Isothiocyanates: Translating the Power of Plants to People

Natural products targeting ferroptosis pathways in cancer therapy (Review)

Ferroptosis inducers (FIN) have a key role in cancer therapy and provide novel and innovative treatment strategies. Although many researchers have performed FIN screening of synthetic compounds, studies on the identification of FIN from natural products are limited, particularly in the field of drug development and combination therapy. In this review, this gap was addressed by comprehensively summarizing recent studies on ferroptosis. The causes of ferroptosis were categorized into driving and defensive factors, elucidating key pathways and targets. Next, through summarizing research on natural products that induce ferroptosis, the study elaborated in detail on the natural products that have FIN functions. Their discovery and development were also described and insight for clinical drug development was provided. In addition, the mechanisms of action were analyzed and potential combination therapies, resistance reversal and structural enhancements were presented. By highlighting the potential of natural products in inducing ferroptosis for cancer treatment, this review may serve as a reference for utilizing these compounds against cancer. It not only showed the significance of natural products but may also promote further investigation into their therapeutic effects, thus encouraging research in this field.

Profiling the Bioactive Compounds in Broccoli Heads with Varying Organ Sizes and Growing Seasons

Broccoli is a rich source of diverse bioactive compounds, but how their contents are influenced by different growing seasons and variations in broccoli head sizes remains elusive. To address this question, we quantified sixteen known bioactive compounds and seven minerals in broccoli with varying head sizes obtained in two different growing seasons. Our results suggest that the contents of vitamin C, total phenols, carotenoids, and glucoraphanin were significantly higher in samples from the summer-autumn season, showing increases of 157.46%, 34.74%, 51.80%, and 17.78%, respectively, compared with those from the winter-spring season. Moreover, chlorogenic acid is a phenolic compound with relatively high contents among the six detected, while beta-sitosterol is the sterol with relatively high contents. Further, principal component analysis was conducted to rank the comprehensive scores of the profiles of phenolic compounds, phytosterols, and minerals, demonstrating that the broccoli samples grown during the summer-autumn season achieved the highest composite scores. Our results indicate that broccoli heads from the summer-autumn season are richer in a combination of bioactive compounds and minerals than those from the winter-spring season based on the composite score. This study extends our understanding of the nutrition profiles in broccoli and also lays the foundation for breeding broccoli varieties with improved nutrition quality.

An Overview on Atopic Dermatitis, Oxidative Stress, and Psychological Stress: Possible Role of Nutraceuticals as an Additional Therapeutic Strategy

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition with a considerable impact on patients' quality of life. Its etiology is multifactorial and, among the predisposing factors, a role is played by oxidative stress. Pollution, recurrent infections, and psychological stress contribute to oxidative stress, amplifying the production of proinflammatory cytokines and worsening barrier damage. There are various oxidative stress mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Moreover, AD often appears to be associated with psychological disorders such as alexithymia, depression, and anxiety due to severe itching and related insomnia, as well as social distress and isolation. The increasing incidence of AD requires the evaluation of additional therapeutic approaches in order to reduce the psychological burden of this condition. Our review aims to evaluate the role of some nutraceuticals in AD treatment and its related psychological comorbidities. The combination of some natural compounds (flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, isothiocyanates) with traditional AD treatments might be useful in improving the effectiveness of therapy, by reducing chronic inflammation and preventing flare-ups, and in promoting corticosteroid sparing. In addition, some of these nutraceuticals also appear to have a role in the treatment of psychological disorders, although the underlying oxidative stress mechanisms are different from those already known for AD.

The synthesis of broccoli sprout extract-loaded silk fibroin nanoparticles as efficient drug delivery vehicles: development and characterization

Targeted drug delivery of biological molecules using the development of biocompatible, non-toxic and biodegradable nanocarriers can be a promising method for cancer therapy. In this study, silk fibroin protein nanoparticles (SFPNPs) were synthesized as a targeted delivery system for sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprout extract (BSE). The BSE-loaded SFPNPs were conjugated with polyethylene glycol and folic acid, and then their physicochemical properties were characterized via UV-Vis, XRD, FTIR, DLS, FE-SEM and EDX analyses. In vitro, the release profile, antioxidant and anticancer activities of NPs were also studied. The FE-SEM and DLS analyses indicated stable NPs with an average size of 88.5 nm and high zeta potential (-32 mV). The sulforaphane release profile from NPs was pH-dependent, with the maximum release value (70%) observed in simulated intestinal fluid (pH = 7.4). Encapsulation of BSE also decreased the release rate of sulforaphane from the capsules compared to free BSE. In vitro cytotoxicity of BSE and NPs on breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) was concentration-dependent, and the IC50 for BSE and NPs were 54 and 210 μg ml-1, respectively. Moreover, the NPs demonstrated no appreciable cytotoxicity in normal mouse fibroblast (L929) cell lines. These results indicated that biocompatible NPs synthesized as controlled and long-term targeted drug delivery systems can be a potential candidate for breast cancer therapy.

Nutritional Sources and Anticancer Potential of Phenethyl Isothiocyanate: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Insights

Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a compound derived from cruciferous vegetables, has garnered attention for its anticancer properties. This review synthesizes existing research on PEITC, focusing on its mechanisms of action in combatting cancer. PEITC has been found to be effective against various cancer types, such as breast, prostate, lung, colon, and pancreatic cancers. Its anticancer activities are mediated through several mechanisms, including the induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death), inhibition of cell proliferation, suppression of angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels that feed tumors), and reduction of metastasis (spread of cancer cells to new areas). PEITC targets crucial cellular signaling pathways involved in cancer progression, notably the Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), Protein Kinase B (Akt), and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathways. These findings suggest PEITC's potential as a therapeutic agent against cancer. However, further research is necessary to determine the optimal dosage, understand its bioavailability, and assess potential side effects. This will be crucial for developing PEITC-based treatments that are both effective and safe for clinical use in cancer therapy.

Isothiocyanates in medicine: A comprehensive review on phenylethyl-, allyl-, and benzyl-isothiocyanates

In recent years, isothiocyanates (ITCs), bioactive compounds primarily derived from Brassicaceae vegetables and herbs, have gained significant attention within the biomedical field due to their versatile biological effects. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth exploration of the therapeutic potential and individual biological mechanisms of the three specific ITCs phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), and benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), as well as their collective impact within the formulation of ANGOCIN® Anti-Infekt N (Angocin). Angocin comprises horseradish root (Armoracia rusticanae radix, 80 mg) and nasturtium (Tropaeoli majoris herba, 200 mg) and is authorized for treating inflammatory diseases affecting the respiratory and urinary tract. The antimicrobial efficacy of this substance has been confirmed both in vitro and in various clinical trials, with its primary effectiveness attributed to ITCs. PEITC, AITC, and BITC exhibit a wide array of health benefits, including potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, along with noteworthy anticancer potentials. Moreover, we highlight their ability to modulate critical biochemical pathways, such as the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways, shedding light on their involvement in cellular apoptosis and their intricate role to guide immune responses.

