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Heij J, van der Zwaag W, Knapen T, Caan MWA, Forstman B, Veltman DJ, van Wingen G, Aghajani M. Quantitative MRI at 7-Tesla reveals novel frontocortical myeloarchitecture anomalies in major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:262. [PMID: 38902245 PMCID: PMC11190139 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02976-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Whereas meta-analytical data highlight abnormal frontocortical macrostructure (thickness/surface area/volume) in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), the underlying microstructural processes remain uncharted, due to the use of conventional MRI scanners and acquisition techniques. We uniquely combined Ultra-High Field MRI at 7.0 Tesla with Quantitative Imaging to map intracortical myelin (proxied by longitudinal relaxation time T1) and iron concentration (proxied by transverse relaxation time T2*), microstructural processes deemed particularly germane to cortical macrostructure. Informed by meta-analytical evidence, we focused specifically on orbitofrontal and rostral anterior cingulate cortices among adult MDD patients (N = 48) and matched healthy controls (HC; N = 10). Analyses probed the association of MDD diagnosis and clinical profile (severity, medication use, comorbid anxiety disorders, childhood trauma) with aforementioned microstructural properties. MDD diagnosis (p's < 0.05, Cohen's D = 0.55-0.66) and symptom severity (p's < 0.01, r = 0.271-0.267) both related to decreased intracortical myelination (higher T1 values) within the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, a region tightly coupled to processing negative affect and feelings of sadness in MDD. No relations were found with local iron concentrations. These findings allow uniquely fine-grained insights on frontocortical microstructure in MDD, and cautiously point to intracortical demyelination as a possible driver of macroscale cortical disintegrity in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurjen Heij
- Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Computational Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, NIN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wietske van der Zwaag
- Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Computational Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, NIN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tomas Knapen
- Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Computational Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, NIN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthan W A Caan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Birte Forstman
- Department of Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guido van Wingen
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Moji Aghajani
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Section Forensic Family & Youth Care, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Voltin J, Nunn LM, Watson Z, Brasher ZE, Adisetiyo V, Hanlon CA, Nietert PJ, McRae-Clark AL, Jensen JH. Comparison of three magnetic resonance imaging measures of brain iron in healthy and cocaine use disorder participants. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 37:e5072. [PMID: 38009303 PMCID: PMC10922943 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Several magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures for quantifying endogenous nonheme brain iron have been proposed. These correspond to distinct physical properties with varying sensitivities and specificities to iron. Moreover, they may depend not only on tissue iron concentration, but also on the intravoxel spatial pattern of iron deposition, which is complex in many brain regions. Here, the three MRI brain iron measures of R 2 * , magnetic field correlation (MFC), and magnetic susceptibility are compared in several deep gray matter regions for both healthy participants (HPs) and individuals with cocaine use disorder (CUD). Their concordance is assessed from their correlations with each other and their relative dependencies on age. In addition, associations between the iron measures and microstructure in adjacent white matter regions are investigated by calculating their correlations with diffusion MRI measures from the internal capsule, and associations with cognition are determined by using results from a battery of standardized tests relevant to CUD. It is found that all three iron measures are strongly correlated with each other for the considered gray matter regions, but with correlation coefficients substantially less than one indicating important differences. The age dependencies of all three measures are qualitatively similar in most regions, except for the red nucleus, where the susceptibility has a significantly stronger correlation with age than R 2 * . Weak to moderate correlations are seen for the iron measures with several of the diffusion and cognitive measures, with the strongest correlations being obtained for R 2 * . The iron measures differ little between the HP and CUD groups, although susceptibility is significantly lower in the red nucleus for the CUD group. For the comparisons made, the iron measures behave similarly in most respects, but with notable quantitative differences. It is suggested that these differences may be, in part, attributable to a higher sensitivity to the spatial pattern of iron deposition for R 2 * and MFC than for susceptibility. This is supported most strongly by a sharp contrast between the values of the iron measures in the globus pallidus relative to those in the red nucleus. The observed correlations of the iron measures with diffusion and cognitive scores point to possible connections between gray matter iron, white matter microstructure, and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Voltin
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Lisa M. Nunn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Zoe Watson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Zoe E. Brasher
- Department of Behavioral Science and Neuroscience, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Vitria Adisetiyo
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Colleen A. Hanlon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Paul J. Nietert
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Aimee L. McRae-Clark
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jens H. Jensen
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Bossoni L, Labra-Muñoz JA, van der Zant HSJ, Čaluković V, Lefering A, Egli R, Huber M. In-depth magnetometry and EPR analysis of the spin structure of human-liver ferritin: from DC to 9 GHz. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:27694-27717. [PMID: 37812236 PMCID: PMC10583656 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01358h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin, the major iron storage protein in organisms, stores iron in the form of iron oxyhydroxide most likely involving phosphorous as a constituent, the mineral form of which is not well understood. Therefore, the question of how the ca. 2000 iron atoms in the ferritin core are magnetically coupled is still largely open. The ferritin core, with a diameter of 5-8 nm, is encapsulated in a protein shell that also catalyzes the uptake of iron and protects the core from outside interactions. Neurodegenerative disease is associated with iron imbalance, generating specific interest in the magnetic properties of ferritin. Here we present 9 GHz continuous wave EPR and a comprehensive set of magnetometry techniques including isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) and AC susceptibility to elucidate the magnetic properties of the core of human liver ferritin. For the analysis of the magnetometry data, a new microscopic model of the ferritin-core spin structure is derived, showing that magnetic moment is generated by surface-spin canting, rather than defects. The analysis explicitly includes the distribution of magnetic parameters, such as the distribution of the magnetic moment. This microscopic model explains some of the inconsistencies resulting from previous analysis approaches. The main findings are a mean magnetic moment of 337μB with a standard deviation of 0.947μB. In contrast to previous reports, only a relatively small contribution of paramagnetic and ferrimagnetic phases is found, in the order of maximally 3%. For EPR, the over 30 mT wide signal of the ferritin core is analyzed using the model of the giant spin system [Fittipaldi et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2016, 18, 3591-3597]. Two components are needed minimally, and the broadening of these components suggests a broad distribution of the magnetic resonance parameters, the zero-field splitting, D, and the spin quantum number, S. We compare parameters from EPR and magnetometry and find that EPR is particularly sensitive to the surface spins of the core, revealing the potential to use EPR as a diagnostic for surface-spin disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Bossoni
- C. J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline A Labra-Muñoz
- Department of Physics, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Herre S J van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Čaluković
- Department of Physics, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Anton Lefering
- RST-FAME, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Egli
- GeoSphere Austria, Department of Geophysics, Howe Warte 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Martina Huber
- Department of Physics, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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4
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Gustavo Cuña E, Schulz H, Tuzzi E, Biagi L, Bosco P, García-Fontes M, Mattos J, Tosetti M, Engelmann J, Scheffler K, Hagberg GE. Simulated and experimental phantom data for multi-center quality assurance of quantitative susceptibility maps at 3 T, 7 T and 9.4 T. Phys Med 2023; 110:102590. [PMID: 37116389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2023.102590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop methods for quality assurance of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) using MRI at different magnetic field strengths, and scanners, using different MR-sequence protocols, and post-processing pipelines. METHODS We built a custom phantom based on iron in two forms: homogeneous susceptibility ('free iron') and with fine-scaled variations in susceptibility ('clustered iron') at different iron concentrations. The phantom was measured at 3.0 T (two scanners), 7.0 T and 9.4 T using multi-echo, gradient echo acquisition sequences. A digital phantom analogue to the iron-phantom, tailored to obtain similar results as in experimentation was developed, with similar geometry and susceptibility values. Morphology enabled dipole inversion was applied to the phase images to obtain QSM for experimental and simulated data using the MEDI + 0 approach for background regularization. RESULTS Across all scanners, QSM-values showed a linear increase with iron concentrations. The QSM-relaxivity was 0.231 ± 0.047 ppm/mM for free and 0.054 ± 0.013 ppm/mM for clustered iron, with adjusted determination coefficients (DoC) ≥ 0.87. Similarly, the simulations yielded linear increases (DoC ≥ 0.99). In both the experimental and digital phantoms, the estimated molar susceptibility was lower with clustered iron, because clustering led to highly localized field effects. CONCLUSION Our iron phantom can be used to evaluate the capability of QSM to detect local variations in susceptibility across different field strengths, when using different MR-sequence protocols. The devised simulation method captures the effect of iron clustering in QSM as seen experimentally and could be used in the future to optimize QSM processing pipelines and achieve higher accuracy for local field effects, as also seen in Alzheimer's beta-amyloid plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Gustavo Cuña
