1
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Lu Y, Hatzipantelis CJ, Langmead CJ, Stewart GD. Molecular insights into orphan G protein-coupled receptors relevant to schizophrenia. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2095-2113. [PMID: 37605621 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia remains a sizable socio-economic burden that continues to be treated with therapeutics based on 70-year old science. All currently approved therapeutics primarily target the dopamine D2 receptor to achieve their efficacy. Whilst dopaminergic dysregulation is a key feature in this disorder, the targeting of dopaminergic machinery has yielded limited efficacy and an appreciable side effect burden. Over the recent decades, numerous drugs that engage non-dopaminergic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have yielded a promise of efficacy without the deleterious side effect profile, yet none have successfully completed clinical studies and progressed to the market. More recently, there has been increased attention around non-dopaminergic GPCR-targeting drugs, which demonstrated efficacy in some schizophrenia symptom domains. This provides renewed hope that effective schizophrenia treatment may lie outside of the dopaminergic space. Despite the potential for muscarinic receptor- (and other well-characterised GPCR families) targeting drugs to treat schizophrenia, they are often plagued with complications such as lack of receptor subtype selectivity and peripheral on-target side effects. Orphan GPCR studies have opened a new avenue of exploration with many demonstrating schizophrenia-relevant mechanisms and a favourable expression profile, thus offering potential for novel drug development. This review discusses centrally expressed orphan GPCRs: GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, GPR52, GPR85, GPR88 and GPR139 and their relationship to schizophrenia. We review their expression, signalling mechanisms and cellular function, in conjunction with small molecule development and structural insights. We seek to provide a snapshot of the growing evidence and development potential of new classes of schizophrenia therapeutics. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Drug Discovery Biology and Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology and Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Phrenix Therapeutics, Parkville, Australia
| | - Gregory D Stewart
- Drug Discovery Biology and Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Phrenix Therapeutics, Parkville, Australia
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2
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Fer M, Amalric C, Arban R, Baron L, Ben Hamida S, Breh-Schlanser P, Cui Y, Darcq E, Eickmeier C, Faye V, Franchet C, Frauli M, Halter C, Heyer M, Hoenke C, Hoerer S, Hucke OT, Joseph C, Kieffer BL, Lebrun L, Lotz N, Mayer S, Omrani A, Recolet M, Schaeffer L, Schann S, Schlecker A, Steinberg E, Viloria M, Würstle K, Young K, Zinser A, Montel F, Klepp J. Discovery of BI-9508, a Brain-Penetrant GPR88-Receptor-Agonist Tool Compound for In Vivo Mouse Studies. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38949964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Decreased activity and expression of the G-protein coupled receptor GPR88 is linked to many behavior-linked neurological disorders. Published preclinical GPR88 allosteric agonists all have in vivo pharmacokinetic properties that preclude their progression to the clinic, including high lipophilicity and poor brain penetration. Here, we describe our attempts to improve GPR88 agonists' drug-like properties and our analysis of the trade-offs required to successfully target GPR88's allosteric pocket. We discovered two new GPR88 agonists: One that reduced morphine-induced locomotor activity in a murine proof-of-concept study, and the atropoisomeric BI-9508, which is a brain penetrant and has improved pharmacokinetic properties and dosing that recommend it for future in vivo studies in rodents. BI-9508 still suffers from high lipophilicity, and research on this series was halted. Because of its utility as a tool compound, we now offer researchers access to BI-9508 and a negative control free of charge via Boehringer Ingelheim's open innovation portal opnMe.com.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roberto Arban
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Luc Baron
- Domain Therapeutics, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Sami Ben Hamida
- Douglas Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
- INSERM UMR 1247- Research Group on Alcohol & Pharmacodependences (GRAP), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France
| | | | - Yunhai Cui
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- Douglas Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
- INSERM UMR-S1329, Strasbourg Translational Neuroscience & Psychiatry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | - Christian Eickmeier
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christoph Hoenke
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Stefan Hoerer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Oliver T Hucke
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | | | - Brigitte L Kieffer
- Douglas Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
- INSERM UMR-S1329, Strasbourg Translational Neuroscience & Psychiatry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | | | | | | | - Azar Omrani
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Annette Schlecker
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | | | | | - Klaus Würstle
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Kyle Young
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Alexander Zinser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Florian Montel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Julian Klepp
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
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3
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Kalinovic R, Pascariu A, Vlad G, Nitusca D, Sălcudean A, Sirbu IO, Marian C, Enatescu VR. Involvement of the Expression of G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Schizophrenia. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:85. [PMID: 38256919 PMCID: PMC10818502 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The expression of GPCRs has been associated with schizophrenia, and their expression may induce morphological changes in brain regions responsible for schizophrenia and disease-specific behavioral changes. The articles included in this review were selected using keywords and databases of scientific research websites. The expressions of GPRs have different involvements in schizophrenia, some increase the risk while others provide protection, and they may also be potential targets for new treatments. Proper evaluation of these factors is essential to have a better therapeutic response with a lower rate of chronicity and thus improve the long-term prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluka Kalinovic
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Eduard Pamfil Psychiatric Clinic, Timisoara County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 300425 Timisoara, Romania; (A.P.); (G.V.); (V.R.E.)
| | - Andrei Pascariu
- Eduard Pamfil Psychiatric Clinic, Timisoara County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 300425 Timisoara, Romania; (A.P.); (G.V.); (V.R.E.)
| | - Gabriela Vlad
- Eduard Pamfil Psychiatric Clinic, Timisoara County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 300425 Timisoara, Romania; (A.P.); (G.V.); (V.R.E.)
| | - Diana Nitusca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.N.); (I.O.S.); (C.M.)
- Center for Complex Networks Science, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Pta Eftimie Murgu Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Andreea Sălcudean
- Discipline of Sociobiology, Department of Ethics and Social Sciences, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania;
| | - Ioan Ovidiu Sirbu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.N.); (I.O.S.); (C.M.)
- Center for Complex Networks Science, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Pta Eftimie Murgu Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Catalin Marian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.N.); (I.O.S.); (C.M.)
- Center for Complex Networks Science, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Pta Eftimie Murgu Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Virgil Radu Enatescu
- Eduard Pamfil Psychiatric Clinic, Timisoara County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 300425 Timisoara, Romania; (A.P.); (G.V.); (V.R.E.)
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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4
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Rahman MT, Guan D, Chaminda Lakmal HH, Decker AM, Imler GH, Kerr AT, Harris DL, Jin C. Design, Synthesis, and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Novel GPR88 Agonists (4-Substituted-phenyl)acetamides Based on the Reversed Amide Scaffold. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:169-192. [PMID: 38086012 PMCID: PMC10843732 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of synthetic agonists for the orphan receptor GPR88 has recently attracted significant interest, given the promise of GPR88 as a novel drug target for psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Examination of structure-activity relationships of two known agonist scaffolds 2-PCCA and 2-AMPP, as well as the recently resolved cryo-EM structure of 2-PCCA-bound GPR88, led to the design of a new scaffold based on the "reversed amide" strategy of 2-AMPP. A series of novel (4-substituted-phenyl)acetamides were synthesized and assessed in cAMP accumulation assays as GPR88 agonists, which led to the discovery of several compounds with better or comparable potencies to 2-AMPP. Computational docking studies suggest that these novel GPR88 agonists bind to the same allosteric site of GPR88 that 2-PCCA occupies. Collectively, our findings provide structural insight and SAR requirement at the allosteric site of GPR88 and a new scaffold for further development of GPR88 allosteric agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Toufiqur Rahman
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Dongliang Guan
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Hetti Handi Chaminda Lakmal
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ann M Decker
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Gregory H Imler
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6920, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Andrew T Kerr
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6920, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Danni L Harris
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Chunyang Jin
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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5
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Wong TS, Li G, Li S, Gao W, Chen G, Gan S, Zhang M, Li H, Wu S, Du Y. G protein-coupled receptors in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:177. [PMID: 37137892 PMCID: PMC10154768 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are multifactorial disorders with diverse aetiological factors. Identifying treatment targets is challenging because the diseases are resulting from heterogeneous biological, genetic, and environmental factors. Nevertheless, the increasing understanding of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) opens a new possibility in drug discovery. Harnessing our knowledge of molecular mechanisms and structural information of GPCRs will be advantageous for developing effective drugs. This review provides an overview of the role of GPCRs in various neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Besides, we highlight the emerging opportunities of novel GPCR targets and address recent progress in GPCR drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thian-Sze Wong
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhi Li
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiliang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Geng Chen
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiyi Gan
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Manzhan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China.