Natural Compounds in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Prevention and Treatment

The elevated occurrence of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and the adverse effects associated with available treatments adversely impact the quality of life in multiple dimensions. In connection with this, there is a necessity for alternative approaches characterized by increased tolerance and lower side effects. Natural compounds could be employed due to their safety profile and effectiveness for inflammatory and neoplastic skin diseases. These anti-cancer drugs are often derived from natural sources such as marine, zoonotic, and botanical origins. Natural compounds should exhibit anti-carcinogenic actions through various pathways, influencing apoptosis potentiation, cell proliferation inhibition, and metastasis suppression. This review provides an overview of natural compounds used in cancer chemotherapies, chemoprevention, and promotion of skin regeneration, including polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, vitamins, alkaloids, terpenoids, isothiocyanates, cannabinoids, carotenoids, and ceramides.

Acidification and tissue disruption affect glucosinolate and S-methyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide hydrolysis and formation of amines, isothiocyanates and other organosulfur compounds in red cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra)

Cabbages are rich in sulfur-containing metabolites like glucosinolates (GLSs) and S-methyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide (SMCSO). Tissue disruption initiates hydrolysis of these compounds and bioactive volatile hydrolysis products such as isothiocyanates (ITCs), sulfides, and thiosulfinates are formed. However, nitriles, epithionitriles, or amines can also result from GLSs. Here, the influence of hydrolysis time, extent of tissue disruption (chopping vs. homogenization), and addition of lemon juice or vinegar on the outcome of enzymatic hydrolysis of GLSs and SMCSO was investigated in red cabbage. Chopping led to partial hydrolysis of GLSs, whereas homogenization completely degraded GLSs but only had a small effect on SMCSO. Homogenization increased amine formation from alkenyl and methylthioalkyl ITCs, but not from methylsulfinylalkyl ITCs. Acidification inhibited formation of products from SMCSO. Further, it reduced nitrile and epithionitrile formation and stopped amine formation, thereby increasing ITC levels. Therefore, acidification is a valuable mean to enhance ITC levels in fresh Brassica foods.

Potential applications of ferroptosis inducers and regulatory molecules in hematological malignancy therapy

Ferroptosis, a novel form of iron-dependent cell death, has emerged as a potential avenue for promoting tumor cell death by causing cell membrane rupture and the accumulation of lipid peroxides (LPO) in the cell. Since its discovery in 2012, extensive research has been conducted to explore the mechanism of ferroptosis inducers, including erastin, sulfasalazine, and sorafenib. These compounds inhibit system XC-, while Ras-selective lethal small molecule 3 (RSL3) and FION2 specifically target GPX4 to promote ferroptosis. Therefore, targeting ferroptosis presents a promising therapeutic approach for malignant tumors. While the study of ferroptosis in solid tumors has made significant progress, there is limited information available on its role in hematological tumors. This review aims to summarize the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis inducers and discuss their clinical applications in hematological malignancies. Furthermore, the identification of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and genes that regulate key molecules in the ferroptosis pathway could provide new targets and establish a molecular theoretical foundation for exploring novel ferroptosis inducers in hematological malignancies.

Effect of long-term storage on glucosinolate and S-methyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide hydrolysis in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)

Cabbages are good sources for glucosinolates and S-methyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide (SMCSO), precursors to bioactive volatile hydrolysis products such as isothiocyanates, sulfides and thiosulfinates. Often, white and red cabbages are stored at 0 °C for many months before being sold. Here, we investigated the effect of storage for up to eight months on glucosinolates, SMCSO and the formation of isothiocyanates and derived amines, (epithio)nitriles and volatile organosulfur compounds (VOSCs) in white and red cabbages. Further, the effect of storage on protein expression was evaluated. Overall, glucosinolates and well as SMCSO contents were stable during storage. While in white cabbage glucosinolate hydrolysis was not much affected, in red cabbage storage increased formation of isothiocyanates and methylthioalkylamines, which was linked with reduced epithiospecifier protein 1 abundance. Long-term storage reduced formation of VOSCs from SMCSO which correlated with decline in predicted cystine lyase. Therefore, storage maintains these phytonutrients and can increase formation of health-promoting isothiocyanates.

Brassica-derived isothiocyanates as anticancer therapeutic agents and their nanodelivery

The isothiocyanates (ITCs) derived from the precursor glucosinolate molecules present in Brassica vegetables are bioactive organo-sulfur compounds with numerous pharmacologically important properties such as antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer. Over the years, ITCs have been the focus of several research investigations associated with cancer treatment. Due to their potent chemo-preventive action, ITCs have been considered to be promising therapeutics for cancer therapy in place of the already existing conventional anticancer drugs. However, their wide spread use at the clinical stage is greatly restricted due to several factors such as low solubility in an aqueous medium, low bioavailability, low stability, and hormetic effect. To overcome these hindrances, nanotechnology can be exploited to develop nano-scale delivery systems that have the potential to enhance stability, and bioavailability and minimize the hermetic effect of ITCs.

Lactational transfer of sulforaphane-N-acetylcysteine in vivo and in human breast milk

Sulforaphane (SFN) is a bioactive phytonutrient found in cruciferous vegetables. There is a lack of detailed information on the lactational transfer of SFN and SFN metabolites, and potential pharmacological effects on breastfeeding infants. We carried out two maternal supplementation studies in a mouse model, wherein lactating dams received either vehicle, 300 or 600 ppm SFN from postnatal day (PND) 1 to 5, or in a second experiment, vehicle or 600 ppm SFN from PND 1 to 14. The parent compound was only detectable in milk and plasma from dams receiving 600 ppm SFN for five days. The predominant metabolite SFN-N-acetylcysteine (SFN-NAC) was readily detected in milk from dams receiving 300 and 600 ppm SFN for five days or 600 ppm for 14 days. Maternal SFN-NAC plasma levels were elevated in both 600 ppm groups. Maternal hepatic and pulmonary expression of NRF2-related genes, Nqo1, Gsta2, Gstm1, and Gstp1, were significantly increased, generally following a dose-response; however, offspring induction varied. PND5 neonates in the 600-ppm group exhibited significantly elevated expression of Nqo1, Gsta2, and Gstp1 in liver, and Gstm1 and Gstp1 in lung. Findings support maternal dietary supplementation with SFN induces NRF2-related gene expression in neonates via lactational transfer of SFN-NAC. However, NQO1 enzyme activity was not significantly elevated, highlighting the need to optimize dosing strategy. Additionally, in a pilot investigation of lactating women consuming a typical diet, without any purified SFN supplementation, 7 out of 8 breast milk samples showed SFN-NAC above the limit of quantification (LOQ). Notably, the one sample below the LOQ was collected from the only participant who reported no consumption of cruciferous vegetables in the past 24 h. The parent compound was not detected in any of the human breast milk samples. Overall, these data indicate lactational transfer of SFN-NAC at dietary relevant levels. Future studies are needed to evaluate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lactational transfer for potential preventive or therapeutic effects in breastfeeding children.