- Medical Physics, Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Hildegard Schulz
- High Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elisa Tuzzi
- High Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Javier Mattos
- Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Jörn Engelmann
- High Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Scheffler
- High Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany; Department for Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gisela E Hagberg
- High Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany; Department for Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
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5
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Grant ES, Hall LT, Hollenberg LCL, McColl G, Simpson DA. Nonmonotonic Superparamagnetic Behavior of the Ferritin Iron Core Revealed via Quantum Spin Relaxometry. ACS NANO 2023; 17:372-381. [PMID: 36534782 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is the primary storage protein in our body and is of significant interest in biochemistry, nanotechnology, and condensed matter physics. More specifically within this sphere of interest are the magnetic properties of the iron core of ferritin, which have been utilized as a contrast agent in applications such as magnetic resonance imaging. This magnetism depends on both the number of iron atoms present, L, and the nature of the magnetic ordering of their electron spins. In this work, we create a series of ferritin samples containing homogeneous iron loads and apply diamond-based quantum spin relaxometry to systematically study their room temperature magnetic properties. We observe anomalous magnetic behavior that can be explained using a theoretical model detailing a morphological change to the iron core occurring at relatively low iron loads. This model provides an L0.35±0.06 scaling of the uncompensated Fe spins, in agreement with previous theoretical predictions. The necessary inclusion of this morphological change within the model is also supported by electron microscopy studies of ferritin with low iron content. This provides evidence for a magnetic consequence of this morphological change and positions diamond-based quantum spin relaxometry as an effective, noninvasive tool for probing the magnetic properties of metalloproteins. The low detection limit (ferritin 2% loaded at a concentration of 7.5 ± 0.4 μg/mL) also makes this a promising method for precision applications where low analyte concentrations are unavoidable, such as in biological research or even clinical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S Grant
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria3010, Australia
| | - Liam T Hall
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria3010, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria3010, Australia
| | - Lloyd C L Hollenberg
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria3010, Australia
| | - Gawain McColl
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria3010, Australia
| | - David A Simpson
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria3010, Australia
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6
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Longo T, Kim S, Srivastava AK, Hurley L, Ji K, Viescas AJ, Flint N, Foucher AC, Yates D, Stach EA, Bou-Abdallah F, Papaefthymiou GC. Micromagnetic and morphological characterization of heteropolymer human ferritin cores. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 5:208-219. [PMID: 36605807 PMCID: PMC9765448 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00544a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The physical properties of in vitro iron-reconstituted and genetically engineered human heteropolymer ferritins were investigated. High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy were employed to ascertain (1) the microstructural, electronic, and micromagnetic properties of the nanosized iron cores, and (2) the effect of the H and L ferritin subunit ratios on these properties. Mössbauer spectroscopic signatures indicate that all iron within the core is in the high spin ferric state. Variable temperature Mössbauer spectroscopy for H-rich (H21/L3) and L-rich (H2/L22) ferritins reconstituted at 1000 57Fe/protein indicates superparamagnetic behavior with blocking temperatures of 19 K and 28 K, while HAADF-STEM measurements give average core diameters of (3.7 ± 0.6) nm and (5.9 ± 1.0) nm, respectively. Most significantly, H-rich proteins reveal elongated, dumbbell, and crescent-shaped cores, while L-rich proteins present spherical cores, pointing to a correlation between core shape and protein shell composition. Assuming an attempt time for spin reversal of τ 0 = 10-11 s, the Néel-Brown formula for spin-relaxation time predicts effective magnetic anisotropy energy densities of 6.83 × 104 J m-3 and 2.75 × 104 J m-3 for H-rich and L-rich proteins, respectively, due to differences in surface and shape contributions to magnetic anisotropy in the two heteropolymers. The observed differences in shape, size, and effective magnetic anisotropies of the derived biomineral cores are discussed in terms of the iron nucleation sites within the interior surface of the heteropolymer shells for H-rich and L-rich proteins. Overall, our results imply that site-directed nucleation and core growth within the protein cavity play a determinant role in the resulting core morphology. Our findings have relevance to iron biomineralization processes in nature and the growth of designer's magnetic nanoparticles within recombinant apoferritin nano-templates for nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Longo
- Department of Physics, Villanova University Villanova PA USA
| | - Steve Kim
- Department of Physics, Villanova University Villanova PA USA
| | | | - Lauren Hurley
- Department of Physics, Villanova University Villanova PA USA
| | - Kaixuan Ji
- Department of Physics, Villanova University Villanova PA USA
| | | | - Nicholas Flint
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York Potsdam NY USA
| | - Alexandre C Foucher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Douglas Yates
- Singh Center for Nanotechnology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Eric A Stach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Fadi Bou-Abdallah
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York Potsdam NY USA
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7
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Alenkina IV, Ushakov MV, Morais PC, Kalai Selvan R, Kuzmann E, Klencsár Z, Felner I, Homonnay Z, Oshtrakh MI. Mössbauer Spectroscopy with a High Velocity Resolution in the Studies of Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3748. [PMID: 36364524 PMCID: PMC9657480 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present review describes our long experience in the application of Mössbauer spectroscopy with a high velocity resolution (a high discretization of the velocity reference signal) in the studies of various nanosized and nanostructured iron-containing materials. The results reviewed discuss investigations of: (I) nanosized iron cores in: (i) extracted ferritin, (ii) ferritin in liver and spleen tissues in normal and pathological cases, (iii) ferritin in bacteria, (iv) pharmaceutical ferritin analogues; (II) nanoparticles developed for magnetic fluids for medical purposes; (III) nanoparticles and nanostructured FINEMET alloys developed for technical purposes. The results obtained demonstrate that the high velocity resolution Mössbauer spectroscopy permits to excavate more information and to extract more spectral components in the complex Mössbauer spectra with overlapped components, in comparison with those obtained by using conventional Mössbauer spectroscopy. This review also shows the advances of Mössbauer spectroscopy with a high velocity resolution in the study of various iron-based nanosized and nanostructured materials since 2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Alenkina
- Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Michael V. Ushakov
- Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Paulo C. Morais
- Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia 71966-700, DF, Brazil
- Institute of Physics, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Ernő Kuzmann
- Laboratory of Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Klencsár
- Nuclear Analysis and Radiography Department, Centre for Energy Research, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Israel Felner
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Zoltán Homonnay
- Laboratory of Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michael I. Oshtrakh
- Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
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Ferrihydrite nanoparticles produced by Klebsiella oxytoca: Structure and properties dependence on the cultivation time. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2022.103692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Gaburjáková M, Gaburjáková J, Krejčíová E, Kosnáč D, Kosnáčová H, Nagy Š, Polák Š, Sabo M, Trnka M, Kopáni M. Blocking effect of ferritin on the ryanodine receptor-isoform 2. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 712:109031. [PMID: 34534540 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Iron, an essential element for most living organism, participates in a wide variety of physiological processes. Disturbance in iron homeostasis has been associated with numerous pathologies, particularly in the heart and brain, which are the most susceptible organs. Under iron-overload conditions, the generation of reactive oxygen species leads to impairment in Ca2+ signaling, fundamentally implicated in cardiac and neuronal physiology. Since iron excess is accompanied by increased expression of iron-storage protein, ferritin, we examined whether ferritin has an effect on the ryanodine receptor - isoform 2 (RYR2), which is one of the major components of Ca2+ signaling. Using the method of planar lipid membranes, we show that ferritin induced an abrupt, permanent blockage of the RYR2 channel. The ferritin effect was strongly voltage dependent and competitively antagonized by cytosolic TEA+, an impermeant RYR2 blocker. Our results collectively indicate that monomeric ferritin highly likely blocks the RYR2 channel by a direct electrostatic interaction within the wider region of the channel permeation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gaburjáková
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Gaburjáková
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Krejčíová
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniel Kosnáč
- Institute of Medical Physics, Biophysics, Informatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Simulation and Virtual Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Helena Kosnáčová
- Department of Simulation and Virtual Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Slovak Academy of Sciences, Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Štefan Nagy
- Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Štefan Polák
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Sabo
