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Wang B, Tang X, Mao B, Zhang Q, Tian F, Zhao J, Chen W, Cui S. Effects of in vitro fecal fermentation on the metabolism and antioxidant properties of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. Food Chem 2024; 431:137132. [PMID: 37598654 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins' potential health benefits have garnered significant interest. However, due to low bioavailability, the gut microbiota-associated metabolites are suspected to mediate their bioactivity. In this study, cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) was fermented with fecal inoculum to simulate colonic microbiota interaction in vitro. The metabolites and antioxidant properties of pre- (P-C3G) and post-fermentation (F-C3G) were determined. Fermentation significantly increased contents of five metabolites (cyanidin, protocatechuic acid, phloroglucinaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid). Additionally, F-C3G demonstrated superior radicals scavenging than P-C3G, as well as to alleviate H2O2-induced damage in HepG2 cell via increasing superoxide dismutase by 43.26% and catalase by 39.83%, reducing malonaldehyde by 16.40% and cellular ROS production, and activating Nrf2 pathway. Moreover, F-C3G significantly extended the survival rate by 20.67% of Caenorhabditis elegans under heat stress by antioxidation in vivo. This study suggested that anthocyanins metabolism by gut microbiota produce specific metabolites, which potentially exerts protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Bingyong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Qiuxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Shumao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
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2
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Ijinu TP, De Lellis LF, Shanmugarama S, Pérez-Gregorio R, Sasikumar P, Ullah H, Buccato DG, Di Minno A, Baldi A, Daglia M. Anthocyanins as Immunomodulatory Dietary Supplements: A Nutraceutical Perspective and Micro-/Nano-Strategies for Enhanced Bioavailability. Nutrients 2023; 15:4152. [PMID: 37836436 PMCID: PMC10574533 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins (ACNs) have attracted considerable attention for their potential to modulate the immune system. Research has revealed their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which play a crucial role in immune regulation by influencing key immune cells, such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Moreover, ACNs contribute towards maintaining a balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus promoting immune health. Beyond their direct effects on immune cells, ACNs significantly impact gut health and the microbiota, essential factors in immune regulation. Emerging evidence suggests that they positively influence the composition of the gut microbiome, enhancing their immunomodulatory effects. Furthermore, these compounds synergize with other bioactive substances, such as vitamins and minerals, further enhancing their potential as immune-supporting dietary supplements. However, detailed clinical studies must fully validate these findings and determine safe dosages across varied populations. Incorporating these natural compounds into functional foods or supplements could revolutionize the management of immune-related conditions. Personalized nutrition and healthcare strategies may be developed to enhance overall well-being and immune resilience by fully understanding the mechanisms underlying the actions of their components. Recent advancements in delivery methods have focused on improving the bioavailability and effectiveness of ACNs, providing promising avenues for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thadiyan Parambil Ijinu
- Naturæ Scientific, Kerala University-Business Innovation and Incubation Centre, Kariavattom Campus, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, India;
- The National Society of Ethnopharmacology, VRA-179, Mannamoola, Peroorkada P.O., Thiruvananthapuram 695005, India
| | - Lorenza Francesca De Lellis
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.F.D.L.); (D.G.B.); (A.D.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Santny Shanmugarama
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Rosa Pérez-Gregorio
- Food and Health Omics Group, Institute of Agroecology and Food, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain;
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), SERGAS-UVIGO, 32002 Ourense, Spain
| | | | - Hammad Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.F.D.L.); (D.G.B.); (A.D.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Daniele Giuseppe Buccato
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.F.D.L.); (D.G.B.); (A.D.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessandro Di Minno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.F.D.L.); (D.G.B.); (A.D.M.); (A.B.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Baldi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.F.D.L.); (D.G.B.); (A.D.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.F.D.L.); (D.G.B.); (A.D.M.); (A.B.)
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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3
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Fathallah S, Abdellatif A, Saadeldin MK. Unleashing nature's potential and limitations: Exploring molecular targeted pathways and safe alternatives for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (Review). MEDICINE INTERNATIONAL 2023; 3:42. [PMID: 37680650 PMCID: PMC10481116 DOI: 10.3892/mi.2023.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Driven by the limitations and obstacles of the available approaches and medications for multiple sclerosis (MS) that still cannot treat the disease, but only aid in accelerating the recovery from its attacks, the use of naturally occurring molecules as a potentially safe and effective treatment for MS is being explored in model organisms. MS is a devastating disease involving the brain and spinal cord, and its symptoms vary widely. Multiple molecular pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. The present review showcases the recent advancements in harnessing nature's resources to combat MS. By deciphering the molecular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of the disease, a wealth of potential therapeutic agents is uncovered that may revolutionize the treatment of MS. Thus, a new hope can be envisioned in the future, aiming at paving the way toward identifying novel safe alternatives to improve the lives of patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fathallah
- Biotechnology Program, School of Science and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdellatif
- Biotechnology Program, School of Science and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Biology Department, School of Science and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mona Kamal Saadeldin
- Biotechnology Program, School of Science and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Biology Department, School of Science and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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4
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Festa J, Hussain A, Hackney A, Desai U, Sahota TS, Singh H, Da Boit M. Elderberry extract improves molecular markers of endothelial dysfunction linked to atherosclerosis. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:4047-4059. [PMID: 37457144 PMCID: PMC10345675 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction (ED), secondary to diminished nitric oxide (NO) production and oxidative stress, is an early subclinical marker of atherosclerosis. Reduced NO bioavailability enhances the adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells and promotes atherosclerosis. Elderberry extract (EB) is known to contain high levels of anthocyanins which could exert vascular protective effects. Specifically, we investigated the functional capacity of EB on various markers of ED. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were pretreated with EB 50 μg/mL and stimulated with TNF-α 10 ng/mL. Cell viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress; eNOS, Akt, Nrf2, NOX-4, and NF-κB at the protein level were measured. A co-culture model was used to determine whether EB could prevent the adhesion of monocytes (THP-1) to HUVECs. Moreover, the expression of adhesion molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines were also measured. It was demonstrated that EB prevented TNF-α induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species production in HUVECs. Additionally, EB upregulated Akt and eNOS activity, and Nrf2 expression in response to TNF-α, whereas it decreased NOX-4 expression and NF-κB activity. EB prevented the adhesion of monocytes to HUVECs, as well as reduced IL-6 and MCP-1 levels, which was associated with inhibition of VCAM-1 expression. Our results demonstrate that EB upregulates key cellular markers of endothelial function and ameliorates markers of ED. EB could be used as a potential nutritional aid for preventing atherosclerosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Festa
- Leicester School of Allied Health SciencesDe Montfort UniversityLeicesterUK
| | - Aamir Hussain
- Leicester School of Allied Health SciencesDe Montfort UniversityLeicesterUK
| | - Amon Hackney
- Leicester School of Allied Health SciencesDe Montfort UniversityLeicesterUK
| | - Unmesh Desai
- Leicester School of PharmacyFaculty of Health and Life SciencesDe Montfort UniversityLeicesterUK
| | - Tarsem S. Sahota
- Leicester School of PharmacyFaculty of Health and Life SciencesDe Montfort UniversityLeicesterUK
| | - Harprit Singh
- Leicester School of Allied Health SciencesDe Montfort UniversityLeicesterUK
| | - Mariasole Da Boit
- Leicester School of Allied Health SciencesDe Montfort UniversityLeicesterUK
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5
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Faraoni P, Bellumori M, Cecchi L, Zonfrillo B, Innocenti M, Gnerucci A, Mulinacci N, Ranaldi F. AGS Gastric Cells: Antioxidant Activity and Metabolic Effects of Phenolic Extracts from Different Monocultivar Virgin Olive Oils. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1347. [PMID: 37507887 PMCID: PMC10376124 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of the phenolic compounds of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) on AGS cells have never been studied so far, which is the aim of this study. The profiles of the main phenolic components in EVOOs, mainly secoiridoid compounds derived from the transformation of oleuropein during the olive milling process, were evaluated and compared. Oils of different origins were evaluated aiming at verifying whether chemical differences in the phenolic composition of the dry extracts played a role in the metabolism and in maintaining the cellular redox state of AGS cells. The following key enzymes of some metabolic pathways were studied: lactate dehydrogenase, enolase, pyruvate kinase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and hexokinase. As confirmed through PCA analysis, pretreatments with the dry extracts of EVOOs at different concentrations appeared to be able to counteract the enzymatic activity alterations due to oxidative stress induced by H2O2 1 mM and 2 mM. The studied phytocomplexes showed the ability to protect AGS cells from oxidative damage and the secoiridoid derivatives from both oleuropein and ligstroside contributed to the observed effects. The results suggested that EVOOs with medium to high concentrations of phenols can exert this protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Faraoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinic Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, FI, Italy
| | - Maria Bellumori
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Division of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cecchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Systems Management (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale Delle Cascine 16, 50144 Florence, FI, Italy
| | - Beatrice Zonfrillo
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Division of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Marzia Innocenti
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Division of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Alessio Gnerucci
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone, 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Nadia Mulinacci
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Division of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Francesco Ranaldi
- Department of Experimental and Clinic Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, FI, Italy
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6
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Frountzas M, Karanikki E, Toutouza O, Sotirakis D, Schizas D, Theofilis P, Tousoulis D, Toutouzas KG. Exploring the Impact of Cyanidin-3-Glucoside on Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Investigating New Mechanisms for Emerging Interventions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119399. [PMID: 37298350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), the most widely distributed anthocyanin (ACN) in edible fruits, has been proposed for several bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory, neuro-protective, antimicrobial, anti-viral, anti-thrombotic and epigenetic actions. However, habitual intake of ACNs and C3G may vary widely among populations, regions, and seasons, among individuals with different education and financial status. The main point of C3G absorption occurs in the small and large bowel. Therefore, it has been supposed that the treating properties of C3G might affect inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). IBDs develop through complex inflammatory pathways and sometimes may be resistant to conventional treatment strategies. C3G presents antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and antimicrobial effects useful for IBD management. In particular, different studies have demonstrated that C3G inhibits NF-κB pathway activation. In addition, C3G activates the Nrf2 pathway. On the other hand, it modulates the expression of antioxidant enzymes and cytoprotective proteins, such as NAD(P)H, superoxide dismutase, heme-oxygenase (HO-1), thioredoxin, quinone reductase-oxide 1 (NQO1), catalase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase. Interferon I and II pathways are downregulated by C3G inhibiting interferon-mediating inflammatory cascades. Moreover, C3G reduces reactive species and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as C reactive protein, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, and IL-17A in UC and CD patients. Finally, C3G modulates gut microbiota by inducing an increase in beneficial gut bacteria and increasing microbial abundances, thus mitigating dysbiosis. Thus, C3G presents activities that may have potential therapeutic and protective actions against IBD. Still, in the future, clinical trials should be designed to investigate the bioavailability of C3G in IBD patients and the proper therapeutic doses through different sources, aiming to the standardization of the exact clinical outcome and efficacy of C3G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximos Frountzas
- First Propaedeutic Department of Surgery, Hippocration General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eva Karanikki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Hippocration General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Orsalia Toutouza