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China.
| | - Song Wu
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Urology, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, 518116, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yang Du
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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6
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Decker AM, Rahman MT, Kormos CM, Hesk D, Darcq E, Kieffer BL, Jin C. Synthesis and pharmacological validation of a novel radioligand for the orphan GPR88 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 80:129120. [PMID: 36587872 PMCID: PMC9852087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.129120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
GPR88 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor which has been implicated in a number of striatal-associated disorders. Herein we describe the synthesis and pharmacological characterization of the first GPR88 radioligand, [3H]RTI-33, derived from a synthetic agonist RTI-13951-33. [3H]RTI-33 has a specific activity of 83.4 Ci/mmol and showed one-site, saturable binding (KD of 85 nM) in membranes prepared from stable PPLS-HA-hGPR88-CHO cells. A competition binding assay was developed to determine binding affinities of several known GPR88 agonists. This radioligand represents a powerful tool for future mechanistic and cell-based ligand-receptor interaction studies of GPR88.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Decker
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Md Toufiqur Rahman
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Chad M Kormos
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - David Hesk
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- INSERM U1114, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67085, France.
| | | | - Chunyang Jin
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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7
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Ben Hamida S, Carter M, Darcq E, Sourty M, Rahman MT, Decker AM, Jin C, Kieffer BL. The GPR88 agonist RTI-13951-33 reduces alcohol drinking and seeking in mice. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13227. [PMID: 36301207 PMCID: PMC9539967 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
GPR88 is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor that is considered a potential target to treat neuropsychiatric disorders, including addiction. Most knowledge about GPR88 function stems from knockout mouse studies, and in vivo pharmacology is still scarce. Here we examine the effects of the novel brain-penetrant agonist RTI-13951-33 on several alcohol-related behaviours in the mouse. In the intermittent-access-two-bottle-choice paradigm, the compound reduced excessive voluntary alcohol drinking, while water drinking was intact. This was observed for C57BL/6 mice, as well as for control but not Gpr88 knockout mice, demonstrating efficacy and specificity of the drug in vivo. In the drinking-in-the-dark paradigm, RTI-13951-33 also reduced binge-like drinking behaviour for control but not Gpr88 knockout mice, confirming the alcohol consumption-reducing effect and in vivo specificity of the drug. When C57BL/6 mice were trained for alcohol self-administration, RTI-13951-33 decreased the number of nose-pokes over a 4-h session and reduced the number of licks and bursts of licks, suggesting reduced motivation to obtain alcohol. Finally, RTI-13951-33 did not induce any place preference or aversion but reduced the expression of conditioned place preference to alcohol, indicative of a reduction of alcohol-reward seeking. Altogether, data show that RTI-13951-33 limits alcohol intake under distinct conditions that require consummatory behaviour, operant response or association with contextual cues. RTI-13951-33 therefore is a promising lead compound to evaluate GPR88 as a therapeutic target for alcohol use disorders. More broadly, RTI-13951-33 represents a unique tool to better understand GPR88 function, disentangle receptor roles in development from those in the adult and perhaps address other neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Ben Hamida
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontrealQuebecCanada,INSERM UMR 1247University of Picardie Jules VerneAmiensFrance
| | - Michelle Carter
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontrealQuebecCanada,Department of PsychiatryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada,INSERM U1114University of StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Marion Sourty
- INSERM U1114University of StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance,Laboratory of Engineering, Informatics and Imaging (ICube), Integrative Multimodal Imaging in Healthcare Team (IMIS), CNRS UMR 7357University of StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Md Toufiqur Rahman
- Center for Drug DiscoveryResearch Triangle InstituteResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Center for Drug DiscoveryResearch Triangle InstituteResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Chunyang Jin
- Center for Drug DiscoveryResearch Triangle InstituteResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Brigitte L. Kieffer
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontrealQuebecCanada,Department of PsychiatryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada,INSERM U1114University of StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
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8
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The orphan receptor GPR88 controls impulsivity and is a risk factor for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4662-4672. [PMID: 36075963 PMCID: PMC9936886 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01738-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The neural orphan G protein coupled receptor GPR88 is predominant in the striatum and cortex of both rodents and humans, and considered a potential target for brain disorders. Previous studies have shown multiple behavioral phenotypes in Gpr88 knockout mice, and human genetic studies have reported association with psychosis. Here we tested the possibility that GPR88 contributes to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In the mouse, we tested Gpr88 knockout mice in three behavioral paradigms, best translatable between rodents and humans, and found higher motor impulsivity and reduced attention together with the reported hyperactivity. Atomoxetine, a typical ADHD drug, reduced impulsivity in mutant mice. Conditional Gpr88 knockout mice in either D1R-type or D2R-type medium spiny neurons revealed distinct implications of the two receptor populations in waiting and stopping impulsivity. Thus, animal data demonstrate that deficient GPR88 activity causally promotes ADHD-like behaviors, and identify circuit mechanisms underlying GPR88-regulated impulsivity. In humans, we performed a family-based genetic study including 567 nuclear families with DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD. There was a minor association for SNP rs2036212 with diagnosis, treatment response and cognition. A stronger association was found for SNP rs2809817 upon patient stratification, suggesting that the T allele is a risk factor when prenatal stress is involved. Human data therefore identify GPR88 variants associated with the disease, and highlight a potential role of life trajectories to modulate GPR88 function. Overall, animal and human data concur to suggest that GPR88 signaling should be considered a key factor for diagnostic and treatment of ADHD.
