1
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Wang S, Cui J, Jing Y, Varray F. Oscillation of the orientation of cardiomyocyte aggregates in human left ventricle free wall. J Anat 2023; 242:373-386. [PMID: 36395157 PMCID: PMC9919520 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Orientation of local cardiomyocyte aggregates in the human left ventricle free wall experiences an oscillation in the laminar structure regions, besides its gradual change trend. We described this oscillation using five transmural samples imaged at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility with an isotropic voxel size of 3.5 × 3.5 × 3.5 μm3 . In the reconstructed volume of each sample, we manually selected a region containing a regular laminar structure as the region of interest and measured the distribution of the orientation of local cardiomyocyte aggregates inside using a Fourier-based method. Then, we extracted the gradual change part of the orientation of cardiomyocyte aggregates with a three-dimensional centered Gaussian filter and measured the angle between the original orientation vector of local cardiomyocyte aggregates and its gradual change part. Further, we assessed the measured angles in different local coordinates. The results indicate that the oscillation amplitude of the orientation of cardiomyocyte aggregates is regional in the left ventricle wall, which may promote our understanding of the rearrangement mechanism of the cardiomyocyte aggregates and provide a new biomarker to study the heart physiological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunli Wang
- Center of Ultra-Precision Optoelectronic Instrument Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.,Key Lab of Ultra-Precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Junning Cui
- Center of Ultra-Precision Optoelectronic Instrument Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.,Key Lab of Ultra-Precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhan Jing
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220 U1294, Lyon, France
| | - François Varray
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220 U1294, Lyon, France
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2
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Biochemical and Structural Imaging of Remodeled Myocardium. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2022.100570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Abstract
Major advances in biomedical imaging have occurred over the last 2 decades and now allow many physiological, cellular, and molecular processes to be imaged noninvasively in small animal models of cardiovascular disease. Many of these techniques can be also used in humans, providing pathophysiological context and helping to define the clinical relevance of the model. Ultrasound remains the most widely used approach, and dedicated high-frequency systems can obtain extremely detailed images in mice. Likewise, dedicated small animal tomographic systems have been developed for magnetic resonance, positron emission tomography, fluorescence imaging, and computed tomography in mice. In this article, we review the use of ultrasound and positron emission tomography in small animal models, as well as emerging contrast mechanisms in magnetic resonance such as diffusion tensor imaging, hyperpolarized magnetic resonance, chemical exchange saturation transfer imaging, magnetic resonance elastography and strain, arterial spin labeling, and molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Sosnovik
- Cardiology Division, Cardiovascular Research Center (D.E.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (D.E.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (D.E.S.)
| | - Marielle Scherrer-Crosbie
- Cardiology Division, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (M.S.-C)
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4
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Perotti LE, Verzhbinsky IA, Moulin K, Cork TE, Loecher M, Balzani D, Ennis DB. Estimating cardiomyofiber strain in vivo by solving a computational model. Med Image Anal 2021; 68:101932. [PMID: 33383331 PMCID: PMC7956226 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2020.101932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Since heart contraction results from the electrically activated contraction of millions of cardiomyocytes, a measure of cardiomyocyte shortening mechanistically underlies cardiac contraction. In this work we aim to measure preferential aggregate cardiomyocyte ("myofiber") strains based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data acquired to measure both voxel-wise displacements through systole and myofiber orientation. In order to reduce the effect of experimental noise on the computed myofiber strains, we recast the strains calculation as the solution of a boundary value problem (BVP). This approach does not require a calibrated material model, and consequently is independent of specific myocardial material properties. The solution to this auxiliary BVP is the displacement field corresponding to assigned values of myofiber strains. The actual myofiber strains are then determined by minimizing the difference between computed and measured displacements. The approach is validated using an analytical phantom, for which the ground-truth solution is known. The method is applied to compute myofiber strains using in vivo displacement and myofiber MRI data acquired in a mid-ventricular left ventricle section in N=8 swine subjects. The proposed method shows a more physiological distribution of myofiber strains compared to standard approaches that directly differentiate the displacement field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi E Perotti
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | - Ilya A Verzhbinsky
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Kévin Moulin
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tyler E Cork
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Loecher
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Balzani
- Chair of Continuum Mechanics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel B Ennis
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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5
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Abstract
Advances in technology have made it possible to image the microstructure of the heart with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance. The technique provides unique insights into the cellular architecture of the myocardium and how this is perturbed in a range of disease contexts. In this review, the physical basis of diffusion MRI and the challenges of implementing it in the beating heart are discussed. Cutting edge acquisition and analysis techniques, as well as the results of initial clinical studies, are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Sosnovik
- Cardiology Division, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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6
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Fluorescence microscopy tensor imaging representations for large-scale dataset analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5632. [PMID: 32221334 PMCID: PMC7101442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding complex biological systems requires the system-wide characterization of cellular and molecular features. Recent advances in optical imaging technologies and chemical tissue clearing have facilitated the acquisition of whole-organ imaging datasets, but automated tools for their quantitative analysis and visualization are still lacking. We have here developed a visualization technique capable of providing whole-organ tensor imaging representations of local regional descriptors based on fluorescence data acquisition. This method enables rapid, multiscale, analysis and virtualization of large-volume, high-resolution complex biological data while generating 3D tractographic representations. Using the murine heart as a model, our method allowed us to analyze and interrogate the cardiac microvasculature and the tissue resident macrophage distribution and better infer and delineate the underlying structural network in unprecedented detail.
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Sosnovik
- Cardiology Division and Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.E.S.)
| | - Tal Geva
- Department of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (T.G.)
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8
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Huang J, Wang L, Chu C, Liu W, Zhu Y. Accelerating cardiac diffusion tensor imaging combining local low-rank and 3D TV constraint. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 32:407-422. [PMID: 30903326 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-019-00747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI, or DTI) is a promising technique for invasively probing biological tissue structures. However, DTI is known to suffer from much longer acquisition time with respect to conventional MRI and the problem is worsened when dealing with in vivo acquisitions. Therefore, faster DTI for both ex vivo and in vivo scans is highly desired. MATERIALS AND METHODS This paper proposes a new compressed sensing (CS) reconstruction method that employs local low-rank (LLR) model and three-dimensional (3D) total variation (TV) constraint to reconstruct cardiac diffusion-weighted (DW) images from highly undersampled k-space data. The LLR model takes the set of DW images corresponding to different diffusion gradient directions as a 3D image volume and decomposes the latter into overlapping 3D blocks. Then, the 3D blocks are stacked as two-dimensional (2D) matrix. Finally, low-rank property is applied to each block matrix and the 3D TV constraint to the 3D image volume. The underlying constrained optimization problem is finally solved using the first-order fast method. The proposed method is evaluated on real ex vivo cardiac DTI data as a prerequisite to in vivo cardiac DTI applications. RESULTS The results on real human ex vivo cardiac DTI images demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits lower reconstruction errors for DTI indices, including fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivities (MD), transverse angle (TA), and helix angle (HA), compared to existing CS-based DTI image reconstruction techniques. CONCLUSION The proposed method provides better reconstruction quality and more accurate DTI indices in comparison with the state-of-the-art CS-based DW image reconstruction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Huang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongjiang, 150040, Harbin, China.
- Metislab, LIA CNRS, Harbin Institute of Technology, Heilongjiang, 150001, Harbin, China.
- CREATIS, CNRS UMR5220, Inserm U1206, INSA Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.
| | - Lihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Medical Image Analysis and Precise Diagnosis of Guizhou Province, School of Computer Science and Technology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chunyu Chu
- College of Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, China
| | - Wanyu Liu
- Metislab, LIA CNRS, Harbin Institute of Technology, Heilongjiang, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Yuemin Zhu
- Metislab, LIA CNRS, Harbin Institute of Technology, Heilongjiang, 150001, Harbin, China
- CREATIS, CNRS UMR5220, Inserm U1206, INSA Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
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9
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Lee AWC, Nguyen UC, Razeghi O, Gould J, Sidhu BS, Sieniewicz B, Behar J, Mafi-Rad M, Plank G, Prinzen FW, Rinaldi CA, Vernooy K, Niederer S. A rule-based method for predicting the electrical activation of the heart with cardiac resynchronization therapy from non-invasive clinical data. Med Image Anal 2019; 57:197-213. [PMID: 31326854 PMCID: PMC6746621 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) is one of the few effective treatments for heart failure patients with ventricular dyssynchrony. The pacing location of the left ventricle is indicated as a determinant of CRT outcome. Objective Patient specific computational models allow the activation pattern following CRT implant to be predicted and this may be used to optimize CRT lead placement. Methods In this study, the effects of heterogeneous cardiac substrate (scar, fast endocardial conduction, slow septal conduction, functional block) on accurately predicting the electrical activation of the LV epicardium were tested to determine the minimal detail required to create a rule based model of cardiac electrophysiology. Non-invasive clinical data (CT or CMR images and 12 lead ECG) from eighteen patients from two centers were used to investigate the models. Results Validation with invasive electro-anatomical mapping data identified that computer models with fast endocardial conduction were able to predict the electrical activation with a mean distance errors of 9.2 ± 0.5 mm (CMR data) or (CT data) 7.5 ± 0.7 mm. Conclusion This study identified a simple rule-based fast endocardial conduction model, built using non-invasive clinical data that can be used to rapidly and robustly predict the electrical activation of the heart. Pre-procedural prediction of the latest electrically activating region to identify the optimal LV pacing site could potentially be a useful clinical planning tool for CRT procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W C Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - U C Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - O Razeghi
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Gould
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - B S Sidhu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - B Sieniewicz
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Behar
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Bart's Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - M Mafi-Rad
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - G Plank
- Department of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - F W Prinzen
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - C A Rinaldi
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - K Vernooy
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - S Niederer
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Gorodezky M, Ferreira PF, Nielles-Vallespin S, Gatehouse PD, Pennell DJ, Scott AD, Firmin DN. High resolution in-vivo DT-CMR using an interleaved variable density spiral STEAM sequence. Magn Reson Med 2018; 81:1580-1594. [PMID: 30408238 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diffusion tensor cardiovascular magnetic resonance (DT-CMR) has a limited spatial resolution. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate high-resolution DT-CMR using a segmented variable density spiral sequence with correction for motion, off-resonance, and T2*-related blurring. METHODS A single-shot stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) echo-planar-imaging (EPI) DT-CMR sequence at 2.8 × 2.8 × 8 mm3 and 1.8 × 1.8 × 8 mm3 was compared to a single-shot spiral at 2.8 × 2.8 × 8 mm3 and an interleaved spiral sequence at 1.8 × 1.8 × 8 mm3 resolution in 10 healthy volunteers at peak systole and diastasis. Motion-induced phase was corrected using the densely sampled central k-space data of the spirals. STEAM field maps and T2* measures were obtained using a pair of stimulated echoes each with a double spiral readout, the first used to correct the motion-induced phase of the second. RESULTS The high-resolution spiral sequence produced similar DT-CMR results and quality measures to the standard-resolution sequence in both cardiac phases. Residual differences in fractional anisotropy and helix angle gradient between the resolutions could be attributed to spatial resolution and/or signal-to-noise ratio. Data quality increased after both motion-induced phase correction and off-resonance correction, and sharpness increased after T2* correction. The high-resolution EPI sequence failed to provide sufficient data quality for DT-CMR reconstruction. CONCLUSION In this study, an in vivo DT-CMR acquisition at 1.8 × 1.8 mm2 in-plane resolution was demonstrated using a segmented spiral STEAM sequence. Motion-induced phase and off-resonance corrections are essential for high-resolution spiral DT-CMR. Segmented variable density spiral STEAM was found to be the optimal method for acquiring high-resolution DT-CMR data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Gorodezky
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro F Ferreira
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter D Gatehouse
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dudley J Pennell
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Scott
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - David N Firmin
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Rose JN, Nielles-Vallespin S, Ferreira PF, Firmin DN, Scott AD, Doorly DJ. Novel insights into in-vivo diffusion tensor cardiovascular magnetic resonance using computational modeling and a histology-based virtual microstructure. Magn Reson Med 2018; 81:2759-2773. [PMID: 30350880 PMCID: PMC6637383 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To develop histology‐informed simulations of diffusion tensor cardiovascular magnetic resonance (DT‐CMR) for typical in‐vivo pulse sequences and determine their sensitivity to changes in extra‐cellular space (ECS) and other microstructural parameters. Methods We synthesised the DT‐CMR signal from Monte Carlo random walk simulations. The virtual tissue was based on porcine histology. The cells were thickened and then shrunk to modify ECS. We also created idealised geometries using cuboids in regular arrangement, matching the extra‐cellular volume fraction (ECV) of 16–40%. The simulated voxel size was 2.8 × 2.8 × 8.0 mm3 for pulse sequences covering short and long diffusion times: Stejskal–Tanner pulsed‐gradient spin echo, second‐order motion‐compensated spin echo, and stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM), with clinically available gradient strengths. Results The primary diffusion tensor eigenvalue increases linearly with ECV at a similar rate for all simulated geometries. Mean diffusivity (MD) varies linearly, too, but is higher for the substrates with more uniformly distributed ECS. Fractional anisotropy (FA) for the histology‐based geometry is higher than the idealised geometry with low sensitivity to ECV, except for the long mixing time of the STEAM sequence. Varying the intra‐cellular diffusivity (DIC) results in large changes of MD and FA. Varying extra‐cellular diffusivity or using stronger gradients has minor effects on FA. Uncertainties of the primary eigenvector orientation are reduced using STEAM. Conclusions We found that the distribution of ECS has a measurable impact on DT‐CMR parameters. The observed sensitivity of MD and FA to ECV and DIC has potentially interesting applications for interpreting in‐vivo DT‐CMR parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan N Rose
- Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Nielles-Vallespin
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, The Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro F Ferreira
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, The Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David N Firmin
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, The Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Scott
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, The Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Denis J Doorly
- Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Lee AWC, Costa CM, Strocchi M, Rinaldi CA, Niederer SA. Computational Modeling for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2018; 11:92-108. [PMID: 29327314 PMCID: PMC5908824 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-017-9779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an effective treatment for heart failure (HF) patients with an electrical substrate pathology causing ventricular dyssynchrony. However 40-50% of patients do not respond to treatment. Cardiac modeling of the electrophysiology, electromechanics, and hemodynamics of the heart has been used to study mechanisms behind HF pathology and CRT response. Recently, multi-scale dyssynchronous HF models have been used to study optimal device settings and optimal lead locations, investigate the underlying cardiac pathophysiology, as well as investigate emerging technologies proposed to treat cardiac dyssynchrony. However the breadth of patient and experimental data required to create and parameterize these models and the computational resources required currently limits the use of these models to small patient numbers. In the future, once these technical challenges are overcome, biophysically based models of the heart have the potential to become a clinical tool to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela W C Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Marina Strocchi
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Steven A Niederer
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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13
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Mekkaoui C, Jackowski MP, Kostis WJ, Stoeck CT, Thiagalingam A, Reese TG, Reddy VY, Ruskin JN, Kozerke S, Sosnovik DE. Myocardial Scar Delineation Using Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Tractography. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.007834. [PMID: 29420216 PMCID: PMC5850260 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) is the current standard for myocardial scar delineation. In this study, we introduce the tractographic propagation angle (PA), a metric of myofiber curvature (degrees/unit distance) derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and compare its use to LGE and invasive scar assessment by endocardial voltage mapping. Methods and Results DTI was performed on 7 healthy human volunteers, 5 patients with myocardial infarction, 6 normal mice, and 7 mice with myocardial infarction. LGE to delineate the infarct and border zones was performed with a 2‐dimensional inversion recovery gradient‐echo sequence. Ex vivo DTI was performed on 5 normal human and 5 normal sheep hearts. Endocardial electroanatomic mapping and subsequent ex vivo DTI was performed on 5 infarcted sheep hearts. PA in the normal human hearts varied smoothly and was generally <4. The mean PA in the infarct zone was significantly elevated (10.34±1.02 versus 4.05±0.45, P<0.05). Regions with a PA ≤4 consistently had a bipolar voltage ≥1.5 mV, whereas those with PA values between 4 and 10 had voltages between 0.5 and 1.5 mV. A PA threshold >4 was the most accurate DTI‐derived measure of infarct size and demonstrated the greatest correlation with LGE (r=0.95). Conclusions We found a strong correlation between infarct size by PA and LGE in both mice and humans. There was also an inverse relationship between PA values and endocardial voltage. The use of PA may enable myocardial scar delineation and characterization of arrhythmogenic substrate without the need for exogenous contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choukri Mekkaoui
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marcel P Jackowski
- Department of Computer Science, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - William J Kostis
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Cardiovascular Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Christian T Stoeck
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Timothy G Reese
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Vivek Y Reddy
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jeremy N Ruskin
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sebastian Kozerke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David E Sosnovik
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Cardiology Division, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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14
