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Thomas TA, Francis RO, Zimring JC, Kao JP, Nemkov T, Spitalnik SL. The Role of Ergothioneine in Red Blood Cell Biology: A Review and Perspective. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:717. [PMID: 38929156 PMCID: PMC11200860 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress can damage tissues and cells, and their resilience or susceptibility depends on the robustness of their antioxidant mechanisms. The latter include small molecules, proteins, and enzymes, which are linked together in metabolic pathways. Red blood cells are particularly susceptible to oxidative stress due to their large number of hemoglobin molecules, which can undergo auto-oxidation. This yields reactive oxygen species that participate in Fenton chemistry, ultimately damaging their membranes and cytosolic constituents. Fortunately, red blood cells contain robust antioxidant systems to enable them to circulate and perform their physiological functions, particularly delivering oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. Nonetheless, if red blood cells have insufficient antioxidant reserves (e.g., due to genetics, diet, disease, or toxin exposure), this can induce hemolysis in vivo or enhance susceptibility to a "storage lesion" in vitro, when blood donations are refrigerator-stored for transfusion purposes. Ergothioneine, a small molecule not synthesized by mammals, is obtained only through the diet. It is absorbed from the gut and enters cells using a highly specific transporter (i.e., SLC22A4). Certain cells and tissues, particularly red blood cells, contain high ergothioneine levels. Although no deficiency-related disease has been identified, evidence suggests ergothioneine may be a beneficial "nutraceutical." Given the requirements of red blood cells to resist oxidative stress and their high ergothioneine content, this review discusses ergothioneine's potential importance in protecting these cells and identifies knowledge gaps regarding its relevance in enhancing red blood cell circulatory, storage, and transfusion quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A. Thomas
- Laboratory of Transfusion Biology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; (T.A.T.)
| | - Richard O. Francis
- Laboratory of Transfusion Biology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; (T.A.T.)
| | - James C. Zimring
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Joseph P. Kao
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80203, USA
| | - Steven L. Spitalnik
- Laboratory of Transfusion Biology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; (T.A.T.)
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Direct quantification of cysteine and glutathione by 1H NMR based on β-cyclodextrin modified silver nanoparticles. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Borodina I, Kenny LC, McCarthy CM, Paramasivan K, Pretorius E, Roberts TJ, van der Hoek SA, Kell DB. The biology of ergothioneine, an antioxidant nutraceutical. Nutr Res Rev 2020; 33:190-217. [PMID: 32051057 PMCID: PMC7653990 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422419000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ERG) is an unusual thio-histidine betaine amino acid that has potent antioxidant activities. It is synthesised by a variety of microbes, especially fungi (including in mushroom fruiting bodies) and actinobacteria, but is not synthesised by plants and animals who acquire it via the soil and their diet, respectively. Animals have evolved a highly selective transporter for it, known as solute carrier family 22, member 4 (SLC22A4) in humans, signifying its importance, and ERG may even have the status of a vitamin. ERG accumulates differentially in various tissues, according to their expression of SLC22A4, favouring those such as erythrocytes that may be subject to oxidative stress. Mushroom or ERG consumption seems to provide significant prevention against oxidative stress in a large variety of systems. ERG seems to have strong cytoprotective status, and its concentration is lowered in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. It has been passed as safe by regulatory agencies, and may have value as a nutraceutical and antioxidant more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise C. Kenny
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL8 7SS, UK
| | - Cathal M. McCarthy
- Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Kalaivani Paramasivan
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. Roberts
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL69 7ZB, UK
| | - Steven A. van der Hoek
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL69 7ZB, UK