- School of Medicine, Imperial College of London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Demosthenis Sotirakis
- First Propaedeutic Department of Surgery, Hippocration General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Schizas
- First Department of Surgery, Laikon General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Theofilis
- First Cardiology Department, "Hippocration" General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- First Cardiology Department, "Hippocration" General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos G Toutouzas
- First Propaedeutic Department of Surgery, Hippocration General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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7
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Faraoni P, Cecchi L, Bellumori M, Gnerucci A, Ranaldi F, Mulinacci N. Virgin Olive Oil By-Products: Biological Activity of Phenolic Extract of Pâté on AGS Gastric Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097959. [PMID: 37175669 PMCID: PMC10178092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pâté is a by-product of olive oil production which represents an abundant source of phenolic compounds and can be used for food formulation, reducing its environmental impact and promoting a circular economy. In this context, the effects of a hydroalcoholic extract of pâté were evaluated for the first time in an AGS human cell line commonly used as model of gastric mucosa. Pâté was obtained from Tuscan olives; the total phenolic content was 16.6 mg/g dried extract, with verbascoside and secoiridoid derivatives as the most abundant phenols. The phenolic pâté extract did not alter viability, distribution of cell cycle phases or proliferation and migration of AGS cells at the tested concentrations. Seven enzymes were chosen to investigate the metabolic effect of the pâté extract in the context of oxidative stress. Pâté produced a statistically significant increase in the activity of key enzymes of some metabolic pathways: Lactate dehydrogenase, Enolase, Pyruvate kinase, Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Citrate synthase, 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and Hexokinase. Pre-treatments with the extract of pâté at 100 µg/mL or 200 µg/mL, as observed through PCA analysis, appeared able to counteract the enzymatic activity alterations due to oxidative stress induced by H2O2 1 mM and 2 mM. The results indicate that dried pâté, due to its phenolic components, can be proposed as a new functional food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Faraoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinic Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cecchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Systems Management (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale Delle Cascine 16, 50144 Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Bellumori
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Division of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Gnerucci
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone, 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Ranaldi
- Department of Experimental and Clinic Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Nadia Mulinacci
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Division of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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8
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Festa J, Hussain A, Al-Hareth Z, Singh H, Da Boit M. Anthocyanins and Vascular Health: A Matter of Metabolites. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091796. [PMID: 37174334 PMCID: PMC10178014 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are a subgroup of flavonoid polyphenols previously investigated for improving cardiovascular health and preventing the development of endothelial dysfunction. However, their poor bioavailability raises the question of whether the observed biological activity is due to their metabolites. Phenolic metabolites can reach higher plasma concentrations and can persist in the circulation for periods much longer than their original anthocyanin form; therefore, the biological activity and health promoting effects of anthocyanins may differ from their metabolites. To address this, recent studies have facilitated different cell models, in vivo studies and explored physiologically relevant concentrations to better understand their mechanisms of action. The criteria were chosen based on previous reports demonstrating that anthocyanins can improve endothelial function via modulation of the Akt-endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway and transcription factors Nrf2 and NF-κB, which made it critical to assess the phenolic metabolites' modes of action via these pathways. This review demonstrates how phenolic metabolites differ in bioactivity from their precursor anthocyanin, demonstrating improved endothelial function in response to inflammatory mediators at concentrations that are tolerated in vivo. The review highlights the crucial need for further studies to focus on improving the bioavailability of metabolites in isolation and explore the effect of metabolites in mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Festa
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Aamir Hussain
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Zakia Al-Hareth
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Old Road Campus, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7TY, UK
| | - Harprit Singh
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Mariasole Da Boit
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
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9
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Woolf EK, Terwoord JD, Litwin NS, Vazquez AR, Lee SY, Ghanem N, Michell KA, Smith BT, Grabos LE, Ketelhut NB, Bachman NP, Smith ME, Le Sayec M, Rao S, Gentile CL, Weir TL, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Seals DR, Dinenno FA, Johnson SA. Daily blueberry consumption for 12 weeks improves endothelial function in postmenopausal women with above-normal blood pressure through reductions in oxidative stress: a randomized controlled trial. Food Funct 2023; 14:2621-2641. [PMID: 36847333 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00157a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women have oxidative stress-mediated suppression of endothelial function that is exacerbated by high blood pressure. Previous research suggests blueberries may improve endothelial function through reductions in oxidative stress, while also exerting other cardiovascular benefits. The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of blueberries to improve endothelial function and blood pressure in postmenopausal women with above-normal blood pressure, and to identify potential mechanisms for improvements in endothelial function. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm clinical trial was performed, where postmenopausal women aged 45-65 years with elevated blood pressure or stage 1-hypertension (total n = 43, endothelial function n = 32) consumed 22 g day-1 of freeze-dried highbush blueberry powder or placebo powder for 12 weeks. Endothelial function was assessed at baseline and 12 weeks through ultrasound measurement of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) normalized to shear rate area under the curve (FMD/SRAUC) before and after intravenous infusion of a supraphysiologic dose of ascorbic acid to evaluate whether FMD improvements were mediated by reduced oxidative stress. Hemodynamics, arterial stiffness, cardiometabolic blood biomarkers, and plasma (poly)phenol metabolites were assessed at baseline and 4, 8, and 12 weeks, and venous endothelial cell protein expression was assessed at baseline and 12 weeks. Absolute FMD/SRAUC was 96% higher following blueberry consumption compared to baseline (p < 0.05) but unchanged in the placebo group (p > 0.05), and changes from baseline to 12 weeks were greater in the blueberry group than placebo (+1.09 × 10-4 ± 4.12 × 10-5vs. +3.82 × 10-6 ± 1.59 × 10-5, p < 0.03, respectively). The FMD/SRAUC response to ascorbic acid infusion was lower (p < 0.05) at 12 weeks compared to baseline in the blueberry group with no change in the placebo group (p > 0.05). The sum of plasma (poly)phenol metabolites increased at 4, 8, and 12 weeks in the blueberry group compared to baseline, and were higher than the placebo group (all p < 0.05). Increases in several plasma flavonoid and microbial metabolites were also noted. No major differences were found for blood pressure, arterial stiffness, blood biomarkers, or endothelial cell protein expression following blueberry consumption. These findings suggest daily consumption of freeze-dried blueberry powder for 12 weeks improves endothelial function through reduced oxidative stress in postmenopausal women with above-normal blood pressure. The clinical trial registry number is NCT03370991 (https://clinicaltrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Woolf
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Janée D Terwoord
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Nicole S Litwin
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Allegra R Vazquez
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Sylvia Y Lee
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Nancy Ghanem
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Kiri A Michell
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Brayden T Smith
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Lauren E Grabos
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Nathaniel B Ketelhut
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Nate P Bachman
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Meghan E Smith
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Melanie Le Sayec
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Sangeeta Rao
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christopher L Gentile
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Tiffany L Weir
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Ana Rodriguez-Mateos
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Frank A Dinenno
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sarah A Johnson
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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10
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Aarsland D, Khalifa K, Bergland AK, Soennesyn H, Oppedal K, Holteng LBA, Oesterhus R, Nakling A, Jarholm JA, de Lucia C, Fladby T, Brooker H, Dalen I, Ballard C. A Randomised Placebo-Controlled Study of Purified Anthocyanins on Cognition in Individuals at Increased Risk for Dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2023; 31:141-151. [PMID: 36372613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Identifying nutritional compounds which can reduce cognitive decline in older people is a hugely important topic. OBJECTIVE To study the safety and effect of anthocyanins in maintaining cognitive functioning in people at increased risk for dementia. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Participants (206 individuals, aged 60-80 years) diagnosed with either mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or two or more cardiometabolic disorders (i.e., diabetes, hypertension, obesity) were enrolled at three different centres in Norway. INTERVENTION Participants were randomly assigned to four capsules with a total of 320 mg/d of naturally purified anthocyanins or placebo 1:1 for 24 weeks. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was the Quality of Episodic Memory composite measure (0-100) from an online cognitive test battery CogTrack, which was administered at baseline and monthly for the next 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes included other cognitive scores from the CogTrack battery. We applied mixed effects models with a baseline test score, group, time and their interaction as fixed effects, as well as other predefined baseline covariates. The primary comparison was the group difference at week 24 based on a modified intention-to-treat principle. RESULTS The primary analysis did not show a significant group difference at 24 weeks (78.2 versus 76.8; adjusted mean difference 1.4 (95% confidence interval -0.9-3.7); effect size 0.15; p = 0.23). However, there was a significant difference in slopes during weeks 8-24 (p = 0.007); the anthocyanin group improved while the placebo group worsened. No differences were found for the secondary cognitive outcomes. Anthocyanin capsules were well-tolerated and safe to use. CONCLUSION Anthocyanin supplementation for 24 weeks was safe and well tolerated in people with MCI or cardiometabolic disorders. We found no significant group difference in episodic memory at the end of the study but statistically significant differences in slopes. Further studies are warranted to explore whether anthocyanins supplementation can reduce cognitive decline in people at increased risk of dementia. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, (Identifier NCT03419039). http://www. CLINICALTRIALS gov/, NCT03419039.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dag Aarsland
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine (DA, KK, AKB, HS, LBAH, RO, AN, CDL), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (DA), King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Khadija Khalifa
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine (DA, KK, AKB, HS, LBAH, RO, AN, CDL), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (DA), King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; The Faculty of Health Sciences (KK), University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Anne K Bergland
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine (DA, KK, AKB, HS, LBAH, RO, AN, CDL), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Hogne Soennesyn
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine (DA, KK, AKB, HS, LBAH, RO, AN, CDL), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ketil Oppedal
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (KO), University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Lise B A Holteng
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine (DA, KK, AKB, HS, LBAH, RO, AN, CDL), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine (LBAH, AN), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Oesterhus
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine (DA, KK, AKB, HS, LBAH, RO, AN, CDL), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; The Hospital Pharmacy Enterprise of Western Norway (RO), Bergen, Norway
| | - Arne Nakling
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine (DA, KK, AKB, HS, LBAH, RO, AN, CDL), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine (LBAH, AN), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jonas A Jarholm
- Department of Neurology (AJ, TF), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Chiara de Lucia
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine (DA, KK, AKB, HS, LBAH, RO, AN, CDL), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (CDL), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tormod Fladby
- Department of Neurology (AJ, TF), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine (HB, TF), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helen Brooker
- Medical School (HB), University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; Ecog Pro Ltd. (HB, CB), Bristol, UK
