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Yildirim M, Kovalyk X, Scholtz P, Schütz M, Lindemeyer J, Lamerichs R, Grüll H, Isik EO. Fast 19 F spectroscopic imaging with pseudo-spiral k-space sampling. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 37:e5086. [PMID: 38110293 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine MRI is finding wider acceptance in theranostics applications where imaging of 19 F hotspots of fluorinated contrast material is central. The essence of such applications is to capture ghosting-artifact-free images of the inherently low MR response under clinically viable conditions. To serve this purpose, this work introduces the balanced spiral spectroscopic imaging (BaSSI) sequence, which is implemented on a 3.0 T clinical scanner and is capable of generating 19 F hotspot images in an efficient manner. The sequence utilizes an all-phase-encoded pseudo-spiral k-space trajectory, enabling the acquisition of broadband (80 ppm) fluorine spectra free from chemical shift ghosting. BaSSI can acquire a 64 × 64 image with 1 mm × 1 mm voxels in just 14 s, significantly outperforming typical MRSI sequences used in 1 H or 31 P imaging. The study employed in silico characterization to verify essential design choices such as the excitation pulse, as well as to identify the boundaries of the parameter space explored for optimization. BaSSI's performance was further benchmarked against the 3D ultrashort-echo-time balanced steady-state free precession (3D UTE BSSFP) sequence, a well established method used in 19 F MRI, in vitro. Both sequences underwent extensive optimization through exploration of a wide parameter space on a small phantom containing 10 μL of non-diluted bulk perfluorooctylbromide (PFOB) prior to comparative experiments. Subsequent to optimization, BaSSI and 3D UTE BSSFP were employed to capture images of small non-diluted bulk PFOB samples (0.10 and 0.05 μL), with variations in the number of signal averages, and thus the total scan time, in order to assess the detection sensitivities of the sequences. In these experiments, the detection sensitivity was evaluated using the Rose criterion (Rc ), which provides a quantitative metric for assessing object visibility. The study further demonstrated BaSSI's utility as a (pre)clinical tool through postmortem imaging of polymer microspheres filled with PFOB in a BALB/c mouse. Anatomic localization of 19 F hotspots was achieved by denoising raw data obtained with BaSSI using a filter based on the Rose criterion. These data were then successfully registered to 1 H anatomical images. BaSSI demonstrated superior detection sensitivity in the benchmarking analysis, achieving Rc values approximately twice as high as those obtained with the 3D UTE BSSFP method. The technique successfully facilitated imaging and precise localization of 19 F hotspots in postmortem experiments. However, it is important to highlight that imaging 10 mM PFOB in small mice postmortem, utilizing a 48 × 48 × 48 3D scan, demanded a substantial scan time of 1 h and 45 min. Further studies will explore accelerated imaging techniques, such as compressed sensing, to enhance BaSSI's clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Yildirim
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Xenia Kovalyk
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick Scholtz
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Schütz
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Lindemeyer
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Holger Grüll
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Esin Ozturk Isik
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Nanotechnology as a Versatile Tool for 19F-MRI Agent’s Formulation: A Glimpse into the Use of Perfluorinated and Fluorinated Compounds in Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020382. [PMID: 35214114 PMCID: PMC8874484 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simultaneously being a non-radiative and non-invasive technique makes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) one of the highly sought imaging techniques for the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Despite more than four decades of research on finding a suitable imaging agent from fluorine for clinical applications, it still lingers as a challenge to get the regulatory approval compared to its hydrogen counterpart. The pertinent hurdle is the simultaneous intrinsic hydrophobicity and lipophobicity of fluorine and its derivatives that make them insoluble in any liquids, strongly limiting their application in areas such as targeted delivery. A blossoming technique to circumvent the unfavorable physicochemical characteristics of perfluorocarbon compounds (PFCs) and guarantee a high local concentration of fluorine in the desired body part is to encapsulate them in nanosystems. In this review, we will be emphasizing different types of nanocarrier systems studied to encapsulate various PFCs and fluorinated compounds, headway to be applied as a contrast agent (CA) in fluorine-19 MRI (19F MRI). We would also scrutinize, especially from studies over the last decade, the different types of PFCs and their specific applications and limitations concerning the nanoparticle (NP) system used to encapsulate them. A critical evaluation for future opportunities would be speculated.
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Chapelin F, Gedaly R, Sweeney Z, Gossett LJ. Prognostic Value of Fluorine-19 MRI Oximetry Monitoring in cancer. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 24:208-219. [PMID: 34708396 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a key prognostic indicator in most solid tumors, as it is correlated to tumor angiogenesis, metastasis, recurrence, and response to therapy. Accurate measurement and mapping of tumor oxygenation profile and changes upon intervention could facilitate disease progression assessment and assist in treatment planning. Currently, no gold standard exists for non-invasive spatiotemporal measurement of hypoxia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represents an attractive option as it is a clinically available and non-ionizing imaging modality. Specifically, perfluorocarbon (PFC) beacons can be externally introduced into the tumor tissue and the linear dependence of their spin-lattice relaxation rate (R1) on the local partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) exploited for real-time tissue oxygenation monitoring in vivo. In this review, we will focus on early studies and recent developments of fluorine-19 MRI and spectroscopy (MRS) for evaluation of tumor oximetry and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chapelin
- F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 514F RMB, 143 Graham Avenue, Lexington, KY, USA. .,Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Roberto Gedaly
- Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Surgery, Transplant Division, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Zachary Sweeney
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Liza J Gossett
- F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 514F RMB, 143 Graham Avenue, Lexington, KY, USA
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Parsa J, O'Reilly T, Webb A. Very low field 19F MRI of perfluoro-octylbromide: Minimizing chemical shift effects and signal loss due to scalar coupling. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 325:106946. [PMID: 33676267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2021.106946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
19F images have been obtained from perflurooctylbromide (PFOB) at very low magnetic field (50 mT). The small spectral dispersion (in Hz) means that all fluorine nuclei contribute to the signal without chemical shift artifacts or the need for specialized imaging sequences. Turbo spin echo trains with short interpulse intervals and full 180° refocussing pulses suppress scalar coupling, leading to long apparent T2 values and highly efficient data collection. Overall, the detection efficiency of PFOB is very similar that of water in tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Parsa
- C.J. Gorter Center for High-Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Albinusdreef 22333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas O'Reilly
- C.J. Gorter Center for High-Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Albinusdreef 22333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew Webb
- C.J. Gorter Center for High-Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Albinusdreef 22333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Chapelin F, Leach BI, Chen R, Lister D, Messer K, Okada H, Ahrens ET. Assessing Oximetry Response to Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell Therapy against Glioma with 19F MRI in a Murine Model. Radiol Imaging Cancer 2021; 3:e200062. [PMID: 33575659 DOI: 10.1148/rycan.2021200062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To assess the cell-specific, intracellular partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) dynamics of both tumor and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in a murine immunotherapy model. Materials and Methods Human glioblastoma cells or human T cells were intracellularly labeled with perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion droplet sensors prior to in vivo injection in severe combined immunodeficient mice to measure Po2 in the two cell types in response to treatment. Two main sets of experiments were performed: (a) mice were injected in the flank with perfluorocarbon-labeled human glioblastoma cells and were then inoculated with either CAR T cells or untransduced T cells or were untreated 5 days after tumor inoculation; and (b) mice with unlabeled glioblastoma tumors were inoculated with perfluorocarbon-labeled CAR T cells or untransduced T cells 5 days after tumor inoculation. Longitudinal fluorine 19 (19F) spin-lattice relaxation time measurements of the tumor mass were used to ascertain absolute Po2 in vivo. Results were analyzed for significance using an analysis of variance, a linear mixed-effect model, and a Pearson correlation coefficient test, as appropriate. Results The intracellular tumor cell Po2 temporal dynamics exhibited delayed, transient hyperoxia at 3 days after infusion of CAR T cells, commensurate with significant tumor cell killing and CAR T-cell infiltration, as observed by bioluminescence imaging and histologic findings. Conversely, no significant changes were detected in CAR or untransduced T-cell intracellular Po2 over time in tumor using these same methods. Moreover, it was observed that the total 19F tumor cell signal quenches with treatment, consistent with rapid tissue clearance of probe from apoptotic tumor cells. Conclusion Cell-specific Po2 measurements using perfluorocarbon probes can provide insights into effector cell function and tumor response in cellular immunotherapeutic cancer models.Keywords: Animal Studies, MR-Imaging, MR-Spectroscopy, Molecular Imaging-Cancer, Molecular Imaging-Immunotherapy Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2021See also commentary by Bulte in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chapelin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (F.C.); Department of Radiology (B.I.L., D.L., E.T.A.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (R.C.), and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (K.M.), University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Neurologic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.); and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.)
