkenberg
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mikkel V Olesen
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark
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17
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Del Campo N, Phillips O, Ory‐Magne F, Brefel‐Courbon C, Galitzky M, Thalamas C, Narr KL, Joshi S, Singh MK, Péran P, Pavy‐LeTraon A, Rascol O. Broad white matter impairment in multiple system atrophy. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:357-366. [PMID: 33064319 PMCID: PMC7776008 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the widespread aberrant accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn). MSA differs from other synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease (PD) in that α-syn accumulates primarily in oligodendrocytes, the only source of white matter myelination in the brain. Previous MSA imaging studies have uncovered focal differences in white matter. Here, we sought to build on this work by taking a global perspective on whole brain white matter. In order to do this, in vivo structural imaging and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging were acquired on 26 MSA patients, 26 healthy controls, and 23 PD patients. A refined whole brain approach encompassing the major fiber tracts and the superficial white matter located at the boundary of the cortical mantle was applied. The primary observation was that MSA but not PD patients had whole brain deep and superficial white matter diffusivity abnormalities (p < .001). In addition, in MSA patients, these abnormalities were associated with motor (Unified MSA Rating Scale, Part II) and cognitive functions (Mini-Mental State Examination). The pervasive whole brain abnormalities we observe suggest that there is widespread white matter damage in MSA patients which mirrors the widespread aggregation of α-syn in oligodendrocytes. Importantly, whole brain white matter abnormalities were associated with clinical symptoms, suggesting that white matter impairment may be more central to MSA than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Del Campo
- CHU de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse‐Toulouse 3, INSERM, UMR1214 Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre “TONIC,” Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN), NeuroToul, Centre National de Reference AMS, Centre Expert Parkinson de Toulouse, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Services de Neurologie et de Pharmacologie Clinique, UMR 1048 Institute for Cardiovascular DiseasesToulouseFrance
| | - Owen Phillips
- CHU de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse‐Toulouse 3, INSERM, UMR1214 Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre “TONIC,” Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN), NeuroToul, Centre National de Reference AMS, Centre Expert Parkinson de Toulouse, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Services de Neurologie et de Pharmacologie Clinique, UMR 1048 Institute for Cardiovascular DiseasesToulouseFrance
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of PsychiatryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- BrainKeySan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Françoise Ory‐Magne
- CHU de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse‐Toulouse 3, INSERM, UMR1214 Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre “TONIC,” Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN), NeuroToul, Centre National de Reference AMS, Centre Expert Parkinson de Toulouse, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Services de Neurologie et de Pharmacologie Clinique, UMR 1048 Institute for Cardiovascular DiseasesToulouseFrance
| | - Christine Brefel‐Courbon
- CHU de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse‐Toulouse 3, INSERM, UMR1214 Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre “TONIC,” Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN), NeuroToul, Centre National de Reference AMS, Centre Expert Parkinson de Toulouse, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Services de Neurologie et de Pharmacologie Clinique, UMR 1048 Institute for Cardiovascular DiseasesToulouseFrance
| | - Monique Galitzky
- CHU de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse‐Toulouse 3, INSERM, UMR1214 Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre “TONIC,” Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN), NeuroToul, Centre National de Reference AMS, Centre Expert Parkinson de Toulouse, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Services de Neurologie et de Pharmacologie Clinique, UMR 1048 Institute for Cardiovascular DiseasesToulouseFrance
| | - Claire Thalamas
- CHU de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse‐Toulouse 3, INSERM, UMR1214 Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre “TONIC,” Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN), NeuroToul, Centre National de Reference AMS, Centre Expert Parkinson de Toulouse, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Services de Neurologie et de Pharmacologie Clinique, UMR 1048 Institute for Cardiovascular DiseasesToulouseFrance
| | - Katherine L. Narr
- Department of NeurologyAhmanson Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shantanu Joshi
- Department of NeurologyAhmanson Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Manpreet K. Singh
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of PsychiatryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Patrice Péran
- CHU de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse‐Toulouse 3, INSERM, UMR1214 Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre “TONIC,” Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN), NeuroToul, Centre National de Reference AMS, Centre Expert Parkinson de Toulouse, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Services de Neurologie et de Pharmacologie Clinique, UMR 1048 Institute for Cardiovascular DiseasesToulouseFrance
| | - Anne Pavy‐LeTraon
- CHU de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse‐Toulouse 3, INSERM, UMR1214 Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre “TONIC,” Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN), NeuroToul, Centre National de Reference AMS, Centre Expert Parkinson de Toulouse, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Services de Neurologie et de Pharmacologie Clinique, UMR 1048 Institute for Cardiovascular DiseasesToulouseFrance
| | - Olivier Rascol
- CHU de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse‐Toulouse 3, INSERM, UMR1214 Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre “TONIC,” Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN), NeuroToul, Centre National de Reference AMS, Centre Expert Parkinson de Toulouse, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, Services de Neurologie et de Pharmacologie Clinique, UMR 1048 Institute for Cardiovascular DiseasesToulouseFrance
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18
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White Matter Interstitial Neurons in the Adult Human Brain: 3% of Cortical Neurons in Quest for Recognition. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010190. [PMID: 33477896 PMCID: PMC7833373 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
White matter interstitial neurons (WMIN) are a subset of cortical neurons located in the subcortical white matter. Although they were fist described over 150 years ago, they are still largely unexplored and often considered a small, functionally insignificant neuronal population. WMIN are adult remnants of neurons located in the transient fetal subplate zone (SP). Following development, some of the SP neurons undergo apoptosis, and the remaining neurons are incorporated in the adult white matter as WMIN. In the adult human brain, WMIN are quite a large population of neurons comprising at least 3% of all cortical neurons (between 600 and 1100 million neurons). They include many of the morphological neuronal types that can be found in the overlying cerebral cortex. Furthermore, the phenotypic and molecular diversity of WMIN is similar to that of the overlying cortical neurons, expressing many glutamatergic and GABAergic biomarkers. WMIN are often considered a functionally unimportant subset of neurons. However, upon closer inspection of the scientific literature, it has been shown that WMIN are integrated in the cortical circuitry and that they exhibit diverse electrophysiological properties, send and receive axons from the cortex, and have active synaptic contacts. Based on these data, we are able to enumerate some of the potential WMIN roles, such as the control of the cerebral blood flow, sleep regulation, and the control of information flow through the cerebral cortex. Also, there is a number of studies indicating the involvement of WMIN in the pathophysiology of many brain disorders such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, etc. All of these data indicate that WMIN are a large population with an important function in the adult brain. Further investigation of WMIN could provide us with novel data crucial for an improved elucidation of the pathophysiology of many brain disorders. In this review, we provide an overview of the current WMIN literature, with an emphasis on studies conducted on the human brain.