| | - Ingvild Dalen
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Research (ID), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Clive Ballard
- Medical School (HB), University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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11
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Avula B, Katragunta K, Osman AG, Ali Z, John Adams S, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA. Advances in the Chemistry, Analysis and Adulteration of Anthocyanin Rich-Berries and Fruits: 2000-2022. Molecules 2023; 28:560. [PMID: 36677615 PMCID: PMC9865467 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are reported to exhibit a wide variety of remedial qualities against many human disorders, including antioxidative stress, anti-inflammatory activity, amelioration of cardiovascular diseases, improvement of cognitive decline, and are touted to protect against neurodegenerative disorders. Anthocyanins are water soluble naturally occurring polyphenols containing sugar moiety and are found abundantly in colored fruits/berries. Various chromatographic (HPLC/HPTLC) and spectroscopic (IR, NMR) techniques as standalone or in hyphenated forms such as LC-MS/LC-NMR are routinely used to gauge the chemical composition and ensure the overall quality of anthocyanins in berries, fruits, and finished products. The major emphasis of the current review is to compile and disseminate various analytical methodologies on characterization, quantification, and chemical profiling of the whole array of anthocyanins in berries, and fruits within the last two decades. In addition, the factors affecting the stability of anthocyanins, including pH, light exposure, solvents, metal ions, and the presence of other substances, such as enzymes and proteins, were addressed. Several sources of anthocyanins, including berries and fruit with their botanical identity and respective yields of anthocyanins, were covered. In addition to chemical characterization, economically motivated adulteration of anthocyanin-rich fruits and berries due to increasing consumer demand will also be the subject of discussion. Finally, the health benefits and the medicinal utilities of anthocyanins were briefly discussed. A literature search was performed using electronic databases from PubMed, Science Direct, SciFinder, and Google Scholar, and the search was conducted covering the period from January 2000 to November 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Kumar Katragunta
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ahmed G. Osman
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University, MS 38677, USA
| | | | | | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University, MS 38677, USA
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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12
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Dzah CS. Optimized pressurized hot water extraction, HPLC/LC-MS characterization, and bioactivity of Tetrapleura tetraptera L. dry fruit polyphenols. J Food Sci 2023; 88:175-192. [PMID: 36524784 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the global preference for green extraction methods in the recovery of plant bioactives, Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit polyphenols (TTP) are yet to receive considerable attention. For the first time, pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) of TTP was optimized for total phenol content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA) using the Box Behnken design of response surface methodology. Predictor variables were time, temperature, and liquid-to-solid ratio. An optimum solution with a desirability of 0.805 was selected and parameters were 43 min, 220°C, and 60 ml g-1 liquid-to-solid ratio, yielding TPC of 8.92 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram of sample on dry weight basis (GAE g-1 dw-1 ) and AA of 70.35%. Purified, optimized TTP were characterized and quantified using HPLC/LC-MS. PHWE mainly extracted rutin (379.04 µg g-1 ), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (chloride) (299.55 µg g-1 ), naringenin 7-O-glucoside (240.11 µg g-1 ), p-coumaric acid (177.28 µg g-1 ), isorientin (150.43 µg g-1 ), and gallic acid (118.06 µg g-1 ) whereas cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (chloride) (83.27 µg g-1 ), protocatechuic acid (61.37 µg g-1 ), rutin (28.03 µg g-1 ), and gallic acid (22.62 µg g-1 ) were mainly extracted by hot water extraction, which was a control. PHWE-obtained TTP showed higher cellular antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity in human liver cancer cell lines (HepG2), and antimicrobial property against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis than control. The potential mechanisms underlying the biological activities of some of the major polyphenols extracted were briefly discussed. Considering the wide use of the T. tetraptera (TT) fruit in Africa in foods and medicine, the use of more efficient green extraction methods such as PHWE is recommended. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study serves as a baseline for optimizing pressurized hot water extraction, purification, identification, and quantification of Tetrapleura tetraptera polyphenols (TTP) and their biological activities, being the first of its kind. The varied biological effects shown can be exploited further for applications of TTP as nutraceutical agents and preservatives in foods in different forms. Also, the high amounts of gallic acid and other phenolic acids and flavonoids confirmed in this study make TTP good candidates for the development of metal-phenol network nanoparticles to enhance adequate solubility and distribution in food systems in light of the above proposed applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courage Sedem Dzah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Ho Technical University, Ho, Ghana
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13
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Manai F, Govoni S, Amadio M. The Challenge of Dimethyl Fumarate Repurposing in Eye Pathologies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244061. [PMID: 36552824 PMCID: PMC9777082 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a small molecule currently approved and used in the treatment of psoriasis and multiple sclerosis due to its immuno-modulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. As an Nrf2 activator through Keap1 protein inhibition, DMF unveils a potential therapeutical use that is much broader than expected so far. In this comprehensive review we discuss the state-of-art and future perspectives regarding the potential repositioning of this molecule in the panorama of eye pathologies, including Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD). The DMF's mechanism of action, an extensive analysis of the in vitro and in vivo evidence of its beneficial effects, together with a search of the current clinical trials, are here reported. Altogether, this evidence gives an overview of the new potential applications of this molecule in the context of ophthalmological diseases characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress, with a special focus on AMD, for which our gene-disease (KEAP1-AMD) database search, followed by a protein-protein interaction analysis, further supports the rationale of DMF use. The necessity to find a topical route of DMF administration to the eye is also discussed. In conclusion, the challenge of DMF repurposing in eye pathologies is feasible and worth scientific attention and well-focused research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Manai
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Govoni
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marialaura Amadio
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382-987888
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14
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Wu X, Wei J, Yi Y, Gong Q, Gao J. Activation of Nrf2 signaling: A key molecular mechanism of protection against cardiovascular diseases by natural products. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1057918. [PMID: 36569290 PMCID: PMC9772885 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1057918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a group of cardiac and vascular disorders including myocardial ischemia, congenital heart disease, heart failure, hypertension, atherosclerosis, peripheral artery disease, rheumatic heart disease, and cardiomyopathies. Despite considerable progress in prophylaxis and treatment options, CVDs remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and impose an extremely high socioeconomic burden. Oxidative stress (OS) caused by disequilibrium in the generation of reactive oxygen species plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of CVDs. Nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor of endogenous antioxidant defense systems against OS, is considered an ideal therapeutic target for management of CVDs. Increasingly, natural products have emerged as a potential source of Nrf2 activators with cardioprotective properties and may therefore provide a novel therapeutic tool for CVD. Here, we present an updated comprehensive summary of naturally occurring products with cardioprotective properties that exert their effects by suppression of OS through activation of Nrf2 signaling, with the aim of providing useful insights for the development of therapeutic strategies exploiting natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiajia Wei
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yang Yi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qihai Gong
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jianmei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,*Correspondence: Jianmei Gao,
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15
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Festa J, Singh H, Hussain A, Da Boit M. Elderberries as a potential supplement to improve vascular function in a SARS-CoV-2 environment. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14091. [PMID: 35118699 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been triggered by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Although recent studies demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 possibly does not directly infect endothelial cells (EC), the endothelium may be affected as a secondary response due to the damage of neighboring cells, circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, and/or other mechanisms. Long-term COVID-19 symptoms specifically nonrespiratory symptoms are due to the persistence of endothelial dysfunction (ED). Based on the literature, anthocyanins a major subgroup of flavonoid polyphenols found in berries, have been well researched for their vascular protective properties as well as the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related deaths. Elderberries have been previously used as a natural remedy for treating influenza, cold, and consequently cardiovascular health due to a high content of cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) a major anthocyanin found in the human diet. The literature reported many studies demonstrating that EE has both antiviral and vascular protective properties that should be further investigated as a nutritional component used against the (in)direct effect of SARS-CoV-2 in vascular function. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: While previous work among the literature looks promising and builds a suggestion for investigating elderberry extract (EE) against COVID-19, further in vitro and in vivo research is required to fully evaluate EE mechanisms of action and its use as a supplement to aid current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Festa
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Harprit Singh
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Aamir Hussain
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.,Department of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Mariasole Da Boit
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
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Does Plant Breeding for Antioxidant-Rich Foods Have an Impact on Human Health? Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040794. [PMID: 35453479 PMCID: PMC9024522 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the general beneficial effects of antioxidants-rich foods on human health and disease prevention, there is a continuous interest in plant secondary metabolites conferring attractive colors to fruits and grains and responsible, together with others, for nutraceutical properties. Cereals and Solanaceae are important components of the human diet, thus, they are the main targets for functional food development by exploitation of genetic resources and metabolic engineering. In this review, we focus on the impact of antioxidants-rich cereal and Solanaceae derived foods on human health by analyzing natural biodiversity and biotechnological strategies aiming at increasing the antioxidant level of grains and fruits, the impact of agronomic practices and food processing on antioxidant properties combined with a focus on the current state of pre-clinical and clinical studies. Despite the strong evidence in in vitro and animal studies supporting the beneficial effects of antioxidants-rich diets in preventing diseases, clinical studies are still not sufficient to prove the impact of antioxidant rich cereal and Solanaceae derived foods on human
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Vascular Protective Effect and Its Possible Mechanism of Action on Selected Active Phytocompounds: A Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3311228. [PMID: 35469164 PMCID: PMC9034927 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3311228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial dysfunction is characterized by an imbalance of vasodilation and vasoconstriction, deficiency of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), and proinflammatory factors. This dysfunction is a key to the early pathological development of major cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. Therefore, modulation of the vascular endothelium is considered an important therapeutic strategy to maintain the health of the cardiovascular system. Epidemiological studies have shown that regular consumption of medicinal plants, fruits, and vegetables promotes vascular health, lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases. This is mainly attributed to the phytochemical compounds contained in these resources. Various databases, including Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PubMed, and the Directory of Open Access Journals, were searched to identify studies demonstrating the vascular protective effects of phytochemical compounds. The literature had revealed abundant data on phytochemical compounds protecting and improving the vascular system. Of the numerous compounds reported, curcumin, resveratrol, cyanidin-3-glucoside, berberine, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and quercetin are discussed in this review to provide recent information on their vascular protective mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. Phytochemical compounds are promising therapeutic agents for vascular dysfunction due to their antioxidative mechanisms. However, future human studies will be necessary to confirm the clinical effects of these vascular protective mechanisms.