Natural isothiocyanates of the genus Capparis as potential agonists of apoptosis and antitumor drugs

BACKGROUND

Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis, we examined the composition of volatile components present in the yellow and green fruits, seeds, and jam of the scrambling shrub Capparis cartilaginea (C. cartilaginea). These plant samples were collected from Kibbutz Yotvata in Israel. In all the tested samples, isothiocyanates were identified. Utilizing the PASS program, we ascertained the biological activity of these isothiocyanates present in the Capparis genus. The study results highlighted that all isothiocyanates could potentially act as apoptosis agonists, making them strong candidates for antitumor drugs. This information holds significant value for the fields of medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, and practical medicine.

AIM

To investigate the volatile components present in the yellow and green fruits, seeds, and jam of the C. cartilaginea shrub using GC/MS analysis, to detect isothiocyanates in all the analyzed plant samples, and to assess the biological activity of these isothiocyanates utilizing the PASS program.

METHODS

We utilized two primary methods to analyze the volatile compounds present in the yellow and green fruits, seeds, and jams of the C. cartilaginea, native to Israel. We identified biologically active isothiocyanates in these samples. Their anticipated biological activities were determined using the PASS program, with the most dominant activities being apoptosis agonist, anticarcinogenic, and antineoplastic specifically for genitourinary cancer.

RESULTS

Fruits, seeds, and jams containing isothiocyanates, which exhibit antineoplastic and anticarcinogenic activities, could be suggested for cancer prevention and management. Specific isothiocyanates, with therapeutic potential in this realm, could be recommended as potent anticancer agents in practical medicine following clinical trials.

CONCLUSION

The discovery that isothiocyanates exhibit potent antineoplastic and anticarcinogenic activities was unexpected. Additionally, certain isothiocyanates demonstrated antifungal, antiviral (specifically against arbovirus), and antiparasitic properties.

Assessment of Bio-Compounds Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Neuroprotective Effect of Red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata rubra) Processed by Convective Drying at Different Temperatures

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, and no efficient therapy able to cure or slow down PD is available. In this study, dehydrated red cabbage was evaluated as a novel source of bio-compounds with neuroprotective capacity. Convective drying was carried out at different temperatures. Total phenolics (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), anthocyanins (TAC), and glucosinolates (TGC) were determined using spectrophotometry, amino acid profile by LC-DAD and fatty acid profile by GC-FID. Phenolic characterization was determined by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Cytotoxicity and neuroprotection assays were evaluated in SH-SY5Y human cells, observing the effect on preformed fibrils of α-synuclein. Drying kinetic confirmed a shorter processing time with temperature increase. A high concentration of bio-compounds was observed, especially at 90 °C, with TPC = 1544.04 ± 11.4 mg GAE/100 g, TFC = 690.87 ± 4.0 mg QE/100 g and TGC = 5244.9 ± 260.2 µmol SngE/100 g. TAC degraded with temperature. Glutamic acid and arginine were predominant. Fatty acid profiles were relatively stable and were found to be mostly C18:3n3. The neochlorogenic acid was predominant. The extracts had no cytotoxicity and showed a neuroprotective effect at 24 h testing, which can extend in some cases to 48 h. The present findings underpin the use of red cabbage as a functional food ingredient.

Sulforaphane and bladder cancer: a potential novel antitumor compound

Bladder cancer (BC) is a common form of urinary tract tumor, and its incidence is increasing annually. Unfortunately, an increasing number of newly diagnosed BC patients are found to have advanced or metastatic BC. Although current treatment options for BC are diverse and standardized, it is still challenging to achieve ideal curative results. However, Sulforaphane, an isothiocyanate present in cruciferous plants, has emerged as a promising anticancer agent that has shown significant efficacy against various cancers, including bladder cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated that Sulforaphane not only induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in BC cells, but also inhibits the growth, invasion, and metastasis of BC cells. Additionally, it can inhibit BC gluconeogenesis and demonstrate definite effects when combined with chemotherapeutic drugs/carcinogens. Sulforaphane has also been found to exert anticancer activity and inhibit bladder cancer stem cells by mediating multiple pathways in BC, including phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1)/beta-catenin (β-Catenin), miR-124/cytokines interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R)/transcription 3 (STAT3). This article provides a comprehensive review of the current evidence and molecular mechanisms of Sulforaphane against BC. Furthermore, we explore the effects of Sulforaphane on potential risk factors for BC, such as bladder outlet obstruction, and investigate the possible targets of Sulforaphane against BC using network pharmacological analysis. This review is expected to provide a new theoretical basis for future research and the development of new drugs to treat BC.

Phytochemicals in cervical cancer: an epigenetic overview

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common female malignancy worldwide and a complex disease that typically starts with HPV infection. Various genetic and epigenetic alterations are implicated in its development. The current cervical cancer therapies have unsatisfactory outcomes due to their serious adverse effects, necessitating the need for safe, effective preventive and therapeutic modalities. Phytochemicals have been addressed in cervical cancer prevention and treatment, and further understanding the epigenetics of cervical cancer pathogenesis is critical to investigate new preventive and therapeutic modalities. Addressing the epigenetic mechanisms of potential phytochemicals will provide an overview of their use individually or in combination. The primary aim of this review is to highlight the epigenetic effects of the phytochemicals addressed in cervical cancer therapy.

Glucosinolate Accumulation and Hydrolysis in Leafy Brassica Vegetables Are Influenced by Leaf Age

The health-beneficial effects of Brassica vegetables are mainly attributed to their high contents of glucosinolates and the products of their hydrolysis, especially isothiocyanates. Distribution of glucosinolates across plant organs can strongly vary. Here, we investigated the effect of leaf age on glucosinolate accumulation and hydrolysis in two leafy Brassica vegetables, pak choi and giant red mustard. We also evaluated the activity of the hydrolyzing enzyme myrosinase across the leaves. Finally, we assessed whether glucosinolates are transported from older leaves to younger leaves. Young leaves of both species contained more than 3-fold more glucosinolates than older ones. Accordingly, more isothiocyanates were released in the young leaves. Myrosinases fully hydrolyzed all of the amounts of glucosinolates regardless of the leaf age. Moreover, older leaves were observed to supply younger leaves with glucosinolates. Thus, this study suggests that consumers can improve the nutritional value of food by incorporating young leaves of leafy Brassicas in their diet.

Sulforaphane Combined with Vitamin D Induces Cytotoxicity Mediated by Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, Autophagy, and JNK/MAPK Pathway Modulation in Human Prostate Tumor Cells

Prostate cancer ranks second in incidence worldwide. To date, there are no available therapies to effectively treat advanced and metastatic prostate cancer. Sulforaphane and vitamin D alone are promising anticancer agents in vitro and in vivo, but their low bioavailability has limited their effects in clinical trials. The present study examined whether sulforaphane combined with vitamin D at clinically relevant concentrations improved the cytotoxicity of the compounds alone towards DU145 and PC-3 human prostate tumor cells. To assess the anticancer activity of this combination, we analyzed cell viability (MTT assay), oxidative stress (CM-H₂DCFDA), autophagy (fluorescence), DNA damage (comet assay), and protein expression (Western blot). The sulforaphane-vitamin D combination (i) decreased cell viability, induced oxidative stress, DNA damage, and autophagy, upregulated BAX, CASP8, CASP3, JNK, and NRF2 expression, and downregulated BCL2 expression in DU145 cells; and (ii) decreased cell viability, increased autophagy and oxidative stress, upregulated BAX and NRF2 expression, and downregulated JNK, CASP8, and BCL2 expression in PC-3 cells. Therefore, sulforaphane and vitamin D in combination have a potential application in prostate cancer therapy, and act to modulate the JNK/MAPK signaling pathway.