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19
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Marmion DJ, Rutkowski AA, Chatterjee D, Hiller BM, Werner MH, Bezard E, Kirik D, McCown T, Gray SJ, Kordower JH. Viral-based rodent and nonhuman primate models of multiple system atrophy: Fidelity to the human disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 148:105184. [PMID: 33221532 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare and extremely debilitating progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by variable combinations of parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, dysautonomia, and pyramidal dysfunction. MSA is a unique synucleinopathy, in which alpha synuclein-rich aggregates are present in the cytoplasm of oligodendroglia. The precise origin of the alpha synuclein (aSyn) found in the glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) as well the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in MSA remain unclear. Despite this fact, cell and animal models of MSA rely on oligodendroglial overexpression of aSyn. In the present study, we utilized a novel oligotrophic AAV, Olig001, to overexpress aSyn specifically in striatal oligodendrocytes of rats and nonhuman primates in an effort to further characterize our novel viral vector-mediated MSA animal models. Using two cohorts of animals with 10-fold differences in Olig001 vector titers, we show a dose-dependent formation of MSA-like pathology in rats. High titer of Olig001-aSyn in these animals were required to produce the formation of pS129+ and proteinase K resistant aSyn-rich GCIs, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Using this knowledge, we injected high titer Olig001 in the putamen of cynomolgus macaques. After six months, histological analysis showed that oligodendroglial overexpression of aSyn resulted in the formation of hallmark GCIs throughout the putamen, demyelination, a 44% reduction of striatal neurons and a 12% loss of nigral neurons. Furthermore, a robust inflammatory response similar to MSA was produced in Olig001-aSyn NHPs, including microglial activation, astrogliosis, and a robust infiltration of T cells into the CNS. Taken together, oligodendroglial-specific viral vector-mediated overexpression of aSyn in rats and nonhuman primates faithfully reproduces many of the pathological disease hallmarks found in MSA. Future studies utilizing these large animal models of MSA would prove extremely valuable as a pre-clinical platform to test novel therapeutics that are so desperately needed for MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Marmion
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Parkinson's Disease Research Unit, Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Angela A Rutkowski
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Diptaman Chatterjee
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Benjamin M Hiller
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Erwan Bezard
- University of Bordeaux, Neurodegenerative Diseases Institute, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Neurodegenerative Diseases Institute, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Deniz Kirik
- Brain Repair and Imaging in Neural Systems (B.R.A.I.N.S) Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund 221 00, Sweden
| | - Thomas McCown
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Steven J Gray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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20
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Rusholt EHL, Salvesen L, Brudek T, Tesfay B, Pakkenberg B, Olesen MV. Pathological changes in the cerebellum of patients with multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease-a stereological study. Brain Pathol 2020; 30:576-588. [PMID: 31769073 PMCID: PMC8018044 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are synucleinopathies characterized by aggregation of α-synuclein in brain cells. Recent studies have shown that morphological changes in terms of cerebral nerve cell loss and increase in glia cell numbers, the degree of brain atrophy and molecular and epidemiological findings are more severe in MSA than PD. In the present study, we performed a stereological comparison of cerebellar volumes, granule and Purkinje cells in 13 patients diagnosed with MSA [8 MSA-P (striatonigral subtype) and 5 MSA-C (olivopontocerebellar subtype)], 12 PD patients, and 15 age-matched control subjects. Only brains from MSA-C patients showed a reduction in the total number of Purkinje cells (anterior lobe) whereas both MSA-P and MSA-C patients had reduced Purkinje cell volumes (perikaryons and nuclei volume). The cerebellum of both diseases showed a reduction in the white matter volume compared to controls. The number of granule cells was unaffected in both diseases. Analyses of cell type-specific mRNA expression supported our structural data. This study of the cerebellum is in line with previous findings in the cerebrum and demonstrates that the degree of morphological changes is more pronounced in MSA-C than MSA-P and PD. Further, our results support an explicit involvement of cerebellar Purkinje cells and white matter connectivity in MSA-C > MSA-P and points to the potential importance of white matter alterations in PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth H. L. Rusholt
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and NeuroscienceDepartment of NeurologyBispebjerg‐Frederiksberg HospitalNielsine Nielsens Vej 6BDK‐2400CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Lisette Salvesen
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and NeuroscienceDepartment of NeurologyBispebjerg‐Frederiksberg HospitalNielsine Nielsens Vej 6BDK‐2400CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Tomasz Brudek