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18
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Zhang Q, Liu J, Duan H, Li R, Peng W, Wu C. Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling: An important molecular mechanism of herbal medicine in the treatment of atherosclerosis via the protection of vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress. J Adv Res 2022; 34:43-63. [PMID: 35024180 PMCID: PMC8655139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recently, Nrf2/HO-1 has received extensive attention as the main regulatory pathway of intracellular defense against oxidative stress and is considered an ideal target for alleviating endothelial cell (EC) injury. Objectives This paper aimed to summarized the natural monomers/extracts that potentially exert protective effects against oxidative stress in ECs. Methods A literature search was carried out regarding our topic with the keywords of “atherosclerosis” or “Nrf2/HO-1” or “vascular endothelial cells” or “oxidative stress” or “Herbal medicine” or “natural products” or “natural extracts” or “natural compounds” or “traditional Chinese medicines” based on classic books of herbal medicine and scientific databases including Pubmed, SciFinder, Scopus, the Web of Science, GoogleScholar, BaiduScholar, and others. Then, we analyzed the possible molecular mechanisms for different types of natural compounds in the treatment of atherosclerosis via the protection of vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress. In addition, perspectives for possible future studies are discussed. Results These agents with protective effects against oxidative stress in ECs mainly include phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Most of these agents alleviate cell apoptosis in ECs due to oxidative stress, and the mechanisms are related to Nrf2/HO-1 signaling activation. However, despite continued progress in research on various aspects of natural agents exerting protective effects against EC injury by activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling, the development of new drugs for the treatment of atherosclerosis (AS) and other CVDs based on these agents will require more detailed preclinical and clinical studies. Conclusion Our present paper provides updated information of natural agents with protective activities on ECs against oxidative stress by activating Nrf2/HO-1. We hope this review will provide some directions for the further development of novel candidate drugs from natural agents for the treatment of AS and other CVDs.
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Key Words
- 7-HMR, (−)-7(S)-hydroxymatairesinol
- ADH, andrographolide
- AGE, advanced glycation end product
- AMP, Athyrium Multidentatum
- APV, aqueous extracts of Prunella Vulgaris
- ARE, antioxidant reaction elements
- AS, atherosclerosis
- ASD-IV, Astragaloside IV
- ASP, Angelica sinensis polysaccharide
- ASTP, Astragalus polysacharin
- Akt, protein kinase B
- Ang, Angiotensin
- ApoE, apolipoprotein E
- Atherosclerosis
- BAECs, bovine artery endothelial cells
- BBR, Berberine
- BITC, benzyl isothiocyanate
- C3G, Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside
- CINM, Cinnamaldehyde
- CNC, Cap'n'collar
- CREB, cAMP-response element binding protein
- CVDs, cardiovascular diseases
- CVRF, cardiovascular risk factors
- DMY, Dihydromyricetin
- ECC, (−)-Epicatechin
- ECs, endothelial cells
- EGCG, epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate
- ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinases
- ET, endothelin
- EXS, Xanthoceras sorbifolia
- FFA, Fatty Acids
- GPx, Glutathione peroxidase
- GSD Rg1, Ginsenoside Rg1
- GTE, Ganoderma tsugae extracts
- Gau A, Glaucocalyxin A
- HAMS, human anthocyanin medicated serum
- HG, high glucose
- HIF-1, Hypoxia-inducible factor 1
- HO-1, heme oxygenase
- HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- HXC, Huoxue capsule
- Hcy, Homocysteine
- Herbal medicine
- ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule
- IL, interleukin
- KGRE, extracts of KGR
- KRG, Korean red ginseng
- Keap1, kelch-like epichlorohydrin-related proteins
- LWDH, Liuwei-Dihuang pill
- MA, maslinic acid
- MAPKK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
- MAPKs, mitogen-activated protein kinases
- MCGA3, 3-O-caffeoyl-1-methylquinic acid
- MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1
- MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases
- Molecular mechanism
- NAF, Nepeta Angustifolia
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-B
- NG, naringenin
- NQO1, NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2
- Nrf2/HO-1 signaling
- OA, Oleanolic acid
- OMT, Oxymatrine
- OX-LDL, oxidized low density lipoprotein
- Oxidative stress
- PA, Palmitate
- PAA, Pachymic acid
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator Inhibitor-1
- PEITC, phenethyl isocyanate
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PT, Pterostilbene
- RBPC, phenolic extracts derived from rice bran
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SAL, Salidroside
- SFN, sulforaphane
- SMT, Samul-Tang Tang
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Sal B, salvianolic acid B
- SchB, Schisandrin B
- TCM, traditional Chinese medicine
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TXA2, Thromboxane A2
- TrxR1, thioredoxin reductase-1
- US, uraemic serum
- VA, Vanillic acid
- VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule
- VEC, vascular endothelial cells
- VEI, vascular endothelial injury
- Vascular endothelial cells
- XAG, xanthoangelol
- XXT, Xueshuan Xinmaining Tablet
- Z-Lig, Z-ligustilide
- eNOS, endothelial NO synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Huxinyue Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Ruolan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Chunjie Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, PR China
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Bai X, Lian Y, Hu C, Yang S, Pei B, Yao M, Zhu X, Shang L, Li Z. Cyanidin-3-glucoside protects against high glucose-induced injury in human nucleus pulposus cells by regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:1137-1145. [PMID: 34964128 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) is a well-known natural anthocyanin with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we explored the role and action mechanism of C3G in high glucose (HG)-induced damage of human nucleus pulposus cells (HNPCs). Cell viability was assessed by CCK-8 assay. TUNEL assay was performed for detecting apoptotic rate. Western blot was performed to determine the expression levels of cl-caspase-3, caspase-3, Bax, Bim, collagen II, aggrecan, MMP-3, MMP-13, and ADAMTS5. ROS generation was analyzed using DCFH-DA staining. The Nrf2 was knocked down or overexpressed in HNPCs through transfection with si-Nrf2 or pcDNA3.0-Nrf2. C3G treatment (12.5, 25, and 50 μM) improved cell viability of HNPCs under HG condition. HG-induced cell apoptosis of HNPCs was attenuated by C3G with decreased apoptotic rate and relative levels of cl-caspase-3/caspase-3, Bax, and Bim. C3G treatment caused significant increase in expression levels of collagen II and aggrecan and decrease in the relative levels of MMP-3, MMP-13, and ADAMTS5. After treatment with C3G, ROS generation in HNPCs was markedly reduced. Treatment with N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) reversed HG-induced cell apoptosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. C3G treatment induced the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 in HG-induced HNPCs. Moreover, knockdown of Nrf2 reversed the inhibitory effect of C3G on ROS production. Summarily, C3G exerted a protective effect on ROS-mediated cellular damage in HNPCs under HG condition, which was attributed to the induction of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Bai
- Department of Spine, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China.,The Fifth Department of Orthopedics, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yong Lian
- The Fifth Department of Orthopedics, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Changqing Hu
- The Fifth Department of Orthopedics, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- The Fifth Department of Orthopedics, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Bo Pei
- The Fifth Department of Orthopedics, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Mingyan Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Lin Shang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei, China
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20
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Cappellini F, Marinelli A, Toccaceli M, Tonelli C, Petroni K. Anthocyanins: From Mechanisms of Regulation in Plants to Health Benefits in Foods. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:748049. [PMID: 34777426 PMCID: PMC8580863 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.748049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins represent the major red, purple, and blue pigments in many flowers, fruits, vegetables, and cereals. They are also recognized as important health-promoting components in the human diet with protective effects against many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and cancer. Anthocyanin biosynthesis has been studied extensively, and both biosynthetic and key regulatory genes have been isolated in many plant species. Here, we will provide an overview of recent progress in understanding the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in plants, focusing on the transcription factors controlling activation or repression of anthocyanin accumulation in cereals and fruits of different plant species, with special emphasis on the differences in molecular mechanisms between monocot and dicot plants. Recently, new insight into the transcriptional regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthesis, including positive and negative feedback control as well as epigenetic and post-translational regulation of MYB-bHLH-WD40 complexes, has been gained. We will consider how knowledge of regulatory mechanisms has helped to produce anthocyanin-enriched foods through conventional breeding and metabolic engineering. Additionally, we will briefly discuss the biological activities of anthocyanins as components of the human diet and recent findings demonstrating the important health benefits of anthocyanin-rich foods against chronic diseases.