Phenethyl isothiocyanate induces oxidative cell death in osteosarcoma cells with regulation on mitochondrial network, function and metabolism

Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a kind of isothiocyanate available in cruciferous vegetables, exhibits inhibitory effects on cancers. PEITC has been extensively recorded for its effect on regulation of redox status in cancer cells. Our previous studies revealed that PEITC induced ROS-dependent cell death in osteosarcoma. Mitochondria are the main sites for ROS generation and play significant role in deciding cell fate. To dissect the mechanism of PEITC's action on osteosarcoma cells, we detected changes on mitochondrial network, function and metabolism in K7M2 and 143B cells. Here, PEITC induced cytosolic, lipid and mitochondrial ROS production in osteosarcoma cells. It changed mitochondrial morphology from elongated to punctate network and decreased mitochondrial mass. Meantime, PEITC increased mitochondrial transmembrane potential in short time, decreased it with time prolonged, and later collapsed it in K7M2 cells, and reduced it in 143B cells. PEITC inhibited proliferation potential of osteosarcoma cells with damage on mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes. Further, PEITC-treated osteosarcoma cells experienced a sudden increase in ATP level, and later its content was decreased. Moreover, PEITC downregulated the expressions of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes including COX IV, UQCR, SDHA and NDUFA9 in 143B cells and COX IV in K7M2 cells. At last, by using Rho 0 cells derived from K7M2 and 143B cells, we found that osteosarcoma cells that depleted mtDNA were less sensitive to PEITC-induced changes on cellular morphology, cytoskeleton filament, mitochondrial transmembrane potential and ROS generation. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that mitochondria may play important role in PEITC-induced oxidative cell death in osteosarcoma cells.

Reviewing the Prospective Pharmacological Potential of Isothiocyanates in Fight against Female-Specific Cancers

Gynecological cancers are the most commonly diagnosed malignancies in females worldwide. Despite the advancement of diagnostic tools as well as the availability of various therapeutic interventions, the incidence and mortality of female-specific cancers is still a life-threatening issue, prevailing as one of the major health problems worldwide. Lately, alternative medicines have garnered immense attention as a therapeutic intervention against various types of cancers, seemingly because of their safety profiles and enhanced effectiveness. Isothiocyanates (ITCs), specifically sulforaphane, benzyl isothiocyanate, and phenethyl isothiocyanate, have shown an intriguing potential to actively contribute to cancer cell growth inhibition, apoptosis induction, epigenetic alterations, and modulation of autophagy and cancer stem cells in female-specific cancers. Additionally, it has been shown that ITCs plausibly enhance the chemo-sensitization of many chemotherapeutic drugs. To this end, evidence has shown enhanced efficacy in combinatorial regimens with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs and/or other phytochemicals. Reckoning with these, herein, we discuss the advances in the knowledge regarding the aspects highlighting the molecular intricacies of ITCs in female-specific cancers. In addition, we have also argued regarding the potential of ITCs either as solitary treatment or in a combinatorial therapeutic regimen for the prevention and/or treatment of female-specific cancers. Hopefully, this review will open new horizons for consideration of ITCs in therapeutic interventions that would undoubtedly improve the prognosis of the female-specific cancer clientele. Considering all these, it is reasonable to state that a better understanding of these molecular intricacies will plausibly provide a facile opportunity for treating these female-specific cancers.

Systematic Review on the Metabolic Interest of Glucosinolates and Their Bioactive Derivatives for Human Health

In the last decade, most of the evidence on the clinical benefits of including cruciferous foods in the diet has been focused on the content of glucosinolates (GSL) and their corresponding isothiocyanates (ITC), and mercapturic acid pathway metabolites, based on their capacity to modulate clinical, biochemical, and molecular parameters. The present systematic review summarizes findings of human studies regarding the metabolism and bioavailability of GSL and ITC, providing a comprehensive analysis that will help guide future research studies and facilitate the consultation of the latest advances in this booming and less profusely researched area of GSL for food and health. The literature search was carried out in Scopus, PubMed and the Web of Science, under the criteria of including publications centered on human subjects and the use of Brassicaceae foods in different formulations (including extracts, beverages, and tablets), as significant sources of bioactive compounds, in different types of subjects, and against certain diseases. Twenty-eight human intervention studies met inclusion criteria, which were classified into three groups depending on the dietary source. This review summarizes recent studies that provided interesting contributions, but also uncovered the many potential venues for future research on the benefits of consuming cruciferous foods in our health and well-being. The research will continue to support the inclusion of GSL-rich foods and products for multiple preventive and active programs in nutrition and well-being.

Sulforaphane attenuates microglia-mediated neuronal damage by down-regulating the ROS/autophagy/NLRP3 signal axis in fibrillar Aβ-activated microglia

The neuroinflammatory hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) posits that amyloid-beta (Aβ) phagocytosis along with subsequent lysosomal damage and NLRP3 inflammasome activation plays important roles in Aβ-induced microglia activation and microglia-induced neurotoxicity. Sulforaphane (SFN) has neuroprotective effects for AD. However, whether SFN can inhibit its cytotoxic autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia remain unknown. In this study, results showed SFN played an indirect, protective role on neurons via a series of impacts on Aβ-activated microglia, including inhibition of autophagy initiation as well as autophagic lysosomal membrane permeability and subsequent NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammasomes activation. M1 phenotype polarization was also inhibited. Our results demonstrated that SFN could inhibit the cytostatic autophagy-induced NLRP3 signaling pathway in Aβ-activated microglia by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. These results provide novel insight into the potential role of SFN in AD therapy.

2,2-Diphenethyl Isothiocyanate Enhances Topoisomerase Inhibitor-Induced Cell Death and Suppresses Multi-Drug Resistance 1 in Breast Cancer Cells

We previously reported that phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a dietary-related compound, can rescue mutant p53. A structure-activity relationships study showed that the synthetic analog 2,2-diphenylethyl isothiocyanate (DPEITC) is a more potent inducer of apoptosis than natural or synthetic ITCs. Here, we showed that DPEITC inhibited the growth of triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and Hs578T) expressing "hotspot" p53 mutants, structural (p53^R280K, p53^R273H) or contact (p53^V157F), at IC₅₀ values significantly lower than PEITC. DPEITC inhibited the growth of HER2+ (p53^R175H SK-BR-3, p53^R175H AU565) and Luminal A (p53^L194F T47D) breast cancer (BC) cells harboring a p53 structural mutant. DPEITC induced apoptosis, irrespective of BC subtypes, by rescuing p53 mutants. Accordingly, the rescued p53 mutants induced apoptosis by activating canonical WT p53 targets and delaying the cell cycle. DPEITC acted synergistically with doxorubicin and camptothecin to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis. Under these conditions, DPEITC delayed BC cells in the G1 phase, activated p53 canonical targets, and enhanced pS1981-ATM. DPEITC reduced the expression of MDR1 and ETS1. These findings are the first report of synergism between a synthetic ITC and a chemotherapy drug via mutant p53 rescue. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that ITCs suppress the expression of cellular proteins that play a role in chemoresistance.