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and NeuroscienceDepartment of NeurologyBispebjerg‐Frederiksberg HospitalNielsine Nielsens Vej 6BDK‐2400CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Betel Tesfay
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and NeuroscienceDepartment of NeurologyBispebjerg‐Frederiksberg HospitalNielsine Nielsens Vej 6BDK‐2400CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Bente Pakkenberg
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and NeuroscienceDepartment of NeurologyBispebjerg‐Frederiksberg HospitalNielsine Nielsens Vej 6BDK‐2400CopenhagenDenmark
- Institute of Clinical MedicineFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenBlegdamsvej 3DK‐2200CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Mikkel V. Olesen
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and NeuroscienceDepartment of NeurologyBispebjerg‐Frederiksberg HospitalNielsine Nielsens Vej 6BDK‐2400CopenhagenDenmark
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21
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Lambrecht V, Hanspach J, Hoffmann A, Seyler L, Mennecke A, Straub S, Marxreiter F, Bäuerle T, Laun FB, Winkler J. Quantitative susceptibility mapping depicts severe myelin deficit and iron deposition in a transgenic model of multiple system atrophy. Exp Neurol 2020; 329:113314. [PMID: 32302677 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite internationally established diagnostic criteria, multiple system atrophy (MSA) is frequently misdiagnosed, particularly at disease onset. While neuropathological changes such as demyelination and iron deposition are typically detected in MSA, these structural hallmarks were so far only demonstrated post-mortem. Here, we examine whether myelin deficit observed in a transgenic murine model of MSA can be visualized and quantified in vivo using specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approaches. Reduced myelin content was measured histologically in prototypical white matter as well as mixed grey-white matter regions i.e. corpus callosum, anterior commissure, and striatum of transgenic mice overexpressing human α-synuclein under the control of the myelin basic protein promotor (MBP29-hα-syn mice). Correspondingly, in vivo quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) showed a strongly reduced susceptibility contrast in white matter regions and T2-weighted MR imaging revealed a significantly reduced grey-white matter contrast in MBP29-hα-syn mice. In addition, morphological analysis suggested a pronounced, white matter-specific deposition of iron in MBP29-hα-syn mice. Importantly, in vivo MRI results were matched by comprehensive structural characterization of myelin, iron, and axonal directionality. Taken together, our results provide strong evidence that QSM is a very sensitive tool measuring changes in myelin density in conjunction with iron deposition in MBP29-hα-syn mice. This multimodal neuroimaging approach may pave the way towards a novel non-invasive technique to detect crucial neuropathological changes specifically associated with MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Lambrecht
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jannis Hanspach
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alana Hoffmann
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Seyler
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Preclinical imaging platform, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Angelika Mennecke
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sina Straub
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franz Marxreiter
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Bäuerle
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Preclinical imaging platform, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frederik B Laun
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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22
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Ueda M, Nakamura T, Suzuki M, Imai E, Harada Y, Hara K, Hirayama M, Katsuno M. Association of orthostatic blood pressure with the symptoms of orthostatic hypotension and cognitive impairment in patients with multiple system atrophy. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 75:40-44. [PMID: 32234335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The degree and frequency of orthostatic hypotension (OH) are high in patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA); however, the association of orthostatic blood pressure (BP) with the symptoms of OH and cognitive impairment in these patients remains unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify whether absolute BP and/or changes in BP during standing are related to OH symptoms and cognitive impairment in patients with MSA. Thirty-two patients with MSA were examined using the head-up tilt and cognitive function tests. OH symptoms were evaluated using a patient-reported scale. The results were compared with those for 15 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Seventeen of the 32 (53.1%) patients had OH, with eight of them exhibiting OH symptoms, which were related to the absolute BP value at 60° tilt. However, OH symptoms were not related to the degree of decrease in BP during the tilt test, and they were frequently observed in patients with a mean BP of <80 mmHg at 60° tilt (sensitivity, 67%; specificity, 91%). Cognitive dysfunction assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE; ≤ 26) was also associated with a low mean BP at 60° tilt (odds ratio, 1.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.67; p = 0.02). The upright BP value is associated with OH symptoms and the MMSE score in patients with MSA. Thus, careful observation of OH symptoms can enable early management of BP and the detection of cognitive impairment in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Ueda