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Gorodezky M, Scott AD, Ferreira PF, Nielles-Vallespin S, Pennell DJ, Firmin DN. Diffusion tensor cardiovascular magnetic resonance with a spiral trajectory: An in vivo comparison of echo planar and spiral stimulated echo sequences. Magn Reson Med 2017; 80:648-654. [PMID: 29266435 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diffusion tensor cardiovascular MR (DT-CMR) using stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) with echo-planar-imaging (EPI) readouts is a low signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) technique and therefore typically has a low spatial resolution. Spiral trajectories are more efficient than EPI, and could increase the SNR. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of a novel STEAM spiral DT-CMR sequence with an equivalent established EPI technique. METHODS A STEAM DT-CMR sequence was implemented with a spiral readout and a reduced field of view. An in vivo comparison of DT-CMR parameters and data quality between EPI and spiral was performed in 11 healthy volunteers imaged in peak systole and diastasis at 3 T. The SNR was compared in a phantom and in vivo. RESULTS There was a greater than 49% increase in the SNR in vivo and in the phantom measurements (in vivo septum, systole: SNREPI = 8.0 ± 2.2, SNRspiral = 12.0 ± 2.7; diastasis: SNREPI = 8.1 ± 1.6, SNRspiral = 12.0 ± 3.7). There were no significant differences in helix angle gradient (HAG) (systole: HAGEPI = -0.79 ± 0.07 °/%; HAGspiral = -0.74 ± 0.16 °/%; P = 0.11; diastasis: HAGEPI = -0.63 ± 0.05 °/%; HAGspiral = -0.56 ± 0.14 °/%; P = 0.20), mean diffusivity (MD) in systole (MDEPI = 0.99 ± 0.06 × 10-3 mm2 /s, MDspiral = 1.00 ± 0.09 × 10-3 mm2 /s, P = 0.23) and secondary eigenvector angulation (E2A) (systole: E2AEPI = 61 ± 10 °; E2Aspiral = 63 ± 10 °; P = 0.77; diastasis: E2AEPI = 18 ± 11 °; E2Aspiral = 15 ± 8 °; P = 0.20) between the sequences. There was a small difference (≈ 20%) in fractional anisotropy (FA) (systole: FAEPI = 0.49 ± 0.03, FAspiral = 0.41 ± 0.04; P < 0.01; diastasis: FAEPI = 0.66 ± 0.05, FAspiral = 0.55 ± 0.03; P < 0.01) and mean diffusivity in diastasis (10%; MDEPI = 1.00 ± 0.12 × 10-3 mm2 /s, MDspiral = 1.10 ± 0.09 × 10-3 mm2 /s, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION This is the first study to demonstrate DT-CMR STEAM using a spiral trajectory. The SNR was increased by using a spiral rather than the more established EPI readout, and the DT-CMR parameters were largely similar between the two sequences. Magn Reson Med 80:648-654, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Gorodezky
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Scott
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro F Ferreira
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Nielles-Vallespin
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom.,National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dudley J Pennell
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom
| | - David N Firmin
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom
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15
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Stoeck CT, von Deuster C, Fleischmann T, Lipiski M, Cesarovic N, Kozerke S. Direct comparison of in vivo versus postmortem second‐order motion‐compensated cardiac diffusion tensor imaging. Magn Reson Med 2017; 79:2265-2276. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian T. Stoeck
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringUniversity and ETH ZurichZurich Switzerland
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonLondon United Kingdom
| | - Constantin von Deuster
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringUniversity and ETH ZurichZurich Switzerland
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonLondon United Kingdom
| | - Thea Fleischmann
- Division of Surgical ResearchUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurich Switzerland
| | - Miriam Lipiski
- Division of Surgical ResearchUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurich Switzerland
| | - Nikola Cesarovic
- Division of Surgical ResearchUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurich Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Kozerke
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringUniversity and ETH ZurichZurich Switzerland
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonLondon United Kingdom
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16
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Nielles-Vallespin S, Khalique Z, Ferreira PF, de Silva R, Scott AD, Kilner P, McGill LA, Giannakidis A, Gatehouse PD, Ennis D, Aliotta E, Al-Khalil M, Kellman P, Mazilu D, Balaban RS, Firmin DN, Arai AE, Pennell DJ. Assessment of Myocardial Microstructural Dynamics by In Vivo Diffusion Tensor Cardiac Magnetic Resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69:661-676. [PMID: 28183509 PMCID: PMC8672367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiomyocytes are organized in microstructures termed sheetlets that reorientate during left ventricular thickening. Diffusion tensor cardiac magnetic resonance (DT-CMR) may enable noninvasive interrogation of in vivo cardiac microstructural dynamics. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a condition of abnormal myocardium with unknown sheetlet function. OBJECTIVES This study sought to validate in vivo DT-CMR measures of cardiac microstructure against histology, characterize microstructural dynamics during left ventricular wall thickening, and apply the technique in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and DCM. METHODS In vivo DT-CMR was acquired throughout the cardiac cycle in healthy swine, followed by in situ and ex vivo DT-CMR, then validated against histology. In vivo DT-CMR was performed in 19 control subjects, 19 DCM, and 13 HCM patients. RESULTS In swine, a DT-CMR index of sheetlet reorientation (E2A) changed substantially (E2A mobility ~46°). E2A changes correlated with wall thickness changes (in vivo r2 = 0.75; in situ r2 = 0.89), were consistently observed under all experimental conditions, and accorded closely with histological analyses in both relaxed and contracted states. The potential contribution of cyclical strain effects to in vivo E2A was ~17%. In healthy human control subjects, E2A increased from diastole (18°) to systole (65°; p < 0.001; E2A mobility = 45°). HCM patients showed significantly greater E2A in diastole than control subjects did (48 ; p < 0.001) with impaired E2A mobility (23°; p < 0.001). In DCM, E2A was similar to control subjects in diastole, but systolic values were markedly lower (40° ; p < 0.001) with impaired E2A mobility (20°; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Myocardial microstructure dynamics can be characterized by in vivo DT-CMR. Sheetlet function was abnormal in DCM with altered systolic conformation and reduced mobility, contrasting with HCM, which showed reduced mobility with altered diastolic conformation. These novel insights significantly improve understanding of contractile dysfunction at a level of noninvasive interrogation not previously available in humans. (J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69:661–76) Published by Elsevier on behalf of the American College of Cardiology Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Nielles-Vallespin
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland; Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Zohya Khalique
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, and Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro F Ferreira
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, and Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ranil de Silva
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, and Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Scott
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, and Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Kilner
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, and Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura-Ann McGill
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Archontis Giannakidis
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D Gatehouse
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Ennis
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eric Aliotta
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Majid Al-Khalil
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Kellman
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dumitru Mazilu
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert S Balaban
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David N Firmin
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, and Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew E Arai
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dudley J Pennell
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, and Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Mekkaoui C, Reese TG, Jackowski MP, Bhat H, Sosnovik DE. Diffusion MRI in the heart. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:e3426. [PMID: 26484848 PMCID: PMC5333463 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion MRI provides unique information on the structure, organization, and integrity of the myocardium without the need for exogenous contrast agents. Diffusion MRI in the heart, however, has proven technically challenging because of the intrinsic non-rigid deformation during the cardiac cycle, displacement of the myocardium due to respiratory motion, signal inhomogeneity within the thorax, and short transverse relaxation times. Recently developed accelerated diffusion-weighted MR acquisition sequences combined with advanced post-processing techniques have improved the accuracy and efficiency of diffusion MRI in the myocardium. In this review, we describe the solutions and approaches that have been developed to enable diffusion MRI of the heart in vivo, including a dual-gated stimulated echo approach, a velocity- (M1 ) or an acceleration- (M2 ) compensated pulsed gradient spin echo approach, and the use of principal component analysis filtering. The structure of the myocardium and the application of these techniques in ischemic heart disease are also briefly reviewed. The advent of clinical MR systems with stronger gradients will likely facilitate the translation of cardiac diffusion MRI into clinical use. The addition of diffusion MRI to the well-established set of cardiovascular imaging techniques should lead to new and complementary approaches for the diagnosis and evaluation of patients with heart disease. © 2015 The Authors. NMR in Biomedicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choukri Mekkaoui
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy G Reese
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcel P Jackowski
- Department of Computer Science, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - David E Sosnovik
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Carruth ED, McCulloch AD, Omens JH. Transmural gradients of myocardial structure and mechanics: Implications for fiber stress and strain in pressure overload. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 122:215-226. [PMID: 27845176 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although a truly complete understanding of whole heart activation, contraction, and deformation is well beyond our current reach, a significant amount of effort has been devoted to discovering and understanding the mechanisms by which myocardial structure determines cardiac function to better treat patients with cardiac disease. Several experimental studies have shown that transmural fiber strain is relatively uniform in both diastole and systole, in contrast to predictions from traditional mechanical theory. Similarly, mathematical models have largely predicted uniform fiber stress across the wall. The development of this uniform pattern of fiber stress and strain during filling and ejection is due to heterogeneous transmural distributions of several myocardial structures. This review summarizes these transmural gradients, their contributions to fiber mechanics, and the potential functional effects of their remodeling during pressure overload hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Carruth
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Andrew D McCulloch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Jeffrey H Omens
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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19
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Wang VY, Casta C, Zhu YM, Cowan BR, Croisille P, Young AA, Clarysse P, Nash MP. Image-Based Investigation of Human in Vivo Myofibre Strain. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2016; 35:2486-2496. [PMID: 27323360 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2016.2580573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac myofibre deformation is an important determinant of the mechanical function of the heart. Quantification of myofibre strain relies on 3D measurements of ventricular wall motion interpreted with respect to the tissue microstructure. In this study, we estimated in vivo myofibre strain using 3D structural and functional atlases of the human heart. A finite element modelling framework was developed to incorporate myofibre orientations of the left ventricle (LV) extracted from 7 explanted normal human hearts imaged ex vivo with diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTMRI) and kinematic measurements from 7 normal volunteers imaged in vivo with tagged MRI. Myofibre strain was extracted from the DTMRI and 3D strain from the tagged MRI. We investigated: i) the spatio-temporal variation of myofibre strain throughout the cardiac cycle; ii) the sensitivity of myofibre strain estimates to the variation in myofibre angle between individuals; and iii) the sensitivity of myofibre strain estimates to variations in wall motion between individuals. Our analysis results indicate that end systolic (ES) myofibre strain is approximately homogeneous throughout the entire LV, irrespective of the inter-individual variation in myofibre orientation. Additionally, inter-subject variability in myofibre orientations has greater effect on the variabilities in myofibre strain estimates than the ventricular wall motions. This study provided the first quantitative evidence of homogeneity of ES myofibre strain using minimally-invasive medical images of the human heart and demonstrated that image-based modelling framework can provide detailed insight to the mechanical behaviour of the myofibres, which may be used as a biomarker for cardiac diseases that affect cardiac mechanics.