| | - Benjamin I Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (F.C.); Department of Radiology (B.I.L., D.L., E.T.A.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (R.C.), and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (K.M.), University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Neurologic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.); and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.)
| | - Ruifeng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (F.C.); Department of Radiology (B.I.L., D.L., E.T.A.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (R.C.), and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (K.M.), University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Neurologic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.); and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.)
| | - Deanne Lister
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (F.C.); Department of Radiology (B.I.L., D.L., E.T.A.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (R.C.), and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (K.M.), University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Neurologic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.); and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.)
| | - Karen Messer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (F.C.); Department of Radiology (B.I.L., D.L., E.T.A.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (R.C.), and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (K.M.), University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Neurologic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.); and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.)
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (F.C.); Department of Radiology (B.I.L., D.L., E.T.A.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (R.C.), and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (K.M.), University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Neurologic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.); and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.)
| | - Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (F.C.); Department of Radiology (B.I.L., D.L., E.T.A.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (R.C.), and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (K.M.), University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Neurologic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.); and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.)
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Bouvain P, Temme S, Flögel U. Hot spot 19 F magnetic resonance imaging of inflammation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 12:e1639. [PMID: 32380579 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Among the preclinical molecular imaging approaches, lately fluorine (19 F) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has garnered significant scientific interest in the biomedical research community, due to the unique properties of fluorinated materials and the 19 F nucleus. Fluorine is an intrinsically sensitive nucleus for MRI-there is negligible endogenous 19 F in the body and, thus, no background signal which allows the detection of fluorinated materials as "hot spots" by combined 1 H/19 F MRI and renders fluorine-containing molecules as ideal tracers with high specificity. In addition, perfluorocarbons are a family of compounds that exhibit a very high fluorine payload and are biochemically as well as physiologically inert. Perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions (PFCs) are well known to be readily taken up by immunocompetent cells, which can be exploited for the unequivocal identification of inflammatory foci by tracking the recruitment of PFC-loaded immune cells to affected tissues using 1 H/19 F MRI. The required 19 F labeling of immune cells can be accomplished either ex vivo by PFC incubation of isolated endogenous immune cells followed by their re-injection or by intravenous application of PFCs for in situ uptake by circulating immune cells. With both approaches, inflamed tissues can unambiguously be detected via background-free 19 F signals due to trafficking of PFC-loaded immune cells to affected organs. To extend 19 F MRI tracking beyond cells with phagocytic properties, the PFC surface can further be equipped with distinct ligands to generate specificity against epitopes and/or types of immune cells independent of phagocytosis. Recent developments also allow for concurrent detection of different PFCs with distinct spectral signatures allowing the simultaneous visualization of several targets, such as various immune cell subtypes labeled with these PFCs. Since ligands and targets can easily be adapted to a variety of problems, this approach provides a general and versatile platform for inflammation imaging which will strongly extend the frontiers of molecular MRI. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > in vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Cardiovascular Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Bouvain
- Experimental Cardiovascular Imaging, Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Temme
- Experimental Cardiovascular Imaging, Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrich Flögel
- Experimental Cardiovascular Imaging, Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Nel J, Franconi F, Joudiou N, Saulnier P, Gallez B, Lemaire L. Lipid nanocapsules as in vivo oxygen sensors using magnetic resonance imaging. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 101:396-403. [PMID: 31029333 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is common occurrence of the tumour microenvironment, wherein heterogeneous gradients of O2 give rise to tumoural cells which are highly malignant, metastatic, and resistant to therapeutic efforts. Thus, the assessment and imaging of hypoxia is essential for tumour diagnosis and treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging and, more specifically, the quantitative assessment of longitudinal relaxation time enhancement, was shown to enable the mapping of oxygen in tumours with increased sensitivity for lipids as compared to water signal. Unfortunately, this can only be applied to tumours with high lipid content. To overcome this issue, we propose the use of lipid nanocapsules (LNCs). LNCs have been demonstrated as excellent core-shell nanocarriers, wherein the lipidic-core is used for lipophilic drug encapsulation, enabling treatment of highly malignant tumours. Herein, however, we exploited the lipidic-core of the LNCs to develop a simple but effective technique to increase the lipidic content within tissues to enable the assessment and mapping of pO2. LNCs were prepared using the phase-inversion technique to produce 60 nm sized nanoparticles, and in vitro studies demonstrated the permeability and responsiveness of LNCs to O2. To evaluate the ability of LNCs to respond to changes in pO2in vivo, after a hyperoxic challenge, three animal models, namely a normal tissue model (gastrocnemius muscle tissue) and two tumour tissue models (subcutaneous fibrosarcoma and intracerebral glioblastoma) were explored. LNCs were found to be responsive to variation of O2in vivo. Moreover, the use of MRI enabled the mapping of oxygen gradients and heterogeneity within tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janske Nel
- Micro et Nanomedecines translationnelles, MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, 4 rue Larrey, Angers, France; Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Unit (REMA), Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 73 bte B1.73.08, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florence Franconi
- Micro et Nanomedecines translationnelles, MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, 4 rue Larrey, Angers, France; PRISM, UNIV d'Angers, 4 rue Larrey, Angers F-49933, France
| | - Nicolas Joudiou
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Unit (REMA), Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 73 bte B1.73.08, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Nuclear and Electron Spin Technologies Platform (NEST), Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 73 bte B1.73.08, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Saulnier
- Micro et Nanomedecines translationnelles, MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, 4 rue Larrey, Angers, France
| | - Bernard Gallez
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Unit (REMA), Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 73 bte B1.73.08, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Lemaire
- Micro et Nanomedecines translationnelles, MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, 4 rue Larrey, Angers, France; PRISM, UNIV d'Angers, 4 rue Larrey, Angers F-49933, France.
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Chapelin F, Capitini CM, Ahrens ET. Fluorine-19 MRI for detection and quantification of immune cell therapy for cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:105. [PMID: 30305175 PMCID: PMC6180584 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, immune cell therapy has emerged as a potent treatment for multiple cancers, first through groundbreaking leukemia therapy, and more recently, by tackling solid tumors. Developing successful therapeutic strategies using live cells could benefit from the ability to rapidly determine their in vivo biodistribution and persistence. Assaying cell biodistribution is unconventional compared to traditional small molecule drug pharmacokinetic readouts used in the pharmaceutical pipeline, yet this information is critical towards understanding putative therapeutic outcomes and modes of action. Towards this goal, efforts are underway to visualize and quantify immune cell therapy in vivo using advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. Cell labeling probes based on perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions, paired with fluorine-19 MRI detection, enables background-free quantification of cell localization and survival. Here, we highlight recent preclinical and clinical uses of perfluorocarbon probes and 19F MRI for adoptive cell transfer (ACT) studies employing experimental T lymphocytes, NK, PBMC, and dendritic cell therapies. We assess the forward looking potential of this emerging imaging technology to aid discovery and preclinical phases, as well as clinical trials. The limitations and barriers towards widespread adoption of this technology, as well as alternative imaging strategies, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chapelin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Christian M Capitini
- Department of Pediatrics and Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Radiology, University of California of San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0695, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0695, USA.