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Masashi Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Eriko Imai
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yumiko Harada
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hara
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masaaki Hirayama
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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23
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Rydbirk R, Folke J, Busato F, Roché E, Chauhan AS, Løkkegaard A, Hejl AM, Bode M, Blaabjerg M, Møller M, Danielsen EH, Brudek T, Pakkenberg B, Tost J, Aznar S. Epigenetic modulation of AREL1 and increased HLA expression in brains of multiple system atrophy patients. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:29. [PMID: 32151281 PMCID: PMC7063795 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00908-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare disease with a fatal outcome. To date, little is known about the molecular processes underlying disease development. Its clinical overlap with related neurodegenerative movement disorders underlines the importance for expanding the knowledge of pathological brain processes in MSA patients to improve distinction from similar diseases. In the current study, we investigated DNA methylation changes in brain samples from 41 MSA patients and 37 healthy controls. We focused on the prefrontal cortex, a moderately affected area in MSA. Using Illumina MethylationEPIC arrays, we investigated 5-methylcytosine (5mC) as well as 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) changes throughout the genome. We identified five significantly different 5mC probes (adj. P < 0.05), of which one probe mapping to the AREL1 gene involved in antigen presentation was decreased in MSA patients. This decrease correlated with increased 5hmC levels. Further, we identified functional DNA methylation modules involved in inflammatory processes. As expected, the decreased 5mC levels on AREL1 was concordant with increased gene expression levels of both AREL1 as well as MHC Class I HLA genes in MSA brains. We also investigated whether these changes in antigen-related processes in the brain associated with changes in peripheral mononuclear cells. Using flow cytometry on an independent cohort of MSA patients, we identified a decrease in circulating non-classical CD14+CD16++ blood monocytes, whereas T and NK cell populations were unchanged. Taken together, our results support the view of an active neuroimmune response in brains of MSA patients.
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24
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Insights into the pathogenesis of multiple system atrophy: focus on glial cytoplasmic inclusions. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:7. [PMID: 32095235 PMCID: PMC7025408 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-0185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a debilitating and fatal neurodegenerative disorder. The disease severity warrants urgent development of disease-modifying therapy, but the disease pathogenesis is still enigmatic. Neurodegeneration in MSA brains is preceded by the emergence of glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs), which are insoluble α-synuclein accumulations within oligodendrocytes (OLGs). Thus, preventive strategies against GCI formation may suppress disease progression. However, although numerous studies have tried to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of GCI formation, difficulty remains in understanding the pathological interaction between the two pivotal aspects of GCIs; α-synuclein and OLGs. The difficulty originates from several enigmas: 1) what triggers the initial generation and possible propagation of pathogenic α-synuclein species? 2) what contributes to OLG-specific accumulation of α-synuclein, which is abundantly expressed in neurons but not in OLGs? and 3) how are OLGs and other glial cells affected and contribute to neurodegeneration? The primary pathogenesis of GCIs may involve myelin dysfunction and dyshomeostasis of the oligodendroglial cellular environment such as autophagy and iron metabolism. We have previously reported that oligodendrocyte precursor cells are more prone to develop intracellular inclusions in the presence of extracellular fibrillary α-synuclein. This finding implies a possibility that the propagation of GCI pathology in MSA brains is mediated through the internalization of pathological α-synuclein into oligodendrocyte precursor cells. In this review, in order to discuss the pathogenesis of GCIs, we will focus on the composition of neuronal and oligodendroglial inclusions in synucleinopathies. Furthermore, we will introduce some hypotheses on how α-synuclein pathology spreads among OLGs in MSA brains, in the light of our data from the experiments with primary oligodendrocyte lineage cell culture. While various reports have focused on the mysterious source of α-synuclein in GCIs, insights into the mechanism which regulates the uptake of pathological α-synuclein into oligodendroglial cells may yield the development of the disease-modifying therapy for MSA. The interaction between glial cells and α-synuclein is also highlighted with previous studies of post-mortem human brains, cultured cells, and animal models, which provide comprehensive insight into GCIs and the MSA pathomechanisms.
