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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Gropp J, Mulder P, Oswald IP, Woutersen R, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Rovesti E, Hoogenboom L(R. Risks for animal health related to the presence of ergot alkaloids in feed. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8496. [PMID: 38264299 PMCID: PMC10804272 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Commission requested EFSA to provide an update of the 2012 Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) on the risks for animal health related to the presence of ergot alkaloids (EAs) in feed. EAs are produced by several fungi of the Claviceps and Epichloë genera. This Opinion focussed on the 14 EAs produced by C. purpurea (ergocristine, ergotamine, ergocornine, α- and β-ergocryptine, ergometrine, ergosine and their corresponding 'inine' epimers). Effects observed with EAs from C. africana (mainly dihydroergosine) and Epichloë (ergovaline/-inine) were also evaluated. There is limited information on toxicokinetics in food and non-food producing animals. However, transfer from feed to food of animal origin is negligible. The major effects of EAs are related to vasoconstriction and are exaggerated during extreme temperatures. In addition, EAs cause a decrease in prolactin, resulting in a reduced milk production. Based on the sum of the EAs, the Panel considered the following as Reference Points (RPs) in complete feed for adverse animal health effects: for pigs and piglets 0.6 mg/kg, for chickens for fattening and hens 2.1 and 3.7 mg/kg, respectively, for ducks 0.2 mg/kg, bovines 0.1 mg/kg and sheep 0.3 mg/kg. A total of 19,023 analytical results on EAs (only from C. purpurea) in feed materials and compound feeds were available for the exposure assessment (1580 samples). Dietary exposure was assessed using two feeding scenarios (model diets and compound feeds). Risk characterisation was done for the animals for which an RP could be identified. The CONTAM Panel considers that, based on exposure from model diets, the presence of EAs in feed raises a health concern in piglets, pigs for fattening, sows and bovines, while for chickens for fattening, laying hens, ducks, ovines and caprines, the health concern related to EAs in feed is low.
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Ferguson TD, Vanzant ES, McLeod KR. Endophyte Infected Tall Fescue: Plant Symbiosis to Animal Toxicosis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:774287. [PMID: 35004925 PMCID: PMC8740028 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.774287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophyte-infected fescue is a major cool season forage used for livestock production in the United States and through other areas of the world. A unique aspect of this forage resource is the symbiotic relationship with an endophytic fungus (Epichloë coenophiala) that has detrimental impact on herbivores due to toxic ergot alkaloids. Research over the past 50 years has unveiled details regarding this symbiotic relationship. This review focuses on the origin of tall fescue in the United States and the consequences of its wide-spread utilization as a livestock forage, along with the discovery and toxicodynamics of ergot alkaloids produced by E. coenophiala. The majority of past ergot alkaloid research has focused on observing phenotypic changes that occur in livestock affected by ergot alkaloids, but recent investigation of the metabolome, transcriptome, and proteome have shown that fescue toxicity-related illnesses are much more complex than previous research suggests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor D Ferguson
- Ruminant Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Eric S Vanzant
- Ruminant Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kyle R McLeod
- Ruminant Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Schwake-Anduschus C, Lorenz N, Lahrssen-Wiederholt M, Lauche A, Dänicke S. German monitoring 2012–2014: ergot of Claviceps purpurea and ergot alkaloids (EA) in feedingstuffs and their toxicological relevance for animal feeding. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-020-01298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFeedingstuffs are frequently contaminated with sclerotia (ergot) of the phytopathogenic fungus Claviceps purpurea. Ergot contains ergot alkaloids (EA), but the amount and composition of these substances may be highly variable hampering the extrapolation of the amount of EA from the ergot content. 600 different feed samples from the harvest years 2011–2014 (rye, triticale, wheat, mixed cereal grains or compound feed), preferably those with visible ergot infestation, were analyzed for both parameters ergot and EA content in a German monitoring program. The analytical results were employed for statistical evaluation using the software JMP® 13. The data show that the correlation between the ergot and the EA content was rather poor, especially for rye, the grain most frequently contaminated with ergot and EA. Consequently, effects on animal health correlated much better with EA than with ergot content. Furthermore, it shows that the current European law for undesirable substances (Directive 2002/32/EC) restricting the ergot content in feed materials and compound feed containing unground cereals is not fully sufficient to protect animal health. Therefore, preliminary guidance values for species-specific critical values for total EA content in the diets are derived and suggested for practical use. Further research is needed to verify these preliminary guidance values and to improve risk evaluation in consideration of the significant variability in the species-specific sensitivity.