Isothiocyanates attenuate immune checkpoint blockage therapy in gastric cancer via induction of PD-L1 expression

The PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade therapy has shown revolutionary efficacy in the treatment of multiple cancers including gastric cancer. Isothiocyanates play important roles in cancer cell suppression and immunomodulation. However, the effects of isothiocyanates on immune checkpoint inhibitors are poorly understood in gastric cancer. The influence of three major isothiocyanates (sulforaphane, phenylethyl isothiocyanate, and benzhydryl isothiocyanate) on gastric cancer cell growth and PD-L1 expression was investigated. Syngeneic mouse models were administered by isothiocyanates and anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody, and the anti-tumor effects were assessed. The expression of PD-L1, proportion of lymphocytes and serum cytokine levels were detected to explore the underlying mechanisms. We found that PD-L1 expression was significantly induced by isothiocyanates which was associated with TAp63α up-regulation. We further revealed that TAp63α promoted PD-L1 through transcriptional activation. Combination treatment of isothiocyanates and anti-PD-L1 therapy weakened the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to anti-PD-L1 drug. Moreover, in vivo studies illustrated that the interference effects of isothiocyanates on anti-PD-L1 antibody were related to PD-L1 expression and decreased infiltrating T lymphocytes in tumor bearing mouse hosts. Our findings provide novel insights as isothiocyanates could interfere with the successful application of immunotherapy in gastric cancer.

Variation in glucosinolates and the formation of functional degradation products in two Brassica species during spontaneous fermentation

Vegetables from the Brassica species are excellent sources of glucosinolates (GLSs), the precursors of health-promoting isothiocyanates (ITCs). Fermentation enhances the biotransformation of GLSs into potential bioactive ITCs. To explore the biotransformation of GLSs during Brassica fermentation, the changes in GLSs during the fermentation of two Brassica species (i.e., cauliflower and broccoli); the formation of corresponding breakdown products; and the shifts in physicochemical parameters, bacterial communities, and myrosinase activities involved in GLSs degradation were systematically investigated. Nine aliphatic, three indolic, and two benzenic GLSs were identified in fermented cauliflower (FC) and fermented broccoli (FB). Aliphatic glucoiberin and glucoraphanin were the major forms of GLS in FC and FB, respectively; indolic glucobrassicin was also abundant in both FC and FB. The total GLS content decreased by 85.29% and 65.48% after 3 d of fermentation in FC and FB, respectively. After 2 d of fermentation, a significant increase in bioactive GLS degradation products (P < 0.05), including sulforaphane (SFN), iberin (IBN), 3,3-diindolylmethane (DIM), and ascorbigen (ARG), was observed in FC and FB compared to in fresh cauliflower and broccoli. Moreover, variations in pH value and titratable acidity in FC and FB correlated with Brassica fermentation and were accomplished by lactic acid bacteria, including Weissella, Lactobacillus-related genera, Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, and Streptococcus. These changes may enhance the biotransformation of GSLs to ITCs. Overall, our results indicate fermentation leads to the degradation of GLSs and the accumulation of functional degradation products in FC and FB.

Metabolism and Recovery of Epithionitriles from Glucosinolates-A Human Intervention Study

SCOPE

Epithionitriles can be main glucosinolate hydrolysis products in Brassica vegetables such as cabbage or pak choi. Here, for the first time, the bioavailability and metabolism of longer-chain epithionitriles (C4-C5) is studied in a human intervention study.

METHODS AND RESULTS

After consumption of a white cabbage or pak choi sprouts beverage, rich in either 1-cyano-2,3-epithiopropane (CETP) or 1-cyano-3,4-epithiobutane (CETB) and 1-cyano-4,5-epithiopentane (CETPent), blood and urine samples of nine participants are taken and the metabolites are analyzed. The corresponding N-acetyl-S-(cyano-(methylthio)alkyl)-l-cysteine metabolites are identified and quantified by isotope dilution method using UHPLC-TOF-MS. The standards for N-acetyl-S-(cyano-(methylthio)alkyl)-l-cysteine metabolites from CETB and CETPent are synthesized for the first time and their structure confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. In contrast to the metabolites of CETP and CETPent, the expected metabolite of CETB is not detectable. The recoveries of the CETP and CETPent metabolites are 28 ± 9% for CETP and 12 ± 3% for CETPent in urine within 24 h.

CONCLUSION

CETP and CETPent are quickly uptaken, metabolized via the mercapturic acid pathway, and excreted via urine, while for CETB the corresponding metabolite is not detectable. Therefore, an additional metabolization pathway seems to exist.

Polyphenolics, glucosinolates and isothiocyanates profiling of aerial parts of Nasturtium officinale (Watercress)

Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) is a rich source of secondary metabolites with disease-preventing and/or health-promoting properties. Herein, we have utilized extraction procedures to isolate fractions of polyphenols, glucosinolates and isothiocyanates to determine their identification, and quantification. In doing so, we have utilized reproducible analytical methodologies based on liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry by either positive or negative ion mode. Due to the instability and volatility of isothiocyanates, we followed an ammonia derivatization protocol which converts them into respective ionizable thiourea derivatives. The analytes' content distribution map was created on watercress flowers, leaves and stems. We have demonstrated that watercress contains significantly higher levels of gluconasturtiin, phenethyl isothiocyanate, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside and isorhamnetin, among others, with their content decreasing from flowers (82.11 ± 0.63, 273.89 ± 0.88, 1459.30 ± 12.95 and 289.40 ± 1.37 ng/g of dry extract respectively) to leaves (32.25 ± 0.74, 125.02 ± 0.52, 1197.86 ± 4.24 and 196.47 ± 3.65 ng/g of det extract respectively) to stems (9.20 ± 0.11, 64.7 ± 0.9, 41.02 ± 0.18, 65.67 ± 0.84 ng/g of dry extract respectivbely). Pearson's correlation analysis has shown that the content of isothiocyanates doesn't depend only on the bioconversion of individual glucosinolates but also on other glucosinolates of the same group. Overall, we have provided comprehensive analytical data of the major watercress metabolites thereby providing an opportunity to exploit different parts of watercress for potential therapeutic applications.

Ferroptosis in osteosarcoma: A promising future

The incidence of osteosarcoma (OS) is increasing year by year, and the prognosis of patients with advanced OS is extremely poor due to the tendency of recurrence and chemotherapy resistance after surgery. Ferroptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death (PCD) that kills cells through iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Current studies have shown that ferroptosis is closely related to OS and could reduce chemotherapy resistance to a certain extent, which has great therapeutic potential. In this paper, we review the regulatory mechanism of ferroptosis and its research progress in OS, hoping to provide new help for the clinical treatment of OS.