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25
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Perez-Rodriguez D, Kalyva M, Leija-Salazar M, Lashley T, Tarabichi M, Chelban V, Gentleman S, Schottlaender L, Franklin H, Vasmatzis G, Houlden H, Schapira AHV, Warner TT, Holton JL, Jaunmuktane Z, Proukakis C. Investigation of somatic CNVs in brains of synucleinopathy cases using targeted SNCA analysis and single cell sequencing. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:219. [PMID: 31870437 PMCID: PMC6929293 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0873-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are mostly sporadic neurodegenerative disorders of partly unexplained aetiology, and include Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). We have further investigated our recent finding of somatic SNCA (α-synuclein) copy number variants (CNVs, specifically gains) in synucleinopathies, using Fluorescent in-situ Hybridisation for SNCA, and single-cell whole genome sequencing for the first time in a synucleinopathy. In the cingulate cortex, mosaicism levels for SNCA gains were higher in MSA and PD than controls in neurons (> 2% in both diseases), and for MSA also in non-neurons. In MSA substantia nigra (SN), we noted SNCA gains in > 3% of dopaminergic (DA) neurons (identified by neuromelanin) and neuromelanin-negative cells, including olig2-positive oligodendroglia. Cells with CNVs were more likely to have α-synuclein inclusions, in a pattern corresponding to cell categories mostly relevant to the disease: DA neurons in Lewy-body cases, and other cells in the striatonigral degeneration-dominant MSA variant (MSA-SND). Higher mosaicism levels in SN neuromelanin-negative cells may correlate with younger onset in typical MSA-SND, and in cingulate neurons with younger death in PD. Larger sample sizes will, however, be required to confirm these putative findings. We obtained genome-wide somatic CNV profiles from 169 cells from the substantia nigra of two MSA cases, and pons and putamen of one. These showed somatic CNVs in ~ 30% of cells, with clonality and origins in segmental duplications for some. CNVs had distinct profiles based on cell type, with neurons having a mix of gains and losses, and other cells having almost exclusively gains, although control data sets will be required to determine possible disease relevance. We propose that somatic SNCA CNVs may contribute to the aetiology and pathogenesis of synucleinopathies, and that genome-wide somatic CNVs in MSA brain merit further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Perez-Rodriguez
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Maria Kalyva
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Melissa Leija-Salazar
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Maxime Tarabichi
- The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road 1, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Viorica Chelban
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - Lucia Schottlaender
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Hannah Franklin
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - George Vasmatzis
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Thomas T Warner
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Janice L Holton
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Christos Proukakis
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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26
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Meissner WG, Fernagut PO, Dehay B, Péran P, Traon APL, Foubert-Samier A, Lopez Cuina M, Bezard E, Tison F, Rascol O. Multiple System Atrophy: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1629-1642. [PMID: 31692132 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare and fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a variable combination of parkinsonism, cerebellar impairment, and autonomic dysfunction. The pathologic hallmark is the accumulation of aggregated α-synuclein in oligodendrocytes, forming glial cytoplasmic inclusions, which qualifies MSA as a synucleinopathy together with Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. The underlying pathogenesis is still not well understood. Some symptomatic treatments are available, whereas neuroprotection remains an urgent unmet treatment need. In this review, we critically appraise significant developments of the past decade with emphasis on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment development. We further discuss unsolved questions and highlight some perspectives. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassilios G Meissner
- CRMR Atrophie Multisystématisée, CHU Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie, Bordeaux, France.,Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France.,Dept. of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Pierre-Olivier Fernagut
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France.,Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,INSERM, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Benjamin Dehay
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrice Péran
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Pavy-Le Traon
- Services de Neurologie, CRMR Atrophie Multisystématisée, Toulouse, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandra Foubert-Samier
- CRMR Atrophie Multisystématisée, CHU Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie, Bordeaux, France.,Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Miguel Lopez Cuina
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
| | - François Tison
- CRMR Atrophie Multisystématisée, CHU Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie, Bordeaux, France.,Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Services de Neurologie et de Pharmacologie Clinique, Centre de Reference AMS, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Réseau NS-Park/FCRIN et Centre of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (COEN) de Toulouse, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse 3 University, Toulouse, France
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27
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Folke J, Rydbirk R, Løkkegaard A, Salvesen L, Hejl AM, Starhof C, Bech S, Winge K, Christensen S, Pedersen LØ, Aznar S, Pakkenberg B, Brudek T. Distinct Autoimmune Anti-α-Synuclein Antibody Patterns in Multiple System Atrophy and Parkinson's Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2253. [PMID: 31616427 PMCID: PMC6769034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is considered to be the major pathological hallmark and driving force of Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Immune dysfunctions have been associated with both MSA and PD and recently we reported that the levels of natural occurring autoantibodies (NAbs) with high-affinity/avidity toward α-synuclein are reduced in MSA and PD patients. Here, we aimed to evaluate the plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) composition binding α-syn and other amyloidogenic neuropathological proteins, and to correlate them with disease severity and duration in MSA and PD patients. All participants were recruited from a single neurological unit and the plasma samples were stored for later research at the Bispebjerg Movement Disorder Biobank. All patients were diagnosed according to current consensus criteria. Using multiple variable linear regression analyses, we observed higher levels of anti-α-syn IgG1 and IgG3 NAbs in MSA vs. PD, higher levels of anti-α-syn IgG2 NAbs in PD compared to controls, whereas anti-α-syn IgG4 NAbs were reduced in PD compared to MSA and controls. Anti-α-syn IgM levels were decreased in both MSA and PD. Further our data supported that MSA patients' immune system was affected with reduced IgG1 and IgM global levels compared to PD and controls, with further reduced global IgG2 levels compared to PD. These results suggest distinct autoimmune patterns in MSA and PD. These findings suggest a specific autoimmune physiological mechanism involving responses toward α-syn, differing in neurodegenerative disease with overlapping α-syn pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Folke
