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Zhang K, Li T, Li Q, Nie C, Sun Y, Xue L, Wang Y, Fan M, Qian H, Li Y, Wang L. 5-Heptadecylresorcinol Regulates the Metabolism of Thermogenic Fat and Improves the Thermogenic Capacity of Aging Mice via a Sirtuin 3-Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:557-568. [PMID: 36535764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
5-Heptadecylresorcinol (AR-C17), a well-known biomarker for whole grain rye consumption, is a primary homolog of alkylresorcinols. In this study, the effects of AR-C17 on the thermogenesis of brown adipocytes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes were investigated. The results showed that AR-C17 increased sirtuin 3 (Sirt3) expression, and the expressions of specific thermogenic genes in adipocytes were increased. Furthermore, AR-C17 increased the mitochondrial functions during the thermogenic activation of adipocytes. In in vivo study, AR-C17 increased the cold tolerance and thermogenic capacity of adipose tissues in aging mice. In addition, Sirt3 activity was required for AR-C17-induced thermogenesis. Meanwhile, AR-C17 increased adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, and AMPK was involved in the regulation of AR-C17 on thermogenic adipocytes. Mechanically, AR-C17 upregulated a Sirt3-AMPK positive-feedback loop in adipocytes and further increased the expression of uncoupling protein 1 to activate thermogenesis. This study indicated that AR-C17 could be a promising thermogenic activator of adipocytes to alleviate obesity and aging-associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuiliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Qiang Li
- China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Chenzhipeng Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yujie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lamei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mingcong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Wheat alkylresorcinol increases fecal lipid excretion and suppresses feed efficiency in mice depending on the time of supplementation. Nutrition 2022; 103-104:111796. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Maleki S, Razavi SH, Yadav H. Diabetes and seeds: New horizon to promote human nutrition and anti-diabetics compounds in grains by germination. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8457-8477. [PMID: 35442121 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2063793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex and heterogeneous chronic metabolic disorder disease that is associated with high blood sugar. Because of the side effects of synthetic drugs on T2D patients and their economic burden, interest in plant-derived functional foods like grains with biological activities has developed. Based on scientific reports, whole grains are rich sources of energy, nutrients, and bioactive compounds and are assumed to have beneficial health effects on glucose enzymes regulation or hyperglycemia. Nowadays, different methods have been applied to enhance whole seed healthful properties and anti-diabetic compounds, and germination is one of them. Germination (sprouting) is a cost-effective method for boosting the activity of endogenous seed enzymes and modifying the structure of macromolecules. Some of these macromolecules like bioactive peptides, polyphenols, dietary fiber, and vitamins are related to diabetes management. Determining the best germination condition can help to promote these anti-diabetics properties of compounds. This study presents relevant information about diabetes, the effect of seed germination on releasing bioactive compounds, and optimizing environmental germination conditions to improve the anti-diabetic compounds in seeds for reaching functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Maleki
- Department of Food Science, Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Seyed Hadi Razavi
- Department of Food Science, Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hariom Yadav
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, NC, USA
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An Overview of Alkylresorcinols Biological Properties and Effects. J Nutr Metab 2022; 2022:4667607. [PMID: 35036005 PMCID: PMC8754669 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4667607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation of alkylresorcinols has drawn an increasing interest recently. Alkylresorcinols (ARs) are natural chemical compounds synthesized by bacteria, fungi, sponges, and higher plants, possessing a lipophilic polyphenol structures and a myriad of biological properties. Human takes ARs as a component of a whole grain diet (from whole grain rye, wheat, and barley products), and thus, alkylresorcinols are frequently used as whole grain intake markers. Besides, ARs are considered as promising bioregulators of metabolic and immune processes, as well as adjuvant therapeutic agents for antimicrobial and anticancer treatment. In this review, we attempted to systematize the accumulated information concerning ARs origin, metabolism, biological properties, and their effect on human health.