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21
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Pahlke G, Ahlberg K, Oertel A, Janson‐Schaffer T, Grabher S, Mock H, Matros A, Marko D. Antioxidant Effects of Elderberry Anthocyanins in Human Colon Carcinoma Cells: A Study on Structure-Activity Relationships. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100229. [PMID: 34212508 PMCID: PMC8459241 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Glycosylation is a way to increase structure-stability of anthocyanins, yet compromises their bioactivity. The study investigates the antioxidant activity of purified cyanidin (Cy)-based anthocyanins and respective degradation products in Caco-2 clone C2BBe1 aiming to identify structure-activity relationships. RESULTS AND METHODS Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (Cy-3-glc) and cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside (Cy-3-sam) proved to be most potent regarding antioxidant properties and protection against hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 )-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS)-levels measured with the dichloro-fluorescein (DCF) assay. Cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside-5-O-glucoside (Cy-3-sam-5-glc) and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside (Cy-3-rut) were less efficient and not protective, reflecting potential differences in uptake and/or degradation. Following ranking in antioxidant efficiency is suggested: (concentrations ≤10 × 10-6 M) Cy-3-glc ≥ Cy-3-sam > Cy-3-sam-5-glc ≈ Cy-3-rut ≈ Cy; (concentrations ≥50 × 10-6 M) Cy-3-glc ≈ Cy-3-sam ≥ Cy > Cy-3-sam-5-glc ≈ Cy-3-rut. Cy and protocatechuic acid (PCA) reduced ROS-levels as potent as the mono- and di-glycoside, whereas phloroglucinol aldehyde (PGA) displayed pro-oxidant properties. None of the degradation products protected from oxidative stress. Gene transcription analysis of catalase (CAT), superoxide-dismutase (SOD), glutathione-peroxidase (GPx), heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and glutamate-cysteine-ligase (γGCL) suggest no activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). CONCLUSION More complex residues and numbers of sugar moieties appear to be counterproductive for antioxidant activity. Other mechanisms than Nrf2-activation should be considered for protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Pahlke
- Department of Food Chemistry and ToxicologyUniversity of ViennaWaehringerstr. 38ViennaA‐1090Austria
| | - Katarina Ahlberg
- Department of Food Chemistry and ToxicologyUniversity of ViennaWaehringerstr. 38ViennaA‐1090Austria
| | - Anne Oertel
- Department of Physiology and Cell BiologyLeibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK‐Gatersleben)Corrensstr. 3GaterslebenD‐06466Germany
- Present address:
University of Art and DesignNeuwerk 7Halle (Saale)D‐06108Germany
| | - Theresa Janson‐Schaffer
- Department of Food Chemistry and ToxicologyUniversity of ViennaWaehringerstr. 38ViennaA‐1090Austria
| | - Stephanie Grabher
- Department of Food Chemistry and ToxicologyUniversity of ViennaWaehringerstr. 38ViennaA‐1090Austria
| | - Hans‐Peter Mock
- Department of Physiology and Cell BiologyLeibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK‐Gatersleben)Corrensstr. 3GaterslebenD‐06466Germany
| | - Andrea Matros
- Department of Physiology and Cell BiologyLeibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK‐Gatersleben)Corrensstr. 3GaterslebenD‐06466Germany
- Present address:
School of AgricultureFood and WineUniversity of AdelaideWaite CampusUrrbraeSA5064Australia
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and ToxicologyUniversity of ViennaWaehringerstr. 38ViennaA‐1090Austria
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22
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Cheng Z, Si X, Tan H, Zang Z, Tian J, Shu C, Sun X, Li Z, Jiang Q, Meng X, Chen Y, Li B, Wang Y. Cyanidin-3- O-glucoside and its phenolic metabolites ameliorate intestinal diseases via modulating intestinal mucosal immune system: potential mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:1629-1647. [PMID: 34420433 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1966381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of the intestinal disease is globally increasing, and the intestinal mucosa immune system is an important defense line. A potential environmental cause to regulate gut health is diet. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside is a natural plant bioactive substance that has shown rising evidence of improving intestinal disease and keeping gut homeostasis. This review summarized the intestinal protective effect of Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside in vivo and in vitro and discussed the potential mechanisms by regulating the intestinal mucosal immune system. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and phenolic metabolites inhibited the presence and progression of intestinal diseases and explained from the aspects of repairing the intestinal wall, inhibiting inflammatory reaction, and regulating the gut microbiota. Although the animal and clinical studies are inadequate, based on the accumulated evidence, we propose that the interaction of Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside with the intestinal mucosal immune system is at the core of most mechanisms by which affect host gut diseases. This review puts forward the potential mechanism of action and targeted treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cheng
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, P. R. China.,National R&D Professional Center For Berry Processing, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Xu Si
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, P. R. China.,National R&D Professional Center For Berry Processing, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Hui Tan
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, P. R. China.,National R&D Professional Center For Berry Processing, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Zhihuan Zang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, P. R. China.,National R&D Professional Center For Berry Processing, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Tian
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, P. R. China.,National R&D Professional Center For Berry Processing, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Chi Shu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, P. R. China.,National R&D Professional Center For Berry Processing, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Xiyun Sun
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, P. R. China.,National R&D Professional Center For Berry Processing, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Zhiying Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, P. R. China.,National R&D Professional Center For Berry Processing, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Jiang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, P. R. China.,National R&D Professional Center For Berry Processing, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Xianjun Meng
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, P. R. China.,National R&D Professional Center For Berry Processing, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, P. R. China.,National R&D Professional Center For Berry Processing, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yuehua Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, P. R. China.,National R&D Professional Center For Berry Processing, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, P. R. China
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23
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Garcia C, Blesso CN. Antioxidant properties of anthocyanins and their mechanism of action in atherosclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:152-166. [PMID: 34087429 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis develops due to lipid accumulation in the arterial wall and sclerosis as result of increased hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, lipid oxidation, and protein oxidation. However, improving antioxidant status through diet may prevent the progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. It is believed that polyphenol-rich plants contribute to the inverse relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and chronic disease. Anthocyanins are flavonoid polyphenols with antioxidant properties that have been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. The consumption of anthocyanins increases total antioxidant capacity, antioxidant defense enzymes, and HDL antioxidant properties by several measures in preclinical and clinical populations. Anthocyanins appear to impart antioxidant actions via direct antioxidant properties, as well as indirectly via inducing intracellular Nrf2 activation and antioxidant gene expression. These actions counter oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling in cells present in atherosclerotic plaques, including macrophages and endothelial cells. Overall, anthocyanins may protect against atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease through their effects on cellular antioxidant status, oxidative stress, and inflammation; however, their underlying mechanisms of action appear to be complex and require further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Garcia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, United States
| | - Christopher N Blesso
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, United States.
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24
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Festa J, Da Boit M, Hussain A, Singh H. Potential Benefits of Berry Anthocyanins on Vascular Function. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100170. [PMID: 34346156 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as hypertension and atherosclerosis, is the leading cause of global death. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is a strong predictor for most CVD making it a therapeutic target for both drug and nutrition interventions. It has been previously shown that polyphenols from wine and grape extracts possess vasodilator activities, due to the increased expression and phosphorylation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and consequent vasodilator nitric oxide (NO) production. This is vital in the prevention of ED, as NO production contributes to the maintenance of endothelial homeostasis. Moreover, polyphenols have the ability to inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause oxidative stress, as well as suppress the upregulation of inflammatory markers within the endothelium. However, while the majority of the research has focused on red wine, this has overshadowed the potential of other nutritional components for targeting ED, such as the use of berries. Berries are high in anthocyanin flavonoids a subtype of polyphenols with studies suggesting improved vascular function as a result of inducing NO production and reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. This review focuses on the protective effects of berries within the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Festa
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Mariasole Da Boit
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Aamir Hussain
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK.,Department of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Harprit Singh
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
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25
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Vissenaekens H, Criel H, Grootaert C, Raes K, Smagghe G, Van Camp J. Flavonoids and cellular stress: a complex interplay affecting human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8535-8566. [PMID: 34098806 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1929822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoid consumption has beneficial effects on human health, however, clinical evidence remains often inconclusive due to high interindividual variability. Although this high interindividual variability has been consistently observed in flavonoid research, the potential underlying reasons are still poorly studied. Especially the knowledge on the impact of health status on flavonoid responsiveness is limited and merits more investigation. Here, we aim to highlight the bidirectional interplay between flavonoids and cellular stress. First, the state-of-the-art concerning inflammatory stress and mitochondrial dysfunction is reviewed and a comprehensive overview of recent in vitro studies investigating the impact of flavonoids on cellular stress, induced by tumor necrosis factor α, lipopolysaccharide and mitochondrial stressors, is given. Second, we critically discuss the influence of cellular stress on flavonoid uptake, accumulation, metabolism and cell responses, which has, to our knowledge, never been extensively reviewed before. Next, we advocate the innovative insight that stratification of the general population based on health status can reveal subpopulations that benefit more from flavonoid consumption. Finally, suggestions are given for the development of future cell models that simulate the physiological micro-environment, including interindividual variability, since more mechanistic research is needed to establish scientific-based personalized food recommendations for specific subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Vissenaekens
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hanne Criel
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Grootaert
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katleen Raes
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Van Camp
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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26
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Li X, Zhao J, Yan T, Mu J, Lin Y, Chen J, Deng H, Meng X. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cisplatin inhibit proliferation and downregulate the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in cervical cancer cells. J Food Sci 2021; 86:2700-2712. [PMID: 33908630 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural compounds have been increasingly investigated as substances enhancing the effect of drugs and reducing drug-related adverse reactions. The objective of this study was to determine how a combination of cisplatin (DDP) with cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) affected malignancy features of cervical cancer cells. The results demonstrated that the proliferation of HeLa cells treated with 5 µg/ml DDP, 400 µg/ml C3G, or a combination of both (5 µg/ml DDP and 400 µg/ml C3G) was inhibited by 17.43%, 34.98%, and 63.38%, respectively. The IC50 values for DDP and the DDP/C3G combination treatments in HeLa cells were 18.53 and 6.435 µg/ml, respectively. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that treatment with DDP, C3G, or the combination induced G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HeLa cells. Furthermore, after treatment, cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 levels decreased; Bax, cleaved caspase-3, p53, and TIMP-1 were activated; and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was modulated. These anticancer effects were enhanced in cells treated with the combination of DDP and C3G compared to those treated with DDP or C3G alone. Our study indicates that C3G increases the antitumor activity of DDP, suggesting a potential strategy to reduce adverse effects associated with chemotherapy in cervical cancer. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Natural biologically active food ingredients are suggested to have a potential to enhance the effect of chemotherapy in cancer. We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because it revealed, for the first time, that C3G could increase the antitumor activity of DDP, suggesting a potential strategy to reduce adverse effects associated with chemotherapy in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tingcai Yan
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingjing Mu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Lin
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haotian Deng
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xianjun Meng
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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27
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Lingonberry Improves Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Reducing Hepatic Lipid Accumulation, Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040565. [PMID: 33917360 PMCID: PMC8067338 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease globally and there is a pressing need for effective treatment. Lipotoxicity and oxidative stress are the important mediators in NAFLD pathogenesis. Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) is rich in anthocyanins that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study investigated the effect of lingonberry supplementation on liver injury in C57BL/6J male mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. Mice fed HFD displayed liver injury with steatosis, increased lipid peroxidation and inflammatory cytokine expression in the liver as compared to mice fed a control diet. Lingonberry supplementation for 12 weeks alleviated HFD-induced liver injury, attenuated hepatic lipid accumulation, and inflammatory cytokine expression. Lingonberry supplementation inhibited the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 (AAC-1) as well as activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the liver. It also decreased HFD-induced hepatic oxidative stress and aggregation of inflammatory foci. This was associated with a restoration of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and glutathione level in the liver. These results suggest that lingonberry supplementation can protect against HFD-induced liver injury partly through attenuation of hepatic lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response.
