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Cinar ZÖ, Atanassova M, Tumer TB, Caruso G, Antika G, Sharma S, Sharifi-Rad J, Pezzani R. Cocoa and cocoa bean shells role in human health: An updated review. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Gil M, Uribe D, Gallego V, Bedoya C, Arango-Varela S. Traceability of polyphenols in cocoa during the postharvest and industrialization processes and their biological antioxidant potential. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07738. [PMID: 34458602 PMCID: PMC8377438 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncommunicable diseases, the leading cause of mortality around the world, are responsible for approximately 75% of premature adult deaths (ages 30-69). To tackle this issue, a healthy diet based on functional foods, including cocoa and its derivatives, has been increasingly promoted. The polyphenols present in cocoa have been of interest due to their antioxidant potential and their possible protective role in the context of noncommunicable diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular conditions. However, during cocoa postharvest and industrialization, the concentration of these bioactive compounds is reduced, possibly affecting their health-promoting properties. Therefore, this paper reviews in the literature in this field to find the total polyphenol content in cocoa during the postharvest and industrialization processes in order to define concentration ranges as a reference point for future research. In addition, it discusses in vitro and in vivo studies into the biological antioxidant potential of cocoa and its derivatives. This review covers publications in indexed databases from 2010 to 2020, their data were processed and presented here using box plots. As a result, we identified the concentration ranges of polyphenols depending on the type of matrix, treatment and country, as well as their relationship with the main bioactive compounds present in cocoa that are associated with their possible antioxidant biological potential and health-related benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritza Gil
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias (Medellín-Antioquia Colombia), Colombia
- Grupo de investigación de Química Básica, Aplicada y Ambiente, ALQUIMIA, Colombia
- Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Colombia
- Grupo de investigación de Ingeniería de Alimentos, GRIAL, Colombia
| | - Diego Uribe
- Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Colombia
- Grupo de investigación e Innovación Biomédica, GI2B, Colombia
| | - Vanessa Gallego
- Grupo de investigación de Ingeniería de Alimentos, GRIAL, Colombia
| | - Carolina Bedoya
- Grupo de investigación de Ingeniería de Alimentos, GRIAL, Colombia
- Corporación Universitaria Lasallista, Caldas, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Sandra Arango-Varela
- Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Colombia
- Grupo de investigación e Innovación Biomédica, GI2B, Colombia
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Sahebi Z, Emtyazjoo M, Mostafavi PG, Bonakdar S. Promising Chemoprevention of Colonic Aberrant Crypt Foci by Portunus segnis Muscle and Shell Extracts in Azoxymethane-Induced Colorectal Cancer in Rats. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:2041-2052. [PMID: 32532197 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200612144912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study subjected a rat model to the extracts of muscle and shell tissues from Portunus segnis to assess their therapeutic effects on the HT-29 colon cancer cells as well as on colonic Aberrant Crypt Foci (ACF) induced by Azoxymethane (AOM). METHODS The cell line was exposed to the extracts to compare the cytotoxicity of hexane, butanol, ethyl acetate, and water extract of muscle and ethanolic extract of the shell. Male rats (n=40) were assigned into control, positive, negative, and treatment groups. The animals were injected with AOM, except the control group, and then exposed to 250 and 500mg/kg of the crude extracts. Immunohistochemical localization of Bax and Bcl-2, as well as ACF and antioxidant enzymes, were evaluated in the rat colon. RESULTS The butanolic muscle extract and ethanolic shell one demonstrated an IC50 of 9.02±0.19μg/ml and 20.23±0.27μg/ml towards the cell line, respectively. Dietary exposure inhibited the ACF formation and crypt multiplicity in the colon compared to the cancer control group. The activity of SOD and CAT increased, while that of MDA decreased. The expression of Bax and Bcl-2 increased and decreased, respectively. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results show that both extractions were suggested to be suppressive to AOMinduced colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sahebi
- Department of Marine Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Emtyazjoo
- Department of Marine Biology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pargol G Mostafavi
- Department of Marine Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Bonakdar
- National Cell Bank Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Antioxidative stress actions of cocoa in colonic cancer: Revisited. Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819547-5.00030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Greenberg JA, Neuhouser ML, Tinker LF, Lane DS, Paskett ED, Van Horn LV, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Shikany JM, Qi L, Sealy-Jefferson S, Manson JE. Chocolate Candy and Incident Invasive Cancer Risk in the Women's Health Initiative: An Observational Prospective Analysis. J Acad Nutr Diet 2020; 121:314-326.e4. [PMID: 32763064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laboratory and animal studies suggest an inverse association between chocolate consumption and the risk of cancer. Epidemiological studies have yielded inconsistent evidence. OBJECTIVE To assess the association of chocolate candy consumption with incident, invasive total, breast, colorectal, and lung cancers in a large cohort of postmenopausal American women. DESIGN Prospective cohort study with a mean 14.8-year follow-up. Chocolate candy intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaire. Invasive cancer events were assessed by physician adjudication. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING The Women's Health Initiative Study enrolled 161,808 postmenopausal women at 40 clinical centers nationwide between 1993 and 1998. Of these women, 114,281 with plausible food frequency or biometric data and no missing data on chocolate candy exposure were selected for analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cancer risk in quartiles of chocolate candy consumption with the first quartile as referent. STATISTICAL ANALYSES Multivariable Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS There were 16,164 documented incident invasive cancers, representing an incidence rate of 17.0 per 100 participants and 12.3 per 1000 person years during follow-up among participants without any preexisting cancers or missing outcome data. There were no statistically significant associations for total invasive cancer (P-linear = .47, P-curvature = .14), or invasive breast cancer (P-linear = .77, P-curvature = .26). For colorectal cancer P-linear was .02, P-curvature was .03, and compared with women eating a 1 oz (28.4 g) chocolate candy serving <1 time per month, the hazard ratio for ≥1.5 times/wk was 1.18 (95% confidence interval: 1.04-1.35). This result may be attributable to the excess adiposity associated with frequent chocolate candy consumption. CONCLUSIONS In the Women's Health Initiative, there was no significant association between chocolate candy consumption and invasive total or breast cancer. There was a modest 18% higher risk of invasive colorectal cancer for women who ate chocolate candy at least 1.5 times/wk. These results require confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Greenberg
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY.
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Lesley F Tinker
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Dorothy S Lane
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Electra D Paskett
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Linda V Van Horn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | | | - James M Shikany
- Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Lihong Qi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | | | - JoAnn E Manson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Afshari K, Haddadi NS, Haj-Mirzaian A, Farzaei MH, Rohani MM, Akramian F, Naseri R, Sureda A, Ghanaatian N, Abdolghaffari AH. Natural flavonoids for the prevention of colon cancer: A comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical studies. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21519-21546. [PMID: 31087338 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids comprise a group of natural polyphenols consisting of more than 5,000 subtypes mostly existing in fruits and vegetables. Flavonoids consumption could potentially attenuate the incidence and recurrence risk of colorectal cancers through their antiperoxidative, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, these compounds regulate the mitochondrial function, balance the bacterial flora and promote the apoptosis process in cancerous cells. However, some previous data failed to show the effectiveness of flavonoids in reducing the risk of colorectal cancer. In this study, we have reviewed the efficacy of different flavonoids subtypes on the risk of colon cancer and molecular mechanisms involved in this process in both clinical and animal studies. In addition, we tried to elucidate the potential synergy between these compounds and current colorectal cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khashayar Afshari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazgol-Sadat Haddadi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arvin Haj-Mirzaian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mojtaba Rohani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Freshteh Akramian
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rozita Naseri
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, CB12/03/30038), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Negar Ghanaatian
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Gastrointestinal Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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Bioaccessibility, bioactivity and cell metabolism of dark chocolate phenolic compounds after in vitro gastro-intestinal digestion. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Colonic and systemic effects of extruded whole-grain sorghum consumption in growing Wistar rats. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:589-597. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517002513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractColonic effects of extruded whole-grain sorghum diets were evaluated using a model of growing rats. In all, twenty-four male Wistar rats were fed control (C), extruded white sorghum (EWS) or red sorghum (ERS). Consumption of sorghum diets showed satiety properties, with reduction of caecal pH, and lower activity ofβ-glucosidase andβ-glucuronidase enzymes. Decreased copper zinc superoxide dismutase and manganese superoxide dismutase and increased catalase and glutathione peroxidase levels were observed in colonic mucosa. The induction of antioxidant enzymes occurred through the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 protein and its subsequent translocation into the nucleus. ERS was able to decrease the proliferation of proximal mucosa of colon, demonstrating a possible effect against colorectal tumourigenesis. EWS increased proliferation and also apoptosis, ensuring the re-establishment of homoeostasis of the colonic mucosa. No antioxidant systemic effect (serum or hepatic level) was observed. It is likely that despite the extrusion the low bioavailability of the phenolic compounds of sorghum diets caused them to exert mainly acute effects at the colon level. Extruded whole-grain sorghum is a good functional ingredient that might be promising in dietary prevention of intestinal diseases.