Isothiocyanate-Rich Extracts from Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea Var. Botrytis) and Radish (Raphanus sativus) Inhibited Metabolic Activity and Induced ROS in Selected Human HCT116 and HT-29 Colorectal Cancer Cells

Cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower and radish contain isothiocyanates exhibiting chemoprotective effects in vitro and in vivo. This research aimed to assess the impact of cauliflower (CIE) and radish (RIE) isothiocyanate extracts on the metabolic activity, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and LDH production of selected human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HCT116 and HT-29 for early and late colon cancer development, respectively). Non-cancerous colon cells (CCD-33Co) were used as a cytotoxicity control. The CIE samples displayed the highest allyl isothiocyanate (AITC: 12.55 µg/g) contents, whereas RIE was the most abundant in benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC: 15.35 µg/g). Both extracts effectively inhibited HCT116 and HT-29 metabolic activity, but the CIE impact was higher than that of RIE on HCT116 (IC₅₀: 0.56 mg/mL). Assays using the half-inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) of all treatments, including AITC and BITC, displayed increased (p < 0.05) LDH (absorbance: 0.25-0.40 nm) and ROS release (1190-1697 relative fluorescence units) in both cell lines. BITC showed the highest in silico binding affinity with all the tested colorectal cancer molecular markers (NF-kB, β-catenin, and NRF2-NFE2). The theoretical evaluation of AITC and BITC bioavailability showed high values for both compounds. The results indicate that CIE and RIE extracts display chemopreventive effects in vitro, but additional experiments are needed to validate their effects.

A new source of bacterial myrosinase isolated from endophytic Bacillus sp. NGB-B10, and its relevance in biological control activity

Plant metabolism interacts strongly with the plant microbiome. Glucosinolates, secondary metabolites synthesized by Brassica plants, are hydrolyzed by myrosinase into bioactive compounds of great importance in human health and plant protection. Compared with myrosinase from plant sources, myrosinase enzymes of microbial origin have not been extensively investigated. Therefore, seven endophytic strains corresponding to Bacillus sp. were isolated from Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa plants that could hydrolyse glucosinolates (sinigrin) in the culture medium and showed myrosinase activity (0.08–19.92 U mL⁻¹). The bglA myrosinase-related gene encoding the 6-phospho-β-glucosidase (GH 1) from Bacillus sp. NGB-B10, the most active myrosinase-producing bacterium, was successfully identified. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to statistically optimize culture conditions for myrosinase production from Bacillus sp. strain NGB-B10. The Plackett–Burman design indicated that nitrogen concentration, incubation period, and agitation speed were the significant parameters in myrosinase production. The application of the Box–Behnken design of RSM resulted in a 10.03-fold increase in enzyme activity as compared to the non-optimized culture conditions. The myrosinase was partially purified by 40% fractionation followed by SDS-PAGE analysis which yielded two subunits that had a molecular weight of 38.6 and 35.0 KDa. The purified enzyme was stable under a broad range of pH (5.5–10) and temperatures (10–65 °C). The hydrolysis products released by bacterial myrosinase from some glucosinolate extracts had higher and/or equivalent in vitro antagonistic activity against several phytopathogenic fungi compared to the nystatin (a broad-spectrum antifungal agent). This study provides original information about a new source of bacterial myrosinase and affords an optimized method to enhance myrosinase production.

Isothiocyanates (ITCs) 1-(Isothiocyanatomethyl)-4-phenylbenzene and 1-Isothiocyanato-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene—Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Inhibitors, Decreases Cisplatin Tolerance and Migratory Ability of NSCLC

One of the main treatment modalities for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is cisplatin-based chemotherapy. However, the acquisition of cisplatin resistance remains a major problem. Existing chemotherapy regimens are often ineffective against cancer cells expressing aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). As such, there is an urgent need for therapies targeting ALDH-positive cancer cells. The present study compares the anticancer properties of 36 structurally diverse isothiocyanates (ITCs) against NSCLC cells with the ALDH inhibitor disulfiram (DSF). Their potential affinity to ALDH isoforms and ABC proteins was assessed using AutoDockTools, allowing for selection of three compounds presenting the strongest affinity to all tested proteins. The selected ITCs had no impact on NSCLC cell viability (at tested concentrations), but significantly decreased the cisplatin tolerance of cisplatin-resistant variant of A549 (A549CisR) and advanced (stage 4) NSCLC cell line H1581. Furthermore, long-term supplementation with ITC 1-(isothiocyanatomethyl)-4-phenylbenzene reverses the EMT phenotype and migratory potential of A549CisR to the level presented by parental A549 cells, increasing E-Cadherin expression, followed by decreased expression of ABCC1 and ALDH3A1. Our data indicates that the ALDH inhibitors DSF and ITCs are potential adjuvants of cisplatin chemotherapy.

Formation of volatile sulfur compounds and S-methyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide in Brassica oleracea vegetables

Besides glucosinolates, Brassica vegetables accumulate sulfur-containing (+)-S-methyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide (SMCSO, methiin), mainly known from Allium vegetables. Such (+)-S-alk(en)yl-l-cysteine sulfoxides can degrade to volatile organosulfur compounds (VOSCs), which have been linked to health beneficial effects. In the present study, the accumulation of SMCSO and the formation of VOSCs was investigated in Brassica oleracea vegetables. SMCSO content of commercially available white and red cabbages was monitored over a three-month period and linked with the formation of VOSCs. S-Methyl methanethiosulfinate was the main VOSC released from SMCSO. Upon heating, it degraded to dimethyltrisulfide and dimethyldisulfide, which were less abundant in fresh homogenates. SMCSO made up approximately 1% of the dry matter of cabbages and the overall contents were similar in white and red cabbages (3.2-10.2 and 3.9-10.3 µmol/g fresh weight, respectively). Using proteome profiling it was shown that recovery of VOSCs correlated with abundance of two isoforms of cystine lyase.

Preventive effects of Brassicaceae family for colon cancer prevention: A focus on in vitro studies

The emergence of adverse effects and resistance to colorectal cancer (CRC) current therapies calls for the development of new strategies aimed at both preventing and treating. In this context, functional extracts from Brassicaceae family contains abundant bioactive compounds directly related to a positive effect on human health including cancer. The main objective of this systematic review is to compile all recent studies that analyzed the in vitro antiproliferative activity of functional extracts or isolated molecules from the Brassicaceae family against CRC. A total of 711 articles published between January 2011 and May 2021 were identified. Of them, 68 met our inclusion criteria. Different standardized protocols using variable parts of plants of the Brassicaceae family resulted in diverse bioactive extracts and/or compounds. Most of them were related to isothiocyanates, which showed significant antitumor activity against CRC. These in vitro studies provide an excellent guide to direct research on the applications of plants of the Brassicaceae family to the prevention of this type of tumor. The extracts and molecules with demonstrated activity against CRC should be tested in vivo and in clinical trials to determine their usefulness in the prevention of this cancer to reduce its global incidence.

Flavour Generation during Lactic Acid Fermentation of Brassica Vegetables—Literature Review

Fermentation is a method of food preservation that has been used for centuries. Lactic acid fermentation, apart from extending the shelf-life of vegetables, affects significantly the flavour of food products. In this review, the formation of flavour, including both taste and aroma, in fermented Brassica vegetables is summarized. The flavour-active compounds are generated in various metabolic pathways from many precursors present in raw materials used for fermentation. In Brassica vegetables, a unique group of chemicals, namely glucosinolates, is present, which significantly influence the flavour of fermented products. In this summary, we took a closer look at the flavour of two of the most commonly eaten worldwide fermented Brassica products, which are sauerkraut and kimchi. Finally, the needs and directions for future studies were addressed.