- Institute of Medical Physics, Biophysics, Informatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Trnka
- Institute of Medical Physics, Biophysics, Informatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Kopáni
- Institute of Medical Physics, Biophysics, Informatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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10
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Bossoni L, Hegeman-Kleinn I, van Duinen SG, Bulk M, Vroegindeweij LHP, Langendonk JG, Hirschler L, Webb A, van der Weerd L. Off-resonance saturation as an MRI method to quantify mineral- iron in the post-mortem brain. Magn Reson Med 2021; 87:1276-1288. [PMID: 34655092 PMCID: PMC9293166 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To employ an off‐resonance saturation method to measure the mineral‐iron pool in the postmortem brain, which is an endogenous contrast agent that can give information on cellular iron status. Methods An off‐resonance saturation acquisition protocol was implemented on a 7 Tesla preclinical scanner, and the contrast maps were fitted to an established analytical model. The method was validated by correlation and Bland‐Altman analysis on a ferritin‐containing phantom. Mineral‐iron maps were obtained from postmortem tissue of patients with neurological diseases characterized by brain iron accumulation, that is, Alzheimer disease, Huntington disease, and aceruloplasminemia, and validated with histology. Transverse relaxation rate and magnetic susceptibility values were used for comparison. Results In postmortem tissue, the mineral‐iron contrast colocalizes with histological iron staining in all the cases. Iron concentrations obtained via the off‐resonance saturation method are in agreement with literature. Conclusions Off‐resonance saturation is an effective way to detect iron in gray matter structures and partially mitigate for the presence of myelin. If a reference region with little iron is available in the tissue, the method can produce quantitative iron maps. This method is applicable in the study of diseases characterized by brain iron accumulation and can complement existing iron‐sensitive parametric methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Bossoni
- C. J. Gorter Center for High field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sjoerd G van Duinen
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Bulk
- C. J. Gorter Center for High field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lena H P Vroegindeweij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke G Langendonk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lydiane Hirschler
- C. J. Gorter Center for High field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Webb
- C. J. Gorter Center for High field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louise van der Weerd
- C. J. Gorter Center for High field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Yablonskiy DA, Wen J, Kothapalli SVVN, Sukstanskii AL. In vivo evaluation of heme and non-heme iron content and neuronal density in human basal ganglia. Neuroimage 2021; 235:118012. [PMID: 33838265 PMCID: PMC10468262 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-heme iron is an important element supporting the structure and functioning of biological tissues. Imbalance in non-heme iron can lead to different neurological disorders. Several MRI approaches have been developed for iron quantification relying either on the relaxation properties of MRI signal or measuring tissue magnetic susceptibility. Specific quantification of the non-heme iron can, however, be constrained by the presence of the heme iron in the deoxygenated blood and contribution of cellular composition. The goal of this paper is to introduce theoretical background and experimental MRI method allowing disentangling contributions of heme and non-heme irons simultaneously with evaluation of tissue neuronal density in the iron-rich basal ganglia. Our approach is based on the quantitative Gradient Recalled Echo (qGRE) MRI technique that allows separation of the total R2* metric characterizing decay of GRE signal into tissue-specific (R2t*) and the baseline blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) contributions. A combination with the QSM data (also available from the qGRE signal phase) allowed further separation of the tissue-specific R2t* metric in a cell-specific and non-heme-iron-specific contributions. It is shown that the non-heme iron contribution to R2t* relaxation can be described with the previously developed Gaussian Phase Approximation (GPA) approach. qGRE data were obtained from 22 healthy control participants (ages 26-63 years). Results suggest that the ferritin complexes are aggregated in clusters with an average radius about 100nm comprising approximately 2600 individual ferritin units. It is also demonstrated that the concentrations of heme and non-heme iron tend to increase with age. The strongest age effect was seen in the pallidum region, where the highest age-related non-heme iron accumulation was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy A Yablonskiy
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 4525 Scott Ave. Room 3216, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Jie Wen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Satya V V N Kothapalli
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 4525 Scott Ave. Room 3216, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Alexander L Sukstanskii
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 4525 Scott Ave. Room 3216, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
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12
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Brammerloh M, Morawski M, Friedrich I, Reinert T, Lange C, Pelicon P, Vavpetič P, Jankuhn S, Jäger C, Alkemade A, Balesar R, Pine K, Gavriilidis F, Trampel R, Reimer E, Arendt T, Weiskopf N, Kirilina E. Measuring the iron content of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra with MRI relaxometry. Neuroimage 2021; 239:118255. [PMID: 34119638 PMCID: PMC8363938 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons dominate effective transverse relaxation in nigrosome 1. Ion beam microscopy reveals highest iron concentrations in dopaminergic neurons. Developed biophysical model links MRI parameters to cellular iron content. Ferritin- and neuromelanin-bound iron impact MRI parameters differently. Quantitative MRI provides a potential biomarker of iron in dopaminergic neurons.
In Parkinson’s disease, the depletion of iron-rich dopaminergic neurons in nigrosome 1 of the substantia nigra precedes motor symptoms by two decades. Methods capable of monitoring this neuronal depletion, at an early disease stage, are needed for early diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is particularly suitable for this task due to its sensitivity to tissue microstructure and in particular, to iron. However, the exact mechanisms of MRI contrast in the substantia nigra are not well understood, hindering the development of powerful biomarkers. In the present report, we illuminate the contrast mechanisms in gradient and spin echo MR images in human nigrosome 1 by combining quantitative 3D iron histology and biophysical modeling with quantitative MRI on post mortem human brain tissue. We show that the dominant contribution to the effective transverse relaxation rate (R2*) in nigrosome 1 originates from iron accumulated in the neuromelanin of dopaminergic neurons. This contribution is appropriately described by a static dephasing approximation of the MRI signal. We demonstrate that the R2* contribution from dopaminergic neurons reflects the product of cell density and cellular iron concentration. These results demonstrate that the in vivo monitoring of neuronal density and iron in nigrosome 1 may be feasible with MRI and provide directions for the development of biomarkers for an early detection of dopaminergic neuron depletion in Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Brammerloh
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany; International Max Planck Research School on Neuroscience of Communication: Function, Structure, and Plasticity; Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
| | - Markus Morawski
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany; Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Isabel Friedrich
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Tilo Reinert
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany; Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Charlotte Lange
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany; Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Primož Pelicon
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Primož Vavpetič
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Steffen Jankuhn
- Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Carsten Jäger
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany; Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Anneke Alkemade
- Integrative Model-based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rawien Balesar
- Integrative Model-based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kerrin Pine
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Filippos Gavriilidis
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Robert Trampel
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Enrico Reimer
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Thomas Arendt
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Weiskopf
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany; Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Evgeniya Kirilina
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience Berlin, Free University Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, Berlin, 14195, Germany
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13
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Ficiarà E, Munir Z, Boschi S, Caligiuri ME, Guiot C. Alteration of Iron Concentration in Alzheimer's Disease as a Possible Diagnostic Biomarker Unveiling Ferroptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4479. [PMID: 33923052 PMCID: PMC8123284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper functioning of all organs, including the brain, requires iron. It is present in different forms in biological fluids, and alterations in its distribution can induce oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. However, the clinical parameters normally used for monitoring iron concentration in biological fluids (i.e., serum and cerebrospinal fluid) can hardly detect the quantity of circulating iron, while indirect measurements, e.g., magnetic resonance imaging, require further validation. This review summarizes the mechanisms involved in brain iron metabolism, homeostasis, and iron imbalance caused by alterations detectable by standard and non-standard indicators of iron status. These indicators for iron transport, storage, and metabolism can help to understand which biomarkers can better detect iron imbalances responsible for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Ficiarà
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (Z.M.); (S.B.); (C.G.)
| | - Zunaira Munir
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (Z.M.); (S.B.); (C.G.)
| | - Silvia Boschi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (Z.M.); (S.B.); (C.G.)
| | - Maria Eugenia Caligiuri
- Neuroscience Research Center, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Caterina Guiot
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (Z.M.); (S.B.); (C.G.)