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Rudolph W, Remane D, Wissenbach DK, Peters FT. Comparative study on the metabolism of the ergot alkaloids ergocristine, ergocryptine, ergotamine, and ergovaline in equine and human S9 fractions and equine liver preparations. Xenobiotica 2019; 49:1149-1157. [PMID: 30623698 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1542187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
1. Ergopeptine alkaloids like ergovaline and ergotamine are suspected to be associated with fescue toxicosis and ergotism in horses. Information on the metabolism of ergot alkaloids is scarce, especially in horses, but needed for toxicological analysis of these drugs in urine/feces of affected horses. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolism of ergovaline, ergotamine, ergocristine, and ergocryptine in horses and comparison to humans. 2. Supernatants of alkaloid incubations with equine and human liver S9 fractions were analyzed by reversed-phase liquid-chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry with full scan and MS2 acquisition. Metabolite structures were postulated based on their MS2 spectra in comparison to those of the parent alkaloids. All compounds were extensively metabolized yielding nor-, N-oxide, hydroxy and dihydro-diole metabolites with largely overlapping patterns in equine and human liver S9 fractions. However, some metabolic steps e.g. the formation of 8'-hydroxy metabolites were unique for human metabolism, while formation of the 13/14-hydroxy and 13,14-dihydro-diol metabolites were unique for equine metabolism. Incubations with equine whole liver preparations yielded less metabolites than the S9 fractions. 3. The acquired data can be used to develop metabolite-based screenings for these alkaloids, which will likely extend their detection windows in urine/feces from affected horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Rudolph
- a Institute of Forensic Medicine , Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
| | - Daniela Remane
- a Institute of Forensic Medicine , Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
| | - Dirk K Wissenbach
- a Institute of Forensic Medicine , Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
| | - Frank T Peters
- a Institute of Forensic Medicine , Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
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Coufal-Majewski S, Stanford K, McAllister T, Wang Y, Blakley B, McKinnon J, Swift ML, Chaves AV. Effects of Continuously Feeding Diets Containing Cereal Ergot Alkaloids on Nutrient Digestibility, Alkaloid Recovery in Feces, and Performance Traits of Ram Lambs. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E405. [PMID: 29257065 PMCID: PMC5744125 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9120405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Allowable limits for cereal ergot alkaloids in livestock feeds are being re-examined, and the objective of this study was to compare nutrient digestibility, growth performance and carcass characteristics of ram lambs fed a range of alkaloid concentrations, including the maximum currently allowed in Canada (2 to 3 ppm). Four pelleted diets were fed: control, with no added alkaloids; 930; 1402; and 2447 ppb alkaloids based on total R and S epimers. Eight ram lambs (30.0 ± 3.1 kg) were used to examine the impacts of dietary treatments on nutrient digestibility and alkaloid recovery from feces. Concentrations of dietary alkaloids evaluated did not affect nutrient digestibility or N metabolism. Excepting ergocornine and ergocryptine, recovery of alkaloids in feces varied among periods, suggesting that individual lambs may differ in their ability to metabolize ergocristine, ergometrine, ergosine, ergotamine and their S epimers. In a second experiment, ram lambs (n = 47, 30 ± 8 kg) were randomly assigned to a diet and weighed weekly until they achieved a slaughter weight of ≥ 45 kg (average 9 weeks; range 6 to 13 weeks). Intake of DM did not differ (p = 0.91) among diets, although lambs fed 2447 ppb alkaloids had a lower (p < 0.01) ADG than did lambs receiving other treatments. The concentration of serum prolactin linearly declined (p < 0.01) with increasing alkaloids. Feeding 2447 ppb total alkaloids negatively impacted growth, while feeding 1402 ppb did not harm growth performance, but reduced carcass dressing percentage. Due to different concentrations of alkaloids affecting growth and carcass characteristics in the present study, determining allowable limits for total dietary alkaloids will require a better understanding of impacts of alkaloid profiles and interactions among individual alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Coufal-Majewski
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Kim Stanford
- Livestock Research Section, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4V6, Canada.
| | - Tim McAllister
- Science and Technology Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Science and Technology Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Barry Blakley
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - John McKinnon
- Department of Animal Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - Mary Lou Swift
- Ruminant Nutrition, Hi-Pro Feeds, Okotoks, AB T1S 1A2, Canada.