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28
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Li X, Sun M, Long Y. Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells by Inducing Let-7b-5p-Mediated HMGA2/PI3K/Akt Pathway. Inflammation 2021; 43:1088-1096. [PMID: 32248330 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial keratitis causes viability loss and apoptosis in the corneal epithelial cells (CECs). The cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) benefits visual system and also possess anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory potentials. In the current study, the effects of C3G on human CECs (HCECs) against bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced disorders were assessed, and the mechanism driving the protective effect was explored by focusing on let-7b-5p-mediated HMGA2/PI3K/Akt pathway. The HCECs were incubated LPS of P. aeruginosa to induce inflammation and apoptosis, and then treated with C3G. The changes in cell viability, apoptosis, and inflammation were detected. Moreover, the effects of LPS and C3G on let-7b-5p level and HMGA2/PI3K/Akt pathway activity were also assessed. Thereafter, the HCECs were further transfected with let-7b-5p inhibitor to confirm its role in the vision-protective effects of C3G. The interaction between let-7b-5p and HMGA2 was verified with dual luciferase assay. The LPS treatment suppressed viability and induced apoptosis and inflammation in HCECs, which was associated with the down-regulated let-7b-5p level and up-regulated HMGA2/PI3K/Akt pathway activity. The impairments of LPS on HCECs were attenuated by C3G: the compound increased cell viability and inhibited apoptosis and inflammation. The C3G also induced let-7b-5p level and inactivated HMGA2/PI3K/Akt pathway. However, after the inhibition of let-7b-5p, the protective effects of C3G on HCECs against LPS were blocked. The results of dual luciferase assay showed the direct binding let-7b-5p to the promoter of HMGA2 gene. It was inferred that the C3G could ameliorate the LPS-induced disorders in HCECs. The effect depended on the induced level of let-7b-5p, which then inhibited HMGA2/PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Sun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Yan Long
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Romualdo GR, de Souza IP, de Souza LV, Prata GB, Fraga-Silva TFDC, Sartori A, Borguini RG, Santiago MCPDA, Fernandes AAH, Cogliati B, Barbisan LF. Beneficial effects of anthocyanin-rich peels of Myrtaceae fruits on chemically-induced liver fibrosis and carcinogenesis in mice. Food Res Int 2020; 139:109964. [PMID: 33509514 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arising from fibrosis/cirrhosis is the most common type of primary liver cancer. Conversely, a higher intake of fruits and vegetables might play a protective role in HCC risk. Recently, Myrtaceae family tropical fruits have raised great interest due to the high levels of anthocyanins especially in their peels, which are usually discarded upon consumption. Anthocyanins are antioxidant pigments known to have beneficial effects in vivo/in vitro cancer bioassays. Thus, we evaluated whether dietary Myrciaria jaboticaba, Syzygium cumini, and Syzygium malaccense fruit peel powders reduce fibrosis and hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Female C3H/HeJ mice were submitted to the model of diethylnitrosamine/carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis and carcinogenesis. Concomitantly, mice received a basal diet containing 2% of M. jaboticaba, S. cumini, or S. malaccense fruit peel powders, obtained by convective drying, for 10 weeks. M. jaboticaba peel powder showed the highest levels of total anthocyanins, while S. cumini peel powder displayed the greatest diversity of these pigments. All Myrtaceae family peel powders reduced the serum levels of the liver injury marker alanine aminotransferase. M. jaboticaba peel feeding reduced the incidence of liver preneoplastic foci, hepatocyte proliferation (Ki-67), and the protein levels of hepato-mitogen tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). M. jaboticaba peel feeding also diminished liver lipid peroxidation and increased total glutathione levels. S. cumini peel feeding reduced hepatic collagen, lipid peroxidation, and TNF-α levels while increased catalase activity. Although S. malaccense peel powder, which displayed the lowest anthocyanin levels, decreased oxidative stress, and cytokine levels, no effects were observed on liver fibrosis or preneoplastic lesion outcomes. Findings indicate a protective effect of anthocyanin-rich M. jaboticaba and S. cumini peel powder feeding on preneoplastic lesion development and fibrosis, respectively. Results indicate that differential biological responses may be attributed to distinct anthocyanin profiles and levels, assigning a functional/market value to the underutilized peel fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Ribeiro Romualdo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Isadora Penedo de Souza
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Vilhegas de Souza
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Bacil Prata
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandrina Sartori
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Angélica Henrique Fernandes
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- University of São Paulo (USP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luís Fernando Barbisan
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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30
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Di Pietro N, Baldassarre MPA, Cichelli A, Pandolfi A, Formoso G, Pipino C. Role of Polyphenols and Carotenoids in Endothelial Dysfunction: An Overview from Classic to Innovative Biomarkers. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6381380. [PMID: 33133348 PMCID: PMC7593735 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6381380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the dramatically increased prevalence of metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes mellitus and their related complications, including endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease, represents one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Dietary nutrients together with healthy lifestyles have a crucial role in the endothelium health-promoting effects. From a growing body of evidence, active natural compounds from food, including polyphenols and carotenoids, have attracted particular attention as a complementary therapy on atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, as well as preventive approaches through the attenuation of inflammation and oxidative stress. They mainly act as radical scavengers by promoting a variety of biological mechanisms, such as improvements in endothelial function, blood pressure, platelet activity, and insulin sensitivity, and by modulating various known biomarkers. The present review highlights the role of polyphenols and carotenoids in early endothelial dysfunction with attention to their beneficial effect in modulating both classical and recent technologically generated emerging biomarkers. These, alone or in combination, can play an important role in the prediction, diagnosis, and evolution of cardiovascular disease. However, a main challenge is to speed up early and prompt new interventions in order to prevent or slow down disease progression, even with an adequate intake of bioactive compounds. Hence, there is an urgent need of new more validated, appropriate, and reliable diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers useful to diagnose endothelial dysfunction at an earlier stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Di Pietro
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST (ex CeSI-MeT), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Maria Pompea Antonia Baldassarre
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST (ex CeSI-MeT), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Angelo Cichelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Assunta Pandolfi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST (ex CeSI-MeT), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Gloria Formoso
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST (ex CeSI-MeT), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Caterina Pipino
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST (ex CeSI-MeT), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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31
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Regulation of Nrf2/ARE Pathway by Dietary Flavonoids: A Friend or Foe for Cancer Management? Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100973. [PMID: 33050575 PMCID: PMC7600646 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway is an important cell signaling mechanism in maintaining redox homeostasis in humans. The role of dietary flavonoids in activating Nrf2/ARE in relation to cancer chemoprevention or cancer promotion is not well established. Here we summarize the dual effects of flavonoids in cancer chemoprevention and cancer promotion with respect to the regulation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway, while underlying the possible cellular mechanisms. Luteolin, apigenin, quercetin, myricetin, rutin, naringenin, epicatechin, and genistein activate the Nrf2/ARE pathway in both normal and cancer cells. The hormetic effect of flavonoids has been observed due to their antioxidant or prooxidant activity, depending on the concentrations. Reported in vitro and in vivo investigations suggest that the activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway by either endogenous or exogenous stimuli under normal physiological conditions contributes to redox homeostasis, which may provide a mechanism for cancer chemoprevention. However, some flavonoids, such as luteolin, apigenin, myricetin, quercetin, naringenin, epicatechin, genistein, and daidzein, at low concentrations (1.5 to 20 µM) facilitate cancer cell growth and proliferation in vitro. Paradoxically, some flavonoids, including luteolin, apigenin, and chrysin, inhibit the Nrf2/ARE pathway in vitro. Therefore, even though flavonoids play a major role in cancer chemoprevention, due to their possible inducement of cancer cell growth, the effects of dietary flavonoids on cancer pathophysiology in patients or appropriate experimental animal models should be investigated systematically.
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Khalifa K, Bergland AK, Soennesyn H, Oppedal K, Oesterhus R, Dalen I, Larsen AI, Fladby T, Brooker H, Wesnes KA, Ballard C, Aarsland D. Effects of Purified Anthocyanins in People at Risk for Dementia: Study Protocol for a Phase II Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Neurol 2020; 11:916. [PMID: 32982933 PMCID: PMC7492209 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The number of people with dementia is increasing, with huge challenges for society and health-care systems. There are no disease-modifying therapies available. There is, therefore, an urgent need to identify strategies to reduce the risk of developing dementia. Anthocyanins are a class of compounds found in dark berries and fruits with some effects that might reduce the risk for cognitive decline and the development of dementia in older people. Aim: This phase II three-center, randomized, 24-week, placebo-controlled study, ongoing in Norway, aims to evaluate the safety, and efficacy of anthocyanins in modifying key dementia-related mechanisms and maintain cognitive functioning in older people at risk for dementia. Methods: Participants (220 individuals aged 60–80 years) who meet the inclusion criteria (either mild cognitive impairment or two or more cardiometabolic disorders) are being enrolled in this study at three different centers in Norway. Participants are block randomized to identically appearing capsules containing 80 mg of naturally purified anthocyanins or placebo 1:1. Dosage is 2 + 2 capsules per day for 24 weeks. The primary outcome will be the quality of episodic memory score, a composite measure from the extensively validated online cognitive test battery CogTrack®, which is administered at baseline and monthly for the next 6 months. Secondary outcomes include other major scores from CogTrack, as well as a range of neuroimaging and other biomarkers. Anthocyanin metabolites will be measured in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. The change from baseline scores will be subject to a mixed model for repeated measures analysis of covariance. The primary comparison will be the contrast (difference in the least-square means) between active and placebo at the end of the study (week 24). The primary study population will be a modified intention-to-treat population (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03419039). Discussion: This study aims to demonstrate whether there are beneficial effects of purified anthocyanins on cognition and relevant biological functions in people at increased risk for dementia. Forthcoming results may contribute to further improvement of intervention strategies to prevent or delay the onset of dementia, including a potential decision to take anthocyanins toward phase III trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Khalifa
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Anne Katrine Bergland
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hogne Soennesyn
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ketil Oppedal
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Stavanger Medical Imaging Laboratory (SMIL), Department of Radiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Oesterhus
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingvild Dalen
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Research, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Alf Inge Larsen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Tormod Fladby
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helen Brooker
- Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,Ecog Pro Ltd., Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Keith A Wesnes
- Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,Wesnes Cognition Ltd., Streatley, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle, United Kingdom.,Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Clive Ballard
- Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Old Age Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
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33
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Salehi B, Sharifi-Rad J, Cappellini F, Reiner Ž, Zorzan D, Imran M, Sener B, Kilic M, El-Shazly M, Fahmy NM, Al-Sayed E, Martorell M, Tonelli C, Petroni K, Docea AO, Calina D, Maroyi A. The Therapeutic Potential of Anthocyanins: Current Approaches Based on Their Molecular Mechanism of Action. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1300. [PMID: 32982731 PMCID: PMC7479177 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are natural phenolic pigments with biological activity. They are well-known to have potent antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity, which explains the various biological effects reported for these substances suggesting their antidiabetic and anticancer activities, and their role in cardiovascular and neuroprotective prevention. This review aims to comprehensively analyze different studies performed on this class of compounds, their bioavailability and their therapeutic potential. An in-depth look in preclinical, in vitro and in vivo, and clinical studies indicates the preventive effects of anthocyanins on cardioprotection, neuroprotection, antiobesity as well as their antidiabetes and anticancer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Debora Zorzan
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bilge Sener
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehtap Kilic