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14
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Bennett KM, Baldelomar EJ, Morozov D, Chevalier RL, Charlton JR. New imaging tools to measure nephron number in vivo: opportunities for developmental nephrology. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2021; 12:179-183. [PMID: 31983353 PMCID: PMC8765346 DOI: 10.1017/s204017442000001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian kidney is a complex organ, requiring the concerted function of up to millions of nephrons. The number of nephrons is constant after nephrogenesis during development, and nephron loss over a life span can lead to susceptibility to acute or chronic kidney disease. New technologies are under development to count individual nephrons in the kidney in vivo. This review outlines these technologies and highlights their relevance to studies of human renal development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Bennett
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - E J Baldelomar
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - D Morozov
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - R L Chevalier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - J R Charlton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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15
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Walsh KJ, Shah SV, Wei P, Oberdick SD, Karn NM, McTigue DM, Agarwal G. Effects of fixatives on histomagnetic evaluation of iron in rodent spleen. JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS 2021; 521:167531. [PMID: 33343059 PMCID: PMC7748249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2020.167531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the iron distribution in tissue sections is important for several pathologies. Iron content in excised tissue is typically analyzed via histochemical stains, which are dependent on sample preparation and staining protocols. In our recent studies, we examined how magnetic properties of iron can also be exploited to characterize iron distribution in tissue sections in a label free manner. To enable a histomagnetic characterization of iron in a wide variety of available tissues, it is important to extend it to samples routinely prepared for histochemical staining, which often involve use of chemical fixatives. In this study, we took a systematic approach to determine differences between unfixed and formalin-fixed murine spleen tissues in histomagnetic characterization of iron. Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry and magnetic force microscopy (MFM) were used for macro- and micro-scale histomagnetic characterization. Perl's stain was used for histochemical characterization of ferric (Fe3+) iron on adjacent sections as that used for MFM analysis. While histochemical analysis revealed a substantial difference in the dispersion of the stain between fixed versus unfixed samples, histomagnetic characterization was not dependent on chemical fixation of tissue. The results from this study reveal that histomagnetic characterization of iron is free from staining artifacts which can be present in histochemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stavan V. Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (The Ohio State University)
| | - Ping Wei
- Department of Neuroscience (The Ohio State University)
| | | | - Nicole M. Karn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (The Ohio State University)
| | | | - Gunjan Agarwal
- Biophysics Program (The Ohio State University)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (The Ohio State University)
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16
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Structural and magnetic study of the iron cores in iron(III)-polymaltose pharmaceutical ferritin analogue Ferrifol®. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 213:111202. [PMID: 33139022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron(III)-polymaltose pharmaceutical ferritin analogue Ferrifol® was investigated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, electron magnetic resonance (EMR) spectroscopy, direct current magnetization measurements and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy to get novel information about the structural arrangement of the iron core. The Ferrifol® Mössbauer spectra measured in the range from 295 K to 90 K demonstrated non-Lorentzian two-peak pattern. These spectra were better fitted using a superposition of 5 quadrupole doublets with the same line width. The obtained Mössbauer parameters were different and an unusual line broadening with temperature decrease was observed. Measurements of the Ferrifol® Mössbauer spectra from 60 K to 20 K demonstrated a slow decrease of magnetic relaxation in the iron core. Zero-field-cooled and field-cooled magnetization measurements revealed a blocking temperature at ~33 K and a paramagnetic state of the Ferrifol® iron core at higher temperatures. Isothermal magnetization measurements at 5 K show that the saturation magnetic moment is ~0.31 emu/g. X-band EMR spectroscopy measurements revealed the presence of different magnetic species in the sample. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that the size of the iron cores in Ferrifol® is in the range 2-6 nm. The lattice periodicity in these iron cores, measured on the HRTEM images, vary in the range 2.2-2.7 Å. This can be best understood as sets of close packed O(OH) layers in ferrihydrite cores without long range correlation.
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17
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Grant ES, Clucas DB, McColl G, Hall LT, Simpson DA. Re-examining ferritin-bound iron: current and developing clinical tools. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 59:459-471. [PMID: 33090965 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2020-1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron is a highly important metal ion cofactor within the human body, necessary for haemoglobin synthesis, and required by a wide range of enzymes for essential metabolic processes. Iron deficiency and overload both pose significant health concerns and are relatively common world-wide health hazards. Effective measurement of total iron stores is a primary tool for both identifying abnormal iron levels and tracking changes in clinical settings. Population based data is also essential for tracking nutritional trends. This review article provides an overview of the strengths and limitations associated with current techniques for diagnosing iron status, which sets a basis to discuss the potential of a new serum marker - ferritin-bound iron - and the improvement it could offer to iron assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S Grant
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Danielle B Clucas
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Diagnostic Haematology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gawain McColl
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Liam T Hall
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David A Simpson
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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18
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Birkl C, Birkl-Toeglhofer AM, Kames C, Goessler W, Haybaeck J, Fazekas F, Ropele S, Rauscher A. The influence of iron oxidation state on quantitative MRI parameters in post mortem human brain. Neuroimage 2020; 220:117080. [PMID: 32585344 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques are known to be sensitive to brain iron content. In principle, iron sensitive MRI techniques are based on local magnetic field variations caused by iron particles in tissue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the sensitivity of MR relaxation and magnetization transfer parameters to changes in iron oxidation state compared to changes in iron concentration. Therefore, quantitative MRI parameters including R1, R2, R2∗, quantitative susceptibility maps (QSM) and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) of post mortem human brain tissue were acquired prior and after chemical iron reduction to change the iron oxidation state and chemical iron extraction to decrease the total iron concentration. All assessed parameters were shown to be sensitive to changes in iron concentration whereas only R2, R2∗ and QSM were also sensitive to changes in iron oxidation state. Mass spectrometry confirmed that iron accumulated in the extraction solution but not in the reduction solution. R2∗ and QSM are often used as markers for iron content. Changes in these parameters do not necessarily reflect variations in iron content but may also be a result of changes in the iron's oxygenation state from ferric towards more ferrous iron or vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Birkl
- UBC MRI Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Anna Maria Birkl-Toeglhofer
- Department of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Kames
- UBC MRI Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Walter Goessler
- Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Department of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Franz Fazekas
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Ropele
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Rauscher
- UBC MRI Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (Division of Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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19
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Kor D, Birkl C, Ropele S, Doucette J, Xu T, Wiggermann V, Hernández-Torres E, Hametner S, Rauscher A. The role of iron and myelin in orientation dependent R 2* of white matter. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4092. [PMID: 31038240 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Brain myelin and iron content are important parameters in neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Both myelin and iron content influence the brain's R2* relaxation rate. However, their quantification based on R2* maps requires a realistic tissue model that can be fitted to the measured data. In structures with low myelin content, such as deep gray matter, R2* shows a linear increase with increasing iron content. In white matter, R2* is not only affected by iron and myelin but also by the orientation of the myelinated axons with respect to the external magnetic field. Here, we propose a numerical model which incorporates iron and myelin, as well as fibre orientation, to simulate R2* decay in white matter. Applying our model to fibre orientation-dependent in vivo R2* data, we are able to determine a unique solution of myelin and iron content in global white matter. We determine an averaged myelin volume fraction of 16.02 ± 2.07% in non-lesional white matter of patients with MS, 17.32 ± 2.20% in matched healthy controls, and 18.19 ± 2.98% in healthy siblings of patients with MS. Averaged iron content was 35.6 ± 8.9 mg/kg tissue in patients, 43.1 ± 8.3 mg/kg in controls, and 47.8 ± 8.2 mg/kg in siblings. All differences in iron content between groups were significant, while the difference in myelin content between MS patients and the siblings of MS patients was significant. In conclusion, we demonstrate that a model that combines myelin-induced orientation-dependent and iron-induced orientation-independent components is able to fit in vivo R2* data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kor
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- UBC MRI Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christoph Birkl
- UBC MRI Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Ropele
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jonathan Doucette
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- UBC MRI Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tianyou Xu
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vanessa Wiggermann
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- UBC MRI Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Enedino Hernández-Torres
- UBC MRI Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Simon Hametner
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Rauscher
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- UBC MRI Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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20
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Adisetiyo V, McGill CE, DeVries WH, Jensen JH, Hanlon CA, Helpern JA. Elevated Brain Iron in Cocaine Use Disorder as Indexed by Magnetic Field Correlation Imaging. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2018; 4:579-588. [PMID: 30581153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron homeostasis is a critical biological process that may be disrupted in cocaine use disorder (CUD). In the brain, iron is required for neural processes involved in addiction and can be lethal to cells if unbound, especially in excess. Moreover, recent studies have implicated elevated brain iron in conditions of prolonged psychostimulant exposure. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine iron in basal ganglia reward regions of individuals with CUD using an advanced imaging method called magnetic field correlation (MFC) imaging. METHODS MFC imaging was acquired in 19 non-treatment-seeking individuals with CUD and 19 healthy control individuals (both male and female). Region-of-interest analyses for MFC group differences and within-group correlations with age and years of cocaine use were conducted in the globus pallidus internal segment (GPi), globus pallidus external segment, putamen, caudate nucleus, thalamus, and red nucleus. RESULTS Individuals with CUD had significantly elevated MFC compared with control individuals within the GPi. In control individuals, MFC significantly increased with age in the GPi, globus pallidus external segment, putamen, and caudate nucleus. Conversely, there were no significant MFC within-group correlations in the CUD group. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with CUD have excess iron in the GPi, as indexed by MFC, and lack the age-related gradual iron deposition seen in normal aging. Because the globus pallidus is critical for the transition of goal-directed behavior to compulsive behavior, significantly elevated iron in the GPi may contribute to the persistence of CUD. These findings implicate dysregulation of brain iron homeostasis in CUD and support pursuing this new line of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitria Adisetiyo
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
| | - Corinne E McGill
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - William H DeVries
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jens H Jensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Colleen A Hanlon
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Joseph A Helpern
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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21
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Quantitative comparison of different iron forms in the temporal cortex of Alzheimer patients and control subjects. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6898. [PMID: 29720594 PMCID: PMC5932027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a quantitative study of different molecular iron forms found in the temporal cortex of Alzheimer (AD) patients. Applying the methodology we developed in our previous work, we quantify the concentrations of non-heme Fe(III) by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), magnetite/maghemite and ferrihydrite by SQUID magnetometry, together with the MRI transverse relaxation rate [Formula: see text], to obtain a systematic view of molecular iron in the temporal cortex. Significantly higher values of [Formula: see text], a larger concentration of ferrihydrite, and a larger magnetic moment of magnetite/maghemite particles are found in the brain of AD patients. Moreover, we found correlations between the concentration of the iron detected by EPR, the concentration of the ferrihydrite mineral and the average iron loading of ferritin. We discuss these findings in the framework of iron dis-homeostasis, which has been proposed to occur in the brain of AD patients.