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Zhou H, Arias-Ramos N, López-Larrubia P, Mason RP, Cerdán S, Pacheco-Torres J. Oxygenation Imaging by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methods. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1718:297-313. [PMID: 29341016 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7531-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen monitoring is a topic of exhaustive research due to its central role in many biological processes, from energy metabolism to gene regulation. The ability to monitor in vivo the physiological distribution and the dynamics of oxygen from subcellular to macroscopic levels is a prerequisite to better understand the mechanisms associated with both normal and disease states (cancer, neurodegeneration, stroke, etc.). This chapter focuses on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based techniques to assess oxygenation in vivo. The first methodology uses injected fluorinated agents to provide quantitative pO2 measurements with high precision and suitable spatial and temporal resolution for many applications. The second method exploits changes in endogenous contrasts, i.e., deoxyhemoglobin and oxygen molecules through measurements of T 2* and T 1, in response to an intervention to qualitatively evaluate hypoxia and its potential modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heling Zhou
- Prognostic Imaging Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nuria Arias-Ramos
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Biociències, Edifici Cs, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Pilar López-Larrubia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' C.S.I.C./U.A.M., Madrid, Spain
| | - Ralph P Mason
- Prognostic Imaging Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sebastián Cerdán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' C.S.I.C./U.A.M., Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Pacheco-Torres
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
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Bouchoucha M, van Heeswijk RB, Gossuin Y, Kleitz F, Fortin MA. Fluorinated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Binuclear Probes in 1H and 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:10531-10542. [PMID: 28869376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of molecular and cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures has always represented a challenge because of the fact that conventional MRI contrast agents are not directly detected in vivo; in proton MRI (e.g., with the nucleus 1H), their local concentration is measured through the effect they exert on the signal of hydrogen protons present in their immediate vicinity. Because the contrast effects generated by conventional MRI probes superpose to and can often impede the anatomical information contained in 1H MRI images, new probes based on a nucleus other than 1H, are being developed. In this study, we report on the development of fluorinated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), which could represent an interesting dual probe that allows two MRI modes: 1H for high-resolution anatomical information and 19F for the detection of MSNs used as drug delivery agents. MSNs were synthesized and covalently functionalized either with fluorosilane (FMSNs) or polyfluorosiloxane (polyFMSNs) to enable their detection in 19F MRI. Then, gadolinium chelates were grafted on the particles to enhance their detectability in 1H MRI. The physicochemical, textural, and relaxometric properties (1H and 19F relaxation times) of the nanoparticles were measured and compared. The 19F relaxation properties were found to be dependent on the concentration of fluorine; they were also highly sensitive to the presence of gadolinium. The shortest relaxation times were obtained with polyFMSNs. At clinical magnetic field strengths, high 1H relaxivities and low relaxometric ratios (r2/r1 = 1.45; 2.2 for nanoparticles entrapped in hydrogel) were found for both nanoparticle systems. Finally, the visibility of both systems was confirmed in 1H, and the detectability of polyFMSNs was confirmed in 19F MRI. This physicochemical and relaxometric study opens the door to the applications of fluorinated silica nanoparticles as theranostic materials allowing dual MRI (1H and 19F).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Bouchoucha
- Department of Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Université Laval and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CR-CHUQ), Axe Médecine Régénératrice , Québec, Quebec G1L 3L5, Canada
| | - Ruud B van Heeswijk
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) , 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yves Gossuin
- Service de Physique Expérimentale et Biologique, Université de Mons , 24 Avenue du Champ-de-Mars, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | | | - Marc-André Fortin
- Department of Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Université Laval and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CR-CHUQ), Axe Médecine Régénératrice , Québec, Quebec G1L 3L5, Canada
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11
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Franconi F, Lemaire L, Saint‐Jalmes H, Saulnier P. Tissue oxygenation mapping by combined chemical shift and T
1
magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med 2017; 79:1981-1991. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Franconi
- PRISM Plate‐forme de recherche en imagerie et spectroscopie multi‐modales, PRISM‐Icat, Angers et PRISM‐Biosit CNRS UMS 3480, INSERM UMS 018, Rennes, UBL Universite BretagneLoire France
- Micro & Nanomédecines Translationelles‐MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM U1066, CNRS UMR 6021UBL Universite Bretagne LoireAngers France
| | - Laurent Lemaire
- PRISM Plate‐forme de recherche en imagerie et spectroscopie multi‐modales, PRISM‐Icat, Angers et PRISM‐Biosit CNRS UMS 3480, INSERM UMS 018, Rennes, UBL Universite BretagneLoire France
- Micro & Nanomédecines Translationelles‐MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM U1066, CNRS UMR 6021UBL Universite Bretagne LoireAngers France
| | - Hervé Saint‐Jalmes
- PRISM Plate‐forme de recherche en imagerie et spectroscopie multi‐modales, PRISM‐Icat, Angers et PRISM‐Biosit CNRS UMS 3480, INSERM UMS 018, Rennes, UBL Universite BretagneLoire France
- INSERM, UMR 1099Rennes France
- LTSI, Université de Rennes 1Rennes France
- CRLCC, Centre Eugène MarquisRennes France
| | - Patrick Saulnier
- Micro & Nanomédecines Translationelles‐MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM U1066, CNRS UMR 6021UBL Universite Bretagne LoireAngers France
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12
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Metelev V, Zhang S, Zheng S, Kumar AT, Bogdanov A. Fluorocarbons Enhance Intracellular Delivery of Short STAT3-sensors and Enable Specific Imaging. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:3354-3368. [PMID: 28900515 PMCID: PMC5595137 DOI: 10.7150/thno.19704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Short oligonucleotide sequences are now being widely investigated for their potential therapeutic properties. The modification of oligonucleotide termini with short fluorinated residues is capable of drastically altering their behavior in complex in vitro and in vivo systems, and thus may serve to greatly enhance their therapeutic potential. The main goals of our work were to explore: 1) how modification of STAT3 transcription factor-binding oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) duplexes (ODND) with one or two short fluorocarbon (FC)-based residues would change their properties in vitro and in vivo, and if so, how this would affect their intracellular uptake by cancer cells, and 2) the ability of such modified ODND to form non-covalent complexes with FC-modified carrier macromolecule. The latter has an inherent advantage of producing a 19F-specific magnetic resonance (MR) imaging signature. Thus, we also tested the ability of such copolymers to generate 19F-MR signals. Materials and Methods. Fluorinated nucleic acid residues were incorporated into ODN by using automated synthesis or via activated esters on ODN 5'-ends. To quantify ODND uptake by the cells and to track their stability, we covalently labeled ODN with fluorophores using internucleoside linker technology; the FC-modified carrier was synthesized by acylation of pegylated polylysine graft copolymer with perfluoroundecanoic acid (M5-gPLL-PFUDA). Results. ODN with a single FC group exhibited a tendency to form duplexes with higher melting points and with increased stability against degradation when compared to control non-modified ODNs. ODND carrying fluorinated residues showed complex formation with M5-gPLL-PFUDA as predicted by molecular dynamics simulations. Moreover, FC groups modulated the specificity of ODND binding to the STAT3 target. Finally, FC modification resulted in greater cell uptake (2 to 4 fold higher) when compared to the uptake of non-modified ODND as determined by quantitative confocal fluorescence imaging of A431 and INS-1 cells. Conclusion. ODND modification with FC residues enables fine-tuning of protein binding specificity to double-strand binding motifs and results in an increased internalization by A431 and INS-1 cells in culture. Our results show that modification of ODN termini with FC residues is both a feasible and powerful strategy for developing more efficient nucleic acid-based therapies with the added benefit of allowing for non-invasive MR imaging of ODND therapeutic targeting and response.
