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Han J, Xia T, Jiang Y, Fan W, Wang N, Zhang Y, Liu A, Zhao K, Xin H. Effect of Xanthohumol from Humulus lupulus L. Against Gouty Bone Damage in Arthritis of Rats Induced by Mono-sodium Urate. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024:10.1007/s12013-024-01429-z. [PMID: 39033477 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XAN) is an isoprenyl flavonoid from Humulus lupulus L. known for beer brewing, and an osteoprotective agent due to its active improvement in bone loss of osteoporosis. This study was first time to investigate its effects on anti-gouty bone injury in rats of gouty arthritis (GA) induced by monosodium urate (MSU). Results showed that XAN could significantly exert anti-inflammatory activity by alleviating swelling degree of joints, reducing serum level of inflammatory factors, improving inflammatory injury and degrading the Markin's score in lesion joint. Meanwhile, XAN could also fight against gouty bone damage by improving pathological changes of bone tissue and parameters of bone micro-structure. Moreover, XAN could even promote bone formation by effectively enhancing expression of Runx2 and OPG, while inhibit bone resorption with depressing matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), MMP-13 and CTSK expression, reducing RANKL secretion, and abating the ratio of RANKL/OPG. Therefore, it was the first time to reveal the mechanism of XAN against gouty bone injury via inhibiting RANKL/OPG/RANK signaling pathway. Above all, this study provided potential strategy for the treatment of GA, and further contributed to research and resource development for hops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Han
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Outpatient Department of PLA Unit 92919, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Tianshuang Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yiping Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Weiqing Fan
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Nani Wang
- Department of Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310007, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Aijun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Pharmacy Research, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Hebei Kingsci Pharmaceutical Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050035, China
| | - Hailiang Xin
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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2
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Lv HW, Wang QL, Luo M, Zhu MD, Liang HM, Li WJ, Cai H, Zhou ZB, Wang H, Tong SQ, Li XN. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of natural prenylated flavonoids. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:207-272. [PMID: 37055613 PMCID: PMC10101826 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Prenylated flavonoids are a special kind of flavonoid derivative possessing one or more prenyl groups in the parent nucleus of the flavonoid. The presence of the prenyl side chain enriched the structural diversity of flavonoids and increased their bioactivity and bioavailability. Prenylated flavonoids show a wide range of biological activities, such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, cardioprotective effects, and anti-osteoclastogenic activities. In recent years, many compounds with significant activity have been discovered with the continuous excavation of the medicinal value of prenylated flavonoids, and have attracted the extensive attention of pharmacologists. This review summarizes recent progress on research into natural active prenylated flavonoids to promote new discoveries of their medicinal value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Wei Lv
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R&D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hang zhou, P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Liang Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R&D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hang zhou, P. R. China
| | - Meng Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R&D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hang zhou, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Di Zhu
- Research Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University of Technology University, 310014, Hang Zhou, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Min Liang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R&D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hang zhou, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jing Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R&D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hang zhou, P. R. China
| | - Hai Cai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R&D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hang zhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Bo Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R&D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hang zhou, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Qiang Tong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R&D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hang zhou, P. R. China.
| | - Xing-Nuo Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R&D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hang zhou, P. R. China.
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3
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Niederau C, Bhargava S, Schneider-Kramman R, Jankowski J, Craveiro RB, Wolf M. Xanthohumol exerts anti-inflammatory effects in an in vitro model of mechanically stimulated cementoblasts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14970. [PMID: 36056072 PMCID: PMC9440237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XN) is a prenylated plant polyphenol that naturally occurs in hops and its products, e.g. beer. It has shown to have anti-inflammatory and angiogenesis inhibiting effects and it prevents the proliferation of cancer cells. These effects could be in particular interesting for processes within the periodontal ligament, as previous studies have shown that orthodontic tooth movement is associated with a sterile inflammatory reaction. Based on this, the study evaluates the anti-inflammatory effect of XN in cementoblasts in an in vitro model of the early phase of orthodontic tooth movement by compressive stimulation. XN shows a concentration-dependent influence on cell viability. Low concentrations between 0.2 and 0.8 µM increase viability, while high concentrations between 4 and 8 µM cause a significant decrease in viability. Compressive force induces an upregulation of pro-inflammatory gene (Il-6, Cox2, Vegfa) and protein (IL-6) expression. XN significantly reduces compression related IL-6 protein and gene expression. Furthermore, the expression of phosphorylated ERK and AKT under compression was upregulated while XN re-established the expression to a level similar to control. Accordingly, we demonstrated a selective anti-inflammatory effect of XN in cementoblasts. Our findings provide the base for further examination of XN in modulation of inflammation during orthodontic therapy and treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Niederau
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University Hospital RWTH, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Shruti Bhargava
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital RWTH, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital RWTH, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rogerio B Craveiro
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University Hospital RWTH, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Michael Wolf
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University Hospital RWTH, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Neumann HF, Frank J, Venturelli S, Egert S. Bioavailability and Cardiometabolic Effects of Xanthohumol: Evidence from Animal and Human Studies. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100831. [PMID: 34967501 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Xanthohumol is the main prenylflavonoid in hops and has been associated with a wide range of health benefits, due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and cancer-preventive properties. Increasing evidence suggests that xanthohumol positively affects biomarkers associated with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This review summarizes the effects of xanthohumol supplementation on body weight, lipid and glucose metabolism, systemic inflammation, and redox status. In addition, it provides insights into the pharmacokinetics of xanthohumol intake. Animal studies show that xanthohumol exerts beneficial effects on body weight, lipid profile, glucose metabolism, and other biochemical parameters associated with metabolic syndrome and CVDs. Although in vitro studies are increasingly elucidating the responsible mechanisms, the overall in vivo results are currently inconsistent and quantitatively insufficient. Pharmacokinetic and safety studies confirm that intake of xanthohumol is safe and well tolerated in both animals and humans. However, little is known about the metabolism of xanthohumol in the human body, and even less about its effects on body weight and CVD risk factors. There is an urgent need for studies investigating whether the effects of xanthohumol on body weight and cardiometabolic parameters observed in animal studies are reproducible in humans, and what dosage, formulation, and intervention period are required. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah F Neumann
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Frank
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sascha Venturelli
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Egert
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Germany
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5
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Antiproliferative and palliative activity of flavonoids in colorectal cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112241. [PMID: 34649363 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are plant bioactive compounds of great interest in nutrition and pharmacology, due to their remarkable properties as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal and antitumor drugs. More than 5000 different flavonoids exist in nature, with a huge structural diversity and a plethora of interesting pharmacological properties. In this work, five flavonoids were tested for their potential use as antitumor drugs against three CRC cell lines (HCT116, HT-29 and T84). These cell lines represent three different stages of this tumor, one of which is metastatic. Xanthohumol showed the best antitumor activity on the three cancer cell lines, even better than that of the clinical drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), although no synergistic effect was observed in the combination therapy with this drug. On the other hand, apigenin and luteolin displayed slightly lower antitumor activities on these cancer cell lines but showed a synergistic effect in combination with 5-FU in the case of HTC116, which is of potential clinical interest. Furthermore, a literature review highlighted that these flavonoids show very interesting palliative effects on clinical symptoms such as diarrhea, mucositis, neuropathic pain and others often associated with the chemotherapy treatment of CRC. Flavonoids could provide a double effect for the combination treatment, potentiating the antitumor effect of 5-FU, and simultaneously, preventing important side effects of 5-FU chemotherapy.