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Camps-Bossacoma M, Massot-Cladera M, Abril-Gil M, Franch A, Pérez-Cano FJ, Castell M. Cocoa Diet and Antibody Immune Response in Preclinical Studies. Front Nutr 2017; 4:28. [PMID: 28702458 PMCID: PMC5484773 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cocoa to interact with the immune system in vitro and in vivo has been described. In the latter context, a cocoa-enriched diet in healthy rats was able to modify the immune system's functionality. This fact could be observed in the composition and functionality of lymphoid tissues, such as the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. Consequently, immune effector mechanisms, such as antibody synthesis, were modified. A cocoa-enriched diet in young rats was able to attenuate the serum levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM, and IgA and also the intestinal IgM and IgA secretion. Moreover, in immunized rats, the intake of cocoa decreased specific IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2c, and IgM concentrations in serum. This immune-regulator potential was then tested in disease models in which antibodies play a pathogenic role. A cocoa-enriched diet was able to partially prevent the synthesis of autoantibodies in a model of autoimmune arthritis in rats and was also able to protect against IgE and T helper 2-related antibody synthesis in two rat models of allergy. Likewise, a cocoa-enriched diet prevented an oral sensitization process in young rats. In this review, we will focus on the influence of cocoa on the acquired branch of the immune function. Therefore, we will focus on how a cocoa diet influences lymphocyte function both in the systemic and intestinal immune system. Likewise, its potential role in preventing some antibody-induced immune diseases is also included. Although further studies must characterize the particular cocoa components responsible for such effects and nutritional studies in humans need to be carried out, cocoa has potential as a nutraceutical agent in some hypersensitivity status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Camps-Bossacoma
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Section of Physiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Malen Massot-Cladera
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Section of Physiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Mar Abril-Gil
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Section of Physiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Angels Franch
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Section of Physiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Section of Physiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Section of Physiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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Amigo-Benavent M, Wang S, Mateos R, Sarriá B, Bravo L. Antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of green coffee and yerba mate extracts, their main hydroxycinnamic acids, methylxanthine and metabolites in different human cell lines. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:125-138. [PMID: 28506698 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed at studying the effects of green coffee bean (GCBE) and yerba mate (YME) extracts, their main phenolic components (5-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-CQA; 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-DCQA) and metabolites (ferulic acid, FA; caffeic acid, CA; dihydrocaffeic acid, DHCA; and dihydroferulic acid, DHFA) along with caffeine (CAF) on the viability and proliferation of different human cell lines. Extracts (10-1000 μg/mL) and standards (10-1000 μM) were assayed in colon (Caco-2), lung (A549), oesophageal (OE-33), urinary bladder (T24) human carcinoma cells, and a non-cancer cell line (CCD-18Co). YME significantly reduced viability of cancer cells at all assayed concentrations, the higher doses also reducing cell proliferation. GCBE effects on cell viability were more effective at 100 and 1000 μg/mL, showing modest effects on cell proliferation. The highest doses of 5-CQA and 3,5-DCQA reduced cell viability and proliferation in all cell lines, whereas FA, DHCA and DHFA had lower and variable effects. Caffeine had no effect. Dietary-attainable concentrations (0.1, 1 and 10 μg/mL) of YME were tested for cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species generation, showing no cytotoxic effect. Low concentrations of all tested compounds were non-cytotoxic to CCD-18Co cells. CONCLUSION YME and to a lower degree GCBE, their phenolic components and metabolites may decrease cancer cell viability and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Amigo-Benavent