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nouran M. Fahmy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Al-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad de Concepción UDT, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Chiara Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Katia Petroni
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Alfred Maroyi
- Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
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34
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Lian W, Chen W. Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside Improves Colonic Motility During Severe Acute Pancreatitis by Inhibiting the H 2S-Regulated AMPK/mTOR Pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:3385-3391. [PMID: 32943841 PMCID: PMC7468407 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s256450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) is an important anthocyanin that can modulate digestive system functioning. Inflammation associated with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) induces H2S production, which impairs the gastrointestinal (GI) system. We investigated the effects of C3G in attenuating SAP-associated colonic motility loss by examining the H2S level and activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. METHODS A rat model of SAP was induced using sodium taurocholate, and the effect of C3G on colonic mobility, H2S production, and the inflammatory response was investigated. AMPK/mTOR pathway changes were detected to assess the pathways by which H2S influences colonic mobility in SAP-model rats. The mechanism underlying H2S function was further examined by subjecting colonic muscle cells (CMCs) to C3G, SAP plasma and an AMPK activator. RESULTS Administering C3G improved colonic motility but suppressed the inflammatory response and H2S production in the SAP-model rats, which was associated with inhibiting the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Furthermore, activating the AMPK/mTOR pathway in CMCs promoted inflammation but suppressed Ca2+ levels, even after administering C3G. CONCLUSION Administering C3G may improve SAP-associated colonic mobility by inhibiting the H2S-mediated AMPK/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wensheng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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35
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Molonia MS, Occhiuto C, Muscarà C, Speciale A, Bashllari R, Villarroya F, Saija A, Cimino F, Cristani M. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside restores insulin signaling and reduces inflammation in hypertrophic adipocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 691:108488. [PMID: 32692982 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a metabolic disorder characterized by excess adipose tissue, macrophages infiltration, and inflammation which in turn lead to insulin-resistance. Epidemiological evidences reported that anthocyanins possess not only high antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities, but also improve metabolic complications associated with obesity. The aim of this work was to evaluate the in vitro beneficial effects of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) in counteracting inflammation and insulin-resistance in 3T3-L1 hypertrophic adipocytes exposed to palmitic acid (PA). In the present study murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes were pretreated with C3G for 24 h and then exposed to palmitic acid (PA) for 24 h. Real-time PCR, western blotting analysis and Oil Red O staining were applied for investigating the mechanism involved in adipocytes dysfunction. C3G pretreatment reduced lipid accumulation, PPARγ pathway and NF-κB pathway induced by PA in murine adipocytes. In addition, our data demonstrated that PA reduced insulin signaling via IRS-1 Ser307phosphorylation while C3G dose-dependently improved insulin sensitivity restoring IRS-1/PI3K/Akt pathway. Furthermore, C3G improved adiponectin mRNA levels altered by PA in 3T3-L1 murine and SGBS human adipocytes. Herein reported data demonstrate that C3G ameliorated adipose tissue dysfunction, thus suggesting new potential roles for this compound of nutritional interest in the prevention of pathological conditions linked to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sofia Molonia
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; "Prof. Antonio Imbesi" Foundation, Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Occhiuto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Claudia Muscarà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Speciale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Romina Bashllari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Spain; CIBER "Fisiopatologia de La Obesidad y Nutrición", Spain
| | - Antonella Saija
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Cimino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Cristani
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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36
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Speciale A, Saija A, Bashllari R, Molonia MS, Muscarà C, Occhiuto C, Cimino F, Cristani M. Anthocyanins As Modulators of Cell Redox-Dependent Pathways in Non-Communicable Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1955-1996. [PMID: 30417771 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181112093336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs), mostly represented by cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic pulmonary diseases, cancers, and several chronic pathologies, are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality, and are mainly related to the occurrence of metabolic risk factors. Anthocyanins (ACNs) possess a wide spectrum of biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardioprotective and chemopreventive properties, which are able to promote human health. Although ACNs present an apparent low bioavailability, their metabolites may play an important role in the in vivo protective effects observed. This article directly addresses the scientific evidences supporting that ACNs could be useful to protect human population against several NCDs not only acting as antioxidant but through their capability to modulate cell redox-dependent signaling. In particular, ACNs interact with the NF-κB and AP-1 signal transduction pathways, which respond to oxidative signals and mediate a proinflammatory effect, and the Nrf2/ARE pathway and its regulated cytoprotective proteins (GST, NQO, HO-1, etc.), involved in both cellular antioxidant defenses and elimination/inactivation of toxic compounds, so countering the alterations caused by conditions of chemical/oxidative stress. In addition, supposed crosstalks could contribute to explain the protective effects of ACNs in different pathological conditions characterized by an altered balance among these pathways. Thus, this review underlines the importance of specific nutritional molecules for human health and focuses on the molecular targets and the underlying mechanisms of ACNs against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Speciale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Saija
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Romina Bashllari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Sofia Molonia
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Claudia Muscarà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,"Prof. Antonio Imbesi" Foundation, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Occhiuto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Cimino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Cristani
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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37
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Wang CC, Zhao Y, Chen X. Drug-pathway association prediction: from experimental results to computational models. Brief Bioinform 2020; 22:5835554. [PMID: 32393976 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective drugs are urgently needed to overcome human complex diseases. However, the research and development of novel drug would take long time and cost much money. Traditional drug discovery follows the rule of one drug-one target, while some studies have demonstrated that drugs generally perform their task by affecting related pathway rather than targeting single target. Thus, the new strategy of drug discovery, namely pathway-based drug discovery, have been proposed. Obviously, identifying associations between drugs and pathways plays a key role in the development of pathway-based drug discovery. Revealing the drug-pathway associations by experiment methods would take much time and cost. Therefore, some computational models were established to predict potential drug-pathway associations. In this review, we first introduced the background of drug and the concept of drug-pathway associations. Then, some publicly accessible databases and web servers about drug-pathway associations were listed. Next, we summarized some state-of-the-art computational methods in the past years for inferring drug-pathway associations and divided these methods into three classes, namely Bayesian spare factor-based, matrix decomposition-based and other machine learning methods. In addition, we introduced several evaluation strategies to estimate the predictive performance of various computational models. In the end, we discussed the advantages and limitations of existing computational methods and provided some suggestions about the future directions of the data collection and the calculation models development.
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Blueberry-Derived Exosome-Like Nanoparticles Counter the Response to TNF-α-Induced Change on Gene Expression in EA.hy926 Cells. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050742. [PMID: 32397678 PMCID: PMC7277966 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs) are attracting interest as important vehicles of intercellular communication, both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Recently, dietary nanoparticles similar to mammalian exosomes have attracted attention for these features. In particular they appear to be relevant in the modulation of several cellular processes as well as candidate carriers of bioactive molecules (proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, including miRNAs) with therapeutic value. Herein, we investigated the cellular uptake of blueberry-derived ELNs (B-ELNs) by a human stabilized endothelial cell line (EA.hy926) and the ability of B-ELNs to modulate the expression of inflammatory genes as the response of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Our results indicate that 1) EA.hy926 cells internalize B-ELNs in a dose-dependent manner; 2) pretreatment with B-ELNs counters TNF-α-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and loss of cell viability and modulates the differential expression of 29 genes (fold change > 1.5) induced by TNF-α compared to control; 3) pathway analysis reveals their involvement in a total of 340 canonical pathways, 121 KEGG pathways, and 121 GO Biological processes; and 4) the intersection between differentially expressed (DE) genes and miRNAs contained in B-ELNs unveils a set of candidate target genes, such as prostaglandin I2 synthase (PTGIS), mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14), and phosphodiesterase 7A (PDE7A), for ELNs-contained cargo. In conclusion, our study indicates that B-ELNs can be considered candidate therapeutic carriers of bioactive compounds potentially able to protect vascular system against various stressors.
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Tian J, Si X, Wang Y, Gong E, Xie X, Zhang Y, Shu C, Li B. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside protects human gastric epithelial cells against Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide-induced disorders by modulating TLR-mediated NF-κB pathway. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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40
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Smith RE. The Effects of Dietary Supplements that Overactivate the Nrf2/ARE System. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2077-2094. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190517113533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Inflammation is one of the most misunderstood aspects of human
health. People have been encouraged to eat foods that have a high antioxidant capacity, and in
vitro tests for total antioxidant capacity emerged. They were based on measuring the destruction
of oxidized test compounds in direct reactions with the antioxidants in foods. Many dietary
supplements arrived in the market. They contained purified antioxidants, such as resveratrol
and EGCG that were and still are widely assumed by many to be quite healthy at any
dose.
Methods:
The literature on inflammation and the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant system was searched
systematically. Articles from prestigious, peer-reviewed journals were obtained and read. The
information obtained from them was used to write this review article.
Results:
Over 150 articles and books were read. The information obtained from them showed
that very few dietary antioxidants exert their effects by reacting directly with Reactive Oxygen
and Nitrogen Species (RONS). Instead, most of the effective antioxidants activate the endogenous
Nrf2/ARE antioxidant system. This helps prevent smoldering inflammation and the
diseases that it can cause. However, when overactivated or activated constitutively, the
Nrf2/ARE antioxidant system can cause some of these diseases, including many types of
multidrug resistant cancer, autoimmune, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases.
Conclusion:
Even though green tea, as well as many fruits, vegetables and spices are quite
healthy, dietary supplements that deliver much higher doses of antioxidants may not be. People
who are diagnosed with cancer and plan to start chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy should
probably avoid such supplements. This is because multidrug resistant tumors can hijack and
overactivate the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant system.
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Andean Prumnopitys Andina (Podocarpacae) Fruit Extracts: Characterization of Secondary Metabolites and Potential Cytoprotective Effect. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224028. [PMID: 31703314 PMCID: PMC6891447 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruits from the Chilean Podocarpaceae Prumnopitys andina have been consumed since pre-Hispanic times. Little is known about the composition and biological properties of this fruit. The aim of this work was to identify the secondary metabolites of the edible part of P. andina fruits and to assess their antioxidant activity by means of chemical and cell-based assays. Methanol extracts from P. andina fruits were fractionated on a XAD7 resin and the main compounds were isolated by chromatographic means. Antioxidant activity was determined by means of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), ferric reducing power (FRAP), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. The cytoprotective activity of the extract against oxidative and dicarbonyl stress was evaluated in human gastric epithelial cells (AGS). The total intracellular antioxidant activity (TAA) of the extract was determined in AGS cells. The inhibition of meat lipoperoxidation was evaluated under simulated gastric digestion conditions. Rutin, caffeic acid β-glucoside and 20-hydroxyecdysone were identified as major components of the fruit extract. Additional compounds were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography diode-array detector mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MSn) and/or co-injection with standards. Extracts showed dose-dependent cytoprotective effects against oxidative and dicarbonyl-induced damage in AGS cells. The TAA increased with the pre-incubation of AGS cells with the extract. This is the first report on the composition and biological activity of this Andean fruit.