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20
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McGill LA, Ferreira PF, Scott AD, Nielles-Vallespin S, Giannakidis A, Kilner PJ, Gatehouse PD, de Silva R, Firmin DN, Pennell DJ. Relationship between cardiac diffusion tensor imaging parameters and anthropometrics in healthy volunteers. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2016; 18:2. [PMID: 26738482 PMCID: PMC4704390 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-015-0215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vivo cardiac diffusion tensor imaging (cDTI) is uniquely capable of interrogating laminar myocardial dynamics non-invasively. A comprehensive dataset of quantative parameters and comparison with subject anthropometrics is required. METHODS cDTI was performed at 3T with a diffusion weighted STEAM sequence. Data was acquired from the mid left ventricle in 43 subjects during the systolic and diastolic pauses. Global and regional values were determined for fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), helix angle gradient (HAg, degrees/%depth) and the secondary eigenvector angulation (E2A). Regression analysis was performed between global values and subject anthropometrics. RESULTS All cDTI parameters displayed regional heterogeneity. The RR interval had a significant, but clinically small effect on systolic values for FA, HAg and E2A. Male sex and increasing left ventricular end diastolic volume were associated with increased systolic HAg. Diastolic HAg and systolic E2A were both directly related to left ventricular mass and body surface area. There was an inverse relationship between E2A mobility and both age and ejection fraction. CONCLUSIONS Future interpretations of quantitative cDTI data should take into account anthropometric variations observed with patient age, body surface area and left ventricular measurements. Further work determining the impact of technical factors such as strain and SNR is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A McGill
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK.
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | - P F Ferreira
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK.
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | - A D Scott
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK.
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | - S Nielles-Vallespin
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK.
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - A Giannakidis
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK.
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | - P J Kilner
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK.
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | - P D Gatehouse
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK.
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | - R de Silva
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK.
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | - D N Firmin
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK.
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | - D J Pennell
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK.
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
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Lekadir K, Lange M, Zimmer VA, Hoogendoorn C, Frangi AF. Statistically-driven 3D fiber reconstruction and denoising from multi-slice cardiac DTI using a Markov random field model. Med Image Anal 2016; 27:105-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Welsh CL, DiBella EVR, Hsu EW. Higher-Order Motion-Compensation for In Vivo Cardiac Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Rats. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2015; 34:1843-1853. [PMID: 25775486 PMCID: PMC4560625 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2015.2411571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Motion of the heart has complicated in vivo applications of cardiac diffusion MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), especially in small animals such as rats where ultra-high-performance gradient sets are currently not available. Even with velocity compensation via, for example, bipolar encoding pulses, the variable shot-to-shot residual motion-induced spin phase can still give rise to pronounced artifacts. This study presents diffusion-encoding schemes that are designed to compensate for higher-order motion components, including acceleration and jerk, which also have the desirable practical features of minimal TEs and high achievable b-values. The effectiveness of these schemes was verified numerically on a realistic beating heart phantom, and demonstrated empirically with in vivo cardiac diffusion MRI in rats. Compensation for acceleration, and lower motion components, was found to be both necessary and sufficient for obtaining diffusion-weighted images of acceptable quality and SNR, which yielded the first in vivo cardiac DTI demonstrated in the rat. These findings suggest that compensation for higher order motion, particularly acceleration, can be an effective alternative solution to high-performance gradient hardware for improving in vivo cardiac DTI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward V. R. DiBella
- Department of Radiology, UCAIR, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - Edward W. Hsu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
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23
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Heterogeneity of Fractional Anisotropy and Mean Diffusivity Measurements by In Vivo Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Normal Human Hearts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132360. [PMID: 26177211 PMCID: PMC4503691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac diffusion tensor imaging (cDTI) by cardiovascular magnetic resonance has the potential to assess microstructural changes through measures of fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). However, normal variation in regional and transmural FA and MD is not well described. Methods Twenty normal subjects were scanned using an optimised cDTI sequence at 3T in systole. FA and MD were quantified in 3 transmural layers and 4 regional myocardial walls. Results FA was higher in the mesocardium (0.46 ±0.04) than the endocardium (0.40 ±0.04, p≤0.001) and epicardium (0.39 ±0.04, p≤0.001). On regional analysis, the FA in the septum was greater than the lateral wall (0.44 ±0.03 vs 0.40 ±0.05 p = 0.04). There was a transmural gradient in MD increasing towards the endocardium (epicardium 0.87 ±0.07 vs endocardium 0.91 ±0.08×10-3 mm2/s, p = 0.04). With the lateral wall (0.87 ± 0.08×10-3 mm2/s) as the reference, the MD was higher in the anterior wall (0.92 ±0.08×10-3 mm2/s, p = 0.016) and septum (0.92 ±0.07×10-3 mm2/s, p = 0.028). Transmurally the signal to noise ratio (SNR) was greatest in the mesocardium (14.5 ±2.5 vs endocardium 13.1 ±2.2, p<0.001; vs epicardium 12.0 ± 2.4, p<0.001) and regionally in the septum (16.0 ±3.4 vs lateral wall 11.5 ± 1.5, p<0.001). Transmural analysis suggested a relative reduction in the rate of change in helical angle (HA) within the mesocardium. Conclusions In vivo FA and MD measurements in normal human heart are heterogeneous, varying significantly transmurally and regionally. Contributors to this heterogeneity are many, complex and interactive, but include SNR, variations in cardiac microstructure, partial volume effects and strain. These data indicate that the potential clinical use of FA and MD would require measurement standardisation by myocardial region and layer, unless pathological changes substantially exceed the normal variation identified.