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22
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Koralewski M, Balejčíková L, Mitróová Z, Pochylski M, Baranowski M, Kopčanský P. Morphology and Magnetic Structure of the Ferritin Core during Iron Loading and Release by Magnetooptical and NMR Methods. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:7777-7787. [PMID: 29417811 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b18304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ferritins are proteins, which serve as a storage and transportation capsule for iron inside living organisms. Continuously charging the proteins with iron and releasing it from the ferritin is necessary to assure proper management of these important ions within the organism. On the other hand, synthetic ferritins have great potential for biomedical and technological applications. In this work, the behavior of ferritin during the processes of iron loading and release was examined using multiplicity of the experimental technique. The quality of the protein's shell was monitored using circular dichroism, whereas the average size and its distribution were estimated from dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy images, respectively. Because of the magnetic behavior of the iron mineral, a number of magnetooptical methods were used to gain information on the iron core of the ferritin. Faraday rotation and magnetic linear birefringence studies provide evidence that the iron loading and the iron-release processes are not symmetrical. The spatial organization of the mineral within the protein's core changes depending on whether the iron was incorporated into or removed from the ferritin's shell. Magnetic optical rotatory dispersion spectra exclude the contribution of the Fe(II)-composed mineral, whereas joined magnetooptical and nuclear magnetic resonance results indicate that no mineral with high magnetization appear at any stage of the loading/release process. These findings suggest that the iron core of loaded/released ferritin consists of single-phase, that is, ferrihydrite. The presented results demonstrate the usefulness of emerging magnetooptical methods in biomedical research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marceli Koralewski
- Faculty of Physics , Adam Mickiewicz University , Umultowska 85 , 61-614 Poznań , Poland
| | - Lucia Balejčíková
- Institute of Experimental Physics , SAS , Watsonova 47 , 040 01 Kosice , Slovakia
- Institute of Measurement Science , SAS , Dubravska cesta 9 , 841 04 Bratislava 4 , Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Mitróová
- Institute of Experimental Physics , SAS , Watsonova 47 , 040 01 Kosice , Slovakia
| | - Mikołaj Pochylski
- Faculty of Physics , Adam Mickiewicz University , Umultowska 85 , 61-614 Poznań , Poland
| | - Mikołaj Baranowski
- Faculty of Physics , Adam Mickiewicz University , Umultowska 85 , 61-614 Poznań , Poland
| | - Peter Kopčanský
- Institute of Experimental Physics , SAS , Watsonova 47 , 040 01 Kosice , Slovakia
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23
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Bossoni L, Grand Moursel L, Bulk M, Simon BG, Webb A, van der Weerd L, Huber M, Carretta P, Lascialfari A, Oosterkamp TH. Human-brain ferritin studied by muon spin rotation: a pilot study. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:415801. [PMID: 28872048 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa80b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Muon spin rotation is employed to investigate the spin dynamics of ferritin proteins isolated from the brain of an Alzheimer's disease (AD) patient and of a healthy control, using a sample of horse-spleen ferritin as a reference. A model based on the Néel theory of superparamagnetism is developed in order to interpret the spin relaxation rate of the muons stopped by the core of the protein. Using this model, our preliminary observations show that ferritins from the healthy control are filled with a mineral compatible with ferrihydrite, while ferritins from the AD patient contain a crystalline phase with a larger magnetocrystalline anisotropy, possibly compatible with magnetite or maghemite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Bossoni
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2333 CA Leiden, Netherlands
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24
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Genetically encoded iron-associated proteins as MRI reporters for molecular and cellular imaging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 10. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Duyn JH, Schenck J. Contributions to magnetic susceptibility of brain tissue. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:10.1002/nbm.3546. [PMID: 27240118 PMCID: PMC5131875 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3546 10.1002/nbm.3546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the major contributors to the subtle magnetic properties of brain tissue and how they affect MRI contrast. With the increased availability of high-field scanners, the use of magnetic susceptibility contrast for the study of human brain anatomy and function has increased dramatically. This has not only led to novel applications, but has also improved our understanding of the complex relationship between MRI contrast and magnetic susceptibility. Chief contributors to the magnetic susceptibility of brain tissue have been found to include myelin as well as iron. In the brain, iron exists in various forms with diverse biological roles, many of which are now only starting to be uncovered. An interesting aspect of magnetic susceptibility contrast is its sensitivity to the microscopic distribution of iron and myelin, which provides opportunities to extract information at spatial scales well below MRI resolution. For example, in white matter, the myelin sheath that surrounds the axons can provide tissue contrast that is dependent on the axonal orientation and reflects the relative size of intra- and extra-axonal water compartments. The extraction of such ultrastructural information, together with quantitative information about iron and myelin concentrations, is an active area of research geared towards the characterization of brain structure and function, and their alteration in disease. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff H. Duyn
- Advanced MRI Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular
Imaging, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - John Schenck
- MRI Technologies and Systems, General Electric
Global Research Center, 1 Research Circle, Schenectady, New York 12309, USA
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26
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Duyn JH, Schenck J. Contributions to magnetic susceptibility of brain tissue. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:10.1002/nbm.3546. [PMID: 27240118 PMCID: PMC5131875 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the major contributors to the subtle magnetic properties of brain tissue and how they affect MRI contrast. With the increased availability of high-field scanners, the use of magnetic susceptibility contrast for the study of human brain anatomy and function has increased dramatically. This has not only led to novel applications, but has also improved our understanding of the complex relationship between MRI contrast and magnetic susceptibility. Chief contributors to the magnetic susceptibility of brain tissue have been found to include myelin as well as iron. In the brain, iron exists in various forms with diverse biological roles, many of which are now only starting to be uncovered. An interesting aspect of magnetic susceptibility contrast is its sensitivity to the microscopic distribution of iron and myelin, which provides opportunities to extract information at spatial scales well below MRI resolution. For example, in white matter, the myelin sheath that surrounds the axons can provide tissue contrast that is dependent on the axonal orientation and reflects the relative size of intra- and extra-axonal water compartments. The extraction of such ultrastructural information, together with quantitative information about iron and myelin concentrations, is an active area of research geared towards the characterization of brain structure and function, and their alteration in disease. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff H. Duyn
- Advanced MRI Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular
Imaging, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - John Schenck
- MRI Technologies and Systems, General Electric
Global Research Center, 1 Research Circle, Schenectady, New York 12309, USA
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27
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Ropele S, Langkammer C. Iron quantification with susceptibility. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:e3534. [PMID: 27119601 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential trace element involved in a variety of biological mechanisms in the human body. Disturbances of iron homeostasis have been observed in several inflammatory and degenerative diseases, which have raised strong interest in non-invasive iron mapping techniques. Numerous MRI techniques have been proposed so far, mostly based on the field changes induced by the magnetic properties of iron. Each of these approaches has a specific sensitivity for iron and its microstructural environment. Quantitative susceptibility mapping is the latest development and provides a direct measure of bulk susceptibility. However, field changes induced by iron are not always directly related to the concentration of iron, but rather reflect the structure of iron compounds and its cellular distribution. This review provides an overview of the most relevant iron compounds in the human body, their magnetic properties and their cellular distribution. In addition, MRI methods based on direct or indirect susceptibility changes are presented and discussed with respect to technical aspects and clinical applicability. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ropele
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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28
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Oshtrakh MI, Alenkina IV, Klencsár Z, Kuzmann E, Semionkin VA. Different 57Fe microenvironments in the nanosized iron cores in human liver ferritin and its pharmaceutical analogues on the basis of temperature dependent Mössbauer spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 172:14-24. [PMID: 27372204 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mössbauer spectra of human liver ferritin and its pharmaceutical analogues Ferrum Lek and Maltofer® measured at various temperatures within the range of 295-83K were fitted using five quadrupole doublets related to different 57Fe microenvironments in various layers/regions of the ferrihydrite and akaganéite iron cores. The observed anomalous temperature dependences of some Mössbauer parameters were considered as a result of low temperature structural rearrangements in different layers/regions in the iron core.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Oshtrakh
- Department of Physical Techniques and Devices for Quality Control, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation; Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation.