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9
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Rahman MT, Decker AM, Laudermilk L, Maitra R, Ma W, Ben Hamida S, Darcq E, Kieffer BL, Jin C. Evaluation of Amide Bioisosteres Leading to 1,2,3-Triazole Containing Compounds as GPR88 Agonists: Design, Synthesis, and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies. J Med Chem 2021; 64:12397-12413. [PMID: 34387471 PMCID: PMC8395584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The orphan receptor GPR88 has been implicated in a number of striatal-associated disorders, yet its endogenous ligand has not been discovered. We have previously reported that the amine functionality in the 2-AMPP-derived GPR88 agonists can be replaced with an amide (e.g., 4) without losing activity. Later, we have found that the amide can be replaced with a bioisosteric 1,3,4-oxadiazole with improved potency. Here, we report a further study of amide bioisosteric replacement with a variety of azoles containing three heteroatoms, followed by a focused structure-activity relationship study, leading to the discovery of a series of novel 1,4-disubstituted 1H-1,2,3-triazoles as GPR88 agonists. Collectively, our medicinal chemistry efforts have resulted in a potent, efficacious, and brain-penetrant GPR88 agonist 53 (cAMP EC50 = 14 nM), which is a suitable probe to study GPR88 functions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Toufiqur Rahman
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ann M Decker
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Lucas Laudermilk
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Weiya Ma
- Douglas Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Sami Ben Hamida
- Douglas Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
- INSERM U1114, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67085, France
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- Douglas Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
- INSERM U1114, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67085, France
| | - Brigitte L Kieffer
- Douglas Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
- INSERM U1114, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67085, France
| | - Chunyang Jin
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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10
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Rebeillard F, De Gois S, Pietrancosta N, Mai TH, Lai-Kuen R, Kieffer BL, Giros B, Massart R, Darmon M, Diaz J. The Orphan GPCR Receptor, GPR88, Interacts with Nuclear Protein Partners in the Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:479-489. [PMID: 34247243 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR88 is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) highly expressed in striatal medium spiny neurons (MSN), also found in cortical neurons at low level. In MSN, GPR88 has a canonical GPCR plasma membrane/cytoplasmic expression, whereas in cortical neurons, we previously reported an atypical intranuclear localization. Molecular size analysis suggests that GPR88, expressed in plasma membrane of MSN or in nuclear compartment of cortical neurons, corresponds to the full-length protein. By transfection of cortical neurons, we showed that GPR88 fluorescent chimeras exhibit a nuclear localization. This localization is contingent on the third intracytoplasmic loop and C-terminus domains, even though these domains do not contain any known nuclear localization signals (NLS). Using yeast two-hybrid screening with these domains, we identified the nuclear proteins ATRX, TOP2B, and BAZ2B, all involved in chromatin remodeling, as potential protein partners of GPR88. We also validated the interaction of GPR88 with these nuclear proteins by proximity ligation assay on cortical neurons in culture and coimmunoprecipitation experiments on cortical extracts from GPR88 wild-type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice. The identification of GPR88 subcellular partners may provide novel functional insights for nonclassical modes of GPCR action that could be relevant in the maturating process of neocortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rebeillard
- Cellular Biology and Molecular Pharmacology of Central Receptors, Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences de Paris, Inserm U1266, Paris 75014, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75005, France
| | | | - Nicolas Pietrancosta
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Département de chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris 75005, France.,Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS) INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France
| | - Thi Hue Mai
- Cellular Biology and Molecular Pharmacology of Central Receptors, Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences de Paris, Inserm U1266, Paris 75014, France
| | - René Lai-Kuen
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Facility, US25 Inserm-3612 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Bruno Giros
- Université de Paris, INCC UMR 8002, CNRS, Paris F-75006, France.,Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital, Mc Gill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Renaud Massart
- Inserm U955 Interventional NeuroPsychology Team, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris 75005, France
| | - Michèle Darmon
- Cellular Biology and Molecular Pharmacology of Central Receptors, Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences de Paris, Inserm U1266, Paris 75014, France
| | - Jorge Diaz
- Cellular Biology and Molecular Pharmacology of Central Receptors, Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences de Paris, Inserm U1266, Paris 75014, France.,Université de Paris, INCC UMR 8002, CNRS, Paris F-75006, France
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11
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Qi B, Ramamurthy J, Bennani I, Trakadis YJ. Machine learning and bioinformatic analysis of brain and blood mRNA profiles in major depressive disorder: A case-control study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2021; 186:101-112. [PMID: 33645908 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed gene expression messenger RNA data, from cases with major depressive disorder (MDD) and controls, using supervised machine learning (ML). We built on the methodology of prior studies to obtain more generalizable/reproducible results. First, we obtained a classifier trained on gene expression data from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of post-mortem MDD cases (n = 126) and controls (n = 103). An average area-under-the-receiver-operating-characteristics-curve (AUC) from 10-fold cross-validation of 0.72 was noted, compared to an average AUC of 0.55 for a baseline classifier (p = .0048). The classifier achieved an AUC of 0.76 on a previously unused testing-set. We also performed external validation using DLPFC gene expression values from an independent cohort of matched MDD cases (n = 29) and controls (n = 29), obtained from Affymetrix microarray (vs. Illumina microarray for the original cohort) (AUC: 0.62). We highlighted gene sets differentially expressed in MDD that were enriched for genes identified by the ML algorithm. Next, we assessed the ML classification performance in blood-based microarray gene expression data from MDD cases (n = 1,581) and controls (n = 369). We observed a mean AUC of 0.64 on 10-fold cross-validation, which was significantly above baseline (p = .0020). Similar performance was observed on the testing-set (AUC: 0.61). Finally, we analyzed the classification performance in covariates subgroups. We identified an interesting interaction between smoking and recall performance in MDD case prediction (58% accurate predictions in cases who are smokers vs. 43% accurate predictions in cases who are non-smokers). Overall, our results suggest that ML in combination with gene expression data and covariates could further our understanding of the pathophysiology in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Qi
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Imane Bennani
- Faculty of Science, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yannis J Trakadis
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Galet B, Ingallinesi M, Pegon J, Do Thi A, Ravassard P, Faucon Biguet N, Meloni R. G-protein coupled receptor 88 knockdown in the associative striatum reduces psychiatric symptoms in a translational male rat model of Parkinson disease. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2021; 46:E44-E55. [PMID: 32667145 PMCID: PMC7955842 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.190171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to motor disability, another characteristic feature of Parkinson disease is the early appearance of psychiatric symptoms, including apathy, depression, anxiety and cognitive deficits; treatments for these symptoms are limited by the development of adverse effects such as impulse-control disorders. In this context, we investigated the orphan G protein-coupled receptor 88 (GPR88) as a novel therapeutic target. METHODS We used lentiviral-mediated expression of specifically designed microRNA to knock down Gpr88 in a translational male rat model of early Parkinson disease obtained by dopamine loss in the dorsolateral striatum as a result of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. We evaluated the impact of Gpr88 knockdown on the Parkinson disease model using behavioural, immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization studies. RESULTS Knockdown of Gpr88 in associative territories of the dorsal striatum efficiently reduced alterations in mood, motivation and cognition through modulation of the regulator of the G-protein signalling 4 and of the truncated splice variant of the FosB transcription factor. Knockdown of Gpr88 also reduced allostatic changes in striatal activity markers that may be related to patterns observed in patients and that provide support for an "overload" hypothesis for the etiology of the psychiatric symptoms of Parkinson disease. LIMITATIONS Behavioural tests assessing specific cognitive and motivational parameters are needed to further characterize the effects of the lesion and of Gpr88 knockdown in early-stage and advanced Parkinson disease models, presenting more extensive dopamine loss. Additional studies focusing on the direct and indirect striatal output pathways are also required, because little is known about the signalling pathways regulated by GPR88 in different striatal cell types. CONCLUSION GPR88 may constitute a highly relevant target for the treatment of the psychiatric symptoms of Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Galet
- Biotechnology and Biotherapy team, ICM Brain and Spine Institute, Sorbonne University/INSERM U 1127/CNRS UMR 7225, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (Galet, Ingallinesi, Pegon, Do Thi, Ravassard, Faucon Biguet, Meloni)
| | - Manuela Ingallinesi
- Biotechnology and Biotherapy team, ICM Brain and Spine Institute, Sorbonne University/INSERM U 1127/CNRS UMR 7225, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (Galet, Ingallinesi, Pegon, Do Thi, Ravassard, Faucon Biguet, Meloni)