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/ Jose Antonio Nováis 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S Wang
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/ Jose Antonio Nováis 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R Mateos
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/ Jose Antonio Nováis 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - B Sarriá
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/ Jose Antonio Nováis 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - L Bravo
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/ Jose Antonio Nováis 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Martín MÁ, Ramos S. Health beneficial effects of cocoa phenolic compounds: a mini-review. Curr Opin Food Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Martín MA, Ramos S. Cocoa polyphenols in oxidative stress: Potential health implications. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Cocoa bean (Theobroma cacao L.) phenolic extracts as PTP1B inhibitors, hepatic HepG2 and pancreatic β-TC3 cell cytoprotective agents and their influence on oxidative stress in rats. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Effect of Cocoa and Its Flavonoids on Biomarkers of Inflammation: Studies of Cell Culture, Animals and Humans. Nutrients 2016; 8:212. [PMID: 27070643 PMCID: PMC4848681 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation has been identified as a necessary step to mediate atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease and as a relevant stage in the onset and progression of several types of cancer. Considerable attention has recently been focused on the identification of dietary bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory activities as an alternative natural source for prevention of inflammation-associated diseases. The remarkable capacity of cocoa flavanols as antioxidants, as well as to modulate signaling pathways involved in cellular processes, such as inflammation, metabolism and proliferation, has encouraged research on this type of polyphenols as useful bioactive compounds for nutritional prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Data from numerous studies suggest that cocoa and cocoa-derived flavanols can effectively modify the inflammatory process, and thus potentially provide a benefit to individuals with elevated risk factors for atherosclerosis/cardiovascular pathology and cancer. The present overview will focus on the most recent findings about the effects of cocoa, its main constituents and cocoa derivatives on selected biomarkers of the inflammatory process in cell culture, animal models and human cohorts.
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Kongor JE, Hinneh M, de Walle DV, Afoakwa EO, Boeckx P, Dewettinck K. Factors influencing quality variation in cocoa (Theobroma cacao) bean flavour profile — A review. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Preventive Effects of Cocoa and Cocoa Antioxidants in Colon Cancer. Diseases 2016; 4:diseases4010006. [PMID: 28933386 PMCID: PMC5456306 DOI: 10.3390/diseases4010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the main causes of cancer-related mortality in the developed world. Carcinogenesis is a multistage process conventionally defined by the initiation, promotion and progression stages. Natural polyphenolic compounds can act as highly effective antioxidant and chemo-preventive agents able to interfere at the three stages of cancer. Cocoa has been demonstrated to counteract oxidative stress and to have a potential capacity to interact with multiple carcinogenic pathways involved in inflammation, proliferation and apoptosis of initiated and malignant cells. Therefore, restriction of oxidative stress and/or prevention or delayed progression of cancer stages by cocoa antioxidant compounds has gained interest as an effective approach in colorectal cancer prevention. In this review, we look over different in vitro and in vivo studies that have identified potential targets and mechanisms whereby cocoa and their flavonoids could interfere with colonic cancer. In addition, evidence from human studies is also illustrated.