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Xanthohumol alleviates T2DM-induced liver steatosis and fibrosis by mediating the NRF2/RAGE/NF-κB signaling pathway. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:2069-2081. [PMID: 34551612 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia-associated advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and the receptor for AGE (RAGE) contribute to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Xanthohumol (XH) exhibits protective activities against liver diseases. Aim: To investigate the effects of XH on Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-induced liver steatosis and fibrosis. Methods: NAFLD rat models were duplicated. Biomolecular markers were detected. Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and western blot were used to detect mRNA and protein expression. Immunofluorescence assays were employed to identify the subcellular locations. Results: XH significantly ameliorated hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in rats. XH attenuated the expression of RAGE and NF-κB signaling. XH significantly alleviated inflammation and oxidation by upregulating NRF2 expression. Knockdown of NRF2 blocked XH protection in hepatocytes. Conclusion: XH protected against T2DM-induced liver steatosis and fibrosis by mediating NRF2/AGE/RAGE/NF-κB signaling.
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Girisa S, Saikia Q, Bordoloi D, Banik K, Monisha J, Daimary UD, Verma E, Ahn KS, Kunnumakkara AB. Xanthohumol from Hop: Hope for cancer prevention and treatment. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:1016-1044. [PMID: 34170599 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health concern due to high mortality and poor quality of life of patients. Despite the availability of advanced therapeutic interventions, most treatment modalities are not efficacious, very expensive, and cause several adverse side effects. The factors such as drug resistance, lack of specificity, and low efficacy of the cancer drugs necessitate developing alternative strategies for the prevention and treatment of this disease. Xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated chalcone present in Hop (Humulus lupulus), has been found to possess prominent activities against aging, diabetes, inflammation, microbial infection, and cancer. Thus, this manuscript thoroughly reviews the literature on the anti-cancer properties of XN and its various molecular targets. XN was found to exert its inhibitory effect on the growth and proliferation of cancer cells via modulation of multiple signaling pathways such as Akt, AMPK, ERK, IGFBP2, NF-κB, and STAT3, and also modulates various proteins such as Notch1, caspases, MMPs, Bcl-2, cyclin D1, oxidative stress markers, tumor-suppressor proteins, and miRNAs. Thus, these reports suggest that XN possesses enormous therapeutic potential against various cancers and could be potentially used as a multi-targeted anti-cancer agent with minimal adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Queen Saikia
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Devivasha Bordoloi
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Kishore Banik
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Javadi Monisha
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Uzini Devi Daimary
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Elika Verma
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, South Korea
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Tuli HS, Aggarwal V, Parashar G, Aggarwal D, Parashar NC, Tuorkey MJ, Varol M, Sak K, Kumar M, Buttar HS. Xanthohumol: A Metabolite with Promising Anti-Neoplastic Potential. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:418-432. [PMID: 33622230 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210223095021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The overwhelming globalburden of cancer has posed numerous challenges and opportunities for developing anti-cancer therapies. Phytochemicalshave emerged as promising synergistic compounds with potential anti-cancer effects to supplement chemo- and immune-therapeutic regimens. Anti cancer synergistic effects have been investigated in the interaction between phytocompounds derived from flavonoids such as quercetin, apigenin, kaempferol, hesperidin, emodin etc., and conventional drugs. Xanthohumol is one of the prenylatedphytoflavonoid that has demonstrated key anti-cancer activities in in vitro (anti proliferation of cancer cell lines) and in vivo(animal models of xenograft tumours)studies, and has been explored from different dimensions for targeting cancer subtypes. In the last decade, xanthohumol has been investigated how it induces the anti-cancer effects at cellular and molecular level.The different signalling cascades and targets of xanthohumolare summarized in thisreview.Overall, this reviewsummarizes the current advances made in the field of natural compounds with special reference to xanthohumol and its promising anti-cancer effectsto inhibit tumour progression.The present review hasalso touched upon the potential of xanthohumol transitioning into a lead candidate from nano-therapy viewpoint along with the challenges which need to be addressed for extensive pre-clinical and clinical anti-cancer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep S Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala - 133 207, Haryana. India
| | - Vaishali Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA. United States
| | - Gaurav Parashar
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala - 133 207, Haryana. India
| | - Diwakar Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala - 133 207, Haryana. India
| | - Nidarshana C Parashar
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala - 133 207, Haryana. India
| | - Muobarak J Tuorkey
- Division of Physiology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour. Egypt
| | - Mehmet Varol
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, MuglaSitkiKocman University, Mugla TR48000. Turkey
| | | | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Sadopur. India
| | - Harpal S Buttar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario. Canada
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Xanthohumol and Gossypol Are Promising Inhibitors against Babesia microti by In Vitro Culture via High-Throughput Screening of 133 Natural Products. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040613. [PMID: 33081295 PMCID: PMC7711813 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human babesiosis caused by Babesia microti is an emerging threat for severe illness and even death, with an increasing impact worldwide. Currently, the regimen of atovaquone and azithromycin is considered as the standard therapy for treating human babesiosis, which, however, may result in drug resistance and relapse, suggesting the necessity of developing new drugs to control B. microti. In this regard, natural products are promising candidates for drug design against B. microti due to their active therapeutic efficacy, lower toxicity, and fewer adverse reactions to host. Here, the potential inhibitors against B. microti were preliminarily screened from 133 natural products, and 47 of them were selected for further screening. Gossypol (Gp) and xanthohumol (Xn) were finally shown to effectively inhibit the growth of B. microti with IC50 values of 8.47 μm and 21.40 μm, respectively. The cytotoxicity results showed that Gp and Xn were non-toxic to erythrocytes at a concentration below 100 μm. Furthermore, both of them were confirmed to be non-toxic to different types of cells in previous studies. Our findings suggest the potential of Gp and Xn as effective drugs against B. microti infection.