| | - Jonathan Pegon
- Biotechnology and Biotherapy team, ICM Brain and Spine Institute, Sorbonne University/INSERM U 1127/CNRS UMR 7225, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (Galet, Ingallinesi, Pegon, Do Thi, Ravassard, Faucon Biguet, Meloni)
| | - Anh Do Thi
- Biotechnology and Biotherapy team, ICM Brain and Spine Institute, Sorbonne University/INSERM U 1127/CNRS UMR 7225, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (Galet, Ingallinesi, Pegon, Do Thi, Ravassard, Faucon Biguet, Meloni)
| | - Philippe Ravassard
- Biotechnology and Biotherapy team, ICM Brain and Spine Institute, Sorbonne University/INSERM U 1127/CNRS UMR 7225, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (Galet, Ingallinesi, Pegon, Do Thi, Ravassard, Faucon Biguet, Meloni)
| | - Nicole Faucon Biguet
- Biotechnology and Biotherapy team, ICM Brain and Spine Institute, Sorbonne University/INSERM U 1127/CNRS UMR 7225, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (Galet, Ingallinesi, Pegon, Do Thi, Ravassard, Faucon Biguet, Meloni)
| | - Rolando Meloni
- Biotechnology and Biotherapy team, ICM Brain and Spine Institute, Sorbonne University/INSERM U 1127/CNRS UMR 7225, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (Galet, Ingallinesi, Pegon, Do Thi, Ravassard, Faucon Biguet, Meloni)
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13
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Rahman MT, Decker AM, Langston TL, Mathews KM, Laudermilk L, Maitra R, Ma W, Darcq E, Kieffer BL, Jin C. Design, Synthesis, and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of (4-Alkoxyphenyl)glycinamides and Bioisosteric 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles as GPR88 Agonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14989-15012. [PMID: 33205975 PMCID: PMC7737621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence implicates the orphan G protein-coupled receptor 88 (GPR88) in a number of striatal-associated disorders. In this study, we report the design and synthesis of a series of novel (4-alkoxyphenyl)glycinamides (e.g., 31) and the corresponding 1,3,4-oxadiazole bioisosteres derived from the 2-AMPP scaffold (1) as GPR88 agonists. The 5-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives (84, 88-90) had significantly improved potency and lower lipophilicity compared to 2-AMPP. Compound 84 had an EC50 of 59 nM in the GPR88 overexpressing cell-based cAMP assay. In addition, 84 had an EC50 of 942 nM in the [35S]GTPγS binding assay using mouse striatal membranes but was inactive in membranes from GPR88 knockout mice, even at a concentration of 100 μM. In vivo pharmacokinetic testing of 90 in rats revealed that the 5-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazole analogues may have limited brain permeability. Taken together, these results provide the basis for further optimization to develop a suitable agonist to probe GPR88 functions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Toufiqur Rahman
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
| | - Tiffany L. Langston
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
| | - Kelly M. Mathews
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
| | - Lucas Laudermilk
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
| | - Weiya Ma
- Douglas Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- Douglas Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada,INSERM U1114, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67085, France
| | - Brigitte L. Kieffer
- Douglas Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada,INSERM U1114, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67085, France
| | - Chunyang Jin
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States,Corresponding author: Dr. Chunyang Jin, Research Triangle Institute, Post Office Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, Telephone: 919 541-6328, Fax: 919 541-8868,
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14
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Thomson DM, Openshaw RL, Mitchell EJ, Kouskou M, Millan MJ, Mannoury la Cour C, Morris BJ, Pratt JA. Impaired working memory, cognitive flexibility and reward processing in mice genetically lacking Gpr88: Evidence for a key role for Gpr88 in multiple cortico-striatal-thalamic circuits. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 20:e12710. [PMID: 33078498 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The GPR88 orphan G protein-coupled receptor is expressed throughout the striatum, being preferentially localised in medium spiny neurons. It is also present in lower densities in frontal cortex and thalamus. Rare mutations in humans suggest a role in cognition and motor function, while common variants are associated with psychosis. Here we evaluate the influence of genetic deletion of GPR88 upon performance in translational tasks interrogating motivation, reward evaluation and cognitive function. In an automated radial arm maze 'N-back' working memory task, Gpr88 KO mice showed impaired correct responding, suggesting a role for GPR88 receptors in working memory circuitry. Associative learning performance was similar to wild-type controls in a touchscreen task but performance was impaired at the reversal learning stage, suggesting cognitive inflexibility. Gpr88 KO mice showed higher breakpoints, reduced latencies and lengthened session time in a progressive ratio task consistent with enhanced motivation. Simultaneously, locomotor hyperactivity was apparent in this task, supporting previous findings of actions of GPR88 in a cortico-striatal-thalamic motor loop. Evidence for a role of GPR88 in reward processing was demonstrated in a touchscreen-based equivalent of the Iowa gambling task. Although both Gpr88 KO and wild-type mice showed a preference for an optimum contingency choice, Gpr88 KO mice selected more risky choices at the expense of more advantageous lower risk options. Together these novel data suggest that striatal GPR88 receptors influence activity in a range of procedures integrated by prefrontal, orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortico-striatal-thalamic loops leading to altered cognitive, motivational and reward evaluation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Thomson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L Openshaw
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J Mitchell
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Marianna Kouskou
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Millan
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation-CNS, Institute de Recherche Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | | | - Brian J Morris
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Judith A Pratt
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
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15
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Yang J, Liu A, He I, Bai Y. Bioinformatics Analysis Revealed Novel 3'UTR Variants Associated with Intellectual Disability. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11090998. [PMID: 32858868 PMCID: PMC7563394 DOI: 10.3390/genes11090998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (or miRNAs) are short nucleotide sequences (~17–22 bp long) that play important roles in gene regulation through targeting genes in the 3′untranslated regions (UTRs). Variants located in genomic regions might have different biological consequences in changing gene expression. Exonic variants (e.g., coding variant and 3′UTR variant) are often causative of diseases due to their influence on gene product. Variants harbored in the 3′UTR region where miRNAs perform their targeting function could potentially alter the binding relationships for target pairs, which could relate to disease causation. We gathered miRNA–mRNA targeting pairs from published studies and then employed the database of microRNA Target Site single nucleotide variants (SNVs) (dbMTS) to discover novel SNVs within the selected pairs. We identified a total of 183 SNVs for the 114 pairs of accurate miRNA–mRNA targeting pairs selected. Detailed bioinformatics analysis of the three genes with identified variants that were exclusively located in the 3′UTR section indicated their association with intellectual disability (ID). Our result showed an exceptionally high expression of GPR88 in brain tissues based on GTEx gene expression data, while WNT7A expression data were relatively high in brain tissues when compared to other tissues. Motif analysis for the 3′UTR region of WNT7A showed that five identified variants were well-conserved across three species (human, mouse, and rat); the motif that contains the variant identified in GPR88 is significant at the level of the 3′UTR of the human genome. Studies of pathways, protein–protein interactions, and relations to diseases further suggest potential association with intellectual disability of our discovered SNVs. Our results demonstrated that 3′UTR variants could change target interactions of miRNA–mRNA pairs in the context of their association with ID. We plan to automate the methods through developing a bioinformatics pipeline for identifying novel 3′UTR SNVs harbored by miRNA-targeted genes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmeng Yang
- Shanghai Starriver Bilingual School, Shanghai 201100, China;
| | - Anna Liu
- Appleby College, Oakville, ON L6L3V7, Canada;
| | - Isabella He
- Pittsford Mendon High School, 472 Mendon Road, Pittsford, NY 14534, USA;
| | - Yongsheng Bai
- Department of Biology, Eastern Michigan University, 441 Mark Jefferson Hall, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA
- Next-Gen Intelligent Science Training, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Correspondence:
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16
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Watkins LR, Orlandi C. Orphan G Protein Coupled Receptors in Affective Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E694. [PMID: 32599826 PMCID: PMC7349732 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the main mediators of signal transduction in the central nervous system. Therefore, it is not surprising that many GPCRs have long been investigated for their role in the development of anxiety and mood disorders, as well as in the mechanism of action of antidepressant therapies. Importantly, the endogenous ligands for a large group of GPCRs have not yet been identified and are therefore known as orphan GPCRs (oGPCRs). Nonetheless, growing evidence from animal studies, together with genome wide association studies (GWAS) and post-mortem transcriptomic analysis in patients, pointed at many oGPCRs as potential pharmacological targets. Among these discoveries, we summarize in this review how emotional behaviors are modulated by the following oGPCRs: ADGRB2 (BAI2), ADGRG1 (GPR56), GPR3, GPR26, GPR37, GPR50, GPR52, GPR61, GPR62, GPR88, GPR135, GPR158, and GPRC5B.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cesare Orlandi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
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17