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Gökçe G, Arun MZ, Ertuna E. Ergothioneine prevents endothelial dysfunction induced by mercury chloride. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:4697-4702. [PMID: 29805489 PMCID: PMC5958736 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to mercury has detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system, particularly the vascular endothelium. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of ergothioneine (EGT) on endothelial dysfunction induced by low-dose mercury chloride (HgCl2). Agonist-induced contractions and relaxations were evaluated in isolated aortic rings from 3-month-old male Wistar rats treated by intra-muscular injection to caudal hind leg muscle with HgCl2 (first dose, 4.6 µg/kg; subsequent doses, 0.07 µg/kg/day for 15 days) and optionally with EGT (2 µg/kg for 30 days). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in aortic rings were measured by means of lucigenin- and luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence. The protein level of endothelial nitric oxide synthase was evaluated by ELISA. Blood glutathione (GSH) and catalase levels, lipid peroxidation and total nitrite were measured spectrophotometrically. The results indicated that low-dose HgCl2 administration impaired acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation and potentiated phenylephrine- and serotonin-induced contractions in rat aortas. In addition, HgCl2 significantly increased the levels of ROS in the aortic tissue. EGT prevented the loss of ACh-induced relaxations and the increase in contractile responses. These effects were accompanied by a significant decrease in ROS levels. EGT also improved the ratio of reduced GSH to oxidized GSH and catalase levels with a concomitant decrease in lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to report that EGT prevents endothelial dysfunction induced by low-dose HgCl2 administration. EGT may serve as a therapeutic tool to reduce mercury-associated cardiovascular complications via improving the antioxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göksel Gökçe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Zuhuri Arun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Elif Ertuna
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
During infection,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
is exposed to a diverse array of microenvironments in the human host, each with its own unique set of redox conditions. Imbalances in the redox environment of the bacillus or the host environment serve as stimuli, which could regulate virulence. The ability of
M. tuberculosis
to evade the host immune response and cause disease is largely owing to the capacity of the mycobacterium to sense changes in its environment, such as host-generated gases, carbon sources, and pathological conditions, and alter its metabolism and redox balance accordingly for survival. In this article we discuss the redox sensors that are, to date, known to be present in
M. tuberculosis
, such as the Dos dormancy regulon, WhiB family, anti-σ factors, and MosR, in addition to the strategies present in the bacillus to neutralize free radicals, such as superoxide dismutases, catalase-peroxidase, thioredoxins, and methionine sulfoxide reductases, among others.
M. tuberculosis
is peculiar in that it appears to have a hierarchy of redox buffers, namely, mycothiol and ergothioneine. We discuss the current knowledge of their biosynthesis, function, and regulation. Ergothioneine is still an enigma, although it appears to have distinct and overlapping functions with mycothiol, which enable it to protect against a wide range of toxic metabolites and free radicals generated by the host. Developing approaches to quantify the intracellular redox status of the mycobacterium will enable us to determine how the redox balance is altered in response to signals and environments that mimic those encountered in the host.
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McClay JL, Adkins DE, Vunck SA, Batman AM, Vann RE, Clark SL, Beardsley PM, van den Oord EJCG. Large-scale neurochemical metabolomics analysis identifies multiple compounds associated with methamphetamine exposure. Metabolomics 2013; 9:392-402. [PMID: 23554582 PMCID: PMC3611962 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-012-0456-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) is an illegal stimulant drug of abuse with serious negative health consequences. The neurochemical effects of MA have been partially characterized, with a traditional focus on classical neurotransmitter systems. However, these directions have not yet led to novel drug treatments for MA abuse or toxicity. As an alternative approach, we describe here the first application of metabolomics to investigate the neurochemical consequences of MA exposure in the rodent brain. We examined single exposures at 3 mg/kg and repeated exposures at 3 mg/kg over 5 days in eight common inbred mouse strains. Brain tissue samples were assayed using high-throughput gas and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, yielding quantitative data on >300 unique metabolites. Association testing and false discovery rate control yielded several metabolome-wide significant associations with acute MA exposure, including compounds such as lactate (p = 4.4 × 10-5, q = 0.013), tryptophan (p = 7.0 × 10-4, q = 0.035) and 2-hydroxyglutarate (p = 1.1 × 10-4, q = 0.022). Secondary analyses of MA-induced increase in locomotor activity showed associations with energy metabolites such as succinate (p = 3.8 × 10-7). Associations specific to repeated (5 day) MA exposure included phosphocholine (p = 4.0 × 10-4, q = 0.087) and ergothioneine (p = 3.0 × 10-4, q = 0.087). Our data appear to confirm and extend existing models of MA action in the brain, whereby an initial increase in energy metabolism, coupled with an increase in behavioral locomotion, gives way to disruption of mitochondria and phospholipid pathways and increased endogenous antioxidant response. Our study demonstrates the power of comprehensive MS-based metabolomics to identify drug-induced changes to brain metabolism and to develop neurochemical models of drug effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L. McClay
- Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, McGuire Hall, 1112 East Clay Street, Richmond, VA 23298-0533, USA
| | - Daniel E. Adkins
- Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, McGuire Hall, 1112 East Clay Street, Richmond, VA 23298-0533, USA
| | - Sarah A. Vunck
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Angela M. Batman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Robert E. Vann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Shaunna L. Clark
- Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, McGuire Hall, 1112 East Clay Street, Richmond, VA 23298-0533, USA
| | - Patrick M. Beardsley
- Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, McGuire Hall, 1112 East Clay Street, Richmond, VA 23298-0533, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Edwin J. C. G. van den Oord
- Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, McGuire Hall, 1112 East Clay Street, Richmond, VA 23298-0533, USA
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Rhieu SY, Urbas AA, Lippa KA, Reipa V. Quantitative measurements of glutathione in yeast cell lysate using 1H NMR. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:4963-8. [PMID: 23471371 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6858-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Y Rhieu
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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8
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Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants and metabolic modulators as pharmacological interventions to slow ageing. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 31:563-92. [PMID: 23022622 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Populations in many nations today are rapidly ageing. This unprecedented demographic change represents one of the main challenges of our time. A defining property of the ageing process is a marked increase in the risk of mortality and morbidity with age. The incidence of cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases increases non-linearly, sometimes exponentially with age. One of the most important tasks in biogerontology is to develop interventions leading to an increase in healthy lifespan (health span), and a better understanding of basic mechanisms underlying the ageing process itself may lead to interventions able to delay or prevent many or even all age-dependent conditions. One of the putative basic mechanisms of ageing is age-dependent mitochondrial deterioration, closely associated with damage mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Given the central role that mitochondria and mitochondrial dysfunction play not only in ageing but also in apoptosis, cancer, neurodegeneration and other age-related diseases there is great interest in approaches to protect mitochondria from ROS-mediated damage. In this review, we explore strategies of targeting mitochondria to reduce mitochondrial oxidative damage with the aim of preventing or delaying age-dependent decline in mitochondrial function and some of the resulting pathologies. We discuss mitochondria-targeted and -localized antioxidants (e.g.: MitoQ, SkQ, ergothioneine), mitochondrial metabolic modulators (e.g. dichloroacetic acid), and uncouplers (e.g.: uncoupling proteins, dinitrophenol) as well as some alternative future approaches for targeting compounds to the mitochondria, including advances from nanotechnology.
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Cheah IK, Halliwell B. Ergothioneine; antioxidant potential, physiological function and role in disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:784-93. [PMID: 22001064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery, the unique properties of the naturally occurring amino acid, L-ergothioneine (EGT; 2-mercaptohistidine trimethylbetaine), have intrigued researchers for more than a century. This widely distributed thione is only known to be synthesized by non-yeast fungi, mycobacteria and cyanobacteria but accumulates in higher organisms at up to millimolar levels via an organic cation transporter (OCTN1). The physiological role of EGT has yet to be established. Numerous in vitro assays have demonstrated the antioxidant and cytoprotective capabilities of EGT against a wide range of cellular stressors, but an antioxidant role has yet to be fully verified in vivo. Nevertheless the accumulation, tissue distribution and scavenging properties, all highlight the potential for EGT to function as a physiological antioxidant. This article reviews our current state of knowledge. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Antioxidants and Antioxidant Treatment in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin K Cheah
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore
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10
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Turner E, Brewster JA, Simpson NAB, Walker JJ, Fisher J. Imidazole-Based Erythrocyte Markers of Oxidative Stress in Preeclampsia—An NMR Investigation. Reprod Sci 2009; 16:1040-51. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719109340928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Turner
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (ET, JF)
| | - Jennifer A. Brewster
- Academic Unit of Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel A. B. Simpson
- Academic Unit of Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - James J. Walker
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Fisher
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, (ET, JF)
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Kennett EC, Bubb WA, Bansal P, Alewood P, Kuchel PW. NMR studies of exchange between intra- and extracellular glutathione in human erythrocytes. Redox Rep 2006; 10:83-90. [PMID: 15949128 DOI: 10.1179/135100005x38860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione is the main source of intracellular antioxidant protection in the human erythrocyte and its redox status has frequently been used as a measure of oxidative stress. Extracellular glutathione has been shown to enhance intracellular reduced glutathione levels in some cell types. However, there are conflicting reports in the literature and it remains unclear as to whether erythrocytes can utilise extracellular glutathione to enhance the intracellular free glutathione pool. We have resolved this issue using a 13C-NMR approach. The novel use of L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-[2-13C]glycine allowed the intra- and extracellular glutathione pools to be distinguished unequivocally, enabling the direct and non-invasive observation over time of the glutathione redox status in both compartments. The intracellular glutathione redox status was measured using 1H spin-echo NMR, while 13C[1H-decoupled] NMR experiments were used to measure the extracellular status. Extracellular glutathione was not oxidised in the incubations, and did not affect the intracellular glutathione redox status. Extracellular glutathione also did not affect erythrocyte glucose metabolism, as measured from the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio. The results reported here refute the previously attractive hypothesis that, in glucose-starved erythrocytes, extracellular GSH can increase intracellular GSH concentrations by releasing bound glutathione from mixed disulfides with membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C Kennett
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Franzoni F, Colognato R, Galetta F, Laurenza I, Barsotti M, Di Stefano R, Bocchetti R, Regoli F, Carpi A, Balbarini A, Migliore L, Santoro G. An in vitro study on the free radical scavenging capacity of ergothioneine: comparison with reduced glutathione, uric acid and trolox. Biomed Pharmacother 2006; 60:453-7. [PMID: 16930933 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of oxidative stress-related pathologies is a possible therapeutical strategy for the future. Natural product with antioxidant properties could trigger this goal. The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the antioxidant activity of the natural product ergothioneine (EGT), a compound of plant origin, which is assimilated and conserved by mammals in erythrocytes, kidney, seminal fluid and liver. METHODS We measured the antioxidant activity of EGT as its ability to antagonize the oxidation of alpha-keto-gamma-methiolbutyric acid (KMBA) by hydroxyl radical, peroxyl radicals and peroxynitrite. The results are expressed as total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) units. Glutathione (GSH), uric acid and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (trolox), the water-soluble analog of vitamin E, were used as the reference antioxidants. RESULTS EGT was the most active scavenger of free radicals as compared to classic antioxidants as GSH, uric acid and trolox. In particular, the highest antioxidant capacity exhibited by EGT vs. peroxyl radicals (5.53 +/- 1.27 units) resulted 25% higher than the value obtained with the reference antioxidant trolox (4.4 +/- 0.6 units, P < 0.01). The scavenging capacity of EGT towards hydroxyl radicals (0.34 +/- 0.09 units) was 60% higher, as compared to uric acid (0.21 +/- 0.04 units, P < 0.001), which represent the reference antioxidant vs. hydroxyl radicals. Finally, EGT showed the highest antioxidant activity also towards peroxynitrite (5.2 +/- 1.0 units), with a scavenging capacity 10% higher than that of uric acid (4.7 +/- 0.9 units, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that EGT has potent intrinsic anti-hydroxyl, anti-peroxyl and anti-peroxynitrite radicals antioxidant activity, as compared to classic molecules with antioxidant capacity as GSH, trolox and uric acid. This appears of interest, given the increasing use of non-vitamins cocktails for therapeutical approaches to many oxidative-induced pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Franzoni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università di Pisa, 67, Pisa, Italia.