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13
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Kegel S, Chacon-Caldera J, Tsagogiorgas C, Theisinger B, Glatting G, Schad LR. 19F Oximetry with semifluorinated alkanes. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 44:1861-1866. [PMID: 26631543 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1111228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This work examines the variation of longitudinal relaxation rate R1(= 1/T1) of the 19F-CF3-resonance of semifluorinated alkanes (SFAs) with oxygen tension (pO2), temperature (T) and pH in vitro. Contrary to their related perfluorocarbons (PFCs), SFA are amphiphilic and facilitate stable emulsions, a prerequisite for clinical use. A linear relationship between R1 and pO2 was confirmed for the observed SFAs at different temperatures. Using a standard saturation recovery sequence, T1 has been successfully measured using fluorine 19F-MRI with a self-constructed birdcage resonator at 9.4 T. A calibration curve to calculate pO2 depending on T and R1 was found for each SFA used. In contrast to the commonly used PFC, SFAs are less sensitive to changes in pO2, but more sensitive to changes in temperature. The influence of pH to R1 was found to be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kegel
- a Medical Radiation Physics/Radiation Protection, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Jorge Chacon-Caldera
- b Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Charalambos Tsagogiorgas
- c Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine , Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Glatting
- a Medical Radiation Physics/Radiation Protection, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Lothar R Schad
- b Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
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14
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Goette MJ, Keupp J, Rahmer J, Lanza GM, Wickline SA, Caruthers SD. Balanced UTE-SSFP for 19F MR imaging of complex spectra. Magn Reson Med 2014; 74:537-43. [PMID: 25163853 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A novel technique for highly sensitive detection of multiresonant fluorine imaging agents was designed and tested with the use of dual-frequency 19F/1H ultrashort echo times (UTE) sampled with a balanced steady-state free precession (SSFP) pulse sequence and three-dimensional (3D) radial readout. METHODS Feasibility of 3D radial balanced UTE-SSFP imaging was demonstrated for a phantom comprising liquid perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB). Sensitivity of the pulse sequence was measured and compared with other sequences imaging the PFOB (CF2 )6 line group including UTE radial gradient-echo (GRE) at α = 30°, as well as Cartesian GRE, balanced SSFP, and fast spin-echo (FSE). The PFOB CF3 peak was also sampled with FSE. RESULTS The proposed balanced UTE-SSFP technique exhibited a relative detection sensitivity of 51 μmolPFOB(-1) min(-1/2) (α = 30°), at least twice that of other sequence types with either 3D radial (UTE GRE: 20 μmolPFOB(-1) min(-1/2) ) or Cartesian k-space filling (GRE: 12 μmolPFOB(-1) min(-1/2) ; FSE: 16 μmolPFOB(-1) min(-1/2) ; balanced SSFP: 23 μmolPFOB(-1) min(-1/2) ). In vivo imaging of angiogenesis-targeted PFOB nanoparticles was demonstrated in a rabbit model of cancer on a clinical 3 Tesla scanner. CONCLUSION A new dual 19F/1H balanced UTE-SSFP sequence manifests high SNR, with detection sensitivity more than two-fold better than traditional techniques, and alleviates imaging problems caused by dephasing in complex spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Goette
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Gregory M Lanza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Samuel A Wickline
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Shelton D Caruthers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Philips Healthcare, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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15
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Bartusik D, Aebisher D. 19F applications in drug development and imaging – a review. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68:813-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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16
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Mastropietro A, De Bernardi E, Breschi GL, Zucca I, Cametti M, Soffientini CD, de Curtis M, Terraneo G, Metrangolo P, Spreafico R, Resnati G, Baselli G. Optimization of rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) pulse sequence parameters for19F-MRI studies. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 40:162-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Mastropietro
- Politecnico di Milano; Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering; Milano Italy
- Scientific Direction Unit; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta; Milano Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, NFMLab Department of Chemistry; Materials and Chemical Engineering Giulio Natta; Milano Italy
| | - Elisabetta De Bernardi
- Politecnico di Milano; Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering; Milano Italy
- Health Science Department; University of Milano-Bicocca; Monza Italy
- Tecnomed Foundation; University of Milano-Bicocca; Monza Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, NFMLab Department of Chemistry; Materials and Chemical Engineering Giulio Natta; Milano Italy
| | - Gian Luca Breschi
- Experimental Neurophysiology and Epileptology Unit; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta; Milano Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Genova Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, NFMLab Department of Chemistry; Materials and Chemical Engineering Giulio Natta; Milano Italy
| | - Ileana Zucca
- Scientific Direction Unit; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta; Milano Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, NFMLab Department of Chemistry; Materials and Chemical Engineering Giulio Natta; Milano Italy
| | - Massimo Cametti
- Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta; Milano Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, NFMLab Department of Chemistry; Materials and Chemical Engineering Giulio Natta; Milano Italy
| | - Chiara Dolores Soffientini
- Politecnico di Milano; Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering; Milano Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, NFMLab Department of Chemistry; Materials and Chemical Engineering Giulio Natta; Milano Italy
| | - Marco de Curtis
- Experimental Neurophysiology and Epileptology Unit; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta; Milano Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, NFMLab Department of Chemistry; Materials and Chemical Engineering Giulio Natta; Milano Italy
| | - Giancarlo Terraneo
- Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta; Milano Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, NFMLab Department of Chemistry; Materials and Chemical Engineering Giulio Natta; Milano Italy
| | - Pierangelo Metrangolo
- Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta; Milano Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, NFMLab Department of Chemistry; Materials and Chemical Engineering Giulio Natta; Milano Italy
| | - Roberto Spreafico
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Genova Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, NFMLab Department of Chemistry; Materials and Chemical Engineering Giulio Natta; Milano Italy
| | - Giuseppe Resnati
- Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta; Milano Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, NFMLab Department of Chemistry; Materials and Chemical Engineering Giulio Natta; Milano Italy
| | - Giuseppe Baselli
- Politecnico di Milano; Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering; Milano Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, NFMLab Department of Chemistry; Materials and Chemical Engineering Giulio Natta; Milano Italy
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17
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Abstract
The increasing complexity of in vivo imaging technologies, coupled with the development of cell therapies, has fuelled a revolution in immune cell tracking in vivo. Powerful magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods are now being developed that use iron oxide- and ¹⁹F-based probes. These MRI technologies can be used for image-guided immune cell delivery and for the visualization of immune cell homing and engraftment, inflammation, cell physiology and gene expression. MRI-based cell tracking is now also being applied to evaluate therapeutics that modulate endogenous immune cell recruitment and to monitor emerging cellular immunotherapies. These recent uses show that MRI has the potential to be developed in many applications to follow the fate of immune cells in vivo.
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18
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Ahrens ET, Zhong J. In vivo MRI cell tracking using perfluorocarbon probes and fluorine-19 detection. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:860-71. [PMID: 23606473 PMCID: PMC3893103 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a brief review of preclinical in vivo cell-tracking methods and applications using perfluorocarbon (PFC) probes and fluorine-19 ((19) F) MRI detection. Detection of the (19) F signal offers high cell specificity and quantification ability in spin density-weighted MR images. We discuss the compositions of matter, methods and applications of PFC-based cell tracking using ex vivo and in situ PFC labeling in preclinical studies of inflammation and cellular therapeutics. We also address the potential applicability of (19) F cell tracking to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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19
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Lemaire L, Bastiat G, Franconi F, Lautram N, Duong Thi Dan T, Garcion E, Saulnier P, Benoit JP. Perfluorocarbon-loaded lipid nanocapsules as oxygen sensors for tumor tissue pO₂ assessment. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 84:479-86. [PMID: 23352843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of tumor oxygenation is a crucial factor in cancer therapy and may be carried out using fluorine MRI once fluorine probes have been distributed within the tumor. However, the deposit of those highly fluorinated compounds often jeopardizes anatomical image quality and requires emulsification of the probes. Due to the high density and the high lipophilicity of perfluorocarbons, nanoemulsion of these molecules usually requires high-energy processes. In the present work, we discuss the synthesis and the physico-chemical characterization of perfluorocarbon nanocapsules using a low-energy phase-inversion process. The nanocapsules were tested on a mouse tumor brain model to assess oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lemaire
- INSERM U 1066, Micro et Nanomédecines biomimétiques - MINT, Angers, France.