Sulfur compounds: From plants to humans and their role in chronic disease prevention

Sulfur is essential for the health of plants and is an indispensable dietary component for human health and disease prevention. Its incorporation into our food supply is heavily reliant upon the uptake of sulfur into plant tissue and our subsequent intake. Dietary requirements for sulfur are largely calculated based upon requirements for the sulfur-containing amino acids (SAA), cysteine and methionine, to meet the demands for synthesis of proteins, enzymes, co-enzymes, vitamins, and hormones. SAA are found in abundance in animal sources and are relatively low in plants. However, some plants, particularly cruciferous and allium vegetables, produce many protective sulfur-containing secondary metabolites, such as glucosinolates and cysteine sulfoxides. The variety and quantity of these sulfur-containing metabolites are extensive and their effects on human health are wide-reaching. Many benefits appear to be related to sulfur's role in redox biochemistry, protecting against uncontrolled oxidative stress and inflammation; features consistent within cardiometabolic dysfunction and many chronic metabolic diseases of aging. This narrative explores the origins and importance of sulfur, its incorporation into our food supply and dietary sources. It also explores the overarching potential of sulfur for human health, particularly around the amelioration of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, and subsequent chronic disease prevention.

Assessment of Methodological Pipelines for the Determination of Isothiocyanates Derived from Natural Sources

Isothiocyanates are biologically active secondary metabolites liberated via enzymatic hydrolysis of their sulfur enriched precursors, glucosinolates, upon tissue plant disruption. The importance of this class of compounds lies in their capacity to induce anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and other bioactive properties. As such, their isolation from natural sources is of utmost importance. In this review article, an extensive examination of the various parameters (hydrolysis, extraction, and quantification) affecting the isolation of isothiocyanates from naturally-derived sources is presented. Overall, the effective isolation/extraction and quantification of isothiocyanate is strongly associated with their chemical and physicochemical properties, such as polarity-solubility as well as thermal and acidic stability. Furthermore, the successful activation of myrosinase appears to be a major factor affecting the conversion of glucosinolates into active isothiocyanates.

Phenethyl Isothiocyanate Suppresses the Proinflammatory Cytokines in Human Glioblastoma Cells through the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB Signaling Pathway In Vitro

Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), extracted from cruciferous vegetables, showed anticancer activity in many human cancer cells. Our previous studies disclosed the anticancer activity of PEITC in human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) 8401 cells, including suppressing the cell proliferation, inducing apoptotic cell death, and suppressing cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, PEITC also inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors of human glioblastoma cells. We are the first to investigate PEITC effects on the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathway and the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on glioblastoma. The cell viability was analyzed by flow cytometric assay. The protein levels and mRNA expressions of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reader and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, respectively. Furthermore, nuclear factor-kappa B- (NF-κB-) associated proteins were evaluated by western blotting. NF-κB expression and nuclear translocation were confirmed by confocal laser microscopy. NF-κB binding to the DNA was examined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Our results indicated that PEITC decreased the cell viability and inhibited the protein levels and expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α genes at the transcriptional level in GBM 8401 cells. PEITC inhibited the binding of NF-κB on promoter site of DNA in GBM 8401 cells. PEITC also altered the protein expressions of protein kinase B (Akt), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and NF-κB signaling pathways. The inflammatory responses in human glioblastoma cells may be suppressed by PEITC through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. Thus, PEITC may have the potential to be an anti-inflammatory agent for human glioblastoma in the future.

Sulforaphane and Its Bifunctional Analogs: Synthesis and Biological Activity

For decades, various plants have been studied as sources of biologically active compounds. Compounds with anticancer and antimicrobial properties are the most frequently desired. Cruciferous plants, including Brussels sprouts, broccoli, and wasabi, have a special role in the research studies. Studies have shown that consumption of these plants reduce the risk of lung, breast, and prostate cancers. The high chemopreventive and anticancer potential of cruciferous plants results from the presence of a large amount of glucosinolates, which, under the influence of myrosinase, undergo an enzymatic transformation to biologically active isothiocyanates (ITCs). Natural isothiocyanates, such as benzyl isothiocyanate, phenethyl isothiocyanate, or the best-tested sulforaphane, possess anticancer activity at all stages of the carcinogenesis process, show antibacterial activity, and are used in organic synthesis. Methods of synthesis of sulforaphane, as well as its natural or synthetic bifunctional analogues with sulfinyl, sulfanyl, sulfonyl, phosphonate, phosphinate, phosphine oxide, carbonyl, ester, carboxamide, ether, or additional isothiocyanate functional groups, and with the unbranched alkyl chain containing 2-6 carbon atoms, are discussed in this review. The biological activity of these compounds are also reported. In the first section, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, and mercapturic acids (their metabolites) are briefly characterized. Additionally, the most studied anticancer and antibacterial mechanisms of ITC actions are discussed.

Phytocompounds from the medicinal and dietary plants: Multi-target agents for cancer prevention and therapy

Cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Due to cervical cancer's high incidence and mortality, there is an unmet demand for effective diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive agents. At present, the preferred treatment strategies for advanced metastatic cervical cancer include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, cervical cancer is gradually developing resistance to chemotherapy, thereby reducing its efficacy. Over the last several decades, phytochemicals, a general term for compounds produced from plants, have gained attention for their role in preventing cervical cancer. This role in cervical cancer prevention has garnered attention on the medicinal properties of fruits and vegetables. Phytochemicals are currently being evaluated for their ability to block proteins involved in carcinogenesis and chemoresistance against cervical cancer. Chemoresistance to cancer drugs like cisplatin, doxorubicin, and 5-fluorouracil has become a significant limitation of drug-based chemotherapy. However, the combination of cisplatin with other phytochemicals has been identified as a promising alternative to subjugate cisplatin resistance. Phytochemicals are promising chemo-preventive and chemotherapeutic agents as they possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative potential against many cancers, including cervical cancer. Furthermore, the ability of the phytochemicals to modulate cellular signaling pathways through up and down regulation of various proteins has been claimed for their therapeutic potential. Phytochemicals also display a wide range of biological functions, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, inhibition of invasion, and migration in cervical cancer cells. Numerous studies have revealed the critical role of different signaling proteins and their signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer. Here, we review the ability of several dietary phytochemicals to alter carcinogenesis by modulating various molecular targets.