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Rydbirk
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annemette Løkkegaard
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisette Salvesen
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Hejl
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Starhof
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sára Bech
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Winge
- Novo Nordisk Foundation, Hellerup, Denmark.,Bispebjerg Movement Disorders Biobank, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Østergaard Pedersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susana Aznar
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Pakkenberg
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tomasz Brudek
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Jellinger KA. Neuropathology and pathogenesis of extrapyramidal movement disorders: a critical update-I. Hypokinetic-rigid movement disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:933-995. [PMID: 31214855 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extrapyramidal movement disorders include hypokinetic rigid and hyperkinetic or mixed forms, most of them originating from dysfunction of the basal ganglia (BG) and their information circuits. The functional anatomy of the BG, the cortico-BG-thalamocortical, and BG-cerebellar circuit connections are briefly reviewed. Pathophysiologic classification of extrapyramidal movement disorder mechanisms distinguish (1) parkinsonian syndromes, (2) chorea and related syndromes, (3) dystonias, (4) myoclonic syndromes, (5) ballism, (6) tics, and (7) tremor syndromes. Recent genetic and molecular-biologic classifications distinguish (1) synucleinopathies (Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease-dementia, and multiple system atrophy); (2) tauopathies (progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, FTLD-17; Guamian Parkinson-dementia; Pick's disease, and others); (3) polyglutamine disorders (Huntington's disease and related disorders); (4) pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration; (5) Wilson's disease; and (6) other hereditary neurodegenerations without hitherto detected genetic or specific markers. The diversity of phenotypes is related to the deposition of pathologic proteins in distinct cell populations, causing neurodegeneration due to genetic and environmental factors, but there is frequent overlap between various disorders. Their etiopathogenesis is still poorly understood, but is suggested to result from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Multiple etiologies and noxious factors (protein mishandling, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, energy failure, and chronic neuroinflammation) are more likely than a single factor. Current clinical consensus criteria have increased the diagnostic accuracy of most neurodegenerative movement disorders, but for their definite diagnosis, histopathological confirmation is required. We present a timely overview of the neuropathology and pathogenesis of the major extrapyramidal movement disorders in two parts, the first one dedicated to hypokinetic-rigid forms and the second to hyperkinetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, 1150, Vienna, Austria.
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29
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Refolo V, Stefanova N. Neuroinflammation and Glial Phenotypic Changes in Alpha-Synucleinopathies. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:263. [PMID: 31263402 PMCID: PMC6585624 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of neuroinflammation has been increasingly recognized in the field of neurodegenerative diseases. Many studies focusing on the glial cells involved in the inflammatory responses of the brain, namely microglia and astroglia, have over the years pointed out the dynamic and changing behavior of these cells, accompanied by different morphologies and activation forms. This is particularly evident in diseased conditions, where glia react to any shift from homeostasis, acquiring different phenotypes. Particularly for microglia, it has soon become clear that such phenotypes are multiple, as multiple are the functions related to them. Several approaches have over time revealed different facets of microglial phenotypic diversity, and advanced genetic analyses, in recent years, have added new insights into microglial heterogeneity, opening novel scenarios that researchers have just started to explore. Among neurodegenerative diseases, an important section is represented by alpha-synucleinopathies. Here alpha-synuclein accumulates abnormally in the brain and, depending on its pattern of distribution, leads to the development of different clinical conditions. Also for these proteinopathies, neuroinflammation and glial activation have been identified as constant and crucial factors during disease development. In the present review we will address the current literature about glial phenotypic changes with respect to alpha-synucleinopathies, as well as consider the pathophysiological and therapeutic implications of such a dynamic cellular behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Sedmak G, Judaš M. The total number of white matter interstitial neurons in the human brain. J Anat 2019; 235:626-636. [PMID: 31173356 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the adult human brain, the interstitial neurons (WMIN) of the subcortical white matter are the surviving remnants of the fetal subplate zone. It has been suggested that they perform certain important functions and may be involved in the pathogenesis of several neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, many important features of this class of human cortical neurons remain insufficiently explored. In this study, we analyzed the total number, and regional and topological distribution of WMIN in the adult human subcortical white matter, using a combined immunocytochemical (NeuN) and stereological approaches. We found that the average number of WMIN in 1 mm3 of the subcortical white matter is 1.230 ± 549, which translates to the average total number of 593 811 183.6 ± 264 849 443.35 of WMIN in the entire subcortical telencephalic white matter. While there were no significant differences in their regional distribution, the lowest number of WMIN has been consistently observed in the limbic cortex, and the highest number in the frontal cortex. With respect to their topological distribution, the WMIN were consistently more numerous within gyral crowns, less numerous along gyral walls and least numerous at the bottom of cortical sulci (where they occupy a narrow and compact zone below the cortical-white matter border). The topological location of WMIN is also significantly correlated with their morphology: pyramidal and multipolar forms are the most numerous within gyral crowns, whereas bipolar forms predominate at the bottom of cortical sulci. Our results indicate that WMIN represent substantial neuronal population in the adult human cerebral cortex (e.g. more numerous than thalamic or basal ganglia neurons) and thus deserve more detailed morphological and functional investigations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Sedmak