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Dornan K, Gunenc A, Oomah BD, Hosseinian F. Odd chain fatty acids and odd chain phenolic lipids (alkylresorcinols) are essential for diet. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Dornan
- Food Science, Chemistry Department Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Aynur Gunenc
- Food Science, Chemistry Department Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - B. Dave Oomah
- (Retired) Formerly with Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada Summerland British Columbia Canada
| | - Farah Hosseinian
- Food Science, Chemistry Department Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Institute of Biochemistry Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
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6
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Xie M, Liu J, Tsao R, Wang Z, Sun B, Wang J. Whole Grain Consumption for the Prevention and Treatment of Breast Cancer. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1769. [PMID: 31374888 PMCID: PMC6723813 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common and malignant cancers among females worldwide. Several epidemiological studies have indicated the inverse correlation between the intake of whole grains and the incidence of breast cancer. Whole grains are the most fundamental and important food source of bioactive phytochemicals, which have well-defined roles in the management of each stage of breast carcinogenesis. To better understand the value of whole grains in future prevention and treatment of breast cancer, the effects and possible mechanisms of six different whole grain cereals, which are the most commonly consumed throughout the world, are introduced in the current review. Moreover, the bioactive compounds extracted from whole grains are adequately formulated and the underlying mechanism of action is illustrated. In addition, the present limitations and future perspective of whole grain consumption for breast cancer are also concluded. The objective of this review is to promote the development of nutraceutical and functional food from whole grains and its application for reducing the risk of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology; School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jie Liu
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Rong Tsao
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Ziyuan Wang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jing Wang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
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8
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Bartkiene E, Bartkevics V, Krungleviciute V, Juodeikiene G, Zadeike D, Baliukoniene V, Bakutis B, Zelvyte R, Santini A, Cizeikiene D. Application of hydrolases and probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici BaltBio01 strain for cereal by-products conversion to bioproduct for food/feed. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 69:165-175. [PMID: 28691595 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1344828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to apply the enzymatic treatment and fermentation by Pediococcus acidilactici BaltBio01 strain for industrial cereal by-products conversion to food/feed bioproducts with high amount of probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB). LAB propagated in potato media and spray-dried remained viable during 12 months (7.0 log10 cfu/g) of storage and was used as a starter for cereal by-products fermentation. The changes of microbial profile, biogenic amines (BAs), mycotoxins, lactic acid (L+/D-), lignans and alkylresorcinols (ARs) contents in fermented cereal by-product were analysed. Cereal by-products enzymatic hydrolysis before fermentation allows to obtain a higher count of LAB during fermentation. Fermentation with P. acidilactici reduce mycotoxins content in fermented cereal by-products. According to our results, P. acidilactici multiplied in potato juice could be used for cereal by-products fermentation, as a potential source to produce safer food/feed bioproduct with high amount of probiotic LAB for industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bartkiene
- a Department of Food Safety and Quality , Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- b Faculty of Chemistry , Centre of Food Chemistry, University of Latvia , Riga , Latvia.,c Laboratory of Food and Environmental Investigations , Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment , Riga , Latvia
| | - Vita Krungleviciute
- a Department of Food Safety and Quality , Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania
| | - Grazina Juodeikiene
- d Department of Food Science and Technology , Kaunas University of Technology , Kaunas , Lithuania
| | - Daiva Zadeike