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20
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Temme S, Bönner F, Schrader J, Flögel U. 19
F magnetic resonance imaging of endogenous macrophages in inflammation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 4:329-43. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Ogawa M, Kataoka H, Nitahara S, Fujimoto H, Aoki H, Ito S, Narazaki M, Matsuda T. Water-Soluble Fluorinated Polymer Nanoparticle as 19F MRI Contrast Agent Prepared by Living Random Copolymerization from Dendrimer Initiator. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2012. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20110048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Ogawa
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Hiromasa Kataoka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Satoshi Nitahara
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Hiroyuki Fujimoto
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Hiroyuki Aoki
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Shinzaburo Ito
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Michiko Narazaki
- Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University
| | - Tetsuya Matsuda
- Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University
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22
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Ruiz-Cabello J, Barnett BP, Bottomley PA, Bulte JW. Fluorine (19F) MRS and MRI in biomedicine. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2011; 24:114-29. [PMID: 20842758 PMCID: PMC3051284 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Shortly after the introduction of (1)H MRI, fluorinated molecules were tested as MR-detectable tracers or contrast agents. Many fluorinated compounds, which are nontoxic and chemically inert, are now being used in a broad range of biomedical applications, including anesthetics, chemotherapeutic agents, and molecules with high oxygen solubility for respiration and blood substitution. These compounds can be monitored by fluorine ((19)F) MRI and/or MRS, providing a noninvasive means to interrogate associated functions in biological systems. As a result of the lack of endogenous fluorine in living organisms, (19)F MRI of 'hotspots' of targeted fluorinated contrast agents has recently opened up new research avenues in molecular and cellular imaging. This includes the specific targeting and imaging of cellular surface epitopes, as well as MRI cell tracking of endogenous macrophages, injected immune cells and stem cell transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Ruiz-Cabello
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Vascular Biology Program and Cellular Imaging Section, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- NMR Group, Institute of Functional Studies, Complutense University and CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
| | - Brad P. Barnett
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Vascular Biology Program and Cellular Imaging Section, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Paul A. Bottomley
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeff W.M. Bulte
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Vascular Biology Program and Cellular Imaging Section, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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23
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Kampf T, Fischer A, Basse-Lüsebrink TC, Ladewig G, Breuer F, Stoll G, Jakob PM, Bauer WR. Application of compressed sensing to in vivo 3D ¹⁹F CSI. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2010; 207:262-273. [PMID: 20932790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study shows how applying compressed sensing (CS) to (19)F chemical shift imaging (CSI) makes highly accurate and reproducible reconstructions from undersampled datasets possible. The missing background signal in (19)F CSI provides the required sparsity needed for application of CS. Simulations were performed to test the influence of different CS-related parameters on reconstruction quality. To test the proposed method on a realistic signal distribution, the simulation results were validated by ex vivo experiments. Additionally, undersampled in vivo 3D CSI mouse datasets were successfully reconstructed using CS. The study results suggest that CS can be used to accurately and reproducibly reconstruct undersampled (19)F spectroscopic datasets. Thus, the scanning time of in vivo(19)F CSI experiments can be significantly reduced while preserving the ability to distinguish between different (19)F markers. The gain in scan time provides high flexibility in adjusting measurement parameters. These features make this technique a useful tool for multiple biological and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kampf
- Department of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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24
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Synthesis and Evaluation of Water-Soluble Fluorinated Dendritic Block-Copolymer Nanoparticles as a 19F-MRI Contrast Agent. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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25
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Ahmad R, Kuppusamy P. Theory, instrumentation, and applications of electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry. Chem Rev 2010; 110:3212-36. [PMID: 20218670 PMCID: PMC2868962 DOI: 10.1021/cr900396q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ahmad
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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26
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Ogawa M, Nitahara S, Aoki H, Ito S, Narazaki M, Matsuda T. Fluorinated Polymer Nanoparticles as a Novel 19F MRI Contrast Agent Prepared by Dendrimer-Initiated Living Radical Polymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200900672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Giraudeau C, Flament J, Marty B, Boumezbeur F, Mériaux S, Robic C, Port M, Tsapis N, Fattal E, Giacomini E, Lethimonnier F, Le Bihan D, Valette J. A new paradigm for high-sensitivity19F magnetic resonance imaging of perfluorooctylbromide. Magn Reson Med 2010; 63:1119-24. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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28
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Janjic JM, Ahrens ET. Fluorine-containing nanoemulsions for MRI cell tracking. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 1:492-501. [PMID: 19920872 PMCID: PMC2777673 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this article we review the chemistry and nanoemulsion formulation of perfluorocarbons used for in vivo(19)F MRI cell tracking. In this application, cells of interest are labeled in culture using a perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion. Labeled cells are introduced into a subject and tracked using (19)F MRI or NMR spectroscopy. In the same imaging session, a high-resolution, conventional ((1)H) image can be used to place the (19)F-labeled cells into anatomical context. Perfluorocarbon-based (19)F cell tracking is a useful technology because of the high specificity for labeled cells, ability to quantify cell accumulations, and biocompatibility. This technology can be widely applied to studies of inflammation, cellular regenerative medicine, and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena M. Janjic
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Eric T. Ahrens
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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29
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Cho H, Ackerstaff E, Carlin S, Lupu ME, Wang Y, Rizwan A, O'Donoghue J, Ling CC, Humm JL, Zanzonico PB, Koutcher JA. Noninvasive multimodality imaging of the tumor microenvironment: registered dynamic magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography studies of a preclinical tumor model of tumor hypoxia. Neoplasia 2009; 11:247-59, 2p following 259. [PMID: 19242606 PMCID: PMC2647727 DOI: 10.1593/neo.81360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 12/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In vivo knowledge of the spatial distribution of viable, necrotic, and hypoxic areas can provide prognostic information about the risk of developing metastases and regional radiation sensitivity and may be used potentially for localized dose escalation in radiation treatment. In this study, multimodality in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using stereotactic fiduciary markers in the Dunning R3327-AT prostate tumor were performed, focusing on the relationship between dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI using Magnevist (Gd-DTPA) and dynamic (18)F-fluoromisonidazole ((18)F-Fmiso) PET. The noninvasive measurements were verified using tumor tissue sections stained for hematoxylin/eosin and pimonidazole. To further validate the relationship between (18)F-Fmiso and pimonidazole uptake, (18)F digital autoradiography was performed on a selected tumor and compared with the corresponding pimonidazole-stained slices. The comparison of Akep values (kep = rate constant of movement of Gd-DTPA between the interstitial space and plasma and A = amplitude in the two-compartment model (Hoffmann U, Brix G, Knopp MV, Hess T and Lorenz WJ (1995). Magn Reson Med 33, 506-514) derived from DCE-MRI studies and from early (18)F-Fmiso uptake PET studies showed that tumor vasculature is a major determinant of early (18)F-Fmiso uptake. A negative correlation between the spatial map of Akep and the slope map of late (last 1 hour of the dynamic PET scan) (18)F-Fmiso uptake was observed. The relationships between DCE-MRI and hematoxylin/eosin slices and between (18)F-Fmiso PET and pimonidazole slices confirm the validity of MRI/PET measurements to image the tumor microenvironment and to identify regions of tumor necrosis, hypoxia, and well-perfused tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyungJoon Cho
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ellen Ackerstaff
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sean Carlin
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mihaela E Lupu
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Asif Rizwan
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joseph O'Donoghue
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - C Clifton Ling
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John L Humm
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pat B Zanzonico
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jason A Koutcher
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Nemeth JA, Nakada MT, Trikha M, Lang Z, Gordon MS, Jayson GC, Corringham R, Prabhakar U, Davis HM, Beckman RA. Alpha-v integrins as therapeutic targets in oncology. Cancer Invest 2007; 25:632-46. [PMID: 18027153 DOI: 10.1080/07357900701522638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric cell adhesion receptors that mediate intercellular communication through cell-extracellular matrix interactions and cell-cell interactions. Integrins have been demonstrated to play a direct role in cancer progression, specifically in tumor cell survival, tumor angiogenesis, and metastasis. Therefore, agents targeted against integrin function have potential as effective anticancer therapies. Numerous anti-integrin agents, including monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors, are in clinical development for the treatment of solid and hematologic tumors. This review focuses on the role of alpha(v) integrins in cancer progression, the current status of integrin-targeted agents in development, and strategies for the clinical development of anti-integrin therapies.