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Laboute T, Gandía J, Pellissier LP, Corde Y, Rebeillard F, Gallo M, Gauthier C, Léauté A, Diaz J, Poupon A, Kieffer BL, Le Merrer J, Becker JA. The orphan receptor GPR88 blunts the signaling of opioid receptors and multiple striatal GPCRs. eLife 2020; 9:50519. [PMID: 32003745 PMCID: PMC7012601 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR88 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) considered as a promising therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric disorders; its pharmacology, however, remains scarcely understood. Based on our previous report of increased delta opioid receptor activity in Gpr88 null mice, we investigated the impact of GPR88 co-expression on the signaling of opioid receptors in vitro and revealed that GPR88 inhibits the activation of both their G protein- and β-arrestin-dependent signaling pathways. In Gpr88 knockout mice, morphine-induced locomotor sensitization, withdrawal and supra-spinal analgesia were facilitated, consistent with a tonic inhibitory action of GPR88 on µOR signaling. We then explored GPR88 interactions with more striatal versus non-neuronal GPCRs, and revealed that GPR88 can decrease the G protein-dependent signaling of most receptors in close proximity, but impedes β-arrestin recruitment by all receptors tested. Our study unravels an unsuspected buffering role of GPR88 expression on GPCR signaling, with intriguing consequences for opioid and striatal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Laboute
- Deficits of Reward GPCRs and Sociability, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours, Inserm, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jorge Gandía
- Deficits of Reward GPCRs and Sociability, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours, Inserm, Nouzilly, France
| | - Lucie P Pellissier
- Deficits of Reward GPCRs and Sociability, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours, Inserm, Nouzilly, France.,Biology and Bioinformatics of Signalling Systems, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Yannick Corde
- Deficits of Reward GPCRs and Sociability, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours, Inserm, Nouzilly, France
| | - Florian Rebeillard
- Cellular Biology and Molecular Pharmacology of central Receptors, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Inserm UMR_S894 - Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maria Gallo
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christophe Gauthier
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signalling Systems, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Audrey Léauté
- Deficits of Reward GPCRs and Sociability, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours, Inserm, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jorge Diaz
- Cellular Biology and Molecular Pharmacology of central Receptors, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Inserm UMR_S894 - Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anne Poupon
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signalling Systems, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Brigitte L Kieffer
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104, Inserm U1258, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, France
| | - Julie Le Merrer
- Deficits of Reward GPCRs and Sociability, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours, Inserm, Nouzilly, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104, Inserm U1258, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, France
| | - Jérôme Aj Becker
- Deficits of Reward GPCRs and Sociability, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours, Inserm, Nouzilly, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104, Inserm U1258, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, France
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18
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Ye N, Li B, Mao Q, Wold EA, Tian S, Allen JA, Zhou J. Orphan Receptor GPR88 as an Emerging Neurotherapeutic Target. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:190-200. [PMID: 30540906 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are recognized as pivotal drug targets involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes, the majority of GPCRs including orphan GPCRs (oGPCRs) are unexploited. GPR88, a brain-specific oGPCR with particularly robust expression in the striatum, regulates diverse brain and behavioral functions, including cognition, mood, movement control, and reward-based learning, and is thus emerging as a novel drug target for central nervous system disorders including schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, anxiety, and addiction. Nevertheless, no effective GPR88 synthetic ligands have yet entered into clinical trials, and GPR88 endogenous ligands remain unknown. Despite the recent discovery and early stage study of several GPR88 agonists, such as 2-PCCA, RTI-13951-33, and phenylglycinol derivatives, further research into GPR88 pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, and chemical biology is urgently needed to yield structurally diversified GPR88-specific ligands. Drug-like pharmacological tool function and relevant signaling elucidation will also accelerate the evaluation of this receptor as a viable neurotherapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ye
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Bang Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Qi Mao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Eric A. Wold
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Sheng Tian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - John A. Allen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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Arefin TM, Mechling AE, Meirsman AC, Bienert T, Hübner NS, Lee HL, Ben Hamida S, Ehrlich A, Roquet D, Hennig J, von Elverfeldt D, Kieffer BL, Harsan LA. Remodeling of Sensorimotor Brain Connectivity in Gpr88-Deficient Mice. Brain Connect 2018; 7:526-540. [PMID: 28882062 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2017.0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that orchestrated gene activity and expression support synchronous activity of brain networks. However, there is a paucity of information on the consequences of single gene function on overall brain functional organization and connectivity and how this translates at the behavioral level. In this study, we combined mouse mutagenesis with functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine whether targeted inactivation of a single gene would modify whole-brain connectivity in live animals. The targeted gene encodes GPR88 (G protein-coupled receptor 88), an orphan G protein-coupled receptor enriched in the striatum and previously linked to behavioral traits relevant to neuropsychiatric disorders. Connectivity analysis of Gpr88-deficient mice revealed extensive remodeling of intracortical and cortico-subcortical networks. Most prominent modifications were observed at the level of retrosplenial cortex connectivity, central to the default mode network (DMN) whose alteration is considered a hallmark of many psychiatric conditions. Next, somatosensory and motor cortical networks were most affected. These modifications directly relate to sensorimotor gating deficiency reported in mutant animals and also likely underlie their hyperactivity phenotype. Finally, we identified alterations within hippocampal and dorsal striatum functional connectivity, most relevant to a specific learning deficit that we previously reported in Gpr88-/- animals. In addition, amygdala connectivity with cortex and striatum was weakened, perhaps underlying the risk-taking behavior of these animals. This is the first evidence demonstrating that GPR88 activity shapes the mouse brain functional and structural connectome. The concordance between connectivity alterations and behavior deficits observed in Gpr88-deficient mice suggests a role for GPR88 in brain communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzil Mahmud Arefin
- 1 Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg, Germany .,2 Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg , Freiburg, Germany .,3 Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg , Freiburg, Germany .,4 Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine , New York, New York
| | - Anna E Mechling
- 1 Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg, Germany .,2 Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg , Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aura Carole Meirsman
- 5 Département de Médecine Translationnelle et Neurogénétique, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U-964, CNRS UMR-7104, Université de Strasbourg , Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France .,6 Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine , CNRS UMR 8246/INSERM U1130/Université Pierre et Marie Currie, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Bienert
- 1 Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg, Germany
| | - Neele Saskia Hübner
- 1 Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg, Germany .,2 Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg , Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hsu-Lei Lee
- 1 Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sami Ben Hamida
- 5 Département de Médecine Translationnelle et Neurogénétique, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U-964, CNRS UMR-7104, Université de Strasbourg , Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France .,7 Douglas Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aliza Ehrlich
- 5 Département de Médecine Translationnelle et Neurogénétique, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U-964, CNRS UMR-7104, Université de Strasbourg , Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France .,7 Douglas Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dan Roquet
- 8 Engineering Science, Computer Science and Imaging Laboratory (ICube), Integrative Multimodal Imaging in Healthcare, University of Strasbourg-CNRS , Strasbourg, France
| | - Jürgen Hennig
- 1 Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominik von Elverfeldt
- 1 Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Lina Kieffer
- 5 Département de Médecine Translationnelle et Neurogénétique, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U-964, CNRS UMR-7104, Université de Strasbourg , Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France .,7 Douglas Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laura-Adela Harsan
- 1 Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg, Germany .,8 Engineering Science, Computer Science and Imaging Laboratory (ICube), Integrative Multimodal Imaging in Healthcare, University of Strasbourg-CNRS , Strasbourg, France .,9 Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Strasbourg , Strasbourg, France
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20
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Ehrlich AT, Semache M, Bailly J, Wojcik S, Arefin TM, Colley C, Le Gouill C, Gross F, Lukasheva V, Hogue M, Darcq E, Harsan LA, Bouvier M, Kieffer BL. Mapping GPR88-Venus illuminates a novel role for GPR88 in sensory processing. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:1275-1296. [PMID: 29110094 PMCID: PMC5871604 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