- d Department of Food Science and Technology , Kaunas University of Technology , Kaunas , Lithuania
| | - Violeta Baliukoniene
- a Department of Food Safety and Quality , Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania
| | - Bronius Bakutis
- a Department of Food Safety and Quality , Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania
| | - Rasa Zelvyte
- a Department of Food Safety and Quality , Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania
| | - Antonello Santini
- e University of Naples "Federico II' hereinafter "UNINA" , Napoli , Italy
| | - Dalia Cizeikiene
- d Department of Food Science and Technology , Kaunas University of Technology , Kaunas , Lithuania
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10
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Ross AB, Svelander C, Karlsson G, Savolainen OI. Identification and quantification of even and odd chained 5-n alkylresorcinols, branched chain-alkylresorcinols and methylalkylresorcinols in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Food Chem 2017; 220:344-351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Zhu Y, Sang S. Phytochemicals in whole grain wheat and their health-promoting effects. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28155258 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence in epidemiological studies has consistently shown that consumption of whole grains (WGs) is inversely associated with risk of major chronic diseases such as certain types of cancer, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Dietary fiber (DF) has been reported to be responsible for the health effects of WG consumption. Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies is emerging that, in addition to DF and minerals, the unique phytochemicals in WGs may in part contribute to these health-promoting effects. WGs are rich sources of various phytochemicals. However, phytochemical contents and profiles in WG wheat are not systematically summarized yet, and the rapid rate of discovery of wheat phytochemicals necessitates an update on the current state of this field. Furthermore, the biological roles of phytochemicals in protective effects of WGs are also relatively underestimated compared to DFs. This manuscript summarized current research literature regarding phytochemicals that have been identified and characterized from wheat grains and wheat bran, and their corresponding contributions to the major health benefits of WG wheat consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdong Zhu
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
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12
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Righetti L, Rubert J, Galaverna G, Folloni S, Ranieri R, Stranska-Zachariasova M, Hajslova J, Dall'Asta C. Characterization and Discrimination of Ancient Grains: A Metabolomics Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081217. [PMID: 27472322 PMCID: PMC5000615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hulled, or ancient, wheats were the earliest domesticated wheats by mankind and the ancestors of current wheats. Their cultivation drastically decreased during the 1960s; however, the increasing demand for a healthy and equilibrated diet led to rediscovering these grains. Our aim was to use a non-targeted metabolomic approach to discriminate and characterize similarities and differences between ancient Triticum varieties. For this purpose, 77 hulled wheat samples from three different varieties were collected: Garfagnana T. turgidum var. dicoccum L. (emmer), ID331 T. monococcum L. (einkorn) and Rouquin T. spelta L. (spelt). The ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF) metabolomics approach highlighted a pronounced sample clustering according to the wheat variety, with an excellent predictability (Q2), for all the models built. Fifteen metabolites were tentatively identified based on accurate masses, isotopic pattern, and product ion spectra. Among these, alkylresorcinols (ARs) were found to be significantly higher in spelt and emmer, showing different homologue composition. Furthermore, phosphatidylcholines (PC) and lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPC) levels were higher in einkorn variety. The results obtained in this study confirmed the importance of ARs as markers to distinguish between Triticum species and revealed their values as cultivar markers, being not affected by the environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Righetti
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 95/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Josep Rubert
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 95/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Silvia Folloni
- Open Fields Srl, Strada Consortile 2, Collecchio, 43044 Parma, Italy.
| | - Roberto Ranieri
- Open Fields Srl, Strada Consortile 2, Collecchio, 43044 Parma, Italy.