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Springett R, Swartz HM. Measurements of oxygen in vivo: overview and perspectives on methods to measure oxygen within cells and tissues. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:1295-301. [PMID: 17576162 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Oxygen plays a major role as a substrate in metabolic processes in numerous signaling pathways, in redox metabolism, and in free radical metabolism. To study the role of oxygen in normal and pathophysiological states, methods that can be used noninvasively are required. This review examines the potential of nuclear magnetic resonance techniques to study tissue oxygenation. It is written from a systems perspective, looking at detection methods with respect to the path that oxygen takes in the mammalian system-from the lungs, through the vascular system, into the interstitial space, and finally into the cell. Methods discussed range from those that are quantifiable, such as the assessment of spin lattice relaxation time in fluorocarbon solutions, to those that are more correlative, such as assessment of lactate and high energy phosphates. Since the methods vary in their site of application, sensitivity, and specificity to the quantification of oxygen, this review provides examples of how each method has been applied. This may facilitate the reader's understanding of how to optimally apply different methods to study specific biomedical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Dunn
- Department of Radiology, Physiology, and Biophysics, University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Procissi D, Claus F, Burgman P, Koziorowski J, Chapman JD, Thakur SB, Matei C, Ling CC, Koutcher JA. In vivo19F Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Chemical Shift Imaging of Tri-Fluoro-Nitroimidazole as a Potential Hypoxia Reporter in Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:3738-47. [PMID: 17575240 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 2-Nitro-alpha-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)methyl]-imidazole-1-ethanol (TF-MISO) was investigated as a potential noninvasive marker of tissue oxygen levels in tumors using (19)F magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and (19)F chemical shift imaging. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS In vitro data were obtained using high-performance liquid chromatography on tumor cells incubated under varying oxygen conditions to determine the oxygen-binding characteristics. In vivo data were obtained using a well-characterized hypoxic murine breast tumor (MCa), in addition to studies on a rat prostate tumor model (R3327-AT) implanted in nude mice. Detection of intratumor (19)F signal from TF-MISO was done using MRS for up to 10 h following a 75 mg/kg i.v. injection. Localized distribution of the compound in the implanted MCa tumor has been imaged using slice-selective two-dimensional chemical shift imaging 6 h after injection. RESULTS The in vitro results showed that TF-MISO preferentially accumulates in cells incubated under anoxic conditions. The in vivo (19)F MR spectral features (line width and chemical shift) were recorded as a function of time after injection, and the results indicate that the fluorine atoms are indeed sensitive to changes in the local environment while still providing a detectable MR signal. Ex vivo spectra were collected and established the visibility of the (19)F signal under conditions of maximum hypoxia. Late time point (>6 h) tumor tissue concentrations, as obtained from (19)F MRS, suggest that TF-MISO is reduced and retained in hypoxic tumor. The feasibility of obtaining TF-MISO tumor distribution maps in a reasonable time frame was established. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results presented herein, it is suggested that TF-MISO has the potential to be a valid magnetic resonance hypoxia imaging reporter for both preclinical hypoxia studies and hypoxia-directed clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Procissi
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
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Srinivas M, Morel PA, Ernst LA, Laidlaw DH, Ahrens ET. Fluorine-19 MRI for visualization and quantification of cell migration in a diabetes model. Magn Reson Med 2007; 58:725-34. [PMID: 17899609 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This article describes an in vivo imaging method for visualizing and quantifying a specific cell population. Cells are labeled ex vivo with a perfluoropolyether nanoparticle tracer agent and then detected in vivo using (19)F MRI following cell transfer. (19)F MRI selectively visualizes only the labeled cells with no background, and a conventional (1)H image taken in the same imaging session provides anatomical context. Using the nonobese diabetic mouse, an established model of type 1 diabetes, (19)F MRI data were acquired showing the early homing behavior of diabetogenic T cells to the pancreas. A computational algorithm provided T cell counts in the pancreas. Approximately 2% of the transferred cells homed to the pancreas after 48 hr. The technique allows for both unambiguous detection of labeled cells and quantification directly from the in vivo images. The in vivo quantification and cell trafficking patterns were verified using (19)F spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy in excised pancreata. The labeling procedure did not affect T-cell migration in vivo. This imaging platform is applicable to many cell types and disease models and can potentially be used for monitoring the trafficking of cellular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Srinivas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Lanza GM, Winter PM, Neubauer AM, Caruthers SD, Hockett FD, Wickline SA. 1H/19F magnetic resonance molecular imaging with perfluorocarbon nanoparticles. Curr Top Dev Biol 2005; 70:57-76. [PMID: 16338337 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(05)70003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Developments in genomics, proteomics, and cell biology are leading a trend toward individualized segmentation and treatment of patients based on early, noninvasive recognition of unique biosignatures. Although developments in molecular imaging have been dominated by nuclear medicine agents in the past, the advent of nanotechnology in the 1990s has led to magnetic resonance (MR) molecular agents that allow detection of sparse biomarkers with a high-resolution imaging modality that can provide both physiological and functional agents. A wide variety of nanoparticulate MR contrast agents have emerged, most of which are superparamagnetic iron oxide-based constructs. However, this chapter focuses on a diagnostic and therapeutic perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoparticulate platform that is not only effective as a T1-weighted agent, but also supports (19)F MR spectroscopy and imaging. The unique capability of (19)F permits confirmation and segmentation of MR contrast images as well as direct quantification of nanoparticle concentrations within a voxel. PFC nanoparticles have the capability to effectively deliver therapeutic agents to target sites by a novel mechanism termed "contact-facilitated drug delivery." Combined with MR spectroscopy, the concentration of drug delivered to the target site can be determined and the expected response predicted. Moreover, mixtures of nanoparticles with different perfluorocarbon cores can provide a quantitative, multispectral signal, which can be used to simultaneously distinguish the relative concentrations of several important epitopes within a region of interest. In conjunction with rapid improvements in MR imaging, the prospects for personalized medicine and early recognition and treatment of disease have never been better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Lanza
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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36
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Kozerke S, Hegde S, Schaeffter T, Lamerichs R, Razavi R, Hill DL. Catheter tracking and visualization using 19F nuclear magnetic resonance. Magn Reson Med 2004; 52:693-7. [PMID: 15334594 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This work presents an investigation into catheter visualization and localization using 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in conjunction with proton imaging. For this purpose, the imaging capabilities of a standard system were extended to allow for 19F excitation and signal detection. Two modes of operation were implemented: 1) a real-time tracking mode that provides tip tracking and automatic slice position updates interleaved with real-time, interactive proton imaging; and 2) a non-real-time catheter length visualization mode in which the entire length of a catheter can be assessed. Initial phantom experiments were conducted with the use of an angiographic balloon catheter filled with the blood substitute perfluorooctylbromide (PFOB). Using limited bandwidth excitation centered at the resonances of the CF2 groups of PFOB, we found that sufficient signal could be received to facilitate tip tracking during catheter motion and length visualization for various catheter configurations. The present approach is considered a promising alternative to existing methods, which either are associated with safety concerns (if active markers are employed) or suffer from insufficient, direction-dependent contrast (if passive visualization is used). Furthermore, our approach enables visualization of the entire length of the catheter. The proposed method provides a safe technique that, unlike electrical or optical devices, does not require modification of commercially available catheters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kozerke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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Kimura A, Narazaki M, Kanazawa Y, Fujiwara H. 19F Magnetic resonance imaging of perfluorooctanoic acid encapsulated in liposome for biodistribution measurement. Magn Reson Imaging 2004; 22:855-60. [PMID: 15234455 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2004.