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Stoeck CT, von Deuster C, Genet M, Atkinson D, Kozerke S. Second-order motion-compensated spin echo diffusion tensor imaging of the human heart. Magn Reson Med 2015; 75:1669-76. [PMID: 26033456 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myocardial microstructure has been challenging to probe in vivo. Spin echo-based diffusion-weighted sequences allow for single-shot acquisitions but are highly sensitive to cardiac motion. In this study, the use of second-order motion-compensated diffusion encoding was compared with first-order motion-compensated diffusion-weighted imaging during systolic contraction of the heart. METHODS First- and second-order motion-compensated diffusion encoding gradients were incorporated into a triggered single-shot spin echo sequence. The effect of contractile motion on the apparent diffusion coefficients and tensor orientations was investigated in vivo from basal to apical level of the heart. RESULTS Second-order motion compensation was found to increase the range of systolic trigger delays from 30%-55% to 15%-77% peak systole at the apex and from 25%-50% to 15%-79% peak systole at the base. Diffusion tensor analysis yielded more physiological transmural distributions when using second-order motion-compensated diffusion tensor imaging. CONCLUSION Higher-order motion-compensated diffusion encoding decreases the sensitivity to cardiac motion, thereby enabling cardiac DTI over a wider range of time points during systolic contraction of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian T Stoeck
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Constantin von Deuster
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Genet
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Atkinson
- Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Kozerke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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25
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Axel L, Wedeen VJ, Ennis DB. Probing dynamic myocardial microstructure with cardiac magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2014; 16:89. [PMID: 25388937 PMCID: PMC4229597 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-014-0089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This article is an invited editorial comment on the paper entitled "In vivo cardiovascular magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging shows evidence of abnormal myocardial laminar orientations and mobility in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy" by Ferreira et al., and published as Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2014; 16:87.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Axel
- />Departments of Radiology and Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Van J Wedeen
- />Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Daniel B Ennis
- />Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
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26
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Angeli S, Befera N, Peyrat JM, Calabrese E, Johnson GA, Constantinides C. A high-resolution cardiovascular magnetic resonance diffusion tensor map from ex-vivo C57BL/6 murine hearts. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2014; 16:77. [PMID: 25323636 PMCID: PMC4198699 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-014-0077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complex cardiac fiber structural organization and spatial arrangement of cardiomyocytes in laminar sheetlets contributes greatly to cardiac functional and contractile ejection patterns. This study presents the first comprehensive, ultra-high resolution, fully quantitative statistical tensor map of the fixed murine heart at isotropic resolution of 43 μm using diffusion tensor (DT) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). METHODS Imaging was completed in approximately 12 hours using a six-directional encoding scheme, in five ex vivo healthy C57BL/6 mouse hearts. The tensor map constructed from this data provides an average description of the murine fiber architecture visualized with fiber tractography, and its population variability, using the latest advances in image tensor analysis and statistics. RESULTS Results show that non-normalized cardiac tensor maps are associated with mean fractional anisotropy of 0.25 ± 0.07 and mean diffusivity of 8.9 ± 1.6 × 10⁻⁴mm²/s. Moreover, average mid-ventricular helical angle distributions ranged between -41 ± 3° and +52 ± 5° and were highly correlated with transmural depth, in agreement with prior published results in humans and canines. Calculated variabilities of local myocyte orientations were 2.0° and 1.4°. Laminar sheet orientation variability was found to be less stable at 2.6°. Despite such variations, the murine heart seems to be highly structured, particularly when compared to canines and humans. CONCLUSIONS This tensor map has the potential to yield an accurate mean representation and identification of common or unique features of the cardiac myocyte architecture, to establish a baseline standard reference of DTI indices, and to improve detection of biomarkers, especially in pathological states or post-transgenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stelios Angeli
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Laboratory of Physiology and Biomedical Imaging, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, 75 Kalipoleos Avenue, Green Park Building, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Nicholas Befera
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Jean-Marc Peyrat
- Qatar Robotic Surgery Centre, Qatar Science & Technology Park, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Evan Calabrese
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | | | - Christakis Constantinides
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Laboratory of Physiology and Biomedical Imaging, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, 75 Kalipoleos Avenue, Green Park Building, Nicosia, Cyprus.
- Chi-Biomedical Limited, 36 Parthenonos Street, Apartment 303, Strovolos, 2021, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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27
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Hariharan V, Asimaki A, Michaelson JE, Plovie E, MacRae CA, Saffitz JE, Huang H. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy mutations alter shear response without changes in cell-cell adhesion. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 104:280-9. [PMID: 25253076 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The majority of patients diagnosed with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) have mutations in genes encoding desmosomal proteins, raising the possibility that abnormal intercellular adhesion plays an important role in disease pathogenesis. We characterize cell mechanical properties and molecular responses to oscillatory shear stress in cardiac myocytes expressing mutant forms of the desmosomal proteins, plakoglobin and plakophilin, which are linked to ARVC in patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Cells expressing mutant plakoglobin or plakophilin showed no differences in cell-cell adhesion relative to controls, while knocking down these proteins weakened cell-cell adhesion. However, cells expressing mutant plakoglobin failed to increase the amount of immunoreactive signal for plakoglobin or N-cadherin at cell-cell junctions in response to shear stress, as seen in control cells. Cells expressing mutant plakophilin exhibited a similar attenuation in the shear-induced increase in junctional plakoglobin immunoreactive signal in response to shear stress, suggesting that the phenotype is independent of the type of mutant protein being expressed. Cells expressing mutant plakoglobin also showed greater myocyte apoptosis compared with controls. Apoptosis rates increased greatly in response to shear stress in cells expressing mutant plakoglobin, but not in controls. Abnormal responses to shear stress in cells expressing either mutant plakoglobin or plakophilin could be reversed by SB216763, a GSK3β inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Desmosomal mutations linked to ARVC do not significantly affect cell mechanical properties, but cause myocytes to respond abnormally to mechanical stress through a mechanism involving GSK3β. These results may help explain why patients with ARVC experience disease exacerbations following strenuous exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Hariharan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 500 W 120th Street, MC 8904, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Angeliki Asimaki
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jarett E Michaelson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 500 W 120th Street, MC 8904, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Eva Plovie
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Calum A MacRae
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Saffitz
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hayden Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 500 W 120th Street, MC 8904, New York, NY 10027, USA
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28
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Scott AD, Ferreira PFADC, Nielles-Vallespin S, Gatehouse P, McGill LA, Kilner P, Pennell DJ, Firmin DN. Optimal diffusion weighting for in vivo cardiac diffusion tensor imaging. Magn Reson Med 2014; 74:420-30. [PMID: 25154715 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the influence of the diffusion weighting on in vivo cardiac diffusion tensor imaging (cDTI) and obtain optimal parameters. METHODS Ten subjects were scanned using stimulated echo acquisition mode echo planar imaging with six b-values, from 50 to 950 s·mm(-2) , plus b = 15 s·mm(-2) reference. The relationship between b-value and both signal loss and signal-to-noise ratio measures was investigated. Mean diffusivity, fractional anisotropy, and helical angle maps were calculated using all possible b-value pairs to investigate the effects of diffusion weighting on the main and reference data. RESULTS Signal decay at low b-values was dominated by processes with high apparent diffusion coefficients, most likely microvascular perfusion. This effect could be avoided by diffusion weighting of the reference images. Parameter maps were improved with increased b-value until the diffusion-weighted signal approached the noise floor. For the protocol used in this study, b = 750 s·mm(-2) combined with 150 s·mm(-2) diffusion weighting of the reference images proved optimal. CONCLUSION Mean diffusivity, fractional anisotropy, and helical angle from cDTI are influenced by the b-value of the main and reference data. Using optimal values improves parameter maps and avoids microvascular perfusion effects. This optimized protocol should provide greater sensitivity to pathological changes in parameter maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Scott
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Pedro F A D C Ferreira
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Sonia Nielles-Vallespin
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.,National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter Gatehouse
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Laura-Ann McGill
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Philip Kilner
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Dudley J Pennell
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - David N Firmin
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
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29
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Post-mortem cardiac diffusion tensor imaging: detection of myocardial infarction and remodeling of myofiber architecture. Eur Radiol 2014; 24:2810-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-014-3322-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Froeling M, Strijkers GJ, Nederveen AJ, Chamuleau SA, Luijten PR. Diffusion Tensor MRI of the Heart – In Vivo Imaging of Myocardial Fiber Architecture. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-014-9276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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31
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Toussaint N, Stoeck CT, Schaeffter T, Kozerke S, Sermesant M, Batchelor PG. In vivo human cardiac fibre architecture estimation using shape-based diffusion tensor processing. Med Image Anal 2013; 17:1243-55. [PMID: 23523287 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Toussaint
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, The Rayne Institute, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom; Inria, Asclepios Research Project, 2004 route des Lucioles, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis, France.