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Bradley R, Langley BO, Ryan JJ, Phipps J, Hanes DA, Stack E, Jansson JK, Metz TO, Stevens JF. Xanthohumol microbiome and signature in healthy adults (the XMaS trial): a phase I triple-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Trials 2020; 21:835. [PMID: 33028396 PMCID: PMC7542976 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04769-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural products may provide a source for the discovery and development of adjunctive pharmacological interventions to modulate the inflammatory pathways contributing to chronic disease. Xanthohumol, a flavonoid from the hops plant (Humulus lupulus), has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and may act as a prebiotic to the intestinal microbiota. Xanthohumol is not currently approved as a drug by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but is available as a dietary supplement and ingredient in medical foods. To formally test the safety of xanthohumol, a phase I clinical trial ("XMaS") was designed and approved under an Investigational New Drug application to the US FDA. The main objective is to examine the clinical safety and subjective tolerability of xanthohumol in healthy adults compared to placebo. Additional aims are to monitor biomarkers related to inflammation, gut permeability, bile acid metabolism, routes, and in vivo products of xanthohumol metabolism, and to evaluate xanthohumol's impact on gut microbial composition. METHODS The safety and tolerability of xanthohumol in healthy adults will be evaluated in a triple-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Participants will be randomized to either 24 mg/day of xanthohumol or placebo for 8 weeks. Blood cell counts, hepatic and renal function tests, electrolytes, and self-reported health-related quality of life measures will be collected every 2 weeks. Participants will be queried for adverse events throughout the trial. Xanthohumol metabolites in blood, urine, and stool will be measured. Biomarkers to be evaluated include plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha, various interleukins, soluble CD14, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, fecal calprotectin, and bile acids to assess impact on inflammatory and gut permeability-related mechanisms in vivo. Stool samples will be analyzed to determine effects on the gut microbiome. DISCUSSION This phase I clinical trial of xanthohumol will assess safety and tolerability in healthy adults, collect extensive biomarker data for assessment of potential mechanism(s), and provide comparison data necessary for future phase II trials in chronic disease(s). The design and robustness of the planned safety and mechanistic evaluations planned provide a model for drug discovery pursuits from natural products. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03735420 . Registered on November 8, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Bradley
- National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, USA.
| | | | | | - John Phipps
- National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, USA
| | | | - Emily Stack
- National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, USA
| | | | - Thomas O Metz
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, USA
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Thang SK, Chen PY, Gao WY, Wu MJ, Pan MH, Yen JH. Xanthohumol Suppresses NPC1L1 Gene Expression through Downregulation of HNF-4α and Inhibits Cholesterol Uptake in Caco-2 Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11119-11128. [PMID: 31525874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Xanthohumol (Xan) is a prenylated chalcone mainly found in hops; it has been demonstrated to function against hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis. In this study, we focused on the hypocholesterolemic effect of Xan on cholesterol uptake and the underlying molecular mechanisms of Xan in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. The microarray data showed that Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), an essential transporter for dietary cholesterol absorption, was significantly downregulated in Xan-treated Caco-2 cells. We demonstrated that Xan (10 and 20 μM) suppressed the mRNA and protein expression of NPC1L1 by 0.65 ± 0.12-fold and 0.54 ± 0.15-fold and 0.72 ± 0.04-fold and 0.44 ± 0.12-fold, respectively, compared to that of the vehicle-treated Caco-2 cells. Moreover, Xan (10 and 20 μM) significantly inhibited cholesterol uptake by approximately 12 and 32% in Caco-2 cells. NPC1L1 promoter activity was significantly suppressed by Xan, and a DNA element within the NPC1L1 promoter involved in Xan-mediated NPC1L1 reduction located between the -120 and -20 positions was identified. Moreover, Xan markedly decreased the mRNA and protein levels of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF-4α), a critical activator of NPC1L1 transcription, and subsequently attenuated HNF-4α/NPC1L1 promoter complex formation, resulting in the suppression of NPC1L1 gene expression. Finally, we demonstrated that Xan markedly abolished lovastatin-induced NPC1L1 overexpression in Caco-2 cells. These findings reveal that Xan suppresses NPC1L1 expression via downregulation of HNF-4α and exerts inhibitory effects on cholesterol uptake in the intestinal Caco-2 cells. Our findings suggest Xan could serve as a potential cholesterol-lowering agent and supplement for statin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Kim Thang
- Institute of Medical Sciences , Tzu Chi University , Hualien 970 , Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Chen
- Center of Medical Genetics , Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation , Hualien 970 , Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yun Gao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics , Tzu Chi University , Hualien 970 , Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jiuan Wu
- Department of Biotechnology , Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science , Tainan 717 , Taiwan
| | - Min-Hsiung Pan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hung Yen
- Institute of Medical Sciences , Tzu Chi University , Hualien 970 , Taiwan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics , Tzu Chi University , Hualien 970 , Taiwan
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12
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Liu X, Bai J, Jiang C, Song Z, Zhao Y, Nauwynck H, Jiang P. Therapeutic effect of Xanthohumol against highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses. Vet Microbiol 2019; 238:108431. [PMID: 31648725 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The infection by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has a severe impact on the world swine industry. However, commercially available vaccines provide only incomplete protection against this disease. Thus, novel approaches to control PRRSV infection are essential for the robust and sustainable swine industry. In our previous study, Xanthohumol (Xn), a prenylated flavonoid extracted for hops (Humulus lupulus L), was screened from 386 natural products to inhibit PRRSV proliferation and alleviate oxidative stress induced by PRRSV via the Nrf2-HMOX1 axis in Marc-145 cells. In this study, we furtherly found that Xn could inhibit PRRSV different sub-genotype strains infection with a low IC50 value in porcine primary alveolar macrophages (PAMs). In addition, it caused decreased expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α in PAMs infected with PRRSV or treated with lipopolysaccharide. Animal challenge experiments showed that Xn effectively alleviated clinical signs, lung pathology, and inflammatory responses in lung tissues of pigs induced by highly pathogenic PRRSV infection. The results demonstrate that Xn is a promising therapeutic agent to combat PRRSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chenlong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhongbao Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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13
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Logan IE, Miranda CL, Lowry MB, Maier CS, Stevens JF, Gombart AF. Antiproliferative and Cytotoxic Activity of Xanthohumol and Its Non-Estrogenic Derivatives in Colon and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051203. [PMID: 30857300 PMCID: PMC6429097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated flavonoid found in hops, inhibits growth in a variety of cancer cell lines; however, its use raises concerns as gut microbiota and the host’s hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes metabolize it into the most potent phytoestrogen known, 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN). The XN derivatives dihydroxanthohumol (DXN) and tetrahydroxanthohumol (TXN) are not metabolized into 8-PN and they show higher tissue concentrations in vivo compared with XN when orally administered to mice at the same dose. Here we show that DXN and TXN possess improved anti-proliferative activity compared with XN in two colon (HCT116, HT29) and two hepatocellular (HepG2, Huh7) carcinoma cell lines, as indicated by their respective IC50 values. Furthermore, XN, DXN, and TXN induce extensive apoptosis in all these carcinoma cell lines. Finally, TXN induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in the colon carcinoma cell line HT29. Our findings suggest that DXN and TXN could show promise as therapeutic agents against colorectal and liver cancer in preclinical studies without the drawback of metabolism into a phytoestrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle E Logan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Cristobal L Miranda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Malcolm B Lowry
- Department of Microbiology, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Claudia S Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Jan F Stevens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Adrian F Gombart
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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14