Phyto-Mediated Copper Oxide Nanoparticles for Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Photocatalytic Performances

The greatest challenge of the current generation and generations to come is antimicrobial resistance, as different pathogenic bacteria have continuously evolved to become resistant to even the most recently synthesized antibiotics such as carbapenems. Resistance to carbapenems limits the therapeutic options of MDR infections as they are the only safe and effective drugs recommended to treat such infections. This scenario has complicated treatment outcomes, even to the commonest bacterial infections. Repeated attempts to develop other approaches have been made. The most promising novel therapeutic option is the use of nanomaterials as antimicrobial agents. Thus, this study examined the efficacy of Camellia sinensis extract (CSE) and Prunus africana bark extract (PAE) green synthesized Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) against carbapenem-resistant bacteria. Furthermore, the photocatalytic and antioxidant activities of CuONPs were evaluated to determine the potential of using them in a wide range of applications. CuONPs were biosynthesized by CSE and PAE. UV vis spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the nanoparticles. CuONPs susceptibility tests were carried out by the agar well diffusion method. The photocatalytic and antioxidant activities of the CuONPs were determined by the methylene blue and DPPH free radical scavenging assays, respectively. UV vis absorbance spectra registered surface plasmon resonance peaks between 272 and 286 nm, confirming the presence of CuONPs. The XRD array had nine strong peaks at 2θ values typical of CuONPs. FTIR spectra exhibited bands associated with organic functional groups confirming capping and functionalization of the CuONPs by the phytochemicals. DLS analysis registered a net zeta potential of +12.5 mV. SEM analysis revealed that the nanoparticles were spherical and clustered with a mean diameter of 6 nm. Phytosynthesized CuONPs exhibited the highest growth suppression zones of 30 mm with MIC ranging from 30 to 125 μg/ml against MDR bacteria. Furthermore, the CuONPs achieved a methylene blue dye photocatalysis degradation efficiency of 85.5% and a free radical scavenging activity of 28.8%. PAE and CSE successfully bio-reduced copper ions to the nanoscale level with potent antimicrobial, photocatalysis, and antioxidant activities.

Sulforaphane Does Not Protect Right Ventricular Systolic and Diastolic Functions in Nrf2 Knockout Pulmonary Artery Hypertension Mice

PURPOSE

Nrf2 is a nuclear transcription factor and plays an important role in the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation. We recently demonstrated that sulforaphane (SFN) protected mice from developing pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction by elevating cardiac Nrf2 expression and function. Here we further investigate Nrf2 dependence for SFN-mediated prevention of PAH and RV dysfunction in an Nrf2 knockout mouse model.

METHODS

We used male global Nrf2-knockout mice and male C57/6 J wild type mice in the following groups: Control group received room air and vehicle control; SuHx group received SU5416 and 10% hypoxia for 4 weeks to induce PAH; SuHx+SFN group received both SuHx and sulforaphane, a Nrf2 activator, for 4 weeks. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed to quantify RV function and estimate pulmonary vascular resistance over 4 weeks. PAH was confirmed using invasive RV systolic pressure measurement at 4 weeks.

RESULTS

All Nrf2 knockout mice survived the 4-week SuHx induction of PAH. SuHx caused progressive RV diastolic/systolic dysfunction and increased RV systolic pressure. The development of RV diastolic dysfunction occurred earlier in the Nrf2 knockout PAH mice when compared with the wide type PAH mice. SFN partially or completely reversed SuHx-induced RV diastolic/systolic dysfunction and increased RV systolic pressure in wild-type mice, but not in Nrf2 knockout mice.

CONCLUSION

Our findings demonstrated the essential role of Nrf2 in SFN-mediated prevention of RV dysfunction and PAH, and increasing Nrf2 activity in patients with PAH may have therapeutic potential.

Physiological Effects of Green-Colored Food-Derived Bioactive Compounds on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases

Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide. Epidemiological studies strongly highlight various benefits of consuming colorful fruits and vegetables in everyday life. In this review, we aimed to revisit previous studies conducted in the last few decades regarding green-colored foods and their bioactive compounds in consideration of treating and/or preventing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. This review draws a comprehensive summary and assessment of research on the physiological effects of various bioactive compounds, mainly polyphenols, derived from green-colored fruits and vegetables. In particular, their health-beneficial effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, cardioprotective, and lipid-lowering properties, will be discussed. Furthermore, the bioavailability and significance of action of these bioactive compounds on cardiovascular and metabolic diseases will be discussed in detail.

Phenylethyl Isothiocyanate: A Bioactive Agent for Gastrointestinal Health

The incidence of gastrointestinal pathologies (cancer in particular) has increased progressively, with considerable morbidity and mortality, and a high economic impact on the healthcare system. The dietary intake of natural phytochemicals with certain bioactive properties has shown therapeutic and preventive effects on these pathologies. This includes the cruciferous vegetable derivative phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a bioactive compound present in some vegetables, such as watercress. Notably, PEITC has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, and anticarcinogenic properties. This review summarized the current knowledge on the role of PEITC as a potential natural nutraceutical or an adjuvant against oxidative/inflammatory-related disorders in the gastrointestinal tract. We also discussed the safe and recommended dose of PEITC. In addition, we established a framework to guide the research and development of sustainable methodologies for obtaining and stabilizing this natural molecule for industrial use. With PEITC, there is great potential to develop a viable strategy for preventing cancer and other associated diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. However, this topic still needs more scientific studies to help develop new PEITC products for the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, or food industries.

Beneficial Health Effects of Glucosinolates-Derived Isothiocyanates on Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are illnesses that affect the nervous system and heart, all of which are vital to the human body. To maintain health of the human body, vegetable diets serve as a preventive approach and particularly Brassica vegetables have been associated with lower risks of chronic diseases, especially NDDs and CVDs. Interestingly, glucosinolates (GLs) and isothiocyanates (ITCs) are phytochemicals that are mostly found in the Cruciferae family and they have been largely documented as antioxidants contributing to both cardio- and neuroprotective effects. The hydrolytic breakdown of GLs into ITCs such as sulforaphane (SFN), phenylethyl ITC (PEITC), moringin (MG), erucin (ER), and allyl ITC (AITC) has been recognized to exert significant effects with regards to cardio- and neuroprotection. From past in vivo and/or in vitro studies, those phytochemicals have displayed the ability to mitigate the adverse effects of reactive oxidation species (ROS), inflammation, and apoptosis, which are the primary causes of CVDs and NDDs. This review focuses on the protective effects of those GL-derived ITCs, featuring their beneficial effects and the mechanisms behind those effects in CVDs and NDDs.

Emerging Mechanisms and Disease Implications of Ferroptosis: Potential Applications of Natural Products

Ferroptosis, a newly discovered form of regulatory cell death (RCD), has been demonstrated to be distinct from other types of RCD, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, and autophagy. Ferroptosis is characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and oxidative perturbation, and is inhibited by iron chelators and lipophilic antioxidants. This process is regulated by specific pathways and is implicated in diverse biological contexts, mainly including iron homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and glutathione metabolism. A large body of evidence suggests that ferroptosis is interrelated with various physiological and pathological processes, including tumor progression (neuro)degenerative diseases, and hepatic and renal failure. There is an urgent need for the discovery of novel effective ferroptosis-modulating compounds, even though some experimental reagents and approved clinical drugs have been well documented to have anti- or pro-ferroptotic properties. This review outlines recent advances in molecular mechanisms of the ferroptotic death process and discusses its multiple roles in diverse pathophysiological contexts. Furthermore, we summarize chemical compounds and natural products, that act as inducers or inhibitors of ferroptosis in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Herein, it is particularly highlighted that natural products show promising prospects in ferroptosis-associated (adjuvant) therapy with unique advantages of having multiple components, multiple biotargets and slight side effects.