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Cui X, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Li S, Lee C. Organic radical materials in biomedical applications: State of the art and perspectives. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 2:20210264. [PMID: 37323877 PMCID: PMC10190988 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their unique chemical reactivities and paramagnetism, organic radicals with unpaired electrons have found widespread exploration in physical, chemical, and biological fields. However, most radicals are too short-lived to be separated and only a few of them can maintain stable radical forms via stereochemical strategies. How to utilize these raw radicals for developing stable radical-containing materials have long been a research hotspot for many years. This perspective introduces fundamental characteristics of organic radical materials and highlights their applications in biomedical fields, particularly for bioimaging, biosensing, and photo-triggered therapies. Molecular design of these radical materials is considered with reference to their outstanding imaging and therapeutic performances. Various challenges currently limiting the wide applications of these organic radical materials and their future development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cui
- Department of ChemistryInstitution Center of Super‐Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)City University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong SARChina
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of ChemistryInstitution Center of Super‐Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)City University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong SARChina
| | - Yuliang Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Shengliang Li
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Chun‐Sing Lee
- Department of ChemistryInstitution Center of Super‐Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)City University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong SARChina
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Smith MT, Guyton KZ, Kleinstreuer N, Borrel A, Cardenas A, Chiu WA, Felsher DW, Gibbons CF, Goodson WH, Houck KA, Kane AB, La Merrill MA, Lebrec H, Lowe L, McHale CM, Minocherhomji S, Rieswijk L, Sandy MS, Sone H, Wang A, Zhang L, Zeise L, Fielden M. The Key Characteristics of Carcinogens: Relationship to the Hallmarks of Cancer, Relevant Biomarkers, and Assays to Measure Them. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:1887-1903. [PMID: 32152214 PMCID: PMC7483401 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The key characteristics (KC) of human carcinogens provide a uniform approach to evaluating mechanistic evidence in cancer hazard identification. Refinements to the approach were requested by organizations and individuals applying the KCs. We assembled an expert committee with knowledge of carcinogenesis and experience in applying the KCs in cancer hazard identification. We leveraged this expertise and examined the literature to more clearly describe each KC, identify current and emerging assays and in vivo biomarkers that can be used to measure them, and make recommendations for future assay development. We found that the KCs are clearly distinct from the Hallmarks of Cancer, that interrelationships among the KCs can be leveraged to strengthen the KC approach (and an understanding of environmental carcinogenesis), and that the KC approach is applicable to the systematic evaluation of a broad range of potential cancer hazards in vivo and in vitro We identified gaps in coverage of the KCs by current assays. Future efforts should expand the breadth, specificity, and sensitivity of validated assays and biomarkers that can measure the 10 KCs. Refinement of the KC approach will enhance and accelerate carcinogen identification, a first step in cancer prevention.See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, "Environmental Carcinogenesis: Pathways to Prevention."
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn T Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
| | - Kathryn Z Guyton
- Monographs Programme, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- Division of Intramural Research, Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Alexandre Borrel
- Division of Intramural Research, Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Andres Cardenas
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Catherine F Gibbons
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C
| | - William H Goodson
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Keith A Houck
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Agnes B Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Herve Lebrec
- Comparative Biology & Safety Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Cliona M McHale
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Sheroy Minocherhomji
- Comparative Biology & Safety Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Linda Rieswijk
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- Institute of Data Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Martha S Sandy
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California
| | - Hideko Sone
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy and National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Amy Wang
- Office of the Report on Carcinogens, Division of National Toxicology Program, The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Lauren Zeise
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California
| | - Mark Fielden
- Expansion Therapeutics Inc, San Diego, California
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Uchida T, Togashi H, Kuroda Y, Yamashita A, Itoh N, Haga K, Sadahiro M, Kayama T. In vivo analysis of redox status in organs - from bench to bedside. Free Radic Res 2020; 54:961-968. [PMID: 32458704 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1772470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and hydrogen peroxide play an important role in the maintenance of life. However, production of excessive ROS and/or deficiency of the antioxidant system lead to oxidative stress and cause a variety of diseases. In the present study, we used electron spin resonance (ESR) to detect ROS in vivo to clarify its roles in redox dynamics and organ damage. However, the limited permeability of microwaves and low anatomic resolution of ESR equipment made it difficult to apply clinically. Nitroxide is widely used as a sensitive redox sensor for in vivo ESR analysis. The unpaired electrons of nitroxide are known to cause the T1 relaxation time-shortening effect of water protons, creating magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) effects. The remarkable development of MRI has facilitated the spatiotemporal analysis of nitroxide, which was previously impossible. In a rat model, we have been able to image and analyze the process of nitroxide reduction using MRI. MRI using nitroxide as a contrast medium is considered to be clinically applicable for evaluation of organ redox, imaging of ROS (which cause organ damage), and evaluation of therapeutic effects. In this review, we describe current advances in the analysis of in vivo redox capacity in animals using ESR and MRI equipment. We consider that redox evaluation using MRI can contribute to advances in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Uchida
- Second Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Togashi
- Health Administration Center, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kuroda