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Jiang CH, Sun TL, Xiang DX, Wei SS, Li WQ. Anticancer Activity and Mechanism of Xanthohumol: A Prenylated Flavonoid From Hops ( Humulus lupulus L.). Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:530. [PMID: 29872398 PMCID: PMC5972274 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been observed that many phytochemicals, frequently present in foods or beverages, show potent chemopreventive or therapeutic properties that selectively affect cancer cells. Numerous studies have demonstrated the anticancer activity of xanthohumol (Xn), a prenylated flavonoid isolated from hops (Humulus lupulus L.), with a concentration up to 0.96 mg/L in beer. This review aims to summarize the existing studies focusing on the anticancer activity of Xn and its effects on key signaling molecules. Furthermore, the limitations of current studies and challenges for the clinical use of Xn are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Hao Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tao-Li Sun
- Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Hu'nan Oriented Fundamental and Applied Research of Innovative Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Da-Xiong Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
| | - Shan-Shan Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen-Qun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
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15
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An Overview of the Antimicrobial Properties of Hop. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND BIODIVERSITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67045-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Saito K, Matsuo Y, Imafuji H, Okubo T, Maeda Y, Sato T, Shamoto T, Tsuboi K, Morimoto M, Takahashi H, Ishiguro H, Takiguchi S. Xanthohumol inhibits angiogenesis by suppressing nuclear factor-κB activation in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Sci 2017; 109:132-140. [PMID: 29121426 PMCID: PMC5765302 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Xantohumol, a prenylated chalcone from hops (Humulus lupulus L.), has been shown to inhibit proliferation in some cancers. However, little is known regarding the effects of xanthohumol in pancreatic cancer. We have previously reported that activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) plays a key role in angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer. In this study, we investigated whether xanthohumol inhibited angiogenesis by blocking NF-κB activation in pancreatic cancer in vitro and in vivo. We initially confirmed that xanthohumol significantly inhibited proliferation and NF-κB activation in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Next, we demonstrated that xanthohumol significantly suppressed the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) at both the mRNA and protein levels in pancreatic cancer cell lines. We also found that coculture with BxPC-3 cells significantly enhanced tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and treatment with xanthohumol significantly blocked this effect. In vivo, the volume of BxPC-3 subcutaneous xenograft tumors was significantly reduced in mice treated with weekly intraperitoneal injections of xanthohumol. Immunohistochemistry revealed that xanthohumol inhibited Ki-67 expression, CD31-positive microvessel density, NF-κB p65 expression, and VEGF and IL-8 levels. Taken together, these results showed, for the first time, that xanthohumol inhibited angiogenesis by suppressing NF-κB activity in pancreatic cancer. Accordingly, xanthohumol may represent a novel therapeutic agent for the management of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Saito
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsuo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Imafuji
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Okubo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuzo Maeda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sato
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoya Shamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ken Tsuboi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mamoru Morimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ishiguro
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shuji Takiguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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17
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18
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In vivo and in vitro studies of the role of lyophilised blond Lager beer and some bioactive components in the modulation of degenerative processes. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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19
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Miranda CL, Elias VD, Hay JJ, Choi J, Reed RL, Stevens JF. Xanthohumol improves dysfunctional glucose and lipid metabolism in diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 599:22-30. [PMID: 26976708 PMCID: PMC4875845 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XN) is a prenylated flavonoid found in hops (Humulus lupulus) and beer. The dose-dependent effects of XN on glucose and lipid metabolism in a preclinical model of metabolic syndrome were the focus of our study. Forty-eight male C57BL/6J mice, 9 weeks of age, were randomly divided into three XN dose groups of 16 animals. The mice were fed a high-fat diet (60% kcal as fat) supplemented with XN at dose levels of 0, 30, or 60 mg/kg body weight/day, for 12 weeks. Dietary XN caused a dose-dependent decrease in body weight gain. Plasma levels of glucose, total triglycerides, total cholesterol, and MCP-1 were significantly decreased in mice on the 60 mg/kg/day treatment regimen. Treatment with XN at 60 mg/kg/day resulted in reduced plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), IL-6, insulin and leptin levels by 80%, 78%, 42%, and 41%, respectively, compared to the vehicle control group. Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin 9 (PCSK-9) levels were 44% lower in the 60 mg/kg dose group compared to the vehicle control group (p ≤ 0.05) which may account for the LDL-C lowering activity of XN. Our results show that oral administration of XN improves markers of systemic inflammation and metabolic syndrome in diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristobal L Miranda
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Valerie D Elias
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Joshua J Hay
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ralph L Reed
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jan F Stevens
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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20
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Karabín M, Hudcová T, Jelínek L, Dostálek P. Biologically Active Compounds from Hops and Prospects for Their Use. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2016; 15:542-567. [PMID: 33401815 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although female cones of the hop plant (Humulus lupulus) are known primarily as raw material supplying characteristic bitterness and aroma to beer, their equally significant health-promoting effects have been known to mankind for several thousand years and hop is a plant traditionally utilized in folk medicine. This paper summarizes the scientific knowledge on the effects of all 3 major groups of secondary metabolites of hops; polyphenols, essential oils, and resins. Because of their chemical diversity, it is no coincidence that these compounds exhibit a wide range of pharmacologically important properties. In addition to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer-related properties, particular attention is being paid to prenylflavonoids that occur almost exclusively in hops and are considered to be some of the most active phytoestrogens known. Hop oils and resins are well known for their sedative and other neuropharmacological properties, but in addition, these compounds exhibit antibacterial and antifungal effects. Recently, alpha bitter acids have been shown to block the development of a number of complex lifestyle diseases that are referred to by the collective name "metabolic syndrome." Information presented in this review confirms the significant potential for the use of hops in the pharmaceutical industry and provides an understanding of beer as a natural drink that, although moderately consumed, may become a source of many health-promoting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Karabín
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Univ. of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Hudcová
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Univ. of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Jelínek
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Univ. of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Dostálek
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Univ. of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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21
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Jiang W, Zhao S, Xu L, Lu Y, Lu Z, Chen C, Ni J, Wan R, Yang L. The inhibitory effects of xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone derived from hops, on cell growth and tumorigenesis in human pancreatic cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2015. [PMID: 26211581 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal human malignancies worldwide. Here, we demonstrated that xanthohumol (XN), the most abundant prenylated chalcone isolated from hops, inhibited the growth of cultured PC cells and their subcutaneous xenograft tumors. XN treatment was found to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of PC cells (PANC-1, BxPC-3) by inhibiting phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and expression of its downstream targeted genes cyclinD1, survivin, and Bcl-xL at the messenger RNA level, which involved in regulation of apoptosis and the cell cycle. Overall, our results suggested that XN presents a promising candidate therapeutic agent against human PC and the STAT3 signaling pathway is its key molecular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Hai Ning Road, Shanghai 200080, China.