| | - I V Alenkina
- Department of Physical Techniques and Devices for Quality Control, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation; Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation
| | - Z Klencsár
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - E Kuzmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - V A Semionkin
- Department of Physical Techniques and Devices for Quality Control, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation; Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation
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29
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Nürnberger L, Gracien RM, Hok P, Hof SM, Rüb U, Steinmetz H, Hilker R, Klein JC, Deichmann R, Baudrexel S. Longitudinal changes of cortical microstructure in Parkinson's disease assessed with T1 relaxometry. Neuroimage Clin 2016; 13:405-414. [PMID: 28116233 PMCID: PMC5226811 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histological evidence suggests that pathology in Parkinson's disease (PD) goes beyond nigrostriatal degeneration and also affects the cerebral cortex. Quantitative MRI (qMRI) techniques allow the assessment of changes in brain tissue composition. However, the development and pattern of disease-related cortical changes have not yet been demonstrated in PD with qMRI methods. The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinal cortical microstructural changes in PD with quantitative T1 relaxometry. METHODS 13 patients with mild to moderate PD and 20 matched healthy subjects underwent high resolution T1 mapping at two time points with an interval of 6.4 years (healthy subjects: 6.5 years). Data from two healthy subjects had to be excluded due to MRI artifacts. Surface-based analysis of cortical T1 values was performed with the FreeSurfer toolbox. RESULTS In PD patients, a widespread decrease of cortical T1 was detected during follow-up which affected large parts of the temporo-parietal and occipital cortices and also frontal areas. In contrast, age-related T1 decrease in the healthy control group was much less pronounced and only found in lateral frontal, parietal and temporal areas. Average cortical T1 values did not differ between the groups at baseline (p = 0.17), but were reduced in patients at follow-up (p = 0.0004). Annualized relative changes of cortical T1 were higher in patients vs. healthy subjects (patients: - 0.72 ± 0.64%/year; healthy subjects: - 0.17 ± 0.41%/year, p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS In patients with PD, the development of widespread changes in cortical microstructure was observed as reflected by a reduction of cortical T1. The pattern of T1 decrease in PD patients exceeded the normal T1 decrease as found in physiological aging and showed considerable overlap with the pattern of cortical thinning demonstrated in previous PD studies. Therefore, cortical T1 might be a promising additional imaging marker for future longitudinal PD studies. The biological mechanisms underlying cortical T1 reductions remain to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Nürnberger
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - René-Maxime Gracien
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Pavel Hok
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Stephanie-Michelle Hof
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Udo Rüb
- Dr. Senckenberg Chronomedical Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | - Rüdiger Hilker
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Johannes C. Klein
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Ralf Deichmann
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Simon Baudrexel
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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30
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Kumar P, Bulk M, Webb A, van der Weerd L, Oosterkamp TH, Huber M, Bossoni L. A novel approach to quantify different iron forms in ex-vivo human brain tissue. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38916. [PMID: 27941952 PMCID: PMC5150947 DOI: 10.1038/srep38916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a novel combination of methods to study the physical properties of ferric ions and iron-oxide nanoparticles in post-mortem human brain, based on the combination of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and SQUID magnetometry. By means of EPR, we derive the concentration of the low molecular weight iron pool, as well as the product of its electron spin relaxation times. Additionally, by SQUID magnetometry we identify iron mineralization products ascribable to a magnetite/maghemite phase and a ferrihydrite (ferritin) phase. We further derive the concentration of magnetite/maghemite and of ferritin nanoparticles. To test out the new combined methodology, we studied brain tissue of an Alzheimer’s patient and a healthy control. Finally, we estimate that the size of the magnetite/maghemite nanoparticles, whose magnetic moments are blocked at room temperature, exceeds 40–50 nm, which is not compatible with the ferritin protein, the core of which is typically 6–8 nm. We believe that this methodology could be beneficial in the study of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s Disease which are characterized by abnormal iron accumulation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Kumar
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Bulk
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Webb
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louise van der Weerd
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tjerk H Oosterkamp
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Huber
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lucia Bossoni
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
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31
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Liu X, Lopez PA, Giessen TW, Giles M, Way JC, Silver PA. Engineering Genetically-Encoded Mineralization and Magnetism via Directed Evolution. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38019. [PMID: 27897245 PMCID: PMC5126674 DOI: 10.1038/srep38019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically encoding the synthesis of functional nanomaterials such as magnetic nanoparticles enables sensitive and non-invasive biological sensing and control. Via directed evolution of the natural iron-sequestering ferritin protein, we discovered key mutations that lead to significantly enhanced cellular magnetism, resulting in increased physical attraction of ferritin-expressing cells to magnets and increased contrast for cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The magnetic mutants further demonstrate increased iron biomineralization measured by a novel fluorescent genetic sensor for intracellular free iron. In addition, we engineered Escherichia coli cells with multiple genomic knockouts to increase cellular accumulation of various metals. Lastly to explore further protein candidates for biomagnetism, we characterized members of the DUF892 family using the iron sensor and magnetic columns, confirming their intracellular iron sequestration that results in increased cellular magnetization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Liu
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, 5th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Pierce Hall, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Alpert 536, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paola A Lopez
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering UC Berkeley/UCSF, Department of Bioengineering, 306 Stanley Hall #1762, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1762, USA
| | - Tobias W Giessen
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, 5th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Alpert 536, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Giles
- Harvard College, Harvard University Harvard College, 86 Brattle Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Way
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, 5th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Alpert 536, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pamela A Silver
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, 5th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Alpert 536, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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32
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Blissett AR, Ollander B, Penn B, McTigue DM, Agarwal G. Magnetic mapping of iron in rodent spleen. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 13:977-986. [PMID: 27890658 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of iron distribution and density in biological tissues is important to understand the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases and the fate of exogenously administered iron-based carriers and contrast agents. Iron distribution in tissues is typically characterized via histochemical (Perl's) stains or immunohistochemistry for ferritin, the major iron storage protein. A more accurate mapping of iron can be achieved via ultrastructural transmission electron microscopy (TEM) based techniques, which involve stringent sample preparation conditions. In this study, we elucidate the capability of magnetic force microscopy (MFM) as a label-free technique to map iron at the nanoscale level in rodent spleen tissue. We complemented and compared our MFM results with those obtained using Perl's staining and TEM. Our results show how MFM mapping corresponded to sizes of iron-rich lysosomes at a resolution comparable to that of TEM. In addition MFM is compatible with tissue sections commonly prepared for routine histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Blissett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Brooke Ollander
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Brittany Penn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Dana M McTigue
- The Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair and the Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Gunjan Agarwal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
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33
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Radoul M, Lewin L, Cohen B, Oren R, Popov S, Davidov G, Vandsburger MH, Harmelin A, Bitton R, Greneche JM, Neeman M, Zarivach R. Genetic manipulation of iron biomineralization enhances MR relaxivity in a ferritin-M6A chimeric complex. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26550. [PMID: 27211820 PMCID: PMC4876375 DOI: 10.1038/srep26550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferritin has gained significant attention as a potential reporter gene for in vivo imaging by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, due to the ferritin ferrihydrite core, the relaxivity and sensitivity for detection of native ferritin is relatively low. We report here on a novel chimeric magneto-ferritin reporter gene - ferritin-M6A - in which the magnetite binding peptide from the magnetotactic bacteria magnetosome-associated Mms6 protein was fused to the C-terminal of murine h-ferritin. Biophysical experiments showed that purified ferritin-M6A assembled into a stable protein cage with the M6A protruding into the cage core, enabling magnetite biomineralisation. Ferritin-M6A-expressing C6-glioma cells showed enhanced (per iron) r2 relaxivity. MRI in vivo studies of ferritin-M6A-expressing tumour xenografts showed enhanced R2 relaxation rate in the central hypoxic region of the tumours. Such enhanced relaxivity would increase the sensitivity of ferritin as a reporter gene for non-invasive in vivo MRI-monitoring of cell delivery and differentiation in cellular or gene-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Radoul
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Limor Lewin
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Batya Cohen
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Roni Oren
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Stanislav Popov
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Geula Davidov
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Moriel H. Vandsburger
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Alon Harmelin
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Ronit Bitton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Jean-Marc Greneche
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR CNRS 6283 Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex France
| | - Michal Neeman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel,
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel,
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34
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Yang Y, Gong MF, Yang H, Zhang S, Wang GX, Su TS, Wen L, Zhang D. MR molecular imaging of tumours using ferritin heavy chain reporter gene expression mediated by the hTERT promoter. Eur Radiol 2016; 26:4089-4097. [PMID: 26960542 PMCID: PMC5052315 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-016-4259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Using the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter and the modified ferritin heavy chain (Fth) reporter gene, reporter gene expression for MRI was examined in telomerase positive and negative tumour cells and xenografts. Methods Activity of the reporter gene expression vector Lenti-hTERT-Fth1-3FLAG-Puro was compared to constitutive CMV-driven expression and to the untransfected parental control in five tumour cell lines: A549, SKOV3, 293T, U2OS and HPDLF. In vitro, transfected cells were evaluated for FLAG-tagged protein expression, iron accumulation and transverse relaxation. In vivo, tumours transduced by lentiviral vector injection were imaged using T2*WI. Changes in tumour signal intensity were validated by histology. Results Only telomerase positive tumour cells expressed FLAG-tagged Fth and displayed an increase in R2* above the parental control, with a corresponding change in T2*WI. In addition, only telomerase positive tumours, transduced by injection of the reporter gene expression construct, exhibited a change in signal intensity on T2*WI. Tumour histology verified the expression of FLAG-tagged Fth and iron accumulation in telomerase positive tissue. Conclusion Reporter gene expression for MRI, using the Fth reporter and the hTERT promoter, may be a useful strategy for the non-invasive diagnosis of many types of cancer. Key points • Modified heavy chain of ferritin can serve as an MR reporter gene • hTERT promoter can direct the expression of reporter gene in cancer cells • MR reporter imaging mediated by hTERT promoter can be used for cancer diagnosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Radiology, XinQiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400037, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of ChengDu Medical College, ChengDu, 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Fu Gong
- Department of Radiology, XinQiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Radiology, XinQiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Radiology, XinQiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Xian Wang
- Department of Radiology, XinQiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong-Sheng Su
- Department of Radiology, XinQiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wen
- Department of Radiology, XinQiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, XinQiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400037, People's Republic of China.