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32
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Young AA, Prince JL. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance: deeper insights through bioengineering. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2013; 15:433-61. [PMID: 23662778 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071812-152346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Heart disease is the main cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with coronary artery disease, diabetes, and obesity being major contributing factors. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) can provide a wealth of quantitative information on the performance of the heart, without risk to the patient. Quantitative analyses of these data can substantially augment the diagnostic quality of CMR examinations and can lead to more effective characterization of disease and quantification of treatment benefit. This review provides an overview of the current state of the art in CMR with particular regard to the quantification of motion, both microscopic and macroscopic, and the application of bioengineering analysis for the evaluation of cardiac mechanics. We discuss the current clinical practice and the likely advances in the next 5-10 years, as well as the ways in which clinical examinations can be augmented by bioengineering analysis of strain, compliance, and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Young
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
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33
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Wu Y, Zhu YJ, Tang QY, Zou C, Liu W, Dai RB, Liu X, Wu EX, Ying L, Liang D. Accelerated MR diffusion tensor imaging using distributed compressed sensing. Magn Reson Med 2013; 71:763-72. [PMID: 23494999 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is known to suffer from long acquisition time in the orders of several minutes or even hours. Therefore, a feasible way to accelerate DTI data acquisition is highly desirable. In this article, the feasibility and efficacy of distributed compressed sensing to fast DTI is investigated by exploiting the joint sparsity prior in diffusion-weighted images. METHODS Fully sampled DTI datasets were obtained from both simulated phantom and experimental heart sample, with diffusion gradient applied in six directions. The k-space data were undersampled retrospectively with acceleration factors from 2 to 6. Diffusion-weighted images were reconstructed by solving an l2-l1 norm minimization problem. Reconstruction performance with varied signal-to-noise ratio and acceleration factors were evaluated by root-mean-square error and maps of reconstructed DTI indices. RESULTS Superiority of distributed compressed sensing over basic compressed sensing was confirmed with simulation, and the reconstruction accuracy was influenced by signal-to-noise ratio and acceleration factors. Experimental results demonstrate that DTI indices including fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivities, and orientation of primary eigenvector can be obtained with high accuracy at acceleration factors up to 4. CONCLUSION Distributed compressed sensing is shown to be able to accelerate DTI and may be used to reduce DTI acquisition time practically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for MRI, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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34
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Wu Y, Zhu YJ, Tang QY, Zou C, Liu W, Dai RB, Liu X, Wu EX, Ying L, Liang D. Accelerated MR diffusion tensor imaging using distributed compressed sensing. Magn Reson Med 2013. [PMID: 23494999 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24721.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for MRI, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering; Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Health Informatics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Yan-Jie Zhu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for MRI, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering; Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Health Informatics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Qiu-Yang Tang
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for MRI, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering; Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Health Informatics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Chao Zou
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for MRI, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering; Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Health Informatics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Wei Liu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for MRI, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering; Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Health Informatics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Rui-Bin Dai
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for MRI, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering; Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Health Informatics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Xin Liu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for MRI, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering; Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Health Informatics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Ed X. Wu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Hong Kong China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Hong Kong China
| | - Leslie Ying
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University at Buffalo; The State University of New York; Buffalo New York USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering; University at Buffalo; The State University of New York; Buffalo New York USA
| | - Dong Liang
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for MRI, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering; Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Health Informatics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen Guangdong China
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35
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Nielles-Vallespin S, Mekkaoui C, Gatehouse P, Reese TG, Keegan J, Ferreira PF, Collins S, Speier P, Feiweier T, de Silva R, Jackowski MP, Pennell DJ, Sosnovik DE, Firmin D. In vivo diffusion tensor MRI of the human heart: reproducibility of breath-hold and navigator-based approaches. Magn Reson Med 2012; 70:454-65. [PMID: 23001828 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to implement a quantitative in vivo cardiac diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) technique that was robust, reproducible, and feasible to perform in patients with cardiovascular disease. A stimulated-echo single-shot echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequence with zonal excitation and parallel imaging was implemented, together with a novel modification of the prospective navigator (NAV) technique combined with a biofeedback mechanism. Ten volunteers were scanned on two different days, each time with both multiple breath-hold (MBH) and NAV multislice protocols. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), and helix angle (HA) fiber maps were created. Comparison of initial and repeat scans showed good reproducibility for both MBH and NAV techniques for FA (P > 0.22), MD (P > 0.15), and HA (P > 0.28). Comparison of MBH and NAV FA (FAMBHday1 = 0.60 ± 0.04, FANAVday1 = 0.60 ± 0.03, P = 0.57) and MD (MDMBHday1 = 0.8 ± 0.2 × 10(-3) mm(2) /s, MDNAVday1 = 0.9 ± 0.2 × 10(-3) mm(2) /s, P = 0.07) values showed no significant differences, while HA values (HAMBHday1Endo = 22 ± 10°, HAMBHday1Mid-Endo = 20 ± 6°, HAMBHday1Mid-Epi = -1 ± 6°, HAMBHday1Epi = -17 ± 6°, HANAVday1Endo = 7 ± 7°, HANAVday1Mid-Endo = 13 ± 8°, HANAVday1Mid-Epi = -2 ± 7°, HANAVday1Epi = -14 ± 6°) were significantly different. The scan duration was 20% longer with the NAV approach. Currently, the MBH approach is the more robust in normal volunteers. While the NAV technique still requires resolution of some bulk motion sensitivity issues, these preliminary experiments show its potential for in vivo clinical cardiac diffusion tensor imaging and for delivering high-resolution in vivo 3D DTI tractography of the heart.
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Noureldin RA, Liu S, Nacif MS, Judge DP, Halushka MK, Abraham TP, Ho C, Bluemke DA. The diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2012; 14:17. [PMID: 22348519 PMCID: PMC3309929 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-14-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common genetic disease of the heart. HCM is characterized by a wide range of clinical expression, ranging from asymptomatic mutation carriers to sudden cardiac death as the first manifestation of the disease. Over 1000 mutations have been identified, classically in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Noninvasive imaging is central to the diagnosis of HCM and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is increasingly used to characterize morphologic, functional and tissue abnormalities associated with HCM. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the clinical, pathological and imaging features relevant to understanding the diagnosis of HCM. The early and overt phenotypic expression of disease that may be identified by CMR is reviewed. Diastolic dysfunction may be an early marker of the disease, present in mutation carriers prior to the development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Late gadolinium enhancement by CMR is present in approximately 60% of HCM patients with LVH and may provide novel information regarding risk stratification in HCM. It is likely that integrating genetic advances with enhanced phenotypic characterization of HCM with novel CMR techniques will importantly improve our understanding of this complex disease.
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MESH Headings
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Familial/complications
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Familial/diagnosis
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Familial/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Familial/pathology
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Familial/physiopathology
- Contrast Media
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/etiology
- Disease Progression
- Fibrosis
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/diagnosis
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/genetics
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/physiopathology
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Myocardium/pathology
- Phenotype
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- Ventricular Function, Left
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa A Noureldin
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Songtao Liu
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Molecular Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marcelo S Nacif
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel P Judge
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marc K Halushka
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Theodore P Abraham
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carolyn Ho
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Bluemke
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Molecular Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Healy LJ, Jiang Y, Hsu EW. Quantitative comparison of myocardial fiber structure between mice, rabbit, and sheep using diffusion tensor cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2011; 13:74. [PMID: 22117695 PMCID: PMC3235060 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-13-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate interpretations of cardiac functions require precise structural models of the myocardium, but the latter is not available always and for all species. Although scaling or substitution of myocardial fiber information from alternate species has been used in cardiac functional modeling, the validity of such practice has not been tested. METHODS Fixed mouse (n = 10), rabbit (n = 6), and sheep (n = 5) hearts underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The myocardial structures in terms of the left ventricular fiber orientation helix angle index were quantitatively compared between the mouse rabbit and sheep hearts. RESULTS The results show that significant fiber structural differences exist between any two of the three species. Specifically, the subepicardial fiber orientation, and the transmural range and linearity of fiber helix angles are significantly different between the mouse and either rabbit or sheep. Additionally, a significant difference was found between the transmural helix angle range between the rabbit and sheep. Across different circumferential regions of the heart, the fiber orientation was not found to be significantly different. CONCLUSIONS The current study indicates that myocardial structural differences exist between different size hearts. An immediate implication of the present findings for myocardial structural or functional modeling studies is that caution must be exercised when extrapolating myocardial structures from one species to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey J Healy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Yi Jiang
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edward W Hsu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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38
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Englund EK, Elder CP, Xu Q, Ding Z, Damon BM. Combined diffusion and strain tensor MRI reveals a heterogeneous, planar pattern of strain development during isometric muscle contraction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 300:R1079-90. [PMID: 21270344 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00474.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to create a three-dimensional representation of strain during isometric contraction in vivo and to interpret it with respect to the muscle fiber direction. Diffusion tensor MRI was used to measure the muscle fiber direction of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of seven healthy volunteers. Spatial-tagging MRI was used to measure linear strains in six directions during separate 50% maximal isometric contractions of the TA. The strain tensor (E) was computed in the TA's deep and superficial compartments and compared with the respective diffusion tensors. Diagonalization of E revealed a planar strain pattern, with one nonzero negative strain (ε(N)) and one nonzero positive strain (ε(P)); both strains were larger in magnitude (P < 0.05) in the deep compartment [ε(N) = -40.4 ± 4.3%, ε(P) = 35.1 ± 3.5% (means ± SE)] than in the superficial compartment (ε(N) = -24.3 ± 3.9%, ε(P) = 6.3 ± 4.9%). The principal shortening direction deviated from the fiber direction by 24.0 ± 1.3° and 39.8 ± 6.1° in the deep and superficial compartments, respectively (P < 0.05, deep vs. superficial). The deviation of the shortening direction from the fiber direction was due primarily to the lower angle of elevation of the shortening direction over the axial plane than that of the fiber direction. It is concluded that three-dimensional analyses of strain interpreted with respect to the fiber architecture are necessary to characterize skeletal muscle contraction in vivo. The deviation of the principal shortening direction from the fiber direction may relate to intramuscle variations in fiber length and pennation angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Englund
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Lombaert H, Peyrat JM, Croisille P, Rapacchi S, Fanton L, Clarysse P, Delingette H, Ayache N. Statistical Analysis of the Human Cardiac Fiber Architecture from DT-MRI. FUNCTIONAL IMAGING AND MODELING OF THE HEART 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-21028-0_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Oblique 3D MRI tags for the estimation of true 3D cardiac motion parameters. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2010; 26:905-21. [PMID: 20532634 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-010-9646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aim of this study is to demonstrate the advantages of oblique 3D tags in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the potential to accurately describe the complex motion of the myocardial wall. 3D cardiac Cine data were densely tagged with 3D oblique tags. The latter were tracked using Gabor analysis and active geometries. From the tag intersections, common 2D parameters such as long axis shortening, radial shortening and rotation were evaluated on a global as well as detailed local level. Finally, the same data were used to estimate left ventricular volume change and myocardial stress/strain. We have successfully tracked dense 3D tags and evaluated common parameters on a detailed local level. In addition, inherently 3D parameters could be estimated. Global motion data are in accordance with previously published data. Oblique tags allow for unambiguous localization of the tag plane in all MRI slices and in any time frame. In contrast to HARP, our tag tracking methodology allows for tracking of the tags even when they are dense. Motion parameters can be extracted in greater detail. Moreover, the intersections of dense oblique 3D tags provide a natural basis for a finite element model of the heart. Straight forward access to the 3D characteristics of the cardiac motion is provided.