| | - Senlin Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yingying Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Hai Ning Road, Shanghai 200080, China.
| | - Zhanjun Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Hai Ning Road, Shanghai 200080, China.
| | - Congying Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Hai Ning Road, Shanghai 200080, China.
| | - Jianbo Ni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Hai Ning Road, Shanghai 200080, China.
| | - Rong Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Hai Ning Road, Shanghai 200080, China.
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Hai Ning Road, Shanghai 200080, China.
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22
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Kunnimalaiyaan S, Sokolowski KM, Balamurugan M, Gamblin TC, Kunnimalaiyaan M. Xanthohumol inhibits Notch signaling and induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127464. [PMID: 26011160 PMCID: PMC4444108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite improvement in therapeutic strategies, median survival in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains less than one year. Therefore, molecularly targeted compounds with less toxic profiles are needed. Xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated chalcone has been shown to have anti-proliferative effects in various cancers types in vitro. XN treatment in healthy mice and humans yielded favorable pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. Therefore, we determined to study the effects of XN and understand the mechanism of its action in HCC. The effects of XN on a panel of HCC cell lines were assessed for cell viability, colony forming ability, and cellular proliferation. Cell lysates were analyzed for pro-apoptotic (c-PARP and cleaved caspase-3) and anti-apoptotic markers (survivin, cyclin D1, and Mcl-1). XN concentrations of 5μM and above significantly reduced the cell viability, colony forming ability and also confluency of all four HCC cell lines studied. Furthermore, growth suppression due to apoptosis was evidenced by increased expression of pro-apoptotic and reduced expression of anti-apoptotic proteins. Importantly, XN treatment inhibited the Notch signaling pathway as evidenced by the decrease in the expression of Notch1 and HES-1 proteins. Ectopic expression of Notch1 in HCC cells reverses the anti-proliferative effect of XN as evidenced by reduced growth suppression compared to control. Taken together these results suggested that XN mediated growth suppression is appeared to be mediated by the inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway. Therefore, our findings warrants further studies on XN as a potential agent for the treatment for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvi Kunnimalaiyaan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology and Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Kevin M. Sokolowski
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology and Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Mariappan Balamurugan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology and Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - T. Clark Gamblin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology and Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Muthusamy Kunnimalaiyaan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology and Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Xanthohumol induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in ca ski human cervical cancer cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:921306. [PMID: 25949267 PMCID: PMC4408747 DOI: 10.1155/2015/921306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We investigate induction of apoptosis by xanthohumol on Ca Ski cervical cancer cell line. Xanthohumol is a prenylated chalcone naturally found in hop plants, previously reported to be an effective anticancer agent in various cancer cell lines. The present study showed that xanthohumol was effective to inhibit proliferation of Ca Ski cells based on IC50 values using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Furthermore, cellular and nuclear morphological changes were observed in the cells using phase contrast microscopy and Hoechst/PI fluorescent staining. In addition, 48-hour long treatment with xanthohumol triggered externalization of phosphatidylserine, changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, and DNA fragmentation in the cells. Additionally, xanthohumol mediated S phase arrest in cell cycle analysis and increased activities of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9. On the other hand, Western blot analysis showed that the expression levels of cleaved PARP, p53, and AIF increased, while Bcl-2 and XIAP decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these findings indicate that xanthohumol-induced cell death might involve intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways, as well as downregulation of XIAP, upregulation of p53 proteins, and S phase cell cycle arrest in Ca Ski cervical cancer cells. This work suggests that xanthohumol is a potent chemotherapeutic candidate for cervical cancer.
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24
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Pharmacological profile of xanthohumol, a prenylated flavonoid from hops (Humulus lupulus). Molecules 2015; 20:754-79. [PMID: 25574819 PMCID: PMC6272297 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20010754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The female inflorescences of hops (Humulus lupulus L.), a well-known bittering agent used in the brewing industry, have long been used in traditional medicines. Xanthohumol (XN) is one of the bioactive substances contributing to its medical applications. Among foodstuffs XN is found primarily in beer and its natural occurrence is surveyed. In recent years, XN has received much attention for its biological effects. The present review describes the pharmacological aspects of XN and summarizes the most interesting findings obtained in the preclinical research related to this compound, including the pharmacological activity, the pharmacokinetics, and the safety of XN. Furthermore, the potential use of XN as a food additive considering its many positive biological effects is discussed.
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25
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Prehm P. Curcumin analogue identified as hyaluronan export inhibitor by virtual docking to the ABC transporter MRP5. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:76-81. [PMID: 23978416 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan is overproduced in many diseases including metastasis, inflammation or ischemia, but there is no drug to attenuate hyaluronan production. Hyaluronan is exported from fibroblasts by the multidrug resistance associated protein 5 (MRP5) which is inhibited by the plant phenols curcumin or xanthohumol. We performed virtual docking and chemical synthesis of analogues to optimize the inhibitors. The AutoDock software was used to identify the binding cavity within the open conformation of MRP5. Inhibitory plant phenols bound to the ATP binding site between the two nucleotide binding domains NBD1 and NBD2. This binding cavity was chosen to screen about 120 derivatives and analogues. The superior hyaluronan export inhibitor was 1,5-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-pentadien-3-one (hylin). It inhibited hyaluronan export from fibroblasts with an IC50 of 4.9 μM. Hylin is a minor component in natural curcumin preparations and has previously been described as anti-metastatic and anti-inflammatory. Since curcumin itself is unstable under physiological conditions, the active component for many cell biological and pharmaceutical effects of natural curcumin preparations could be hylin that acts by hyaluronan export inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Prehm
- Muenster University Hospital, Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Waldeyerstrasse 15, D-48149 Muenster, Germany.