- Second Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamashita
- Second Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Nanami Itoh
- Health Administration Center, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Haga
- Radiation Department, Yamagata University Hospital, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Sadahiro
- Second Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takamasa Kayama
- Global Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
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Kuroda Y, Togashi H, Uchida T, Haga K, Yamashita A, Sadahiro M. Oxidative stress evaluation of skeletal muscle in ischemia-reperfusion injury using enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10863. [PMID: 32616815 PMCID: PMC7331576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute extremity arterial occlusion requires prompt revascularization. Delayed revascularization induces ischemia–reperfusion injury in the skeletal muscle. Organ injury-induced oxidative stress is widely reported, and oxidative stress is heavily involved in ischemia–reperfusion injury. This study aimed to evaluate oxidative stress in ischemia–reperfusion rat models using 3-carbamoyl PROXYL enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (3-CP enhanced MRI). Ischemia–reperfusion injury was induced through clamping the right femoral artery in rats, with a 4-h ischemia time in all experiments. 3-CP enhanced MRI was performed to evaluate oxidative stress, and the rats were divided into 3 reperfusion time groups: 0.5, 2, and 24 h. Signal intensity was evaluated using 3-CP enhanced MRI and compared in the ischemia–reperfusion and intact limbs in the same rat. Furthermore, the effect of edaravone (radical scavenger) was evaluated in the 4-h ischemia—24-h reperfusion injury rat model. The signal intensity of the ischemia–reperfusion limb was significantly stronger than that of the intact limb, suggesting that oxidative stress was induced in the ischemia–reperfusion muscle. Edaravone administration reduced the oxidative stress in the ischemia–reperfusion limb. The signal intensity of the ischemia–reperfusion limb was stronger than that of the intact limb, presumably reflecting the oxidative stress in the former. 3-CP MRI examination shows promise for effective assessment of oxidative stress and may facilitate early diagnosis of ischemia–reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Kuroda
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery II, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Togashi
- Health Administration Center, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Uchida
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery II, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Haga
- Radiation Department, Yamagata University Hospital, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamashita
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery II, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Sadahiro
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery II, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
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Towner RA, Smith N. In Vivo and In Situ Detection of Macromolecular Free Radicals Using Immuno-Spin Trapping and Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:1404-1415. [PMID: 29084431 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE In vivo free radical imaging in preclinical models of disease has become a reality. Free radicals have traditionally been characterized by electron spin resonance (ESR) or electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy coupled with spin trapping. The disadvantage of the ESR/EPR approach is that spin adducts are short-lived due to biological reductive and/or oxidative processes. Immuno-spin trapping (IST) involves the use of an antibody that recognizes macromolecular 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) spin adducts (anti-DMPO antibody), regardless of the oxidative/reductive state of trapped radical adducts. Recent Advances: The IST approach has been extended to an in vivo application that combines IST with molecular magnetic resonance imaging (mMRI). This combined IST-mMRI approach involves the use of a spin-trapping agent, DMPO, to trap free radicals in disease models, and administration of an mMRI probe, an anti-DMPO probe, which combines an antibody against DMPO-radical adducts and an MRI contrast agent, resulting in targeted free radical adduct detection. CRITICAL ISSUES The combined IST-mMRI approach has been used in several rodent disease models, including diabetes, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), gliomas, and septic encephalopathy. The advantage of this approach is that heterogeneous levels of trapped free radicals can be detected directly in vivo and in situ to pin point where free radicals are formed in different tissues. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The approach can also be used to assess therapeutic agents that are either free radical scavengers or generate free radicals. Smaller probe constructs and radical identification approaches are being considered. The focus of this review is on the different applications that have been studied, advantages and limitations, and future directions. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1404-1415.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rheal A Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center , Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Nataliya Smith
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center , Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate alleviates the anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury through JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway: An experimental study. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017. [PMID: 28647191 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) on the anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury and the molecular mechanism. METHODS Clean male SD rats were selected as experimental animals and randomly divided into normal group, model group, PDTC group and AG490 group. Animal model of anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury was established by intragastric administration isoniazid + rifampicin. PDTC group received intraperitoneal injection of PDTC, and AG490 group received intraperitoneal injection of AG490. Twenty-eight days after intervention, the rats were executed, and the liver injury indexes, inflammation indexes and oxidative stress indexes in serum as well as JAK2/STAT3 expression, liver injury indexes, inflammation indexes and oxidative stress indexes in liver tissue were determined. RESULTS p-JAK2, p-STAT3, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, ROS, 8-OHdG and MDA expression in liver tissue as well as TBIL, ALT, AST, γ-GT, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, 8-OHdG and MDA levels in serum of model group were significantly higher than those of normal group while p-JAK2, p-STAT3, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, ROS, 8-OHdG and MDA expression in liver tissue as well as TBIL, ALT, AST, γ-GT, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, 8-OHdG and MDA levels in serum of PDTC group and AG490 group were significantly lower than those of model group. CONCLUSIONS PDTC can inhibit the inflammation and oxidative stress mediated by JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway to alleviate the anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury.
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