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The correlation of 3D DT-MRI fiber disruption with structural and mechanical degeneration in porcine myocardium. Ann Biomed Eng 2010; 38:3084-95. [PMID: 20499182 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-010-0073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of structural parameters following a myocardial infarction (MI) is important to assess left ventricular function and remodeling. In this study, we assessed the capability of 3D diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) to assess tissue degeneration shortly after an MI using a porcine model of infarction. Two days after an induced infarction, hearts were explanted and immediately scanned by a 3T MRI scanner with a diffusion tensor imaging protocol. 3D fiber tracks and clustering models were generated from the diffusion-weighted imaging data. We found in a normal explanted heart that DT-MRI fibers showed a multilayered helical structure, with fiber architecture and fiber density reflecting the integrity of muscle fibers. For infarcted heart explants, we observed either a lack of fibers or disruption of fibers in the infarcted regions. Contours of the disrupted DT-MRI fibers were found to be consistent with the infarcted regions. Both histological and mechanical analysis of the infarcted hearts suggested DT-MRI fiber disruption correlated with altered microstructure and tissue mechanics. The ability of 3D DT-MRI to accurately distinguish viable myocardium from dead myocardium only 2 days post infarct without the use of radioisotopes or ionotropic agents makes it a promising approach to evaluate cardiac damage early post-MI.
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Wang TT, Kwon HS, Dai G, Wang R, Mijailovich SM, Moss RL, So PTC, Wedeen VJ, Gilbert RJ. Resolving myoarchitectural disarray in the mouse ventricular wall with diffusion spectrum magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Biomed Eng 2010; 38:2841-50. [PMID: 20461466 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-010-0031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The myoarchitecture of the ventricular wall provides a structural template dictating tissue-scale patterns of mechanical function. We studied whether myofiber tract imaging performed with MR diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) tractography has the capacity to resolve abnormalities of ventricular myoarchitecture in a model of congenital hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) associated with the ablation of myosin binding protein-C (MyBP-C). Homozygous MyBP-C knockout mice were generated by deletion of exons 3-10 from the endogenous MyBP-C gene. Fiber alignment in the left ventricular wall of wild type mice was depicted through DSI tractography (and confirmed by multi-slice two-photon microscopy) as a set of helical structures whose angles display a continuous transition from negative in the subepicardium to positive in the subendocardium. In contrast, the hearts obtained from the MyBP-C knockouts displayed substantial myoarchitectural disarray, characterized by a loss of voxel-to-voxel orientational coherence for fibers principally located in the mid-myocardium-subendocardium and impairment of the transmural progression of helix angles. These results substantiate the use of DSI tractography in determining myoarchitectural disarray in models of cardiomyopathy and suggest a biological association between myofilament expression, cardiac fiber alignment, and torsional rotation in the setting of congenital HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa T Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
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Toussaint N, Sermesant M, Stoeck CT, Kozerke S, Batchelor PG. In vivo human 3D cardiac fibre architecture: reconstruction using curvilinear interpolation of diffusion tensor images. MEDICAL IMAGE COMPUTING AND COMPUTER-ASSISTED INTERVENTION : MICCAI ... INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MEDICAL IMAGE COMPUTING AND COMPUTER-ASSISTED INTERVENTION 2010; 13:418-25. [PMID: 20879258 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-15705-9_51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In vivo imaging of the cardiac 3D fibre architecture is still a challenge, but it would have many clinical applications, for instance to better understand pathologies and to follow up remodelling after therapy. Recently, cardiac MRI enabled the acquisition of Diffusion Tensor images (DTI) of 2D slices. We propose a method for the complete 3D reconstruction of cardiac fibre architecture in the left ventricular myocardium from sparse in vivo DTI slices. This is achieved in two steps. First we map non-linearly the left ventricular geometry to a truncated ellipsoid. Second, we express coordinates and tensor components in Prolate Spheroidal System, where an anisotropic Gaussian kernel regression interpolation is performed. The framework is initially applied to a statistical cardiac DTI atlas in order to estimate the optimal anisotropic bandwidths. Then, it is applied to in vivo beating heart DTI data sparsely acquired on a healthy subject. Resulting in vivo tensor field shows good correlation with literature, especially the elevation (helix) angle transmural variation. To our knowledge, this is the first reconstruction of in vivo human 3D cardiac fibre structure. Such approach opens up possibilities in terms of analysis of the fibre architecture in patients.
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Sosnovik DE, Wang R, Dai G, Reese TG, Wedeen VJ. Diffusion MR tractography of the heart. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2009; 11:47. [PMID: 19912654 PMCID: PMC2781805 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-11-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Histological studies have shown that the myocardium consists of an array of crossing helical fiber tracts. Changes in myocardial fiber architecture occur in ischemic heart disease and heart failure, and can be imaged non-destructively with diffusion-encoded MR. Several diffusion-encoding schemes have been developed, ranging from scalar measurements of mean diffusivity to a 6-dimensional imaging technique known as diffusion spectrum imaging or DSI. The properties of DSI make it particularly suited to the generation of 3-dimensional tractograms of myofiber architecture. In this article we review the physical basis of diffusion-tractography in the myocardium and the attributes of the available techniques, placing particular emphasis on DSI. The application of DSI in ischemic heart disease is reviewed, and the requisites for widespread clinical translation of diffusion MR tractography in the heart are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Sosnovik
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Ruopeng Wang
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Guangping Dai
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Timothy G Reese
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Van J Wedeen
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge MA, USA
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45
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Cheng A, Nguyen TC, Malinowski M, Daughters GT, Miller DC, Ingels NB. Heterogeneity of left ventricular wall thickening mechanisms. Circulation 2008; 118:713-21. [PMID: 18663088 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.744623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial fibers are grouped into lamina (or sheets) 3 to 4 cells thick. Fiber shortening produces systolic left ventricular (LV) wall thickening primarily by laminar extension, thickening, and shear, but the regional variability and transmural distribution of these 3 mechanisms are incompletely understood. METHODS AND RESULTS Nine sheep had transmural radiopaque markers inserted into the anterior basal and lateral equatorial LV. Four-dimensional marker dynamics were studied with biplane videofluoroscopy to measure circumferential, longitudinal, and radial systolic strains in the epicardium, midwall, and endocardium. Fiber and sheet angles from quantitative histology allowed transformation of these strains into transmural contributions of sheet extension, thickening, and shear to systolic wall thickening. At all depths, systolic wall thickening in the anterior basal region was 1.6 to 1.9 times that in the lateral equatorial region. Interestingly, however, systolic fiber shortening was identical at each transmural depth in these regions. Endocardial anterior basal sheet thickening was >2 times greater than in the lateral equatorial region (epicardium, 0.16+/-0.15 versus 0.03+/-0.06; endocardium, 0.45+/-0.40 versus 0.17+/-0.09). Midwall sheet extension was >2 times that in the lateral wall (0.22+/-0.12 versus 0.09+/-0.06). Epicardial and midwall sheet shears in the anterior wall were approximately 2 times higher than in the lateral wall (epicardium, 0.14+/-0.07 versus 0.05+/-0.03; midwall, 0.21+/-0.12 versus 0.12+/-0.06). CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate fundamentally different regional contributions of laminar mechanisms for amplifying fiber shortening to systolic wall thickening. Systolic fiber shortening was identical at each transmural depth in both the anterior and lateral LV sites. However, systolic wall thickening of the anterior site was much greater than that of the lateral site. Fiber shortening drives systolic wall thickening, but sheet dynamics and orientations are of great importance to systolic wall thickening. LV wall thickening and its clinical implications pivot on different wall thickening mechanisms in various LV regions. Attempts to implant healthy contractile cells into diseased hearts or to surgically manipulate LV geometry need to take into account not only cardiomyocyte contraction but also transmural LV intercellular architecture and geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Felton SM, Gaige TA, Benner T, Wang R, Reese TG, Wedeen VJ, Gilbert RJ. Associating the mesoscale fiber organization of the tongue with local strain rate during swallowing. J Biomech 2008; 41:1782-9. [PMID: 18456271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The tongue is an intricately configured muscular organ that undergoes a stereotypical set of deformations during the course of normal human swallowing. In order to demonstrate quantitatively the relationship between 3D aligned lingual fiber organization and mechanics during swallowing, the tissue's myoarchitecture