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26
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Yang M, Li N, Li F, Zhu Q, Liu X, Han Q, Wang Y, Chen Y, Zeng X, Lv Y, Zhang P, Yang C, Liu Z. Xanthohumol, a main prenylated chalcone from hops, reduces liver damage and modulates oxidative reaction and apoptosis in hepatitis C virus infected Tupaia belangeri. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 16:466-74. [PMID: 23669332 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Tupaia belangeri (Tupaia) represents an important model of HCV infection. Xanthohumol (XN), a major prenylated chalcone from hops, has various biological activities including hepatopreventive and anti-viral activities. In this study, Tupaias infected with HCV RNA positive serum were used to evaluate the effects of XN on liver damage, oxidative reaction, apoptosis and viral protein expression in liver tissues. The Tupaias inoculated with HCV positive serum had elevated serum aminotransferase levels and inflammation, especially hepatic steatosis, and HCV core protein expression in liver tissue. In the animals inoculated with HCV positive serum, XN significantly decreased aminotransferase levels, histological activity index, hepatic steatosis score and transforming growth factor β1 expression in liver tissue compared with the animals without XN intervention. XN reduced HCV core protein expression in liver tissue compared with those without XN intervention but the difference was not significant. XN significantly decreased malondialdehyde, potentiated superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, reduced Bax expression, promoted Bcl-xL and inhibited caspase 3 activity in liver tissues compared with the animals without XN intervention. These results indicate that XN may effectively improve hepatic inflammation, steatosis and fibrosis induced by HCV in Tupaias primarily through inhibition of oxidative reaction and regulation of apoptosis and possible suppression of hepatic stellate cell activation. The anti-HCV potential of XN needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingbo Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Doddapattar P, Radović B, Patankar JV, Obrowsky S, Jandl K, Nusshold C, Kolb D, Vujić N, Doshi L, Chandak PG, Goeritzer M, Ahammer H, Hoefler G, Sattler W, Kratky D. Xanthohumol ameliorates atherosclerotic plaque formation, hypercholesterolemia, and hepatic steatosis in ApoE-deficient mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1718-28. [PMID: 23650230 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated antioxidative and anti-inflammatory chalcone from hops, exhibits positive effects on lipid and glucose metabolism. Based on its favorable biological properties, we investigated whether XN attenuates atherosclerosis in western-type diet-fed apolipoprotein-E-deficient (ApoE⁻/⁻) mice. METHODS AND RESULTS XN supplementation markedly reduced plasma cholesterol concentrations, decreased atherosclerotic lesion area, and attenuated plasma concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokine monocyte chemoattractant protein 1. Decreased hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol content, activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, phosphorylation and inactivation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and reduced expression levels of mature sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-2 and SREBP-1c mRNA indicate reduced lipogenesis in the liver of XN-fed ApoE⁻/⁻ mice. Concomitant induction of hepatic mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1a in ApoE⁻/⁻ mice-administered XN suggests increased fatty acid beta-oxidation. Fecal cholesterol concentrations were also markedly increased in XN-fed ApoE⁻/⁻ mice compared with mice fed western-type diet alone. CONCLUSION The atheroprotective effects of XN might be attributed to combined beneficial effects on plasma cholesterol and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 concentrations and hepatic lipid metabolism via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Doddapattar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Wunderlich S, Wurzbacher M, Back W. Roasting of malt and xanthohumol enrichment in beer. Eur Food Res Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-013-1970-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Venè R, Benelli R, Minghelli S, Astigiano S, Tosetti F, Ferrari N. Xanthohumol impairs human prostate cancer cell growth and invasion and diminishes the incidence and progression of advanced tumors in TRAMP mice. Mol Med 2012; 18:1292-302. [PMID: 22952060 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in understanding the biological basis of prostate cancer, management of the disease, especially in the phase resistant to androgen ablation, remains a significant challenge. The long latency and high incidence of prostate carcinogenesis provides the opportunity to intervene with chemoprevention to prevent or eradicate prostate malignancies. In this study, we have used human hormone-resistant prostate cancer cells, DU145 and PC3, as an in vitro model to assess the efficacy of xanthohumol (XN) against cell growth, motility and invasion. We observed that treatment of prostate cancer cells with low micromolar doses of XN inhibits proliferation and modulates focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and AKT phosphorylation leading to reduced cell migration and invasion. Oxidative stress by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was associated with these effects. Transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) transgenic mice were used as an in vivo model of prostate adenocarcinoma. Oral gavage of XN, three times per week, beginning at 4 wks of age, induced a decrease in the average weight of the urogenital (UG) tract, delayed advanced tumor progression and inhibited the growth of poorly differentiated prostate carcinoma. The ability of XN to inhibit prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo suggests that XN may be a novel agent for the management of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Venè
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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Xanthohumol suppresses inflammatory response to warm ischemia-reperfusion induced liver injury. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 94:10-6. [PMID: 22634733 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) leads to formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause hepatic injury and initiate an inflammatory response, which is a critical problem after liver surgery and transplantation. Xanthohumol, the major prenylated chalcone found in hops, has been discussed for its anti-inflammatory and ROS-scavenging properties, and thus, we aimed to investigate the effect of xanthohumol in a model of warm I/R liver injury. Xanthohumol was applied to BALB/c mice orally at a dose of 1 mg/g body weight for 5 days before I/R-injury was induced by clamping the vascular blood supply to the median and left lateral liver lobe for 1 h followed by a 6 h period of reperfusion. At this time, HPLC analysis revealed hepatic xanthohumol levels of approximately 2 μM, a concentration which has been shown to inhibit inflammatory effects in vitro. Assessment of hepatic HMOX1 expression, hepatic glutathione content and immunohistochemical analysis for proteins conjugated with the reactive aldehyde 4-hydroxynonenal indicated that I/R-induced oxidative stress was significantly inhibited in xanthohumol-fed compared to control mice. Histological analysis, TUNEL staining and determination of transaminase serum levels revealed no significant effects of xanthohumol on acute hepatocellular injury. However, at the same time point, pretreatment with xanthohumol almost completely blunted the I/R-induced AKT and NFκB activation and the expression of the proinflammatory genes IL-1alpha, IL-6, MCP-1 and ICAM-1, which are known to play a crucial role in the subacute phase of I/R-induced liver damage. In conclusion, these data indicate the potential of xanthohumol application to prevent adverse inflammatory responses to I/R-induced liver damage such as after surgical liver resection or transplantation.