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Lee CY, Thompson RT, Prato FS, Goldhawk DE, Gelman N. Investigating the Relationship between Transverse Relaxation Rate (R2) and Interecho Time in MagA-Expressing, Iron-Labeled Cells. Mol Imaging 2015; 14:551-60. [PMID: 26637544 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2015.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reporter gene-based labeling of cells with iron is an emerging method of providing magnetic resonance imaging contrast for long-term cell tracking and monitoring cellular activities. This report investigates 9.4 T nuclear magnetic resonance properties of mammalian cells overexpressing MagA, a putative iron transport protein from magnetotactic bacteria. MagA-expressing MDA-MB-435 cells were cultured in the presence and absence of iron supplementation and compared to the untransfected control. The relationship between the transverse relaxation rate (R2) and interecho time was investigated using the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill sequence. This relationship was analyzed using a model based on water diffusion in weak magnetic field inhomogeneities (Jensen-Chandra model) as well as a fast-exchange model (Luz-Meiboom model). Increases in R2 with increasing interecho time were larger in the iron-supplemented, MagA-expressing cells compared to other cells. The dependence of R2 on interecho time in these iron-supplemented, MagA-expressing cells was better represented by the Jensen-Chandra model compared to the Luz-Meiboom model, whereas the Luz-Meiboom model performed better for the remaining cell types. Our findings provide an estimate of the distance scale of microscopic magnetic field variations in MagA-expressing cells, which is thought to be related to the size of iron-containing vesicles.
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Schäfer-Nolte E, Schlipf L, Ternes M, Reinhard F, Kern K, Wrachtrup J. Tracking temperature-dependent relaxation times of ferritin nanomagnets with a wideband quantum spectrometer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:217204. [PMID: 25479520 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.217204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the tracking of the spin dynamics of ensemble and individual magnetic ferritin proteins from cryogenic up to room temperature using the nitrogen-vacancy color center in diamond as a magnetic sensor. We employ different detection protocols to probe the influence of the ferritin nanomagnets on the longitudinal and transverse relaxation of the nitrogen-vacancy center, which enables magnetic sensing over a wide frequency range from Hz to GHz. The temperature dependence of the observed spectral features can be well understood by the thermally induced magnetization reversals of the ferritin and enables the determination of the anisotropy barrier of single ferritin molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike Schäfer-Nolte
- Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany and 3rd Institute of Physics and Research Center SCoPE, University Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lukas Schlipf
- Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany and 3rd Institute of Physics and Research Center SCoPE, University Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Ternes
- Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Friedemann Reinhard
- 3rd Institute of Physics and Research Center SCoPE, University Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany and Institut de Physique de la Matière Condensée, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany and 3rd Institute of Physics and Research Center SCoPE, University Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Alenkina IV, Oshtrakh MI, Klencsár Z, Kuzmann E, Chukin AV, Semionkin VA. 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of human liver ferritin, Ferrum Lek and Maltofer®. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 130:24-36. [PMID: 24762570 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A human liver ferritin, commercial Ferrum Lek and Maltofer® samples were studied using Mössbauer spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance. Two Mössbauer spectrometers have been used: (i) a high velocity resolution (4096 channels) at 90 and 295K, (ii) and a low velocity resolution (250 channels) at 20 and 40 K. It is shown that the three studied materials have different superparamagnetic features at various temperatures. This may be caused by different magnetic anisotropy energy barriers, sizes (volume), structures and compositions of the iron cores. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of the ferritin, Ferrum Lek and Maltofer® were decomposed into multiple spectral components demonstrating the presence of minor ferro- or ferrimagnetic phases along with revealing marked differences among the studied substances. Mössbauer spectroscopy provides evidences on several components in the measured spectra which could be related to different regions, layers, nanocrystallites, etc. in the iron cores that coincides with heterogeneous and multiphase models for the ferritin iron cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Alenkina
- Department of Physical Techniques and Devices for Quality Control, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation; Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation
| | - M I Oshtrakh
- Department of Physical Techniques and Devices for Quality Control, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation; Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation.
| | - Z Klencsár
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pusztaszeri út 59-67, Budapest 1025, Hungary
| | - E Kuzmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A V Chukin
- Department of Theoretical Physics and Applied Mathematics, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation
| | - V A Semionkin
- Department of Physical Techniques and Devices for Quality Control, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation; Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation
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Localization and characterization of ferritin in Demospongiae: a possible role on spiculogenesis. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:4659-76. [PMID: 25153764 PMCID: PMC4145336 DOI: 10.3390/md12084659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron, as inorganic ion or as oxide, is widely used by biological systems in a myriad of biological functions (e.g., enzymatic, gene activation and/or regulation). In particular, marine organisms containing silica structures—diatoms and sponges—grow preferentially in the presence of iron. Using primary sponge cell culture from S. domuncula–primmorphs—as an in vitro model to study the Demospongiae spiculogenesis, we found the presence of agglomerates 50 nm in diameter exclusively inside sponge specialized cells called sclerocytes. A clear phase/material separation is observed between the agglomerates and the initial stages of intracellular spicule formation. STEM-HRTEM-EDX analysis of the agglomerates (30–100 nm) showed that they are composed of pseudohexagonal nanoparticles between 5 and 15 nm in size, displaying lattice parameters corresponding to hematite (Fe2O3) and mixed iron oxide phases typically attributed to ferritin. Further analysis, using western blotting, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), sequence alignment analysis, immunostaining and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), of mature spicule filaments confirm the presence of ferritin within these organic structures. We suggest that S. domuncula can be classified as a dual biomineralizating organism, i.e., within the same cellular structure two distinct biomineralizing processes can occur as a result of the same cellular/metabolic function, spiculogenesis.
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Evaluation of the Debye temperature for iron cores in human liver ferritin and its pharmaceutical analogue, Ferrum Lek, using Mössbauer spectroscopy. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 140:89-93. [PMID: 25086236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An iron-polymaltose complex, Ferrum Lek, used as antianemic drug and considered as a ferritin analogue and human liver ferritin were investigated in the temperature range of 295-90K using (57)Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy with a high velocity resolution (in 4096 channels). This study aimed to make a comparison of the Fe atom dynamics in the Ferrum Lek and ferritin iron cores by means of evaluation of the Debye temperature using the temperature dependence of the spectral center shift obtained with two different fitting procedures and the second order Doppler shift approach. The Debye temperature, evaluated as ΘD=502±24K for Ferrum Lek and ΘD=461±16K for human liver ferritin, demonstrated a very small difference in the Fe atom vibrations, reflecting a slightly smaller rigidity in the iron cores in human liver ferritin.