and strain rate were imaged before and during the propulsive phase of a 3.0ml water bolus swallow. Mesoscale fiber organization was imaged with high-resolution diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and multi-voxel myofiber tracts generated along maximum diffusion vectors. Tissue compression/expansion was obtained via lingual pressure-gated phase-contrast (PC) MRI, a method which determines local strain rate as a function of the phase shift occurring along an applied gradient vector. The co-alignment of myofiber tract direction and the localized principal strain rate vectors was obtained by translating the strain rate tensor into the reference frame with the primary axis parallel to the maximum diffusion vector using Mohr's circle, resulting in the generation of fiber-aligned strain rate (FASR). DTI tractography displayed the complete fiber anatomy of the tongue, consisting of a core region of orthogonally aligned fibers encased within a longitudinal sheath, which merge with the externally connected styloglossus, hyoglossus, and genioglossus fibers. FASR images obtained in the mid-sagittal plane demonstrated that bolus propulsion was associated with prominent compressive strain aligned with the genioglossus muscle combined with expansive strain aligned with the verticalis and geniohyoid muscles. These data demonstrate that lingual deformation during swallowing involves complex interactions involving intrinsic and extrinsic muscles, whose contractility is directed by the alignment of mesoscale fiber tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Felton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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47
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Wu EX, Wu Y, Nicholls JM, Wang J, Liao S, Zhu S, Lau CP, Tse HF. MR diffusion tensor imaging study of postinfarct myocardium structural remodeling in a porcine model. Magn Reson Med 2008; 58:687-95. [PMID: 17899595 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate postinfarct left ventricular (LV) fiber structural alterations by ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in a porcine heart model. In vivo cardiac MR imaging was first performed to measure ventricular function in six adult pigs with septal infarction near apex induced by the LAD ligation 13 weeks earlier. Hearts were then excised from the infarct pigs (n = 6) and six intact controls (n = 6) and fixed in formalin. High-resolution DTI was employed to examine changes in fractional anisotropy (FA), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and transmural helix angle distribution in the infarct, adjacent and remote regions as compared to the sham regions in the controls. FA values were found to decrease in the infarct and differ between the adjacent and remote regions. ADC increase in the infarct region was substantial, while changes in the adjacent and remote regions were insignificant. Structurally, the double-helix myocardial structure shifted toward more left-handed around the infarcted myocardium. Accordingly, the histological analysis revealed clear fiber structural degradation in the adjacent region. These findings confirmed the subtle alterations in the myocardial fiber quality and structure not only in the infarcted but also in the surrounding noninfarcted myocardium or borderzone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed X Wu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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48
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Reconstruction and visualization of fiber and laminar structure in the normal human heart from ex vivo diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTMRI) data. Invest Radiol 2007; 42:777-89. [PMID: 18030201 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0b013e3181238330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The human heart is composed of a helical network of muscle fibers organized to form sheets that are separated by cleavage planes responsible for the orthotropic mechanical properties of cardiac muscle. The purpose of this study is the reconstruction and visualization of these structures in 3 dimensions. METHODS Anisotropic least square filtering followed by fiber and sheet tracking techniques were applied to diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging data of the excised human heart. Fibers were reconstructed using the first eigenvectors of the diffusion tensors. The sheets were reconstructed using the second and third eigenvectors and visualized as surfaces. RESULTS The fibers are shown to lie in sheets that have transmural structure, which correspond to histologic studies published in the literature. Quantitative measurements show that the sheets as appose to the fibers are organized into laminar orientations without dominant populations. CONCLUSIONS A visualization algorithm was developed to demonstrate the complex 3-dimensional orientation of the fibers and sheets in human myocardium.
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Hooks DA, Trew ML, Caldwell BJ, Sands GB, LeGrice IJ, Smaill BH. Laminar Arrangement of Ventricular Myocytes Influences Electrical Behavior of the Heart. Circ Res 2007; 101:e103-12. [PMID: 17947797 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.161075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The response of the heart to electrical shock, electrical propagation in sinus rhythm, and the spatiotemporal dynamics of ventricular fibrillation all depend critically on the electrical anisotropy of cardiac tissue. A long-held view of cardiac electrical anisotropy is that electrical conductivity is greatest along the myocyte axis allowing most rapid propagation of electrical activation in this direction, and that conductivity is isotropic transverse to the myocyte axis supporting a slower uniform spread of activation in this plane. In this context, knowledge of conductivity in two directions, parallel and transverse to the myofiber axis, is sufficient to characterize the electrical action of the heart. Here we present new experimental data that challenge this view. We have used a novel combination of intramural electrical mapping, and experiment-specific computer modeling, to demonstrate that left ventricular myocardium has unique bulk conductivities associated with three microstructurally-defined axes. We show that voltage fields induced by intramural current injection are influenced by not only myofiber direction, but also the transmural arrangement of muscle layers or myolaminae. Computer models of these experiments, in which measured 3D tissue structure was reconstructed in-silico, best matched recorded voltages with conductivities in the myofiber direction, and parallel and normal to myolaminae, set in the ratio 4:2:1, respectively. These findings redefine cardiac tissue as an electrically orthotropic substrate and enhance our understanding of how external shocks may act to successfully reset the fibrillating heart into a uniform electrical state. More generally, the mechanisms governing the destabilization of coordinated electrical propagation into ventricular arrhythmia need to be evaluated in the light of this discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren A. Hooks
- From the Bioengineering Institute (D.A.H., M.L.T., B.J.C., G.B.S., I.J.L., B.H.S.), and the Department of Physiology, School of Medicine (I.J.L., B.H.S.), University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark L. Trew
- From the Bioengineering Institute (D.A.H., M.L.T., B.J.C., G.B.S., I.J.L., B.H.S.), and the Department of Physiology, School of Medicine (I.J.L., B.H.S.), University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bryan J. Caldwell
- From the Bioengineering Institute (D.A.H., M.L.T., B.J.C., G.B.S., I.J.L., B.H.S.), and the Department of Physiology, School of Medicine (I.J.L., B.H.S.), University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gregory B. Sands
- From the Bioengineering Institute (D.A.H., M.L.T., B.J.C., G.B.S., I.J.L., B.H.S.), and the Department of Physiology, School of Medicine (I.J.L., B.H.S.), University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ian J. LeGrice
- From the Bioengineering Institute (D.A.H., M.L.T., B.J.C., G.B.S., I.J.L., B.H.S.), and the Department of Physiology, School of Medicine (I.J.L., B.H.S.), University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bruce H. Smaill
- From the Bioengineering Institute (D.A.H., M.L.T., B.J.C., G.B.S., I.J.L., B.H.S.), and the Department of Physiology, School of Medicine (I.J.L., B.H.S.), University of Auckland, New Zealand
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50
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Gilbert SH, Benson AP, Li P, Holden AV. Regional localisation of left ventricular sheet structure: integration with current models of cardiac fibre, sheet and band structure. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2007; 32:231-49. [PMID: 17462906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The architecture of the heart remains controversial despite extensive effort and recent advances in imaging techniques. Several opposing and non-mutually compatible models have been proposed to explain cardiac structure, and these models, although limited, have advanced the study and understanding of heart structure, function and development. We describe key areas of similarity and difference, highlight areas of contention and point to the important limitations of these models. Recent research in animal models on the nature, geometry and interaction of cardiac sheet structure allows unification of some seemingly conflicting features of the structural models. Intriguingly, evidence points to significant inter-individual structural variability (within constrained limits) in the canine, leading to the concept of a continuum (or distribution) of cardiac structures. This variability in heart structure partly explains the ongoing debate on myocardial architecture. These developments are used to construct an integrated description of cardiac structure unifying features of fibre, sheet and band architecture that provides a basis for (i) explaining cardiac electromechanics, (ii) computational simulations of cardiac physiology and (iii) designing interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Gilbert
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology & Cardiovascular Research Institute, Worsley Building, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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