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Álvarez-González I, Islas-Islas V, Chamorro-Cevallos G, Barrios JP, Paniagua N, Vásquez-Garzón VR, Villa-Treviño S, Osiris-Madrigal-Santillán, Morales-González JA, Madrigal-Bujaidar E. Inhibitory Effect of Spirulina maxima on the Azoxymethane-induced Aberrant Colon Crypts and Oxidative Damage in Mice. Pharmacogn Mag 2015; 11:S619-24. [PMID: 27013804 PMCID: PMC4787098 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.172973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spirulina maxima (Sm) is a cyanobacterium well known because of its high nutritive value, as well as its anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic, antioxidant, and anti-genotoxic activities. OBJECTIVE To determine the capacity of Sm to inhibit the induction of aberrant colon crypts (AC), as well as the level of lipid peroxidation and DNA oxidative damage in mice treated with azoxymethane (AOM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Sm (100, 400, and 800 mg/kg) was daily administered to animals by the oral route during 4 weeks, while AOM (10 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected to mice twice in weeks 2 and 3 of the assay. We also included a control group of mice orally administered with distilled water along the assay, as well as other group orally administered with the high dose of Sm. RESULTS A significant decrease in the number of AC with the three tested doses of Sm, with a mean protection of 51.6% respect to the damage induced by AOM. Also, with the three doses of the alga, we found a reduction in the level of lipoperoxidation, as well as in regard to the percentage of the DNA adduct 8-hydroxy-2'- deoxyguanosine. CONCLUSION Sm possesses anti-precarcinogenic potential in vivo, as well as capacity to reduce the oxidative damage induced by AOM. SUMMARY Azoxymethane (AOM) induced a high number of colon aberrant crypts in mouse. It also increased the level of peroxidation and of DNA oxidation in the same organ.Spirulina maxima significantly reduced the number of AOM-induced colon aberrant crypts in mouse. It also reduced the AOM-induced lipid and DNA oxidation in mouse.The results suggest a chemopreventive potential for the tested algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isela Álvarez-González
- Department of Morphology, Genetics Laboratory, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Wilfredo Massieu s/n. Lindavista, D. F. 07738, México
| | - Víctor Islas-Islas
- Department of Morphology, Genetics Laboratory, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Wilfredo Massieu s/n. Lindavista, D. F. 07738, México
| | - Germán Chamorro-Cevallos
- Department of Pharmacy, Preclinical Toxicology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Wilfredo Massieu s/n. Lindavista, D. F. 07738, México
| | - Juan Pablo Barrios
- Department of Pharmacy, Preclinical Toxicology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Wilfredo Massieu s/n. Lindavista, D. F. 07738, México
| | - Norma Paniagua
- Department of Physiology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Wilfredo Massieu s/n. Lindavista, D. F. 07738, México
| | - Verónica R. Vásquez-Garzón
- Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, D.F. 07360, México
- Cathedra-CONACYT, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Autonomous University “Benito Juárez” of Oaxaca, Av. Universidad s/n, Exhacienda de Cinco Señores, Oaxaca de Juárez, 68120, México
| | - Saúl Villa-Treviño
- Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, D.F. 07360, México
| | - Osiris-Madrigal-Santillán
- Department of Conservation Medicine, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, D. F. 11340, México
| | - José Antonio Morales-González
- Department of Conservation Medicine, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, D. F. 11340, México
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar
- Department of Morphology, Genetics Laboratory, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Wilfredo Massieu s/n. Lindavista, D. F. 07738, México
- Correspondence: Dr. Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar, Genetics Laboratory, Department of Morphology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Wilfredo Massieu s/n. Lindavista, D.F. 07738, México E-mail:
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Saadatdoust Z, Pandurangan AK, Ananda Sadagopan SK, Mohd Esa N, Ismail A, Mustafa MR. Dietary cocoa inhibits colitis associated cancer: a crucial involvement of the IL-6/STAT3 pathway. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:1547-58. [PMID: 26355019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk for developing ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CRC). The interleukin-6 (IL-6)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 signaling regulates survival and proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells and play an important role in the pathogenesis of IBD and CRC. Cocoa is enriched with polyphenols that known to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. Here, we explored the antitumor effects and mechanisms of cocoa diet on colitis-associated cancer (CAC) using the azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium model, with a particular focus on whether cocoa exerts its anticancer effect through the IL-6/STAT3 pathway. We found that cocoa significantly decreased the tumor incidence and size in CAC-induced mice. In addition to inhibiting proliferation of tumor epithelial cells, cocoa suppressed colonic IL-6 expression and subsequently activation of STAT3. Thus, our findings demonstrated that cocoa diet suppresses CAC tumorigenesis, and its antitumor effect is partly mediated by limiting IL-6/STAT3 activation. In addition, cocoa induces apoptosis by increased the expressions of Bax and caspase 3 and decreased Bcl-xl. Thus, we conclude that cocoa may be a potential agent in the prevention and treatment of CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Saadatdoust