GPR88 is an orphan G-protein coupled receptor originally characterized as a striatal-enriched transcript and is a potential target for neuropsychiatric disorders. At present, gene knockout studies in the mouse have essentially focused on striatal-related functions and a comprehensive knowledge of GPR88 protein distribution and function in the brain is still lacking. Here, we first created Gpr88-Venus knock-in mice expressing a functional fluorescent receptor to fine-map GPR88 localization in the brain. The receptor protein was detected in neuronal soma, fibers and primary cilia depending on the brain region, and remarkably, whole-brain mapping revealed a yet unreported layer-4 cortical lamination pattern specifically in sensory processing areas. The unique GPR88 barrel pattern in L4 of the somatosensory cortex appeared 3 days after birth and persisted into adulthood, suggesting a potential function for GPR88 in sensory integration. We next examined Gpr88 knockout mice for cortical structure and behavioral responses in sensory tasks. Magnetic resonance imaging of live mice revealed abnormally high fractional anisotropy, predominant in somatosensory cortex and caudate putamen, indicating significant microstructural alterations in these GPR88-enriched areas. Further, behavioral analysis showed delayed responses in somatosensory-, visual- and olfactory-dependent tasks, demonstrating a role for GPR88 in the integration rather than perception of sensory stimuli. In conclusion, our data show for the first time a prominent role for GPR88 in multisensory processing. Because sensory integration is disrupted in many psychiatric diseases, our study definitely positions GPR88 as a target to treat mental disorders perhaps via activity on cortical sensory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza T Ehrlich
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Perry Pavilion Room E-3317.1, 6875 boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Meriem Semache
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Bailly
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Perry Pavilion Room E-3317.1, 6875 boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Stefan Wojcik
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Perry Pavilion Room E-3317.1, 6875 boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Tanzil M Arefin
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Christine Colley
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Perry Pavilion Room E-3317.1, 6875 boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Christian Le Gouill
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Florence Gross
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Perry Pavilion Room E-3317.1, 6875 boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Viktoriya Lukasheva
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mireille Hogue
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Perry Pavilion Room E-3317.1, 6875 boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Laura-Adela Harsan
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Engineering Science, Computer Science and Imaging Laboratory (ICube), Integrative Multimodal Imaging in Healthcare, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brigitte L Kieffer
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Perry Pavilion Room E-3317.1, 6875 boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada.
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.
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21
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Epigenetic alterations in longevity regulators, reduced life span, and exacerbated aging-related pathology in old father offspring mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E2348-E2357. [PMID: 29467291 PMCID: PMC5877957 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707337115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced age is not only a major risk factor for a range of disorders within an aging individual but may also enhance susceptibility for disease in the next generation. In humans, advanced paternal age has been associated with increased risk for a number of diseases. Experiments in rodent models have provided initial evidence that paternal age can influence behavioral traits in offspring animals, but the overall scope and extent of paternal age effects on health and disease across the life span remain underexplored. Here, we report that old father offspring mice showed a reduced life span and an exacerbated development of aging traits compared with young father offspring mice. Genome-wide epigenetic analyses of sperm from aging males and old father offspring tissue identified differentially methylated promoters, enriched for genes involved in the regulation of evolutionarily conserved longevity pathways. Gene expression analyses, biochemical experiments, and functional studies revealed evidence for an overactive mTORC1 signaling pathway in old father offspring mice. Pharmacological mTOR inhibition during the course of normal aging ameliorated many of the aging traits that were exacerbated in old father offspring mice. These findings raise the possibility that inherited alterations in longevity pathways contribute to intergenerational effects of aging in old father offspring mice.
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22
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Alavi MS, Shamsizadeh A, Azhdari-Zarmehri H, Roohbakhsh A. Orphan G protein-coupled receptors: The role in CNS disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 98:222-232. [PMID: 29268243 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are various types of receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have the highest expression with a wide range of physiological functions. A newer sub group of these receptors namely orphan GPCRs have been discovered. GPR3, GPR6, GPR17, GPR26, GPR37, GPR39, GPR40, GPR50, GPR52, GPR54, GPR55, GPR85, GPR88, GPR103, and GPR139 are the selected orphan GPCRs for this article. Their roles in the central nervous system have not been understood well so far. However, recent studies show that they may have very important functions in the CNS. Hence, in the present study, we reviewed most recent findings regarding the physiological roles of the selected orphan GPCRs in the CNS. After a brief presentation of each receptor, considering the results from genetic and pharmacological manipulation of the receptors, their roles in the pathophysiology of different diseases and disorders including anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and substance abuse will be discussed. At present, our knowledge regarding the role of GPCRs in the brain is very limited. However, previous limited studies show that orphan GPCRs have an important place in psychopharmacology and these receptors are potential new targets for the treatment of major CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Shamsizadeh
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hassan Azhdari-Zarmehri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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23
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Bocchetta A, Traccis F. The Sardinian Puzzle: Concentration of Major Psychoses and Suicide in the Same Sub-Regions Across One Century. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2017; 13:246-254. [PMID: 29299047 PMCID: PMC5725527 DOI: 10.2174/1745017901713010246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sardinia, the second largest Mediterranean island has long been considered a privileged observatory for the study of several medical conditions. The peculiar epidemiology of mood disorders and suicide across Sardinian sub-regions has long intrigued clinicians and researchers. OBJECTIVE The principal aim of the present study was to test whether the geographical distribution of suicides committed in Sardinian over the last three decades are comparable with the geographical origin of patients hospitalized up to half a century ago. METHOD The distribution of the municipalities of origin of the patients hospitalized in Sardinia between 1901 and 1964 for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression was reanalyzed and compared with the distribution of municipalities where suicides were committed between 1980 and 2013. Data were also analyzed by the altitude above the sea level and by the population size of the municipalities. RESULTS There was a significant variation of hospitalization and suicide rates across Sardinian sub-regions. The sub-regions of origin of the patients hospitalized for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder correlated with each other (P = 0.047). Both hospitalizations and suicides were more incident in municipalities with a higher altitude and a smaller population size. The incidence of hospitalizations and suicides correlated significantly with each other both at the municipality (P = 1.86 x 10-7) and at the sub-region level (P = 1.71 x 10-7). CONCLUSION The present study confirms the peculiar geographical distribution of major psychoses and suicide in Sardinia. The two phenomena appear to have been correlated for as long as one century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bocchetta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Traccis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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24
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GPR88 is a critical regulator of feeding and body composition in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9912. [PMID: 28855710 PMCID: PMC5577241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR88 is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor with predominant expression in reward-related areas in the brain. While the lack of GPR88 has been demonstrated to induce behavioral deficits, the potential function of the receptor in the control of food intake and energy balance remains unexplored. In this work, the role of GPR88 in energy homeostasis was investigated in Gpr88−/− mice fed either standard chow or high fat diet (HFD). Gpr88−/− mice showed significantly reduced adiposity accompanied with suppressed spontaneous food intake, particularly pronounced under HFD treatment. While energy expenditure was likewise lower in Gpr88−/− mice, body weight gain remained unchanged. Furthermore, deregulation in glucose tolerance and insulin responsiveness in response to HFD was attenuated in Gpr88−/− mice. On the molecular level, distinct changes in the hypothalamic mRNA levels of cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (Cartpt), a neuropeptide involved in the control of feeding and reward, were observed in Gpr88−/− mice. In addition, GPR88 deficiency was associated with altered expressions of the anorectic Pomc and the orexigenic Npy in the arcuate nucleus, especially under HFD condition. Together, our results indicate that GPR88 signalling is not only important for reward processes, but also plays a role in the central regulatory circuits for energy homeostasis.