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Ni Dhubhghaill OM, Sadler PJ. The structure and reactivity of arsenic compounds: Biological activity and drug design. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-54261-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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Laaksonen DE, Atalay M, Niskanen L, Uusitupa M, Hänninen O, Sen CK. Blood glutathione homeostasis as a determinant of resting and exercise-induced oxidative stress in young men. Redox Rep 2000; 4:53-9. [PMID: 10714277 DOI: 10.1179/135100099101534648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the importance of glutathione in protection against oxidative stress is well recognized, the role of physiological levels of glutathione and other endogenous antioxidants in protecting against exercise-induced oxidative stress is less clear. We evaluated the role of glutathione and selected antioxidant enzymes as determinants of lipid peroxidation at rest and in response to exercise in men (n = 13-14) aged 20-30 years, who cycled for 40 min at 60% of their maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Levels of plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (plasma TBARS) and blood oxidised glutathione (GSSG) increased by about 50% in response to exercise. Mean blood reduced glutathione (GSH) decreased by 13% with exercise. Of the measured red blood cell (RBC) antioxidant enzyme activities, only selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPX) activity rose following exercise. In univariate regression analysis, plasma TBARS levels at rest predicted postexercise plasma TBARS and the exercise-induced change in total glutathione (TGSH). Blood GSSG levels at rest were strongly determinant of postexercise levels. Multiple regression analysis showed blood GSH to be a determinant of plasma TBARS at rest. The relative changes in TGSH were determinant of postexercise plasma TBARS. In summary, higher blood GSH and lower plasma TBARS at rest were associated with lower resting, and exercise-induced, lipid peroxidation. Subjects with a favourable blood glutathione redox status at rest maintained a more favourable redox status in response to exercise-induced oxidative stress. Changes in blood GSH and TGSH in response to exercise were closely associated with both resting and exercise-induced plasma lipid peroxidation. These results underscore the critical role of glutathione homeostasis in modulating exercise-induced oxidative stress and, conversely, the effect of oxidative stress at rest on exercise-induced changes in glutathione redox status.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Laaksonen
- Department of Physiology, University of Kuopio, Finland
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15
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Humpfer E, Spraul M, Nicholls AW, Nicholson JK, Lindon JC. Direct observation of resolved intracellular and extracellular water signals in intact human red blood cells using 1H MAS NMR spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 1997; 38:334-6. [PMID: 9256115 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910380224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
High resolution 400 MHz 1H NMR spectra of red blood cell suspensions when measured using magic angle spinning (MAS) show two water resonances separated by 15 Hz. Based on addition of a paramagnetic Mn-EDTA complex, measurement of relaxation times and variation of extracellular H2O/D2O ratios, these have been assigned as intracellular (linewidth 17.5 Hz) and extracellular water (linewidth 4.6 Hz). This is the first direct observation of intracellular water using NMR spectroscopy and the 1H MAS NMR spectroscopic approach offers the possibility of studying directly the compartmentation of substances in cells and kinetics of molecular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Humpfer
- Bruker Analytische Messtechnik GmbH, Rheinstetten, Germany
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16
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Cullen WR, Hettipathirana DI. Application of whole cell NMR techniques to study the interaction of arsenic compounds withcatharanthus roseus cell suspension cultures. Appl Organomet Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.590080506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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McGowan P, Campbell J, Reglinski J, Smith W. The effect of sodium gold(I) thiomalate on sugar translocation across the erythrocyte membrane. Inorganica Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)82833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Rae CD, Sweeney KJ, Kuchel PW. Stability and nonreactivity of ergothioneine in human erythrocytes studied by 1H NMR. Magn Reson Med 1993; 29:826-9. [PMID: 8350728 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910290617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The N(CH3)3 resonance of ergothioneine in 1H spin-echo Fourier transform (SEFT) NMR spectra of red blood cells is usually a large singlet and it has been common practice to use this apparently unchanging resonance as an intensity reference. Recently, Reglinski et al. (Magn. Reson. Med. 6, 217-223 (1988)) have questioned this practice, reporting changes seen in the resonance in response to oxidative stress induced by arsenicals. We propose that the changes in the ergothioneine resonance that were reported are artifacts due to alterations in osmolality and magnetic susceptibility induced by the addition of nonisotonic solutions to red blood cell suspensions. These factors change the specific intensity of the intracellular resonances of all compounds. Ergothioneine was observed not to take part in any chemical reactions with arsenicals in free solution or in intact erythrocytes, and we conclude that ergothioneine may still be used as an internal intensity reference in 1H SEFT NMR spectra, bearing in mind the above physical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Rae