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashok Kumar Pandurangan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Suresh Kumar Ananda Sadagopan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Biochemistry, Central Leather Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
| | - Norhaizan Mohd Esa
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Amin Ismail
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rais Mustafa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Waly MI, Al-Ghafri BR, Guizani N, Rahman MS. Phytonutrient Effects of Date Pit Extract against Azoxymethane-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Rat Colon. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:3473-7. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.8.3473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Bitzer ZT, Glisan SL, Dorenkott MR, Goodrich KM, Ye L, O'Keefe SF, Lambert JD, Neilson AP. Cocoa procyanidins with different degrees of polymerization possess distinct activities in models of colonic inflammation. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:827-31. [PMID: 25869594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Procyanidins are available in the diet from sources such as cocoa and grapes. Procyanidins are unique in that they are comprised of repeating monomeric units and can exist in various degrees of polymerization. The degree of polymerization plays a role in determining the biological activities of procyanidins. However, generalizations cannot be made regarding the correlation between procyanidin structure and bioactivity because the size-activity relationship appears to be system dependent. Our aim was to screen fractions of procyanidins with differing degrees of polymerization in vitro for anti-inflammatory activities in models of colonic inflammation. Monomeric, oligomeric and polymeric cocoa procyanidin fractions were screened using cell models of disrupted membrane integrity and inflammation in human colon cells. High-molecular-weight polymeric procyanidins were the most effective at preserving membrane integrity and reducing secretion of interleukin-8 in response to inflammatory stimuli. Conversely, oligomeric procyanidins appeared to be the least effective. These results suggest that polymeric cocoa procyanidins may be the most effective for preventing loss of gut barrier function and epithelial inflammation, which are critical steps in the pathogenesis of metabolic endotoxemia, inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. Therefore, further investigations of the potential health-protective benefits of cocoa procyanidins with distinct degrees of polymerization, particularly high-molecular-weight procyanidins, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Bitzer
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, 332 Rodney A. Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Shannon L Glisan
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, 332 Rodney A. Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Melanie R Dorenkott
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1981 Kraft Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Katheryn M Goodrich
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1981 Kraft Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Liyun Ye
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1981 Kraft Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Sean F O'Keefe
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1981 Kraft Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Joshua D Lambert
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, 332 Rodney A. Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA 16802 USA; Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Andrew P Neilson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1981 Kraft Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
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Cordero-Herrera I, Martín MÁ, Escrivá F, Álvarez C, Goya L, Ramos S. Cocoa-rich diet ameliorates hepatic insulin resistance by modulating insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:704-12. [PMID: 25814291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is the primary characteristic of type 2 diabetes and results from insulin signaling defects. Cocoa has been shown to exert anti-diabetic effects by lowering glucose levels. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for this preventive activity and whether cocoa exerts potential beneficial effects on the insulin signaling pathway in the liver remain largely unknown. Thus, in this study, the potential anti-diabetic properties of cocoa on glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling were evaluated in type 2 diabetic Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Male ZDF rats were fed a control or cocoa-rich diet (10%), and Zucker lean animals received the control diet. ZDF rats supplemented with cocoa (ZDF-Co) showed a significant decrease in body weight gain, glucose and insulin levels, as well as an improved glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Cocoa-rich diet further ameliorated the hepatic insulin resistance by abolishing the increased serine-phosphorylated levels of the insulin receptor substrate 1 and preventing the inactivation of the glycogen synthase kinase 3/glycogen synthase pathway in the liver of cocoa-fed ZDF rats. The anti-hyperglycemic effect of cocoa appeared to be at least mediated through the decreased levels of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and increased values of glucokinase and glucose transporter 2 in the liver of ZDF-Co rats. Moreover, cocoa-rich diet suppressed c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 activation caused by insulin resistance. These findings suggest that cocoa has the potential to alleviate both hyperglycemia and hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic ZDF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cordero-Herrera
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, José Antonio Novais 10, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Martín
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, José Antonio Novais 10, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Escrivá