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center for Excellence in Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Miloš Judaš
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center for Excellence in Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Zagreb, Croatia
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31
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Ferro A, Sheeler C, Rosa JG, Cvetanovic M. Role of Microglia in Ataxias. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:1792-1804. [PMID: 30660620 PMCID: PMC7164490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, critically influence neural function during development and in adulthood. Microglia are also profoundly sensitive to insults to the brain to which they respond with process of activation that includes spectrum of changes in morphology, function, and gene expression. Ataxias are a class of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by motor discoordination and predominant cerebellar involvement. In case of inherited forms of ataxia, mutant proteins are expressed throughout the brain and it is unclear why cerebellum is particularly vulnerable. Recent studies demonstrated that cerebellar microglia have a uniquely hyper-vigilant immune phenotype compared to microglia from other brain regions. These findings may indicate that microglia actively contribute to cerebellar vulnerability in ataxias. Here we review current knowledge about cerebellar microglia, their activation, and their role in the pathogenesis of ataxias. In addition, we briefly review advantages and disadvantages of several experimental approaches available to study microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Ferro
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Carrie Sheeler
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Juao-Guilherme Rosa
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Marija Cvetanovic
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Hoffmann A, Ettle B, Battis K, Reiprich S, Schlachetzki JCM, Masliah E, Wegner M, Kuhlmann T, Riemenschneider MJ, Winkler J. Oligodendroglial α-synucleinopathy-driven neuroinflammation in multiple system atrophy. Brain Pathol 2019; 29:380-396. [PMID: 30444295 PMCID: PMC6850330 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and oligodendroglial cytoplasmic α‐synuclein (α‐syn) inclusions (GCIs) are important neuropathological characteristics of multiple system atrophy (MSA). GCIs are known to interfere with oligodendroglial maturation and consequently result in myelin loss. The neuroinflammatory phenotype in the context of MSA, however, remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate MSA‐associated neuroinflammation being restricted to myeloid cells and tightly linked to oligodendroglial α‐syncleinopathy. In human putaminal post‐mortem tissue of MSA patients, neuroinflammation was observed in white matter regions only. This locally restricted neuroinflammation coincided with elevated numbers of α‐syn inclusions, while gray matter with less α‐synucleinopathy remained unaffected. In order to analyze the temporal pattern of neuroinflammation, a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human α‐syn under the control of an oligodendrocyte‐specific myelin basic protein (MBP) promoter (MBP29‐hα‐syn mice) was assessed in a pre‐symptomatic and symptomatic disease stage. Strikingly, we detected an increased neuroinflammation in regions with a high α‐syn load, the corpus callosum and the striatum, of MBP29‐hα‐syn mice, already at a pre‐symptomatic stage. Furthermore, this inflammatory response was restricted to myeloid cells being highly proliferative and showing an activated, phagocytic phenotype. In contrast, severe astrogliosis was observed only in gray matter regions of MSA patients as well as MBP29‐hα‐syn mice. To further characterize the influence of oligodendrocytes on initiation of the myeloid immune response, we performed RNA sequencing analysis of α‐syn overexpressing primary oligodendrocytes. A distinct gene expression profile including upregulation of cytokines important for myeloid cell attraction and proliferation was detected in α‐syn overexpressing oligodendrocytes. Additionally, microdissected tissue of MBP29‐hα‐syn mice exhibited a similar cellular gene expression profile in white matter regions even pre‐symptomatically. Collectively, these results imply an early crosstalk between neuroinflammation and oligodendrocytes containing α‐syn inclusions leading to an immune response locally restricted to white matter regions in MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Hoffmann
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ettle
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kristina Battis
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simone Reiprich
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Division of Neuroscience and Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Progressive striatonigral degeneration in a transgenic mouse model of multiple system atrophy: translational implications for interventional therapies. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:2. [PMID: 29298733 PMCID: PMC5753576 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0504-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by widespread oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions of filamentous α-synuclein, and neuronal loss in autonomic centres, basal ganglia and cerebellar circuits. It has been suggested that primary oligodendroglial α-synucleinopathy may represent a trigger in the pathogenesis of MSA, but the mechanisms underlying selective vulnerability and disease progression are unclear. The post-mortem analysis of MSA brains provides a static final picture of the disease neuropathology, but gives no clear indication on the sequence of pathogenic events in MSA. Therefore, alternative methods are needed to address these issues. We investigated selective vulnerability and disease progression in the transgenic PLP-α-syn mouse model of MSA characterized by targeted oligodendroglial α-synuclein overexpression aiming to provide a neuropathological correlate of motor deterioration. We show progressive motor deficits that emerge at 6 months of age and deteriorate up to 18 months of follow-up. The motor phenotype was associated with dopaminergic cell loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta at 6 months, followed by loss of striatal dopaminergic terminals and DARPP32-positive medium sized projection neurons at 12 months. Olivopontocerebellar motor loops remained spared in the PLP-α-syn model of MSA. These findings replicate progressive striatonigral degeneration underlying Parkinson-variant MSA. The initiation of the degenerative process was linked to an increase of soluble oligomeric α-synuclein species between 2 and 6 months. Early region-specific α-synuclein-associated activation profile of microglia was found in MSA substantia nigra. The role of abnormal neuroinflammatory signalling in disease progression was further supported by increased levels of CD68, CCL3, CCL5 and M-CSF with a peak in aged PLP-α-syn mice. In summary, transgenic PLP-α-syn mice show a distinctive oligodendroglial α-synucleinopathy that is associated with progressive striatonigral degeneration linked to abnormal neuroinflammatory response. The model provides a relevant tool for preclinical therapeutic target discovery for human Parkinson-variant MSA.