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Selle H, Chapman BE, Kuchel PW. Release of choline by phospholipase D and a related phosphoric diester hydrolase in human erythrocytes. 1H spin-echo n.m.r. studies. Biochem J 1992; 284 ( Pt 1):61-5. [PMID: 1318026 PMCID: PMC1132697 DOI: 10.1042/bj2840061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A previously detected phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D from lysates of human red blood cells has been further characterized by 1H spin-echo n.m.r. spectroscopy. A second choline-releasing enzymic activity was observed after addition of glycerophosphocholine. Both of these phosphoric diester hydrolase activities were activated to different extents by different concentrations of calcium ions. Differences between the two activities were also observed on inhibition by barium and phosphate ions. These distinct, choline-yielding, reactions which occur in the cytoplasm of red blood cells may be involved in the regulation of the levels of membrane phosphatidylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Selle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
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Reglinski J, Smith WE, Wilson R, Buchanan LM, McKillop JH, Thomson JA, Brzeski M, Marabani M, Sturrock RD. Clinical analysis in intact erythrocytes using 1H spin echo NMR. Clin Chim Acta 1991; 201:45-57. [PMID: 1790625 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(91)90023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A new method of clinical analysis based on 1H spin echo NMR spectroscopy is presented. It is capable of providing information on six metabolites within viable erythrocytes, directly and without any preparative procedures prior to analysis except for cell separation and washing. Erythrocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and Graves' disease are compared with cells obtained from healthy volunteers. The NMR detectable species in the cytosol of the cells are glutathione, ergothioneine, choline, creatine, glycine, lactate and to a lesser extent alanine and valine. Significant differences are observed between the ergothioneine pools in the rheumatoid group (P less than 0.01) compared to the control group. The glutathione: di-glutathione ratio can be assessed from the ratio, g2 to g4, taken from different signals in the glutathione molecule. The total concentration of glutathione present is easily assessed qualitatively but is more difficult to quantitate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Reglinski
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, UK
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Agar NS, Rae CD, Chapman BE, Kuchel PW. 1H NMR spectroscopic survey of plasma and erythrocytes from selected marsupials and domestic animals of Australia. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 99:575-97. [PMID: 1769206 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(91)90340-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. 1H NMR spectra were acquired from whole plasma, intact erythrocytes, and ultrafiltrates of erythrocytes from nine native and eight introduced (domestic) Australian animals; single-pulse, spin-echo and 2-dimensional spectra were obtained. The aim was to detect and at least semi-quantify metabolites in the samples and compare the profiles amongst the species. 2. The Australian natives that were studied were all marsupials: greater brown bandicoot; bettong; eastern grey kangaroo; red kangaroo; koala; possum; red necked pademelon; Tammar wallaby; and wombat. The introduced mammals that were studied were: cat; cattle; dog; goat; horse; pig; rabbit; and sheep. 3. Because of the range of habitats and diets amongst the animals, it was postulated that the concentrations of the common metabolites in the blood would show marked differences and that there would also be some metabolites that were peculiar to a given animal. There were several major differences in the spectra: in the spectra of plasma, the glycoprotein and lipoprotein resonances showed the largest inter-species variation, whereas the most dramatic finding from the spectra of erythrocytes was a very high concentration of lysine in the cells from the Tammar wallaby.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Agar
- Department of Physiology, University of New England, Armidale, N.S.W., Australia
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Belch JJ, Chopra M, Hutchison S, Lorimer R, Sturrock RD, Forbes CD, Smith WE. Free radical pathology in chronic arterial disease. Free Radic Biol Med 1989; 6:375-8. [PMID: 2707621 DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(89)90082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The generation of toxic oxygen metabolites is more usually associated with inflammation. However, pathological free radical reactions can cause tissue damage by adversely affecting prostacyclin (PGI2) synthesis allowing initiation of coagulation. We have assessed changes in the red cell defence to toxic oxygen metabolite generation, viz measurement of glutathione concentration (GSH) and superoxide dismutase activity (SOD). GSH and SOD were measured in 20 patients with peripheral arterial disease, 22 patients with vasculitis, and 11 patients with angina, and compared to 17 matched controls. The 53 subjects with arterial disease had significantly lower SOD levels: in contrast GSH levels were significantly higher. Extracellularly plasma thiol levels (PSH) were low and caeruloplasmin (Cp) levels were high. We suggest that free radical pathology exists not only in inflammatory vascular disease but also in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Belch
- University Department of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland
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Cellular response to oxidative stress at sulfhydryl group receptor sites on the erythrocyte membrane. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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