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Álvarez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Goya
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, José Antonio Novais 10, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Ramos
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, José Antonio Novais 10, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Fernández-Millán E, Cordero-Herrera I, Ramos S, Escrivá F, Alvarez C, Goya L, Martín MA. Cocoa-rich diet attenuates beta cell mass loss and function in young Zucker diabetic fatty rats by preventing oxidative stress and beta cell apoptosis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:820-4. [PMID: 25559866 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that cocoa flavanols may have anti-diabetic potential by promoting survival and function of pancreatic beta-cells in vitro. In this work, we investigated if a cocoa-rich diet is able to preserve beta-cell mass and function in an animal model of type 2 diabetes and the mechanisms involved. Our results showed that cocoa feeding during the prediabetic state attenuates hyperglycaemia, reduces insulin resistant, and increases beta cell mass and function in obese Zucker diabetic rats. At the molecular level, cocoa-rich diet prevented beta-cell apoptosis by increasing the levels of Bcl-xL and decreasing Bax levels and caspase-3 activity. Cocoa diet enhanced the activity of endogenous antioxidant defenses, mainly glutathione peroxidase, preventing thus oxidative injury induced by the pre-diabetic condition and leading to apoptosis prevention. These findings provide the first in vivo evidence that a cocoa-rich diet may delay the loss of functional beta-cell mass and delay the progression of diabetes by preventing oxidative stress and beta-cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fernández-Millán
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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Pandurangan AK, Saadatdoust Z, Esa NM, Hamzah H, Ismail A. Dietary cocoa protects against colitis-associated cancer by activating the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway. Biofactors 2015; 41:1-14. [PMID: 25545372 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy in males and the second most common cancer worldwide. Chronic colonic inflammation is a known risk factor for CRC. Cocoa contains many polyphenolic compounds that have beneficial effects in humans. The objective of this study is to explore the antioxidant properties of cocoa in the mouse model of azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis-associated cancer, focusing on the activation of Nrf2 signaling. Mice were treated with AOM/DSS and randomized to receive either a control diet or a 5 and 10% cocoa diet during the study period. On day 62 of the experiment, the entire colon was processed for biochemical and histopathological examination and further evaluations. Increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were observed in AOM/DSS-induced mice; however, subsequent administration of cocoa decreased the MDA. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, were decreased in the AOM/DSS mice. Cocoa treatment increases the activities/levels of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. Inflammatory mediators, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, were elevated during AOM/DSS-induction, and treatment with 5 and 10% cocoa effectively decreases the expression of iNOS and COX-2. The NF-E2-related factor 2 and its downstream targets, such as NQO1 and UDP-GT, were increased by cocoa treatment. The results of our study suggest that cocoa may merit further clinical investigation as a chemopreventive agent that helps prevent CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Pandurangan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Evaluation of chemopreventive effects of Acanthus ilicifolius against azoxymethane-induced aberrant Crypt Foci in the rat colon. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96004. [PMID: 24819728 PMCID: PMC4018435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acanthus ilicifolius, a mangrove medicinal plant, is traditionally used to treat a variety of diseases. The aim of this research is to assess the chemoprotective outcomes of A. ilicifolius ethanolic extract against azoxymethane (AOM) induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in rats. Methodology/Principal Findings In our study, rats were arranged in to five groups. Rats in the normal control group were given subcutaneous injections of normal saline once weekly for 2 weeks. The AOM control, reference and treatment groups were given subcutaneous injection of AOM, 15 mg/kg body weight, once weekly for 2 weeks each. The reference group was treated with 35 mg/kg 5-Fluorouracil via intraperitoneal injection once weekly for 8 weeks, and the treatment groups were administered by gavage with 250 and 500 mg/kg A. ilicifolius extract daily for 8 weeks. Both normal and AOM control groups received the vehicle; 10% Tween-20 only. Rats treated with 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of A. ilicifolius extracts showed a decrease in the mean number of ACF by 65% and 53%, respectively. Those fed with A. ilicifolius showed significantly decreased multiplicity of ACF formations when compared with the results from the AOM control group. The 250 mg/kg A. ilicifolius treatment group showed significant decreases in lipid peroxidation MDA levels when compared with the AOM control group. In immunohistochemistry staining, the proliferating nuclear cell antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly higher in the AOM control group than in the A. ilicifolius-treated groups. RT-PCR showed that A. ilicifolius caused a change in the regulation of apoptosis-related genes expression. Conclusion/Significance The results of the current study show that AOM-treated rats receiving oral exposure to A. ilicifolius demonstrated a significant decrease in the number of ACF in the colon when compared to AOM-treated rats receiving vehicle only. A ilicifolius may be an effective herbal approach for the prevention of AOM-induced ACF in the rat colon.