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2003] [Accepted: 01/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The tissue distribution of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which is known to show unique biological responses, has been visualized in female mice by (19)F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) incorporated with the recent advances in microimaging technique. The chemical shift selected fast spin-echo method was applied to acquire in vivo (19)F MR images of PFOA. The in vivo T(1) and T(2) relaxation times of PFOA were proven to be extremely short, which were 140 (+/- 20) ms and 6.3 (+/- 2.2) ms, respectively. To acquire the in vivo (19)F MR images of PFOA, it was necessary to optimize the parameters of signal selection and echo train length. The chemical shift selection was effectively performed by using the (19)F NMR signal of CF(3) group of PFOA without the signal overlapping because the chemical shift difference between the CF(3) and neighbor signals reaches to 14 kHz. The most optimal echo train length to obtain (19)F images efficiently was determined so that the maximum echo time (TE) value in the fast spin-echo sequence was comparable to the in vivo T(2) value. By optimizing these parameters, the in vivo (19)F MR image of PFOA was enabled to obtain efficiently in 12 minutes. As a result, the time course of the accumulation of PFOA into the mouse liver was clearly pursued in the (19)F MR images. Thus, it was concluded that the (19)F MRI becomes the effective method toward the future pharmacological and toxicological studies of perfluorocarboxilic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuomi Kimura
- Division of Medical Physics and Engineering, Area of Medical Technology and Science Course of Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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38
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Swartz HM, Dunn JF. Measurements of Oxygen in Tissues: Overview and Perspectives on Methods. OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE XXIV 2003; 530:1-12. [PMID: 14562699 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0075-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this manuscript is to provide a summary of the major techniques that currently are being applied to measure oxygenation of tissues in vivo. Oxygen is one of the key components of metabolism. Oxygen is also a major variable in many diseases, both with respect to the pathophysiological processes and influencing the efficacy of treatment. Unfortunately, however, the measurement of tissue oxygenation is non-trivial. Consequently many different methods have been developed to try to make this measurement. This paper presents a summary, largely in tabular form, of most of the current methods for assessing tissue oxygenation. The table attempts to cover the most pertinent aspects of the techniques and their applications, including their potential niche, limitations, and advantages. Citations are given for each method to point the reader in the direction of relevant literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold M Swartz
- EPR Center for Study of Viable Systems, Biomedical NMR Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dartmouth Medical School, 7785 Vail Building, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Wang Z, Su MY, Nalcioglu O. Applications of dynamic contrast enhanced MRI in oncology: measurement of tumor oxygen tension. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2002; 1:29-38. [PMID: 12614174 DOI: 10.1177/153303460200100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new model based on an extension of the Krog's cylindrical model was developed to calculate tumor oxygen tension (pO(2)) from the H-1 dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) measurements. The model enables one to calculate the tumor pO(2) using the vascular volume fraction (f(b)) obtained by the DCE-MRI. The proposed model has three parameters. For small values of f(b) one assumes that there exists a linear relationship between and f(b). The constant of proportionality in this case is given by C(1) - the oxygen tension per vascular volume fraction. For larger values of f(b) a modified version of Krogh model using two parameters is developed and here C(2) - is the integrated blood oxygen tension, and C(3) - given by the combination of the oxygen diffusion coefficient, solubility of oxygen in the tissue, capillary radius, and tissue metabolic consumption rate. The parameters of the model can be determined by performing simultaneous in-vivo F-19 MRI oxygen tension measurement and dynamic Gd-DTPA enhanced MRI on the same tumor. Dynamic MRI data can be used with a compartmental model to calculate tumor vascular volume fraction on a pixel by pixel basis. Then tumor oxygen tension map can be calculated from the vascular volume fraction by the extended Krogh model as described above. In the present work, the model parameters were determined using three rats bearing Walker-256 tumors and performing simultaneous F-19 and DCE MRI on the same tumor. The parameters obtained by fitting the model equation to the experimental data were: C(1) = 983.2 +/- 133.2torr, C(2) = 58.20 +/- 2.4 torr, and C(3) = 1.7 +/- 0.1 torr. The performance of the extended Krogh model was then tested on two additional rats by performing both F-19 and DCE-MRI studies and calculating the pO(2) (H-1) using the model and comparing it with the pO(2) (F-19) obtained from the F-19 MRI. It was found that the measurements obtained by both techniques had a high degree of correlation [pO(2) (H-1) = (1.01 +/- 0.07) pO(2) (F-19) + (0.91 +/- 0.05) and r=0.96], indicating the applicability of the proposed model in determining pO(2) from the DCE-MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- John Tu and Thomas Yuen, Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine CA 92697-5020, USA
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40
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Evelhoch JL, Gillies RJ, Karczmar GS, Koutcher JA, Maxwell RJ, Nalcioglu O, Raghunand N, Ronen SM, Ross BD, Swartz HM. Applications of magnetic resonance in model systems: cancer therapeutics. Neoplasia 2000; 2:152-65. [PMID: 10933074 PMCID: PMC1531871 DOI: 10.1038/sj.neo.7900078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of information regarding the metabolism and pathophysiology of individual tumors limits, in part, both the development of new anti-cancer therapies and the optimal implementation of currently available treatments. Magnetic resonance [MR, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)] provides a powerful tool to assess many aspects of tumor metabolism and pathophysiology. Moreover, since this information can be obtained nondestructively, pre-clinical results from cellular or animal models are often easily translated into the clinic. This review presents selected examples of how MR has been used to identify metabolic changes associated with apoptosis, detect therapeutic response prior to a change in tumor volume, optimize the combination of metabolic inhibitors with chemotherapy and/or radiation, characterize and exploit the influence of tumor pH on the effectiveness of chemotherapy, characterize tumor reoxygenation and the effects of modifiers of tumor oxygenation in individual tumors, image transgene expression and assess the efficacy of gene therapy. These examples provide an overview of several of the areas in which cellular and animal model studies using MR have contributed to our understanding of the effects of treatment on tumor metabolism and pathophysiology and the importance of tumor metabolism and pathophysiology as determinants of therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Evelhoch
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Gillies RJ, Bhujwalla ZM, Evelhoch J, Garwood M, Neeman M, Robinson SP, Sotak CH, Van Der Sanden B. Applications of magnetic resonance in model systems: tumor biology and physiology. Neoplasia 2000; 2:139-51. [PMID: 10933073 PMCID: PMC1531870 DOI: 10.1038/sj.neo.7900076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/1999] [Accepted: 10/13/1999] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A solid tumor presents a unique challenge as a system in which the dynamics of the relationship between vascularization, the physiological environment and metabolism are continually changing with growth and following treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies have demonstrated quantifiable linkages between the physiological environment, angiogenesis, vascularization and metabolism of tumors. The dynamics between these parameters continually change with tumor aggressiveness, tumor growth and during therapy and each of these can be monitored longitudinally, quantitatively and non-invasively with MRI and MRS. An important aspect of MRI and MRS studies is that techniques and findings are easily translated between systems. Hence, pre-clinical studies using cultured cells or experimental animals have a high connectivity to potential clinical utility. In the following review, leaders in the field of MR studies of basic tumor physiology using pre-clinical models have contributed individual sections according to their expertise and outlook. The following review is a cogent and timely overview of the current capabilities and state-of-the-art of MRI and MRS as applied to experimental cancers. A companion review deals with the application of MR methods to anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Gillies
- Department of Biochemistry, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724-5024, USA.