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Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is an orphan, fatal, adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder of uncertain etiology that is clinically characterized by various combinations of parkinsonism, cerebellar, autonomic, and motor dysfunction. MSA is an α-synucleinopathy with specific glioneuronal degeneration involving striatonigral, olivopontocerebellar, and autonomic nervous systems but also other parts of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The major clinical variants correlate with the morphologic phenotypes of striatonigral degeneration (MSA-P) and olivopontocerebellar atrophy (MSA-C). While our knowledge of the molecular pathogenesis of this devastating disease is still incomplete, updated consensus criteria and combined fluid and imaging biomarkers have increased its diagnostic accuracy. The neuropathologic hallmark of this unique proteinopathy is the deposition of aberrant α-synuclein in both glia (mainly oligodendroglia) and neurons forming glial and neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions that cause cell dysfunction and demise. In addition, there is widespread demyelination, the pathogenesis of which is not fully understood. The pathogenesis of MSA is characterized by propagation of misfolded α-synuclein from neurons to oligodendroglia and cell-to-cell spreading in a "prion-like" manner, oxidative stress, proteasomal and mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulation of myelin lipids, decreased neurotrophic factors, neuroinflammation, and energy failure. The combination of these mechanisms finally results in a system-specific pattern of neurodegeneration and a multisystem involvement that are specific for MSA. Despite several pharmacological approaches in MSA models, addressing these pathogenic mechanisms, no effective neuroprotective nor disease-modifying therapeutic strategies are currently available. Multidisciplinary research to elucidate the genetic and molecular background of the deleterious cycle of noxious processes, to develop reliable biomarkers and targets for effective treatment of this hitherto incurable disorder is urgently needed.
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35
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Overk C, Rockenstein E, Valera E, Stefanova N, Wenning G, Masliah E. Multiple system atrophy: experimental models and reality. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:33-47. [PMID: 29058121 PMCID: PMC6156777 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rapidly progressing fatal synucleinopathy of the aging population characterized by parkinsonism, dysautonomia, and in some cases ataxia. Unlike other synucleinopathies, in this disorder the synaptic protein, α-synuclein (α-syn), predominantly accumulates in oligodendroglial cells (and to some extent in neurons), leading to maturation defects of oligodendrocytes, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. The mechanisms through which α-syn deposits occur in oligodendrocytes and neurons in MSA are not completely clear. While some studies suggest that α-syn might transfer from neurons to glial cells, others propose that α-syn might be aberrantly overexpressed by oligodendroglial cells. A number of in vivo models have been developed, including transgenic mice overexpressing α-syn under oligodendroglial promoters (e.g.: MBP, PLP, and CNP). Other models have been recently developed either by injecting synthetic α-syn fibrils or brain homogenates from patients with MSA into wild-type mice or by using viral vectors expressing α-syn under the MBP promoter in rats and non-human primates. Each of these models reproduces some of the neuropathological and functional aspects of MSA; however, none of them fully replicate the spectrum of MSA. Understanding better the mechanisms of how α-syn accumulates in oligodendrocytes and neurons will help in developing better models that recapitulate various pathogenic aspects of MSA in combination with translatable biomarkers of early stages of the disease that are necessary to devise disease-modifying therapeutics for MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassia Overk
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624, USA
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624, USA
| | - Elvira Valera
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624, USA
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Division of Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregor Wenning
- Division of Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624, USA.
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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36
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Tang M, Shi C, Song B, Yang J, Yang T, Mao C, Li Y, Liu X, Zhang S, Wang H, Luo H, Xu Y. CADASIL mutant NOTCH3(R90C) decreases the viability of HS683 oligodendrocytes via apoptosis. Mol Biol Rep 2017; 44:273-280. [PMID: 28601945 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-017-4107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is the most common hereditary cerebral small vessel disease caused by mutations in NOTCH3. Prevailing models suggest that demyelination occurs secondary to vascular pathology. However, in zebrafish, NOTCH3 is also expressed in mature oligodendrocytes. Thus, we hypothesized that in addition to vascular defects, mutant NOTCH3 may alter glial function in individuals with CADASIL. The aim of this study was to characterize the direct effects of a mutant NOTCH3 protein in HS683 oligodendrocytes. HS683 oligodendrocytes transfected with wild-type NOTCH3, mutant NOTCH3(R90C), and empty control vector were used to study the impact of the NOTCH3(R90C) mutant on its protein hydrolytic processing, cell viability, apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, and the related upstream events using immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, RT-PCR, and flow cytometry. We determined that HS683 oligodendrocytes transfected with mutant NOTCH3(R90C), which is the hotspot mutation site-associated with CADASIL, exhibited aberrant NOTCH3 proteolytic processing. Compared to cells overexpressing wild-type NOTCH3, cells overexpressing NOTCH3(R90C) were less viable and had a higher rate of apoptosis. Immunoblotting revealed that cells transfected with NOTCH3(R90C) had higher levels of intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis, extrinsic death receptor path-related apoptosis, and autophagy compared with cells transfected with wild-type NOTCH3. This study suggests that in patients with CADASIL, early defects in glia influenced by NOTCH3(R90C) may directly contribute to white matter pathology in addition to secondary vascular defects. This study provides a potential therapeutic target for the future treatment of CADASIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mibo Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Changhe Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Chengyuan Mao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Xinjing Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Haiyang Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
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