| | - Alexandre V Chaves
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Klotz JL. BILL E. KUNKLE INTERDISCIPLINARY BEEF SYMPOSIUM: Physiologic effects of ergot alkaloids: What happens when excretion does not equal consumption? J Anim Sci 2016; 93:5512-21. [PMID: 26641161 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased persistence of tall fescue () infested with an endophytic fungus, (formerly ), in forage-based agriculture has led to increased effort in understanding the negative effects caused by consumption of ergot alkaloids by animals consuming this forage. Ergot alkaloids have been shown to have an extremely short plasma half-life, but this does not necessarily equate to total clearance. Studies that measured consumption and excretion of alkaloids have demonstrated that in the case of ergovaline, less is excreted than is consumed. The fate of ergot alkaloids that leave circulation but are not excreted is not well understood. Consequently, these "alkaloid balance studies" have led to speculation that ergovaline might bioaccumulate in the animal. Unfortunately, few data indisputably support this outcome. Progress has been slowed by the fact that the fungus produces a multitude of different ergot alkaloids that can bind to a variety of different receptors. Binding studies have shown that ergot alkaloids have unusually slow receptor dissociation rates that have been described as irreversible and contribute to a persistent signaling effect. In vitro analyses have revealed a potential for accumulation of ergot alkaloids through repetitive exposures to low concentrations creating a "depot" of alkaloids available to interact with receptors. The specific high binding affinity of ergot alkaloids combined with the potential turnover of alkaloids bound nonspecifically could extend residual effects of these compounds. Interestingly, cattle exposed to ergot alkaloids in vivo have a consistently lower vascular response to agonists that target receptors known to bind ergot alkaloids. If these same receptors are blocked with an antagonist, contractile response to ergopeptine alkaloids is also reduced significantly (>60% reduction). This observation that alkaloid exposure interrupts normal function of a receptor can persist 5 to 6 wk after animals have been removed from an ergot alkaloid source (and prolactin levels have long since returned to normal). Thus, clearance of ergot alkaloids from cattle grazing pasture with ergot alkaloid-producing endophytes may occur in a similar gradual manner. Studies that improve the understanding of how cattle process ergot alkaloids will help answer the question of whether ergot alkaloids bioaccumulate.
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Baldwin RL, Capuco AV, Evock-Clover CM, Grossi P, Choudhary RK, Vanzant ES, Elsasser TH, Bertoni G, Trevisi E, Aiken GE, McLeod KR. Consumption of endophyte-infected fescue seed during the dry period does not decrease milk production in the following lactation. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7574-7589. [PMID: 27320660 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids in endophyte-infected grasses inhibit prolactin (PRL) secretion and may reduce milk production of cows consuming these grasses. We investigated the effects of consuming endophyte-infected fescue seed during late lactation and the dry period on mammary growth, differentiation, and milk production. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups. Starting at 90±4 d prepartum, cows were fed endophyte-free fescue seed (control; CON), endophyte-free fescue seed plus 3×/wk subcutaneous injections of bromocriptine (0.1mg/kg of body weight, positive control; BROMO), or endophyte-infected fescue seed (INF) as 10% of the diet on an as fed basis. Although milk yield of groups did not differ before treatment, at dry off (-60 d prepartum) INF and BROMO cows produced less milk than CON. Throughout the treatment period, basal concentrations of PRL and the prepartum increase in plasma PRL were reduced in INF and BROMO cows compared with CON cows. Three weeks after the end of treatment, circulating concentrations of PRL were equivalent across groups. In the subsequent lactation milk yield was not decreased; in fact, BROMO cows exhibited a 9% increase in milk yield relative to CON. Evaluation of mammary tissue during the dry period and the subsequent lactation, by quantitative histology and immunohistochemical analysis of proliferation markers and putative mammary stem or progenitor cell markers, indicated that feeding endophyte-infected fescue seed did not significantly affect mammary growth and development. Feeding endophyte-infected grasses during the dry period may permit effective utilization of feed resources without compromising milk production in the next lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ransom L Baldwin
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Anthony V Capuco
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705.