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Robinson SP, Barton SJ, McSheehy PM, Griffiths JR. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of cancer. Br J Radiol 1997; 70 Spec No:S60-9. [PMID: 9534719 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.1997.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) offers a non-invasive approach for studying tumour biochemistry and physiology. This review highlights NMR nuclei (31P, 1H, 19F, 13C, 2H) that have been observed in both pre-clinical and clinical spectroscopic studies of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Robinson
- CRC Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Division of Biochemistry, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK
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Sakas DE, Whittaker KW, Crowell RM, Zervas NT. Perfluorocarbons: recent developments and implications for neurosurgery. J Neurosurg 1996; 85:248-54. [PMID: 8755753 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1996.85.2.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have been extensively investigated as oxygen carriers. Early studies indicated that these compounds could be used as blood substitutes or protective agents against ischemia. Adverse characteristics such as instability, short intravascular half-life, and uncertainties concerning possible toxicity precluded wide clinical application. However, advances in PFC technology have led to the development of improved second-generation oxygen carriers that incorporate well-tolerated emulsifiers (egg-yolk phospholipids). The authors review recent developments in this field and consider the potential role of PFCs in future neurosurgical practice. Diagnostic applications could include their use to assess cerebral blood flow, local oxygen tension, and brain metabolism or to achieve enhanced imaging and precise staging of inflammatory, neoplastic, or vascular disease processes by means of computerized tomography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance studies. Therapeutic applications could include cerebral protection, an adjunctive role in radiotherapy of malignant brain tumors, protection against air embolism, the preservation of organs for transplantation, and ventilatory support in head-injured patients with compromised lung function. In addition, PFCs have been used successfully as a tool in ophthalmic microsurgery and potentially they could fulfill a similar role in microneurosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Sakas
- Neurosurgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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45
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Webb AG, Wong M, Kolbeck KJ, Magin R, Suslick KS. Sonochemically produced fluorocarbon microspheres: a new class of magnetic resonance imaging agent. J Magn Reson Imaging 1996; 6:675-83. [PMID: 8835962 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.1880060417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
With the intent of increasing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of fluorine magnetic resonance imaging and enabling new applications, we have developed a novel class of agents based on protein encapsulation of fluorocarbons. Microspheres formed by high-intensity ultrasound have a gaussian size distribution with an average diameter of 2.5 microns. As with conventional emulsions, these microspheres target the reticuloendothelial system. However, our sonochemically produced microspheres, because of a high encapsulation efficiency, show increases in the SNR of up to 300% compared to commercially available emulsions. We also demonstrate an increase in the circulation lifetime of the microspheres with the bloodstream by more than 30-fold with a chemical modification of the outer surface of the microsphere. Finally, by encapsulating mixtures of fluorocarbons that undergo solid/liquid phase transitions, we can map temperature in the reticuloendothelial system, with signal changes of approximately 20-fold over a 5 degrees C range.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Webb
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
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Aime S, Botta M, Fasano M, Terreno E, Kinchesh P, Calabi L, Paleari L. A new ytterbium chelate as contrast agent in chemical shift imaging and temperature sensitive probe for MR spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 1996; 35:648-51. [PMID: 8722814 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910350504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A paramagnetic Yb(III) complex that is the prototype of a novel class of probes for MRI and MRS has been developed. The complex displays highly shifted 1H resonances that are characterized by short relaxation times and, as such, may prove to be a valuable alternative in applications that currently require fluorine-containing probes. Selective excitation of the paramagnetically shifted resonances allows the spatial distribution of the complex to be mapped. This communication reports the images that were obtained by selectively exciting the most intense methyl group (-14.2 ppm at 27 degrees C) for complex concentrations ranging from 0.003-0.1 M. Spectroscopically, the complex may be used as a temperature probe since the proton chemical shifts exhibit a strong temperature dependence. In human serum the chemical shift difference of a selected pair of proton resonances was observed to follow a gradient of -0.42 +/- 0.01 ppm/degrees C. Furthermore, since the chemical shift of the methyl resonance displays a temperature coefficient of -0.04 +/- 0.01 ppm/degrees C, it should be possible to use the image phase for thermal mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aime
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Fisica e Chimica dei Materiali-Università di Torino, Italy
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Girard F, Poulet P, Namer IJ, Steibel J, Chambron J. Localized T2 measurements using an OSIRIS-CPMG method. Application to measurements of blood oxygenation and transverse relaxation free of diffusion effect. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 1994; 7:343-348. [PMID: 7742201 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1940070804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a new method allowing localized T2 measurements, based upon the OSIRIS scheme. A train of 180 degrees pulses is applied after the OSIRIS preparation cycle, recording directly the transverse magnetization decay. The method was verified for two nuclei, 1H and 19F, with phantoms and in vivo on rats. The accuracy of the T2 values is discussed, as well as possible applications of the OSIRIS-CPMG method to proton transverse spin relaxation measurements, free of diffusion effects, and to non-invasive in vivo blood oxygenation measurements, through the use of an emulsion of perfluorooctylbromide, a blood substitute containing fluorine.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Girard
- Fondation pour la Recherche en Neurosciences Appliquées à la Psychiatrie, Rouffach, France
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48
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Dardzinski BJ, Sotak CH. Rapid tissue oxygen tension mapping using 19F inversion-recovery echo-planar imaging of perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether. Magn Reson Med 1994; 32:88-97. [PMID: 8084241 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910320112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-19 inversion-recovery, echo-planar imaging (IR-EPI) was used in conjunction with a new PFC emulsion, perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether, to map the spatial distribution of oxygen tension in murine liver, spleen and radiation induced fibrosarcoma (RIF-1) tumors. Intravenously administered PFC emulsions were allowed to sequester in the liver, spleen, and tumor 3 to 7 days prior to imaging experiments. Seven, 64 x 64 IR-EPIs were acquired with successively increasing inversion times (TI). A nonlinear least-squares regression algorithm was used to fit the seven two-dimensional matrices, on a pixel-by-pixel basis, to solve for the relaxation rate, R1, of the sequestered PFC. From in vitro calibration curves, the oxygen tension (pO2) was calculated from the measured R1. Oxygen tension maps were then murine liver and spleen were produced (in 2.5 min) to demonstrate the technique and changes in tissue oxygenation as a function of breathing gas (air and carbogen (95% O2-5% CO2)) are presented. Tissue pO2 maps from RIF-1 tumors (n = 5) were obtained in less than 10 min and changes in tumor pO2 were studied when the breathing gas was switched from air to carbogen. The results from tumor pO2 maps were compared with 19F MR spectroscopy measurements to check for consistency. Histogram analysis yielded an average liver and spleen pO2 of 43 torr and 26 torr for RIF-1 tumors when the animals were breathing air. Statistically significant changes in tumor oxygenation as a function of breathing gas were obtained from both pO2 maps (6 +/- 2 torr, P < 0.05) and 19F MR spectroscopy (13 +/- 3 torr, P < 0.01) as evaluated using the Student's paired t test.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Dardzinski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA 01609
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Mason RP. Non-invasive physiology: 19F NMR of perfluorocarbons. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, BLOOD SUBSTITUTES, AND IMMOBILIZATION BIOTECHNOLOGY 1994; 22:1141-53. [PMID: 7849916 DOI: 10.3109/10731199409138809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ever since it was shown that the 19F NMR spin-lattice relaxation rates (R1) of perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions are highly sensitive to oxygen tension (pO2), there has been a developing interest in the use of PFCs to probe tissue physiology. Oxygen is required for efficient function by most tissues and hypoxia leads to rapid cellular dysfunction and damage. In addition, hypoxic tumor cells are refractory to radiotherapy. Thus, the opportunity to measure tissue oxygen tension non-invasively may be significant in understanding mechanisms of tissue function and in clinical prognosis. PFC NMR parameters are also sensitive to temperature, facilitating NMR thermometry with potential applications in hyperthermia studies. I will review the development of experimental techniques, applications to specific tissues and discuss the challenges and opportunities presented by 19F NMR of perfluorocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Mason
- Department of Radiology, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9058
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Abstract
Emulsions of perfluorotributylamine (FTBA) and perflubron were evaluated for their utility in 19F echo planar imaging. Fluorine images of the emulsions were obtained in a phantom and two mice that had been predosed. Both agents, but particularly perflubron, show potential for fluorine echo planar studies because of the long spin-spin relaxation times of the CF3 resonances. High resolution thin slice images obtained in as little as 26.6 ms are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Barker
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9085
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