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25
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Meirsman AC, de Kerchove d'Exaerde A, Kieffer BL, Ouagazzal AM. GPR88 in A 2A receptor-expressing neurons modulates locomotor response to dopamine agonists but not sensorimotor gating. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:2026-2034. [PMID: 28700108 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The orphan receptor, GPR88, is emerging as a key player in the pathophysiology of several neuropsychiatric diseases, including psychotic disorders. Knockout (KO) mice lacking GPR88 throughout the brain exhibit many abnormalities relevant to schizophrenia including locomotor hyperactivity, behavioural hypersensitivity to dopaminergic psychostimulants and deficient sensorimotor gating. Here, we used conditional knockout (cKO) mice lacking GPR88 selectively in striatal medium spiny neurons expressing A2A receptor to determine neuronal circuits underlying these phenotypes. We first studied locomotor responses of A2A R-Gpr88 KO mice and their control littermates to psychotomimetic, amphetamine, and to selective D1 and D2 receptor agonists, SKF-81297 and quinpirole, respectively. To assess sensorimotor gating performance, mice were submitted to acoustic and visual prepulse inhibition (PPI) paradigms. Total knockout GPR88 mice were also studied for comparison. Like total GPR88 KO mice, A2A R-Gpr88 KO mice displayed a heightened sensitivity to locomotor stimulant effects of amphetamine and SKF-81297. They also exhibited enhanced locomotor activity to quinpirole, which tended to suppress locomotion in control mice. By contrast, they had normal acoustic and visual PPI, unlike total GPR88 KO mice that show impairments across different sensory modalities. Finally, none of the genetic manipulations altered central auditory temporal processing assessed by gap-PPI. Together, these findings support the role of GPR88 in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and show that GPR88 in A2A receptor-expressing neurons modulates psychomotor behaviour but not sensorimotor gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Meirsman
- Département de Médecine Translationnelle et Neurogénétique, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U-964, CNRS UMR-7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, CNRS UMR 8246/INSERM U1130/Université Pierre et Marie Currie, Paris, France
| | - A de Kerchove d'Exaerde
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - B L Kieffer
- Département de Médecine Translationnelle et Neurogénétique, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U-964, CNRS UMR-7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Douglas Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - A-M Ouagazzal
- Département de Médecine Translationnelle et Neurogénétique, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U-964, CNRS UMR-7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, AMU-CNRS UMR-7291, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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26
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Khan MZ, He L. Neuro-psychopharmacological perspective of Orphan receptors of Rhodopsin (class A) family of G protein-coupled receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1181-1207. [PMID: 28289782 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the central nervous system (CNS), G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most fruitful targets for neuropsychopharmacological drug development. Rhodopsin (class A) is the most studied class of GPCR and includes orphan receptors for which the endogenous ligand is not known or is unclear. Characterization of orphan GPCRs has proven to be challenging, and the production pace of GPCR-based drugs has been incredibly slow. OBJECTIVE Determination of the functions of these receptors may provide unexpected insight into physiological and neuropathological processes. Advances in various methods and techniques to investigate orphan receptors including in situ hybridization and knockdown/knockout (KD/KO) showed extensive expression of these receptors in the mammalian brain and unmasked their physiological and neuropathological roles. Due to these rapid progress and development, orphan GPCRs are rising as a new and promising class of drug targets for neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSION This review presents a neuropsychopharmacological perspective of 26 orphan receptors of rhodopsin (class A) family, namely GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, GPR17, GPR26, GPR35, GPR39, GPR48, GPR49, GPR50, GPR52, GPR55, GPR61, GPR62, GPR63, GPR68, GPR75, GPR78, GPR83, GPR84, GPR85, GPR88, GPR153, GPR162, GPR171, and TAAR6. We discussed the expression of these receptors in mammalian brain and their physiological roles. Furthermore, we have briefly highlighted their roles in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, neuroinflammation, inflammatory pain, bipolar and schizophrenic disorders, epilepsy, anxiety, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahid Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China.
| | - Ling He
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China
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27
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Abstract
GPR88 is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor highly expressed in striatal dopamine D1 (receptor) R- and D2R-expressing medium spiny neurons. This receptor is involved in activity and motor responses, and we previously showed that this receptor also regulates anxiety-like behaviors. To determine whether GPR88 in D2R-expressing neurons contributes to this emotional phenotype, we generated conditional Gpr88 knock-out mice using adenosine A2AR (A2AR)-Cre-driven recombination, and compared anxiety-related responses in both total and A2AR-Gpr88 KO mice. A2AR-Gpr88 KO mice showed a selective reduction of Gpr88 mRNA in D2R-expressing, but not D1R-expressing, neurons. These mutant mice showed increased locomotor activity and decreased anxiety-like behaviors in light/dark and elevated plus maze tests. These phenotypes were superimposable on those observed in total Gpr88 KO mice, demonstrating that the previously reported anxiogenic activity of GPR88 operates at the level of A2AR-expressing neurons. Further, A2AR-Gpr88 KO mice showed no change in novelty preference and novelty-suppressed feeding, while these responses were increased and decreased, respectively, in the total Gpr88 KO mice. Also, A2AR-Gpr88 KO mice showed intact fear conditioning, while the fear responses were decreased in total Gpr88 KO. We therefore also show for the first time that GPR88 activity regulates approach behaviors and conditional fear; however, these behaviors do not seem mediated by receptors in A2AR neurons. We conclude that Gpr88 expressed in A2AR neurons enhances ethological anxiety-like behaviors without affecting conflict anxiety and fear responses.