| | - Milena Stranska-Zachariasova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Hajslova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 95/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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Ross AB, Svelander C, Savolainen OI, Lind MV, Kirwan JP, Breton I, Godin JP, Sandberg AS. A high-throughput method for liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of plasma alkylresorcinols, biomarkers of whole grain wheat and rye intake. Anal Biochem 2016; 499:1-7. [PMID: 26827992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasma alkylresorcinols are increasingly analyzed in cohort studies to improve estimates of whole grain intake and their relationship with disease incidence. Current methods require large volumes of solvent (>10 ml/sample) and have relatively low daily sample throughput. We tested five different supported extraction methods for extracting alkylresorcinols from plasma and improved a normal-phase liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer method to reduce sample analysis time. The method was validated and compared with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Sample preparation with HybridSPE supported extraction was most effective for alkylresorcinol extraction, with recoveries of 77-82% from 100 μl of plasma. The use of 96-well plates allowed extraction of 160 samples per day. Using a 5-cm NH2 column and heptane reduced run times to 3 min. The new method had a limit of detection and limit of quantification equivalent to 1.1-1.8 nmol/L and 3.5-6.1 nmol/L plasma, respectively, for the different alkylresorcinol homologues. Accuracy was 93-105%, and intra- and inter-batch precision values were 4-18% across different plasma concentrations. This method makes it possible to quantify plasma alkylresorcinols in 100 μl of plasma at a rate of at least 160 samples per day without the need for large volumes of organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair B Ross
- Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Cecilia Svelander
- Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Otto I Savolainen
- Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mads Vendelbo Lind
- Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - John P Kirwan
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Isabelle Breton
- Nestlé Research Centre, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | | | - Ann-Sofie Sandberg
- Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Agil R, Patterson ZR, Mackay H, Abizaid A, Hosseinian F. Triticale Bran Alkylresorcinols Enhance Resistance to Oxidative Stress in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Foods 2016; 5:foods5010005. [PMID: 28231100 PMCID: PMC5224570 DOI: 10.3390/foods5010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Triticale (× Triticosecale Whitm.) is a cereal grain with high levels of alkyresorcinols (AR) concentrated in the bran. These phenolic lipids have been shown to reduce or inhibit triglyceride accumulation and protect against oxidation; however, their biological effects have yet to be evaluated in vivo. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of ARs extracted from triticale bran (TB) added to a high–fat diet on the development of obesity and oxidative stress. CF-1 mice were fed a standard low-fat (LF) diet, a 60% high-fat diet (HF) and HF diets containing either 0.5% AR extract (HF-AR), 10% TB (HF-TB), or 0.5% vitamin E (HF-VE). Energy intake, weight gain, glucose tolerance, fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, and body composition were determined. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and glutathione (GSH) assays were performed on mice liver and heart tissues. The findings suggest that ARs may serve as a preventative measure against risks of oxidative damage associated with high-fat diets and obesity through their application as functional foods and neutraceuticals. Future studies aim to identify the in vivo mechanisms of action of ARs and the individual homologs involved in their favorable biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Agil
- Food Science & Nutrition Program, Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Zachary R Patterson
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Harry Mackay
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Alfonso Abizaid
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Farah Hosseinian
- Food Science & Nutrition Program, Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Oishi K, Yamamoto S, Itoh N, Nakao R, Yasumoto Y, Tanaka K, Kikuchi Y, Fukudome SI, Okita K, Takano-Ishikawa Y. Wheat alkylresorcinols suppress high-fat, high-sucrose diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance by increasing insulin sensitivity and cholesterol excretion in male mice. J Nutr 2015; 145:199-206. [PMID: 25644338 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.202754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies have shown that the consumption of whole grains can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality. However, the underlying mechanisms remain a matter of debate. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the effects of wheat bran-derived alkylresorcinols on diet-induced metabolic disorders in mice. METHODS We fed C57BL/6J mice a normal refined diet or a high-fat, high-sucrose diet [29.1% fat, 20.7% protein, 34.0% carbohydrates containing 20.0% sucrose (w/w)] alone (FS) or containing 0.4% (wt:wt) alkylresorcinols (FS-AR) for 10 wk. RESULTS The alkylresorcinols suppressed FS-induced increases in body weight by 31.0% as well as FS-induced hepatic triglyceride accumulation (means ± SEMs: 29.6 ± 3.18 and 19.8 ± 2.42 mg/g tissue in the FS and FS-AR groups, respectively), without affecting energy intake. We measured circadian changes in blood metabolic hormones and found that FS-induced hyperinsulinemia (5.1 and 2.1 μg/L at night in the FS and FS-AR groups, respectively) and hyperleptinemia (21.6 and 10.8 μg/L at night in the FS and FS-AR groups, respectively) were suppressed by alkylresorcinols. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests showed that alkylresorcinols significantly reduced fasting blood glucose concentrations (190 ± 3.62 and 160 ± 8.98 mg/dL in the FS and FS-AR groups, respectively) and suppressed glucose intolerance as well as insulin resistance induced by the FS diet. Furthermore, alkylresorcinols significantly increased insulin-stimulated hepatic serine/threonine protein kinase B phosphorylation compared to the FS diet (+81.3% and +57.4% for Ser473 and Thr308, respectively). On the other hand, pyruvate and starch tolerance tests suggested that alkylresorcinols did not affect gluconeogenesis and carbohydrate digestion, respectively. Alkylresorcinols significantly increased fecal cholesterol excretion by 39.6% and reduced blood cholesterol concentrations by 30.4%, while upregulating the expression of hepatic cholesterol synthetic genes such as sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 (Srebf2) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A synthase 1 (Hmgcs1). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that wheat alkylresorcinols increase glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity by suppressing hepatic lipid accumulation and intestinal cholesterol absorption, which subsequently suppresses diet-induced obesity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutaka Oishi
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan;
| | - Saori Yamamoto
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nanako Itoh
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Reiko Nakao
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuki Yasumoto
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keiko Tanaka
- Research Center for Basic Science, Research and Development, Quality Assurance Division, Nisshin Seifun Group, Inc., Fujimino, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kikuchi
- Research Center for Basic Science, Research and Development, Quality Assurance Division, Nisshin Seifun Group, Inc., Fujimino, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Fukudome
- Research Center for Basic Science, Research and Development, Quality Assurance Division, Nisshin Seifun Group, Inc., Fujimino, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kimiko Okita
- Yeast Function Development Unit, Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd., Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Yuko Takano-Ishikawa
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Impact of supercritical CO2 and traditional solvent extraction systems on the extractability of alkylresorcinols, phenolic profile and their antioxidant activity in wheat bran. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Andersson AA, Dimberg L, Åman P, Landberg R. Recent findings on certain bioactive components in whole grain wheat and rye. J Cereal Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Landberg R, Marklund M, Kamal-Eldin A, Åman P. An update on alkylresorcinols – Occurrence, bioavailability, bioactivity and utility as biomarkers. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Cavazos A, Gonzalez de Mejia E. Identification of Bioactive Peptides from Cereal Storage Proteins and Their Potential Role in Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013; 12:364-380. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Cavazos
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Univ. of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; 228 ERML; 1201 W. Gregory Drive; Urbana; IL 61801; U.S.A
| | - Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Univ. of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; 228 ERML; 1201 W. Gregory Drive; Urbana; IL 61801; U.S.A
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Ross AB, Godin JP, Minehira K, Kirwan JP. Increasing whole grain intake as part of prevention and treatment of nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:585876. [PMID: 23762052 PMCID: PMC3670556 DOI: 10.1155/2013/585876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In conjunction with the rise in rates of obesity, there has been an increase in the rate of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). While NAFLD at least partially originates from poor diet, there is a lack of nutritional recommendations for patients with suspected or confirmed diagnosis of NAFLD, beyond eating a healthy diet, increasing physical activity, and emphasising weight loss. The limited current literature suggests that there may be opportunities to provide more tailored dietary advice for people diagnosed with or at risk of NAFLD. Epidemiological studies consistently find associations between whole grain intake and a reduced risk of obesity and related diseases, yet no work has been done on the potential of whole grains to prevent and/or be a part of the treatment for fatty liver diseases. In this review, we examine the potential and the current evidence for whole grains having an impact on NAFLD. Due to their nutrient and phytochemical composition, switching from consuming mainly refined grains to whole grains should be considered as part of the nutritional guidelines for patients diagnosed with or at risk for fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair B. Ross
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers chez les Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
- Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Kaori Minehira
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers chez les Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - John P. Kirwan