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31
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Rudzitis-Auth J, Körbel C, Scheuer C, Menger MD, Laschke MW. Xanthohumol inhibits growth and vascularization of developing endometriotic lesions. Hum Reprod 2012; 27:1735-44. [PMID: 22447626 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/des095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xanthohumol is a prenylated flavonoid isolated from hops, which is known to act as a pleiotropic cancer chemopreventive agent owing to its anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties. In the present study, we analyzed, for the first time, whether this dietary compound may also be used for the treatment of endometriosis. METHODS Peritoneal and mesenteric endometriotic lesions were surgically induced in BALB/c mice by uterine tissue transplantation into the abdominal cavity. The animals were treated daily with 100 µM xanthohumol (n= 8) or vehicle (control, n= 8) via the drinking water, starting 3 days before tissue transplantations. Lesion growth, cyst formation and vascularization were subsequently analyzed by means of high-resolution ultrasound imaging (at Day 0 and then once per week for 28 days), caliper measurements, western blotting, histology and immunohistochemistry over 4 weeks. RESULTS In the treatment and control groups, uterine grafts developed typical endometriotic lesions with cyst-like dilated glands surrounded by a vascularized endometrial stroma. However, xanthohumol efficiently decreased the size of these lesions at Day 28, independent of their localization within the peritoneal cavity, compared with control (peritoneal: P =0.041; mesenteric: P =0.038). This was associated with a reduced level of phosphoinositide 3-kinase protein. Moreover, vascularization of xanthohumol-treated lesions was suppressed, as indicated by a significantly lower microvessel density at Day 28 when compared with vehicle-treated controls (peritoneal: P =0.026; mesenteric: P =0.004). Additional analyses revealed that treatment with xanthohumol did not affect the histomorphology, proliferation and vascularization of the uterine horns and ovaries. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these experimental findings suggest that xanthohumol inhibits the development of endometriotic lesions in mice without inducing serious side effects in the reproductive organs. Thus, xanthohumol represents a promising dietary phytochemical that, after further testing, may be considered for the use in the selective treatment of endometriotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rudzitis-Auth
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Saar, Germany.
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32
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The AKT/NF-κB inhibitor xanthohumol is a potent anti-lymphocytic leukemia drug overcoming chemoresistance and cell infiltration. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1634-42. [PMID: 22445931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the vast majority of patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) attain remission with modern therapies, relapsed leukemia will continue to be a common malignancy both in childhood and in adults, until new treatments are available. Therapeutic options for advanced B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia are still limited and acquired drug resistance and extramedullary tissue infiltration are two major obstacles during treatment. The prenylflavonoid xanthohumol (XN) has shown in vitro and in vivo therapeutic potential against a range of tumors. In the present study we investigated the effects of XN on B-ALL cells in vitro and in an ALL-like xenograft mouse model. Treatment of ALL cell lines with XN resulted in growth arrest and apoptosis induction. XN retained its cytotoxicity when adriamycin resistant cells were examined while ALL cell clones adapted to long-term exposure to XN resulted highly responsive to cytotoxic drugs. Administration of 50μg XN/mouse (5 days/week) significantly increased animal life span by delaying the insurgence of neurological disorders due to leukemic cells dissemination. In agreement with a less invasive phenotype, cell migration and invasion were impaired by XN and basal levels of FAK, AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways were down-regulated in ALL cells upon XN exposure. Our data indicate that XN has significant antileukemic activity both in vitro and in vivo, which associates with impaired cell migration and invasion. Interestingly, this activity overcomes mechanisms leading to drug-resistance. XN represents a promising agent perspective for ALL therapy and recurrence prevention and would deserve clinical testing in the near future.
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Drenzek JG, Seiler NL, Jaskula-Sztul R, Rausch MM, Rose SL. Xanthohumol decreases Notch1 expression and cell growth by cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis in epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 122:396-401. [PMID: 21616523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Notch1 signaling is active in ovarian cancer and is a promising pathway for new therapies in ovarian cancer. We have previously detected high Notch1 expression in ovarian tumors. Xanthohumol has been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth and invasion, including Kaposi's sarcoma, which also highly expresses Notch1. We hypothesized that the Notch1 signaling pathway is targeted by xanthohumol leading to decreased ovarian cancer cell growth. METHODS SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells were utilized. MTT growth assays were conducted following treatment with xanthohumol. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analyses were conducted to assess Notch1 down-regulation. Luciferase reporter assays were performed to assess functional down-regulation of Notch1. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Significant growth inhibition and down-regulation of Notch1 transcription and protein expression were found following xanthohumol treatment. In addition, xanthohumol increased Hes6 transcription and decreased Hes1 transcription, known downstream targets of Notch 1. These observations were associated with cell cycle inhibition as demonstrated by an increase in p21 expression and S and G2/M cell cycle arrest confirmed by an increase in phosphorylated cdc2. Furthermore, an increase in the apoptotic markers, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP were observed. CONCLUSION Xanthohumol was a potent inhibitor of ovarian cancer cell growth, and our results suggest that xanthohumol may be influencing the Notch1 pathway. These findings suggest that xanthohumol could be useful as a therapeutic agent in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Drenzek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Hanske L, Loh G, Sczesny S, Blaut M, Braune A. Recovery and metabolism of xanthohumol in germ-free and human microbiota-associated rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 54:1405-13. [PMID: 20397197 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The impact of human intestinal bacteria on the bioavailability of the prenylflavonoid xanthohumol (XN) was studied by comparing germ-free (GF) and human microbiota-associated (HMA) rats. After XN application, XN, XN conjugates, and isoxanthohumol (IX) conjugates occurred in blood samples of GF and HMA rats, whereas IX was detected only in the blood of HMA rats. Overall excretion of XN and its metabolites within 48 h was only 4.6% of the ingested dose in GF rats and 4.2% in HMA rats, feces being the major route of excretion. While both GF and HMA rats excreted XN, IX, and their conjugates with urine and feces, 8-prenylnaringenin and its corresponding conjugates were exclusively observed in the feces of HMA rats. The microbial formation of 8-prenylnaringenin was confirmed by incubation of XN and IX with human fecal slurries. The amount of conjugates excreted in urine and feces was lower in HMA rats compared to GF rats indicating their hydrolysis by human intestinal microbiota. Thus, the impact of bacteria on the XN metabolism in the gut may affect the in vivo effects of ingested XN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hanske
- Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
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35