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Abstract
Liver fat, iron, and combined overload are common manifestations of diffuse liver disease and may cause lipotoxicity and iron toxicity via oxidative hepatocellular injury, leading to progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually, liver failure. Intracellular fat and iron cause characteristic changes in the tissue magnetic properties in predictable dose-dependent manners. Using dedicated magnetic resonance pulse sequences and postprocessing algorithms, fat and iron can be objectively quantified on a continuous scale. In this article, we will describe the basic physical principles of magnetic resonance fat and iron quantification and review the imaging techniques of the "past, present, and future." Standardized radiological metrics of fat and iron are introduced for numerical reporting of overload severity, which can be used toward objective diagnosis, grading, and longitudinal disease monitoring. These noninvasive imaging techniques serve an alternative or complimentary role to invasive liver biopsy. Commercial solutions are increasingly available, and liver fat and iron quantitative imaging is now within reach for routine clinical use and may soon become standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yokoo
- From the *Department of Radiology, †Advanced Imaging Research Center, and ‡Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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Boča R, Dlháň Ľ, Kopáni M, Miglierini M, Mrázová V, Čaplovičová M. Deposits of iron oxides in the human spleen. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ziem FC, Götz NS, Zappe A, Steinert S, Wrachtrup J. Highly sensitive detection of physiological spins in a microfluidic device. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:4093-4098. [PMID: 23909590 DOI: 10.1021/nl401522a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Sensing and imaging paramagnetic species under physiological conditions is a key technology in chemical and biochemical analytics, cell biology, and medical sciences. At submicrometer length scales, nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond offer atom-sized probes for magnetic fields. We show that spin relaxation of an ensemble NV sensor allows sensing of adsorbed and freely diffusing manganese(II) ions and adsorbed ferritin. Sensitivities approach 175 Mn ions and 10 ferritin proteins per diffraction limited spot under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florestan C Ziem
- 3rd Institute of Physics and Research Center SCOPE, University Stuttgart , Stuttgart 70569, Germany
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Dezortova M, Herynek V, Krssak M, Kronerwetter C, Trattnig S, Hajek M. Two forms of iron as an intrinsic contrast agent in the basal ganglia of PKAN patients. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2013; 7:509-15. [PMID: 22991317 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Iron deposits in the human brain can be considered as intrinsic contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging and are used as markers of neurodegeneration accompanied by brain-iron accumulation. We studied one of them - panthotenate-kinase associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) - by using relaxometry at 1.5, 3.0 and 7 T in a group of six patients; we also measured a group of five volunteers for comparison. Based on the magnetic field dependency of antiferromagnetic ferritin and maghemite iron oxide nanoparticle relaxivities, we derived a two-component model for the description of iron deposits in the globus pallidus of PKAN patients. According to this model, we estimated the iron content in PKAN patients as 391 µg/ml of antiferromagnetic iron (ferritin) and 1.1 µg/ml of ferrimagnetic iron, compared with 178 µg/ml of iron in ferritin found in controls. This two-component model explains the nonlinear shape of the relaxometric curves in in vivo measurements of the relaxation rates of PKAN patients and is supported by histological findings in the original reports on PKAN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dezortova
- MR Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Alenkina IV, Oshtrakh MI, Semionkin VA, Kuzmann E. Comparative study of nanosized iron cores in human liver ferritin and its pharmaceutically important models Maltofer® and Ferrum Lek using Mössbauer spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3103/s1062873813060038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rulseh AM, Keller J, Tintěra J, Kožíšek M, Vymazal J. Chasing shadows: What determines DTI metrics in gray matter regions? An in vitro and in vivo study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 38:1103-10. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Rulseh
- Department of Radiology; Na Homolce Hospital; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Keller
- Department of Radiology; Na Homolce Hospital; Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology; Charles University in Prague; 3rd Faculty of Medicine; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Tintěra
- Department of Radiology; Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Milan Kožíšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Josef Vymazal
- Department of Radiology; Na Homolce Hospital; Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience; Charles University in Prague; 1st Faculty of Medicine; Prague Czech Republic
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Alenkina IV, Oshtrakh MI, Klepova YV, Dubiel SM, Sadovnikov NV, Semionkin VA. Comparative study of the iron cores in human liver ferritin, its pharmaceutical models and ferritin in chicken liver and spleen tissues using Mössbauer spectroscopy with a high velocity resolution. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 100:88-93. [PMID: 22465305 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Application of Mössbauer spectroscopy with a high velocity resolution (4096 channels) for comparative analysis of iron cores in a human liver ferritin and its pharmaceutically important models Imferon, Maltofer(®) and Ferrum Lek as well as in iron storage proteins in chicken liver and spleen tissues allowed to reveal small variations in the (57)Fe hyperfine parameters related to differences in the iron core structure. Moreover, it was shown that the best fit of Mössbauer spectra of these samples required different number of components. The latter may indicate that the real iron core structure is more complex than that following from a simple core-shell model. The effect of different living conditions and age on the iron core in chicken liver was also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Alenkina
- Department of Physical Techniques and Devices for Quality Control, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables a noninvasive in vivo quantification of iron in various organs. Several techniques have been developed that detect signal alterations derived mainly from the magnetic properties of ferritin and hemosiderin, the major iron storage compounds. High magnetic susceptibility of ferritin shortens the transversal relaxation time of nearby water protons and thus induces a focal signal extinction of iron-rich areas in T2-weighted (T2w) MRI. T2w tissue contrast is additionally influenced by other factors such as water content, myelin density, and the presence of other metals. Therefore, more specific methods are needed with higher specificity to iron. These in vivo techniques can be divided into three groups: relaxometry, magnetic field correlation imaging and phase-based contrast covering susceptibility-weighted imaging, and quantitative susceptibility mapping. The differential diagnosis of various neurological disorders is aided by characteristic patterns of iron depositions. Reliable estimates of cerebral tissue iron concentration are equally important in studying physiological age-related as well as pathological conditions in neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory, and vascular diseases. In the future, monitoring changes in iron storage and content may serve as sensitive biomarker for diagnosis as well as treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dusek
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institut für interventionelle und diagnostische Neuroradiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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Sharma R. Gadolinium-induced fibrosis testing by protein targeting assay and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle-based magnetic resonance microscopy of skin and kidneys. Interv Med Appl Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/imas.4.2012.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Gadolinium-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents cause undefined fibrosis in kidneys and skin damage. Magnetic resonance microimaging of rat skin and kidney was used first time to identify the physical factors modulating the gadolinium Omniscan®-induced fibrosis by protein targeting. A 500-MHz MR imaging was done to visualize fibrosis in gadolinium-treated animals. Cationic superparamagnetic iron oxide magnetoferritin (SPIOM) was injected in rat to target basement membrane (in rat kidney and different skin structures including epidermis glycolipids and dermis proteins. After MR imaging, excised rat skin and kidneys tissues were imaged by ex vivo 900 MHz MR microimaging to confirm renal fibrosis and skin epidermis thickening. The proton density-weighted images visualized micro details of skin structures and nephron territories while T2-weighted images showed better contrast of tissue structures in both skin and kidney. The gadolinium further enhanced the image contrast and targeted the proteins in renal basement membrane and viable proteins in epidermis. SPIOM enhanced the tissue contrast due to dephasing effect caused by SPIOM on structural changes in nephron and epidermis. Conclusion: Tissue membrane protein and chelate ligand group binding with gadolinium biophysical interaction at molecular level may develop fibrosis. SPIOM injection improved the dephased image contrast of different structures in both skin and nephrons. The epidermis thickening and nephrofibrosis changes may be associated with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis or fibrosing dermatopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Sharma
- 1 Center of Integrated Magnetic Resonance and Applied Research, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, 32304, USA
- 2 Center of Nanomagnetics and Biotechnology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32304, USA
- 3 Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University UP, Noida, India, 201303
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Boss MA, Chris Hammel P. The role of diffusion in ferritin-induced relaxation enhancement of protons. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2012; 217:36-40. [PMID: 22410189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The influence of proton diffusion on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation was investigated in the presence of horse spleen ferritin at 7 T. Binary mixtures of water and glycerol were used to control diffusion within the range of 0.6-2.0 × 10(-9)m(2)/s, which was confirmed by pulsed gradient techniques. The effect of chemical exchange by hydrolysis between water and glycerol on relaxation was characterized with Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) dispersion experiments. The relaxation rate enhancement of the protons due to ferritin was found to be inversely proportional to the diffusion coefficient. The enhancement increased by a factor of 3.6 over the range of diffusion coefficients, while the hydroxyl proton concentration decreased by a factor of 1.3. This result is in disagreement with the proton exchange dephasing model, which is independent of diffusion but predicts an inverse dependence on the hydroxyl concentration. Our data indicate that the role of diffusion dominates and must be considered when relaxation rates are used to determine iron concentration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Boss
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Magnetic resonance imaging of tumors colonized with bacterial ferritin-expressing Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25409. [PMID: 21984917 PMCID: PMC3184983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have shown that human ferritin can be used as a reporter of gene expression for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Bacteria also encode three classes of ferritin-type molecules with iron accumulation properties. Methods and Findings Here, we investigated whether these bacterial ferritins can also be used as MRI reporter genes and which of the bacterial ferritins is the most suitable reporter. Bacterial ferritins were overexpressed in probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917. Cultures of these bacteria were analyzed and those generating highest MRI contrast were further investigated in tumor bearing mice. Among members of three classes of bacterial ferritin tested, bacterioferritin showed the most promise as a reporter gene. Although all three proteins accumulated similar amounts of iron when overexpressed individually, bacterioferritin showed the highest contrast change. By site-directed mutagenesis we also show that the heme iron, a unique part of the bacterioferritin molecule, is not critical for MRI contrast change. Tumor-specific induction of bacterioferritin-expression in colonized tumors resulted in contrast changes within the bacteria-colonized tumors. Conclusions Our data suggest that colonization and gene expression by live vectors expressing bacterioferritin can be monitored by MRI due to contrast changes.
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