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28
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Massart R, Mignon V, Stanic J, Munoz-Tello P, Becker JAJ, Kieffer BL, Darmon M, Sokoloff P, Diaz J. Developmental and adult expression patterns of the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR88 in the rat: Establishment of a dual nuclear-cytoplasmic localization. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:2776-802. [PMID: 26918661 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
GPR88 is a neuronal cerebral orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that has been linked to various psychiatric disorders. However, no extensive description of its localization has been provided so far. Here, we investigate the spatiotemporal expression of the GPR88 in prenatal and postnatal rat tissues by using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. GPR88 protein was initially detected at embryonic day 16 (E16) in the striatal primordium. From E16-E20 to adulthood, the highest expression levels of both protein and mRNA were observed in striatum, olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and neocortex, whereas in spinal cord, pons, and medulla GPR88 expression remains discrete. We observed an intracellular redistribution of GPR88 during cortical lamination. In the cortical plate of the developing cortex, GPR88 presents a classical GPCR plasma membrane/cytoplasmic localization that shifts, on the day of birth, to nuclei of neurons progressively settling in layers V to II. This intranuclear localization remains throughout adulthood and was also detected in monkey and human cortex as well as in the amygdala and hypothalamus of rats. Apart from the central nervous system, GPR88 was transiently expressed at high levels in peripheral tissues, including adrenal cortex (E16-E21) and cochlear ganglia (E19-P3), and also at moderate levels in retina (E18-E19) and spleen (E21-P7). The description of the GPR88 anatomical expression pattern may provide precious functional insights into this novel receptor. Furthermore, the GRP88 nuclear localization suggests nonclassical GPCR modes of action of the protein that could be relevant for cortical development and psychiatric disorders. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2776-2802, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Massart
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France.,Neurology-Psychiatry Department, Pierre Fabre Research Institute, 81100, Castres, France
| | - Virginie Mignon
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Stanic
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Paola Munoz-Tello
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Jerôme A J Becker
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, 67400, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Brigitte L Kieffer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, 67400, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Michèle Darmon
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Sokoloff
- Neurology-Psychiatry Department, Pierre Fabre Research Institute, 81100, Castres, France
| | - Jorge Diaz
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
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29
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Alkufri F, Shaag A, Abu-Libdeh B, Elpeleg O. Deleterious mutation in GPR88 is associated with chorea, speech delay, and learning disabilities. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2016; 2:e64. [PMID: 27123486 PMCID: PMC4830197 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the underlying molecular basis of a familial developmental disorder characterized by chorea, marked speech delay, and learning difficulties in 4 sisters from a consanguineous family. METHODS Whole-exome analysis of DNA of the 2 older patients followed by Sanger sequencing of the mutated exon in all family members. RESULTS A homozygous deleterious mutation, p.C291X, was identified in the GPR88 gene in both exome analyses. The mutation segregated with the disease in the family and was absent from a large cohort of controls. CONCLUSIONS Homozygous deleterious mutation in GPR88 in humans is associated with marked speech delay, learning disabilities, and chorea, which manifest at 8-9 years of age. The finding is consistent with the reported abundant expression of GPR88 in the striatum and the hyperkinetic activity and learning impairment observed in GPR88 knockout mice. Although further functional characterization is needed, the finding underscores the importance of GPR88 in movement control and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Alkufri
- Department of Neurosciences (F.A.) and Department of Pediatrics (B.A.-L.), Al-Makassed Islamic Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; and Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research (A.S., O.E.), Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avraham Shaag
- Department of Neurosciences (F.A.) and Department of Pediatrics (B.A.-L.), Al-Makassed Islamic Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; and Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research (A.S., O.E.), Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bassam Abu-Libdeh
- Department of Neurosciences (F.A.) and Department of Pediatrics (B.A.-L.), Al-Makassed Islamic Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; and Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research (A.S., O.E.), Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Orly Elpeleg
- Department of Neurosciences (F.A.) and Department of Pediatrics (B.A.-L.), Al-Makassed Islamic Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; and Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research (A.S., O.E.), Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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30
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Local inactivation of Gpr88 in the nucleus accumbens attenuates behavioral deficits elicited by the neonatal administration of phencyclidine in rats. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:951-8. [PMID: 25155879 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gpr88, an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor, is highly and almost exclusively expressed in the medium spiny projection neurons of the striatum, and may thus participate in the control of motor functions and cognitive processing that are impaired in neuropsychiatric disorders such as Parkinson's disease or schizophrenia (SZ). This study investigated the relevance of Gpr88 to SZ-associated behavior by knocking down Gpr88 gene expression in the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) in a neurodevelopmental rat model of SZ, generated by neonatal treatment with phencyclidine (PCP). In this model, we compared the effects of the local inactivation in the adult animal of the expression of Gpr88 and of Drd2, a gene strongly implicated in the etiology of SZ and coding for the dopamine receptor type 2 (D2). To inactivate specifically Gpr88 and D2 expression, we used the lentiviral vector-mediated microRNA silencing strategy. The neonatal PCP treatment induced in the adult rat hyperlocomotion in response to amphetamine (Amph) and social novelty discrimination (SND) deficits. The inactivation of D2 did not modify the locomotor response to Amph or the cognitive deficits induced by PCP, whereas the silencing of Gpr88 inhibited the Amph-induced hyperlocomotion and reduced the impairment of SND elicited by neonatal exposure to PCP. These observations suggest a role for Gpr88 in the regulation of cognitive and motor functions, and support its relevance to the pathophysiology and treatment of SZ and other disorders involving dysfunction of the accumbens-striatal complex.
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31
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Novel Therapeutic GPCRs for Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:14109-21. [PMID: 26101869 PMCID: PMC4490542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160614109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most common targets of the neuropharmacological drugs in the central nervous system (CNS). GPCRs are activated by manifold neurotransmitters, and their activation in turn evokes slow synaptic transmission. They are deeply involved in multiple neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. In the brain, the striatum is strongly innervated by the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and plays a central role in manifestation of psychiatric disorders. Recently, anatomical and comprehensive transcriptome analysis of the non-odorant GPCR superfamily revealed that the orphan GPCRs GPR88, GPR6, and GPR52, as well as dopamine D1 and D2 receptors and the adenosine A2a receptor, are the most highly enriched in the rodent striatum. Genetically engineered animal models and molecular biological studies have suggested that these striatally enriched GPCRs have a potential to be therapeutic psychiatric receptors. This review summarizes the current understanding of the therapeutic GPCR candidates for psychiatric disorders.
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32
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Ahmad R, Wojciech S, Jockers R. Hunting for the function of orphan GPCRs - beyond the search for the endogenous ligand. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:3212-28. [PMID: 25231237 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven transmembrane-spanning proteins (7TM), also called GPCRs, are among the most versatile and evolutionary successful protein families. Out of the 400 non-odourant members identified in the human genome, approximately 100 remain orphans that have not been matched with an endogenous ligand. Apart from the classical deorphanization strategies, several alternative strategies provided recent new insights into the function of these proteins, which hold promise for high therapeutic potential. These alternative strategies consist of the phenotypical characterization of organisms silenced or overexpressing orphan 7TM proteins, the search for constitutive receptor activity and formation of protein complexes including 7TM proteins as well as the development of synthetic, surrogate ligands. Taken together, a variety of ligand-independent functions can be attributed to orphan 7TM proteins that range from constitutive activity to complex formation with other proteins and include 'true' orphans for which no ligand exist and 'conditional' orphans that behave like orphans in the absence of ligand and as non-orphans in the presence of ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raise Ahmad
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Stefanie Wojciech
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
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