| | - Christina M Evock-Clover
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Paolo Grossi
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, I-29100, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Ratan K Choudhary
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546
| | - Eric S Vanzant
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546
| | - Theodore H Elsasser
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Giuseppe Bertoni
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, I-29100, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, I-29100, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Glen E Aiken
- Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - Kyle R McLeod
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546
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Dänicke S. Toxic effects, metabolism, and carry-over of ergot alkaloids in laying hens, with a special focus on changes of the alkaloid isomeric ratio in feed caused by hydrothermal treatment. Mycotoxin Res 2016; 32:37-52. [PMID: 26809637 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-016-0238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids (EA) are mycotoxins formed by Claviceps purpurea. Due to the large variation in EA content, the mass proportion of ergot (hardened sclerotia) in animal diets is not suited to establish safe levels of EA. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the dose-dependent effects of dietary EA on laying hens. Ergoty rye or ergot-free rye (control diet) was included in the diets either untreated or after hydrothermal treatment ("expansion"). The total EA levels in five different diets containing 0-3% of untreated or expanded rye were 0.1-14.56 mg/kg (untreated rye) and 0.08-13.03 mg/kg (expanded rye). The average EA reduction amounted to 11% due to expanding. The proportions of the sum of all -inine isomers however were consistently higher (19.5-48.4%) compared to the sum of their -ine isomer counterparts which decreased at the same time. Most of the laying performance and reproductive traits were significantly compromised during the test period between weeks 22 and 42 of age when the diet with the highest EA content was fed. Toxic effects were less pronounced due to expanding. Relative weights of liver, proventriculus, and gizzard as well as the aspartate aminotransferase activity, the antibody titers to Newcastle disease virus, albumin, and total bilirubin concentrations were all significantly increased in hens fed at the highest dietary ergot level whereby expanding additionally modified the albumin and total bilirubin responses. No carry-over of EA into egg yolk and albumen, blood, liver, and breast muscle was found, but bile contained quantifiable levels of ergometrine and ergometrinine. Biological recovery of ingested individual alkaloids with the excreta varied from 2 to 22% and was strongly positive linearly related to the octanol to water partition coefficient (logkOW). This suggests the lipophilicity of alkaloids as a factor influencing their metabolism and elimination. Based on the overall results of this study, a lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of 14.56 mg EA/kg for laying hen diets can be proposed, while the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) corresponds to a dietary EA level of 3.72 mg/kg. However, it must be stressed that these critical levels apply for the specific EA pattern tested in the present experiment, while batches of ergot containing a less typical alkaloid composition, or other expanding conditions, might contribute to variations in the LOAEL/NOAEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Klotz JL, Nicol AM. Ergovaline, an endophytic alkaloid. 1. Animal physiology and metabolism. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an14962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ergovaline is an ergot alkaloid found in some endophyte-infected ryegrasses and it has been implicated in the expression of ergotism-like symptoms of grazing livestock, as well as in the protection of the plant against invertebrate predation and abiotic stresses. These selection pressures have resulted in a conflict between the needs of the pasture for persistence and the needs of the animal for production. Ergovaline has not been well studied in terms of animal physiology until recently. There are several putative mechanisms that limit the bioavailability of ergovaline, ranging from microbial biotransformation to post-absorptive hepatic detoxification. Although there are mechanisms that protect the animal from ergovaline exposure, tissues are very sensitive to ergovaline, indicating that ergovaline is very potent and that small quantities have the potential to cause noticeable physiological effects. The range of physiological effects, including decreased circulating prolactin, vasoconstriction and increased susceptibility to heat stress are all linked to the interaction of ergovaline with biogenic amine receptors found throughout the body. This review will focus on understanding the variation of ergovaline concentration in terms of bioavailability, the myriad of hurdles a molecule of ergovaline must overcome to cause an effect, what the ergovaline-induced effects are in New Zealand livestock and how this relates to the potency of ergovaline.
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Dänicke S, Diers S. Effects of ergot alkaloids in feed on performance and liver function of piglets as evaluated by the13C-methacetin breath test. Arch Anim Nutr 2013; 67:15-36. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2012.736279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Dänicke S, Diers S. Effects of ergot alkaloids on liver function of piglets can be detected by the [(13)C]methacetin breath test irrespective of oral or intramuscular route of tracer administration. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2012; 48:558-572. [PMID: 22612381 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2012.688825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids (sum=total alkaloids, TA) originate from the phyto-pathogenic fungus Claviceps purpurea and might exert feed intake depressing and hepatotoxic effects on animals. The aim of the study was to evaluate TA effects on performance and liver function of piglets with the [(13)C]methacetin breath test and two routes of tracer administration (orally, p.o.; intramuscularly, i.m.). Two ergot batches were mixed into piglet diets resulting in 21 and 17 mg TA kg(-1) (Ergot-5 and -12, respectively) and compared with an ergot-free control diet. Feed intake was significantly depressed after feeding the ergot containing diets (p=<0.001). The time at maximum (13)CO(2) exhalation (t (max)) and the half-life (t (0.5)) were not influenced by treatments and varied between 25 and 68 min after the p.o., and 28 and 62 min after the i.m. administration of [(13)C]methacetin, respectively. The cumulative (13)C recovery (cPDR(30)) was significantly lower due to feeding the diet Ergot-5 (6.6 %) compared with the Ergot-12 (8.8 %) and the control diet (9.7 %) irrespective of the route of tracer administration (p=0.044). As a discrimination of the diet effects through both tracer administration routes is possible, the i.m. application should be preferred in piglets as this causes less stress than the oral forced administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Sales MA, Murphy KY, Reiter ST, Brown AH, Brown MA, Looper ML, Rosenkrans CF. Effects of forage type, body condition and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the bovine cytochrome P450 regulatory region on cow productivity. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 97:91-6. [PMID: 22054297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the coding sequence of cytochrome p450 (CYP3A28) have been associated with milk yield and composition, and calving traits in cows. In this study, we aimed to determine whether (i) the CYP3A28 regulatory region was polymorphic and (ii) SNP genotype, forage type, body condition and their interactions affect cow productivity. Primers for CYP3A28 promoter were designed to amplify a 483-bp segment by PCR. Amplicon sequences revealed seven SNP (T-318C, T-113A, C-189T, T-78G, A6G, G17A and T21C) in Brahman (38 cows), Brahman x Angus reciprocal crosses (47 cows) and crossbreds (98 cows). Angus cows (n = 41) appeared to be fixed at those SNP locations. Genotype and forage {endophyte-infected tall fescue [KY+; Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S. J. Darbyshire] vs. bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]} effects on lifetime (8-years) calving rate, and calf weaning weights and heights were determined in Herd 1 (126 cows); genotype and BC (low vs. moderate) effects on calving date and calving percent were determined in Herd 2 (98 cows). Four SNP (T-318C, T-113A, A06G and T21C) appeared to be related to cattle productivity, CC cows at T-318C having a lower (p < 0.05) lifetime calving rate than TC or TT cows (65%, 85% and 81% respectively). Cows that grazed KY+ and were TT at T-318C produced calves that tended (p < 0.07) to weigh less than their contemporaries. Moreover, calves of TT cows were shorter (p < 0.05) at weaning than calves of CC or TC cows. In Herd 2, moderate-BC cows that were TT or AA at T-318C, T-113A, T-78G, A6G and T21C had greater (p < 0.05) calving rates (74-80%) than heterozygous cows (46-60%), and low-BC cows that were AA at G17A calved at least 6 days earlier (p < 0.05) than heterozygous cows. Our findings suggest that SNP in the CYP3A28 regulatory region of Brahman-influenced cows are associated with cattle productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Sales
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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15
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Strickland JR, Looper ML, Matthews JC, Rosenkrans CF, Flythe MD, Brown KR. BOARD-INVITED REVIEW: St. Anthony's Fire in livestock: Causes, mechanisms, and potential solutions1,2. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:1603-26. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Shephard G, Berthiller F, Burdaspal P, Crews C, Jonker M, Krska R, MacDonald S, Malone B, Maragos C, Sabino M, Solfrizzo M, van Egmond H, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2009-2010. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2011. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2010.1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2009 and mid-2010. It covers the major mycotoxins aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. New and improved methods for mycotoxins continue to be published. Immunological-based method developments continue to be of wide interest in a broad range of formats. Multimycotoxin determination by LC-MS/MS is now being targeted at the specific ranges of mycotoxins and matrices of interest or concern to the individual laboratory. Although falling outside the main emphasis of the review, some aspects of natural occurrence have been mentioned, especially if linked to novel method developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Shephard
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - F. Berthiller
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - P. Burdaspal
- National Centre for Food, Spanish Food Safety and Nutrition Agency, Carretera a Pozuelo Km 5.1, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - C. Crews
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - M. Jonker
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Cluster Natural Toxins & Pesticides, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R. Krska
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - S. MacDonald
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - B. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Drive, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA, ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Sabino
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av Dr Arnaldo 355, 01246-902 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - H. van Egmond
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Cluster Natural Toxins & Pesticides, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - T. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, N.C. State University, P.O. Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625, USA
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MacLachlan DJ. Estimating the transfer of contaminants in animal feedstuffs to livestock tissues, milk and eggs: a review. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/an11112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Literature studies on the transfer from livestock feed of residues of organic contaminants, metals and mycotoxins to edible livestock commodities have been reviewed. This review focuses on contaminants relevant to risks assessment of livestock feeds, especially those contaminants for which regulatory standards have been established. Those involved in the supply of livestock feed need to be aware of maximum levels for various contaminants in food and develop strategies to ensure food derived from livestock complies. An impediment to profiling feed ingredients has been the lack of accessible information on the transfer of residues from feed to tissues, milk and eggs derived from exposed livestock. Transfer factors are summarised for 72 contaminants for cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and poultry and can be used in the first tiers of risk assessment to identify contaminant and feed ingredient combinations that require management.
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