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Wang YJ, Dou J, Cross KP, Valerio LG. Computational analysis for hepatic safety signals of constituents present in botanical extracts widely used by women in the United States for treatment of menopausal symptoms. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 59:111-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Radović B, Hussong R, Gerhäuser C, Meinl W, Frank N, Becker H, Köhrle J. Xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone from hops, modulates hepatic expression of genes involved in thyroid hormone distribution and metabolism. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54 Suppl 2:S225-35. [PMID: 20461738 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we analyzed the influence of xanthohumol (XN) on thyroid hormone (TH) distribution and metabolism in rats. A potent and selective competition of XN for thyroxine (T4) binding to transthyretin (IC(50)=1 microM at 1.7 nM [(125)I]T4) was found in human and rat sera in vitro. Female rats treated orally with XN showed increased hepatic expression of T4-binding globulin and decreased transthyretin and albumin. Thyrotropin levels and hepatic type 1 deiodinase activity were moderately increased. Northern blot analysis revealed diminished expression of liver sulfotransferase (Sult1a1) and uridine-diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (Ugt1a1) after XN treatment. The transcript levels of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), known to be involved in regulation of enzymes metabolizing hormones, drugs and xenobiotics, was lower in rats treated with >10 mg XN/kg body weight per day. Immunoblot analysis indicates reduced amounts of CAR protein. The phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P450 mRNA level was decreased in rats treated with >10 mg XN/kg/day, in agreement with reduced CAR protein. Although only moderate changes in TH serum levels were observed, the XN-dependent altered expression of components involved in TH homeostasis might be important not only for hormone metabolism, but also for hepatic phase I and II elimination of drug metabolites and xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Radović
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie & Endokrinologisches Forschungs-Centrum EnForCé, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
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Dorn C, Kraus B, Motyl M, Weiss TS, Gehrig M, Schölmerich J, Heilmann J, Hellerbrand C. Xanthohumol, a chalcon derived from hops, inhibits hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54 Suppl 2:S205-13. [PMID: 20087858 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XN) is a major prenylated chalcone found in hops, which is used to add bitterness and flavor to beer. In this study, we first investigated the effects of XN on hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSC), the central mediators of liver fibrogenesis. XN inhibited the activation of primary human HSC and induced apoptosis in activated HSC in vitro in a dose dependent manner (0-20 microM). In contrast, XN doses as high as 50 microM did not impair viability of primary human hepatocytes. However, in both cell types XN inhibited activation of the transcription factor NFkappaB and expression of NFkappaB dependent proinflammatory genes. In vivo, feeding of XN reduced hepatic inflammation and expression of profibrogenic genes in a murine model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. These data indicate that XN has the potential as functional nutrient for the prevention or treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis or other chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Dorn
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Dorn C, Bataille F, Gaebele E, Heilmann J, Hellerbrand C. Xanthohumol feeding does not impair organ function and homoeostasis in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1890-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Strathmann J, Klimo K, Sauer SW, Okun JG, Prehn JHM, Gerhäuser C. Xanthohumol‐induced transient superoxide anion radical formation triggers cancer cells into apoptosis
via
a mitochondria‐mediated mechanism. FASEB J 2010; 24:2938-50. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-155846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Klimo
- German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg Germany
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Koo JH, Kim HT, Yoon HY, Kwon KB, Choi IW, Jung SH, Kim HU, Park BH, Park JW. Effect of xanthohumol on melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells. Exp Mol Med 2009; 40:313-9. [PMID: 18587269 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2008.40.3.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XH), the principal prenylflavonoid of the hop plant (Humulus lupulus L.), dose-dependently inhibited isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX)-induced melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells, with little cytotoxicity at the effective concentrations. Decreased melanin content was accompanied by reduced tyrosinase enzyme activity, protein and mRNA expression. The levels of tyrosinase-related protein 1 and 2 mRNAs were decreased by XH. XH also inhibited alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone- or forskolin-induced increases in melanogenesis, suggesting an action on the cAMP-dependent melanogenic pathway. XH downregulated the protein and mRNA expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a master transcriptional regulator of key melanogenic enzymes. These results suggest that XH might act as a hypo-pigmenting agent through the downregulation of MITF in the cAMP-dependent melanogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeung-Hyun Koo
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School and Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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Modification of the cysteine residues in IkappaBalpha kinase and NF-kappaB (p65) by xanthohumol leads to suppression of NF-kappaB-regulated gene products and potentiation of apoptosis in leukemia cells. Blood 2008; 113:2003-13. [PMID: 18952893 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-04-151944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated chalcone isolated from hop plant, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antiangiogenic properties through an undefined mechanism. Whether examined by intracellular esterase activity, phosphatidylserine externalization, DNA strand breaks, or caspase activation, we found that XN potentiated tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis in leukemia and myeloma cells. This enhancement of apoptosis correlated with down-regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) survivin, bcl-xL, XIAP, cIAP1, cIAP2, cylin D1, and c-myc. XN down-regulated both constitutive and inducible NF-kappaB activation, inhibition of phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha, suppression of p65 nuclear translocation, and NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene transcription. XN directly inhibited tumor necrosis factor-induced IkappaBalpha kinase (IKK) activation and a reducing agent abolished this inhibition, indicating the role of cysteine residue. XN had no effect on the IKK activity when cysteine residue 179 of IKK was mutated to alanine. XN also directly inhibited binding of p65 to DNA, a reducing agent reversed this effect, and mutation of cysteine residue 38 to serine of p65 abolished this effect. Thus, our results show that modification of cysteine residues of IKK and p65 by XN leads to inhibition of the NF-kappaB activation pathway, suppression of antiapoptotic gene products, and potentiation of apoptosis in leukemia cells.
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Colgate EC, Miranda CL, Stevens JF, Bray TM, Ho E. Xanthohumol, a prenylflavonoid derived from hops induces apoptosis and inhibits NF-kappaB activation in prostate epithelial cells. Cancer Lett 2006; 246:201-9. [PMID: 16563612 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2005] [Revised: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that certain natural compounds found in plants may be useful as cancer chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agents. Limited in vitro studies indicate that several prenylated flavonoids present in the hop plant (Humulus lupulus) possess anticarcinogenic properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-tumorigenic effects of xanthohumol (XN), the major prenylflavonoid in hops, on prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia. BPH-1 and PC3 cell lines were used in our study to represent both non-tumorigenic hyperplasia and malignant prostate cancer. In both BPH-1 and PC3 cells, XN and its oxidation product, XAL, decreased cell viability in a dose dependent manner (2.5-20 microM) as determined by MTT assay and caused an increase in the formation of early and late apoptotic cells as determined by Annexin V staining and multicaspase assays. XN and its oxygenated derivative also induced cell cycle changes in both cells lines, seen in an elevated sub G1 peak at 48h treatment. Western blot analysis was performed to confirm the activation of proapoptotic proteins, Bax and p53. XN and its derivative caused decreased activation of NFkappaB. This work suggests that XN and its oxidation product, XAL, may be potentially useful as a chemopreventive agent during prostate hyperplasia and prostate carcinogenesis, acting via induction of apoptosis and down-regulation of NFkappaB activation in BPH-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Colgate
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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