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Tsakiroglou P, Weber J, Ashworth S, Del Bo C, Klimis-Zacas D. Phenolic and anthocyanin fractions from wild blueberries (V. angustifolium) differentially modulate endothelial cell migration partially through RHOA and RAC1. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:11056-11067. [PMID: 30701579 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the effect of anthocyanin (ACN), phenolic acid (PA) fractions, and their combination (ACNs:PAs) from wild blueberry powder (Vaccinum angustifolium) on the speed of endothelial cell migration, gene expression, and protein levels of RAC1 and RHOA associated with acute exposure to different concentrations of ACNs and PAs. Time-lapse videos were analyzed and endothelial cell speed was calculated. Treatment with ACNs at 60 μg/mL inhibited endothelial cell migration rate ( P ≤ 0.05) while treatment with PAs at 0.002 μg/mL ( P ≤ 0.0001), 60 μg/mL ( P ≤ 0.0001), and 120 μg/mL ( P ≤ 0.01) significantly increased endothelial cell migration rate compared with control. Moreover, exposure of HUVECs to ACNs:PAs at 8:8 μg/mL ( P ≤ 0.05) and 60:60 μg/mL increased ( P ≤ 0.001) endothelial cell migration. Gene expression of RAC1 and RHOA significantly increased 2 hours after exposure with all treatments. No effect of the above fractions was observed on the protein levels of RAC1 and RHOA. Findings suggest that endothelial cell migration is differentially modulated based on the type of blueberry extract (ACN or PA fraction) and is concentration-dependent. Future studies should determine the mechanism of the differential action of the above fractions on endothelial cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Weber
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Sharon Ashworth
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Cristian Del Bo
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Muscarà C, Molonia MS, Speciale A, Bashllari R, Cimino F, Occhiuto C, Saija A, Cristani M. Anthocyanins ameliorate palmitate-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1888-1897. [PMID: 31155812 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased adiposity has been associated with adipose tissue low-grade inflammation leading to insulin resistance. Adipocyte differentiation inhibitors are expected to be effective in preventing obesity and related diseases. Anthocyanins (ACNs) are associated to enhanced adipocyte function and protection from metabolic stress. Herein, we evaluated the in vitro protective effects of an ACN rich extract against palmitic acid (PA)-induced hypertrophy, inflammation, and insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. ACN extract pretreatment reduces lipid accumulation and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-γ protein levels induced by PA. In addition, PA induces inflammation with activation of NF-κB pathway, whereas ACN extract pretreatment dose-dependently inhibited this pathway. Furthermore, adipocyte dysfunction associated with hypertrophy induces insulin resistance by affecting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B/Akt axis, GLUT-1, and adiponectin mRNA levels. ACN extract pretreatment reverts these effects induced by PA and moreover was able to induce insulin pathway with levels higher than insulin control cells, supporting an insulin sensitizer role for ACNs. This study demonstrates a prevention potential of ACNs against obesity comorbidities, due to their protective effects against inflammation/insulin resistance in adipocytes. In addition, these results contribute to the knowledge and strategies on the evaluation of the mechanism of action of ACNs from a food source under basal and insulin resistance conditions related to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Muscarà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,"Prof. Antonio Imbesi" Foundation, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Sofia Molonia
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Speciale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Romina Bashllari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Cimino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Occhiuto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Saija
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Cristani
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Krga I, Milenkovic D. Anthocyanins: From Sources and Bioavailability to Cardiovascular-Health Benefits and Molecular Mechanisms of Action. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1771-1783. [PMID: 30698008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are phytochemicals widely found in plant foods, with berries and fruit-derived beverages as the main dietary sources. Accumulating evidence suggests the positive role of anthocyanins in preserving cardiovascular health. Epidemiological data show an association between anthocyanin intake and lower risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular-disease-related mortality. Clinical studies report the beneficial effects of the consumption of different anthocyanin-rich sources on surrogate markers of cardiovascular risk. Animal and in vitro evidence suggest the protective role of anthocyanins in dysfunctions related to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Still, the underlying molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin action seem complex and are not entirely clear. This review aims to give a comprehensive update on anthocyanins and their cardioprotective properties. It provides information on their sources; quantities consumed through diet; absorption; bioavailability; cardiovascular properties; and underlying mechanisms of action, including their effects on gene and protein expression and their interactions with cell-signaling pathways and miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Krga
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research , University of Belgrade , 11000 Belgrade , Serbia
- INRA, UNH, CRNH Auvergne , Université Clermont Auvergne , F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Dragan Milenkovic
- INRA, UNH, CRNH Auvergne , Université Clermont Auvergne , F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand , France
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine , University of California Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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Metabolic Syndrome: Preventive Effects of Dietary Flavonoids. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64181-6.00001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Pepe G, Sommella E, Cianciarulo D, Ostacolo C, Manfra M, Di Sarno V, Musella S, Russo M, Messore A, Parrino B, Bertamino A, Autore G, Marzocco S, Campiglia P. Polyphenolic Extract from Tarocco (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) Clone "Lempso" Exerts Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects via NF-kB and Nrf-2 Activation in Murine Macrophages. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121961. [PMID: 30545010 PMCID: PMC6316643 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruits are often employed as ingredients for functional drinks. Among Citrus, the variety, “Lempso”, a typical hybrid of the Calabria region (Southern Italy), has been reported to possess superior antioxidant activity when compared to other common Citrus varieties. For these reasons, the aim of this study is to investigate in vitro the nutraceutical value of the Tarocco clone, “Lempso”, highlighting its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. A post-column 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging assay for the screening of antioxidant compounds in these complex matrices was developed. Subsequently, polyphenolic extract was tested on a murine macrophage cell line under inflammatory conditions. The extract resulted was able to significantly inhibit nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine release and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. The inhibition of these pro-inflammatory factors was associated to Nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) inhibition. Our results also indicate an anti-oxidant potential of the extract as evidenced by the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) release and by the activation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2) pathway in macrophages. The obtained results highlight the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of Lempso extract and its potential use, as a new ingredient for the formulation of functional beverages with high nutraceutical value, providing health benefits to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Pepe
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Eduardo Sommella
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Donato Cianciarulo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Carmine Ostacolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Michele Manfra
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, I-85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Veronica Di Sarno
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Simona Musella
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Mariateresa Russo
- Food Chemistry, Authentication, Safety and Sensoromic Laboratory, FOCUSS Lab, Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Via Melissari, I-89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy.
| | - Antonella Messore
- Food Chemistry, Authentication, Safety and Sensoromic Laboratory, FOCUSS Lab, Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Via Melissari, I-89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy.
| | - Barbara Parrino
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Alessia Bertamino
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Autore
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Stefania Marzocco
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (Ebris), Via De Renzi 50, I-84125 Salerno, Italy.
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Jiang X, Li X, Zhu C, Sun J, Tian L, Chen W, Bai W. The target cells of anthocyanins in metabolic syndrome. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:921-946. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1491022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xusheng Li
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Cuijuan Zhu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianxia Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lingmin Tian
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Weibin Bai
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Wu T, Grootaert C, Pitart J, Vidovic NK, Kamiloglu S, Possemiers S, Glibetic M, Smagghe G, Raes K, Van de Wiele T, Van Camp J. Aronia (Aronia melanocarpa) Polyphenols Modulate the Microbial Community in a Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME) and Decrease Secretion of Proinflammatory Markers in a Caco-2/endothelial Cell Coculture Model. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800607. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Department of Food Technology; Safety and Health; Ghent University; 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Charlotte Grootaert
- Department of Food Technology; Safety and Health; Ghent University; 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | | | - Nevena Kardum Vidovic
- Center of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism; Institute for Medical Research; University of Belgrade; 11000 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Senem Kamiloglu
- Department of Food Technology; Safety and Health; Ghent University; 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | | | - Maria Glibetic
- Center of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism; Institute for Medical Research; University of Belgrade; 11000 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops; Ghent University; 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Katleen Raes
- Department of Food Technology; Safety and Health; Ghent University Campus Kortrijk; 8500 Kortrijk Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET); Ghent University; 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - John Van Camp
- Department of Food Technology; Safety and Health; Ghent University; 9000 Ghent Belgium
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Thummayot S, Tocharus C, Jumnongprakhon P, Suksamrarn A, Tocharus J. Cyanidin attenuates Aβ 25-35-induced neuroinflammation by suppressing NF-κB activity downstream of TLR4/NOX4 in human neuroblastoma cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1439-1452. [PMID: 29671417 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanidin is polyphenolic pigment found in plants. We have previously demonstrated that cyanidin protects nerve cells against Aβ25-35-induced toxicity by decreasing oxidative stress and attenuating apoptosis mediated by both the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and the ER stress pathway. To further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of cyanidin, we investigated the effects of cyanidin on neuroinflammation mediated by the TLR4/NOX4 pathway in Aβ25-35-treated human neuroblastoma cell line (SK-N-SH). SK-N-SH cells were exposed to Aβ25-35 (10 μmol/L) for 24 h. Pretreatment with cyanidin (20 μmol/L) or NAC (20 μmol/L) strongly inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway in the cells evidenced by suppressing the degradation of IκBα, translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and thereby reducing the expression of iNOS protein and the production of NO. Furthermore, pretreatment with cyanidin greatly promoted the translocation of the Nrf2 protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus; upregulating cytoprotective enzymes, including HO-1, NQO-1 and GCLC; and increased the activity of SOD enzymes. Pretreatment with cyanidin also decreased the expression of TLR4, directly improved intracellular ROS levels and regulated the activity of inflammation-related downstream pathways including NO production and SOD activity through TLR4/NOX4 signaling. These results demonstrate that TLR4 is a primary receptor in SK-N-SH cells, by which Aβ25-35 triggers neuroinflammation, and cyanidin attenuates Aβ-induced inflammation and ROS production mediated by the TLR4/NOX4 pathway, suggesting that inhibition of TLR4 by cyanidin could be beneficial in preventing neuronal cell death in the process of Alzheimer's disease.
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Furuuchi R, Shimizu I, Yoshida Y, Hayashi Y, Ikegami R, Suda M, Katsuumi G, Wakasugi T, Nakao M, Minamino T. Boysenberry polyphenol inhibits endothelial dysfunction and improves vascular health. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202051. [PMID: 30106986 PMCID: PMC6091942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells have an important role in maintaining vascular homeostasis. Age-related disorders (including obesity, diabetes, and hypertension) or aging per se induce endothelial dysfunction that predisposes to the development of atherosclerosis. Polyphenols have been reported to suppress age-related endothelial cell disorders, but their role in vascular function is yet to be determined. We investigated the influence of boysenberry polyphenol on vascular health under metabolic stress in a murine model of dietary obesity. We found that administration of boysenberry polyphenol suppressed production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased production of nitric oxide (NO) in the aorta. It has been reported that p53 induces cellular senescence and has a crucial role in age-related disorders, including heart failure and diabetes. Administration of boysenberry polyphenol significantly reduced the endothelial p53 level in the aorta and ameliorated endothelial cell dysfunction in iliac arteries under metabolic stress. Boysenberry polyphenol also reduced ROS and p53 levels in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), while increasing NO production. Uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS monomer) is known to promote ROS production. We found that boysenberry polyphenol reduced eNOS monomer levels both in vivo and in vitro, along with an increase of eNOS dimerization. To investigate the components of boysenberry polyphenol mediating these favorable biological effects, we extracted the anthocyanin fractions. We found that anthocyanins contributed to suppression of ROS and p53, in association with increased NO production and eNOS dimerization. In an ex vivo study, anthocyanins promoted relaxation of iliac arteries from mice with dietary obesity. These findings indicate that boysenberry polyphenol and anthocyanins, a major component of this polyphenol, inhibit endothelial dysfunction and contribute to maintenance of vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Furuuchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Bourbon Corporation, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ippei Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Division of Molecular Aging and Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yohko Yoshida
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Division of Molecular Aging and Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuka Hayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Ikegami
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Suda
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Goro Katsuumi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takayuki Wakasugi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nakao
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- * E-mail: ,
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