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Stability and antioxidant activity of alkyresorcinols in breads enriched with hard and soft wheat brans. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Ross AB. Analysis of alkylresorcinols in cereal grains and products using ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence, ultraviolet, and CoulArray electrochemical detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:8954-62. [PMID: 22880887 DOI: 10.1021/jf301332q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Alkylresorcinols are phenolic lipids, with homologues ranging from C17 to C25, found in high concentrations in whole grain wheat and rye, lower concentrations in barley, and negligible concentrations in refined wheat flour. The analysis of alkylresorcinols is of importance due to their potential as biomarkers of whole grain intake and emerging evidence for some biological effects. Present HPLC methods have insufficient resolution for accurately quantitating the mix of alkyl- and alkenylresorcinols found in rye. An ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography method was developed, and three detection methods (CoulArray (CAED), ultraviolet (UV), and fluorescence detection (FD)) were compared for cereal alkylresorcinol analysis. The lower limits of quantitation and detection were 50 and 20 pg injected, 5 pg and 2 pg injected, and 500 and 1250 pg injected for FD, CAED, and UV, respectively. FD and CAED provided similar results, with some bias for higher results with FD (<10% difference). UV detection generally resulted in overestimation of alkylresorcinol concentrations. The method was applied to cereal (15) and cereal product (90) samples mainly from the United States with results in the same range as previous methods. The improved resolution with this method allows facile analysis of alkylresorcinols from cereal products, including minor unsaturated homologues such as those found in rye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair B Ross
- Nestlé Research Centre, Vers chez les Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
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Ross AB. Present status and perspectives on the use of alkylresorcinols as biomarkers of wholegrain wheat and rye intake. J Nutr Metab 2012; 2012:462967. [PMID: 22363838 PMCID: PMC3270436 DOI: 10.1155/2012/462967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkylresorcinols (ARs) were first proposed as potential biomarkers of wholegrain wheat and rye intake a decade ago. Since then there has been a considerable body of research which suggests that ARs do meet most criteria of a biomarker of these foods. Results from human studies on plasma AR and their plasma and urinary metabolites strongly indicate that these compounds are responsive to whole grain wheat and rye intake and are correlated with various measures of AR consumption. This review briefly summarises work on the bioactivities of AR and focuses on aspects related to their use as biomarkers of whole grain wheat and rye intake. Evidence suggests that they thus far broadly fulfil the criteria to act as biomarkers of these cereals. However, there are still gaps in the knowledge on factors relating to the wide interindividual variation, and application to different epidemiological cohorts. Overall, ARs are highly promising biomarkers of whole grain wheat and rye intake and add to our increasing understanding of whole grains and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair B. Ross
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Nestlé Research Center, Vers Chez Les Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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Ross AB, Bourgeois A, Macharia HN, Kochhar S, Jebb SA, Brownlee IA, Seal CJ. Plasma alkylresorcinols as a biomarker of whole-grain food consumption in a large population: results from the WHOLEheart Intervention Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 95:204-11. [PMID: 22170369 PMCID: PMC3592483 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.008508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small-scale, short-term intervention studies have suggested that plasma alkylresorcinol (AR) concentrations may be biomarkers of whole grain (WG) wheat and rye intakes. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine whether plasma AR concentrations reflect self-reported WG food intake in a 16-wk WG intervention study and to establish which phenotypic characteristics influence plasma AR concentrations. DESIGN In a randomized parallel-group dietary intervention study, 316 overweight and obese participants with a WG intake of <30 g/d were recruited and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: control (no dietary change), intervention 1 (60 g WG/d for 16 wk), or intervention 2 (60 g WG/d for 8 wk followed by 120 g WG/d for 8 wk). Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline, 8 wk, and 16 wk for the measurement of plasma lipids and ARs. RESULTS Plasma samples from 266 study completers were analyzed. Total plasma AR concentrations increased with the WG intervention and could be used to distinguish between control subjects and those who consumed 60 or 120 g WG, but not between those who consumed 60 and 120 g WG. Plasma AR concentrations were higher in men, were positively associated with plasma triglyceride concentrations, and were negatively associated with nonesterified fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS Plasma AR concentrations were correlated with WG intake and could be used to distinguish between low- and high-WG consumers. Sex and plasma lipid concentrations independently influenced plasma AR concentrations, although plasma triglycerides may explain higher concentrations in men. This trial is registered as ISRCT no. 83078872.
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