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Ramos S, Goya L, Martín MA. Antioxidative Stress Actions of Cocoa in Colonic Cancer. Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405205-5.00020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hong MY, Nulton E, Shelechi M, Hernández LM, Nemoseck T. Effects of Dark Chocolate on Azoxymethane-Induced Colonic Aberrant Crypt Foci. Nutr Cancer 2013; 65:677-85. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2013.789542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Potential for preventive effects of cocoa and cocoa polyphenols in cancer. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 56:336-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Cocoa polyphenols prevent inflammation in the colon of azoxymethane-treated rats and in TNF-α-stimulated Caco-2 cells. Br J Nutr 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512004862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous lines of evidence support a relationship between intestinal inflammation and cancer. Therefore, much attention has recently been focused on the identification of natural compounds with anti-inflammatory activities as a strategy to suppress the early stages of colorectal cancer. Because cocoa is a rich source of bioactive compounds, the present study investigated its anti-inflammatory properties in a rat model of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon carcinogenesis and in TNF-α-stimulated Caco-2 cells. A total of forty male rats were fed with control or cocoa-enriched diets (12 %) during 8 weeks and injected with saline or AOM (20 mg/kg body weight) during the third and fourth week (n10 rats/group). At the end of the experiment, colon samples were evaluated for markers of inflammation. The anti-inflammatory activity of a cocoa polyphenolic extract (10 μg/ml) was examined in TNF-α-stimulated Caco-2 cells, anin vitromodel of experimentally induced intestinal inflammation. The signalling pathways involved, including NF-κB and the mitogen-activated protein kinase family such as c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases and p38, were also evaluated. The results show that the cocoa-rich diet decreases the nuclear levels of NF-κB and the expression of pro-inflammatory enzymes such as cyclo-oxygenase-2 and inducible NO synthase induced by AOM in the colon. Additionally, the experiments in Caco-2 cells confirm that cocoa polyphenols effectively down-regulate the levels of inflammatory markers induced by TNF-α by inhibiting NF-κB translocation and JNK phosphorylation. We conclude that cocoa polyphenols suppress inflammation-related colon carcinogenesis and could be promising in the dietary prevention of intestinal inflammation and related cancer development.
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Cocoa polyphenols and their potential benefits for human health. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:906252. [PMID: 23150750 PMCID: PMC3488419 DOI: 10.1155/2012/906252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper compiles the beneficial effects of cocoa polyphenols on human health, especially with regard to cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer prevention. Their antioxidant properties may be responsible for many of their pharmacological effects, including the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the protection of LDL-cholesterol against oxidation, and increase resistance to oxidative stress. The phenolics from cocoa also modify the glycemic response and the lipid profile, decreasing platelet function and inflammation along with diastolic and systolic arterial pressures, which, taken together, may reduce the risk of cardiovascular mortality. Cocoa polyphenols can also modulate intestinal inflammation through the reduction of neutrophil infiltration and expression of different transcription factors, which leads to decreases in the production of proinflammatory enzymes and cytokines. The phenolics from cocoa may thus protect against diseases in which oxidative stress is implicated as a causal or contributing factor, such as cancer. They also have antiproliferative, antimutagenic, and chemoprotective effects, in addition to their anticariogenic effects.
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Waly MI, Ali A, Guizani N, Al-Rawahi AS, Farooq SA, Rahman MS. Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Peel Extract Efficacy as a Dietary Antioxidant against Azoxymethane-Induced Colon Cancer in Rat. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:4051-5. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.8.4051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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