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Gerhalter T, Schilling F, Zeitouni N, Linz P, Baudin PY, Kannenkeril D, Kopp C, Dahlmann A, Schmieder R, Uder M, Nagel AM, Gast LV. Sodium quantification in skeletal muscle: comparison between Cartesian gradient-echo and radial ultra-short echo time 23Na MRI techniques. Eur Radiol Exp 2024; 8:61. [PMID: 38773044 PMCID: PMC11109078 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-024-00461-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies often use Cartesian gradient-echo (GRE) sequences with ~2-ms echo times (TEs) to monitor apparent total sodium concentration (aTSC). We compared Cartesian GRE and ultra-short echo time three-dimensional (3D) radial-readout sequences for measuring skeletal muscle aTSC. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated 211 datasets from 112 volunteers aged 62.3 ± 12.1 years (mean ± standard deviation), acquired at 3 T from the lower leg. For 23Na MRI acquisitions, we used a two-dimensional Cartesian GRE sequence and a density-adapted 3D radial readout sequence with cuboid field-of-view (DA-3D-RAD-C). We calibrated the 23Na MR signal using reference tubes either with or without agarose and subsequently performed a relaxation correction. Additionally, we employed a six-echo 1H GRE sequence and a multi-echo spin-echo sequence to calculate proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and water T2. Paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Cohen dz for paired samples, and Spearman correlation were used. RESULTS Relaxation correction effectively reduced the differences in muscle aTSC between the two acquisition and calibration methods (DA-3D-RAD-C using NaCl/agarose references: 20.05 versus 19.14 mM; dz = 0.395; Cartesian GRE using NaCl/agarose references: 19.50 versus 18.82 mM; dz = 0.427). Both aTSC of the DA-3D-RAD-C and Cartesian GRE acquisitions showed a small but significant correlation with PDFF as well as with water T2. CONCLUSIONS Different 23Na MRI acquisition and calibration approaches affect aTSC values. Applying relaxation correction is advised to minimize the impact of sequence parameters on quantification, and considering additional fat correction is advisable for patients with increased fat fractions. RELEVANCE STATEMENT This study highlights relaxation correction's role in improving sodium MRI accuracy, paving the way for better disease assessment and comparability of measured sodium signal in patients. KEY POINTS • Differences in MRI acquisition methods hamper the comparability of sodium MRI measurements. • Measured sodium values depend on used MRI sequences and calibration method. • Relaxation correction during postprocessing mitigates these discrepancies. • Thus, relaxation correction enhances accuracy of sodium MRI, aiding its clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gerhalter
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Maximiliansplatz 3, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Felix Schilling
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Maximiliansplatz 3, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nour Zeitouni
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Maximiliansplatz 3, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Linz
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Maximiliansplatz 3, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pierre-Yves Baudin
- NMR laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology, Paris, France
| | - Dennis Kannenkeril
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Kopp
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anke Dahlmann
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roland Schmieder
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Uder
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Maximiliansplatz 3, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Armin M Nagel
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Maximiliansplatz 3, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena V Gast
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Maximiliansplatz 3, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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Christa M, Dithmar F, Weinaus T, Kohlhaas M, Arias-Loza AP, Hofmann M, Elabyad IA, Gutjahr FT, Maack C, Bauer WR. A new approach to characterize cardiac sodium storage by combining fluorescence photometry and magnetic resonance imaging in small animal research. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2426. [PMID: 38287086 PMCID: PMC10825176 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52377-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiac myocyte sodium (Na+) homoeostasis is pivotal in cardiac diseases and heart failure. Intracellular Na+ ([Na+]i) is an important regulator of excitation-contraction coupling and mitochondrial energetics. In addition, extracellular Na+ ([Na+]e) and its water-free storage trigger collagen cross-linking, myocardial stiffening and impaired cardiac function. Therefore, understanding the allocation of tissue Na+ to intra- and extracellular compartments is crucial in comprehending the pathophysiological processes in cardiac diseases. We extrapolated [Na+]e using a three-compartment model, with tissue Na+ concentration (TSC) measured by in vivo 23Na-MRI, extracellular volume (ECV) data calculated from T1 maps, and [Na+]i measured by in vitro fluorescence microscopy using Na+ binding benzofuran isophthalate (SBFI). To investigate dynamic changes in Na+ compartments, we induced pressure overload (TAC) or myocardial infarction (MI) via LAD ligation in mice. Compared to SHAM mice, TSC was similar after TAC but increased after MI. Both TAC and MI showed significantly higher [Na+]i compared to SHAM (around 130% compared to SHAM). Calculated [Na+]e increased after MI, but not after TAC. Increased TSC after TAC was primarily driven by increased [Na+]i, but the increase after MI by elevations in both [Na+]i and [Na+]e.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Christa
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University and University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, Haus A3, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Franziska Dithmar
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University and University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, Haus A3, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Weinaus
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University and University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, Haus A3, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kohlhaas
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University and University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anahi-Paula Arias-Loza
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University and University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michelle Hofmann
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University and University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ibrahim A Elabyad
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University and University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Maack
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University and University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang R Bauer
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University and University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, Haus A3, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
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Gast LV, Platt T, Nagel AM, Gerhalter T. Recent technical developments and clinical research applications of sodium ( 23Na) MRI. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 138-139:1-51. [PMID: 38065665 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Sodium is an essential ion that plays a central role in many physiological processes including the transmembrane electrochemical gradient and the maintenance of the body's homeostasis. Due to the crucial role of sodium in the human body, the sodium nucleus is a promising candidate for non-invasively assessing (patho-)physiological changes. Almost 10 years ago, Madelin et al. provided a comprehensive review of methods and applications of sodium (23Na) MRI (Madelin et al., 2014) [1]. More recent review articles have focused mainly on specific applications of 23Na MRI. For example, several articles covered 23Na MRI applications for diseases such as osteoarthritis (Zbyn et al., 2016, Zaric et al., 2020) [2,3], multiple sclerosis (Petracca et al., 2016, Huhn et al., 2019) [4,5] and brain tumors (Schepkin, 2016) [6], or for imaging certain organs such as the kidneys (Zollner et al., 2016) [7], the brain (Shah et al., 2016, Thulborn et al., 2018) [8,9], and the heart (Bottomley, 2016) [10]. Other articles have reviewed technical developments such as radiofrequency (RF) coils for 23Na MRI (Wiggins et al., 2016, Bangerter et al., 2016) [11,12], pulse sequences (Konstandin et al., 2014) [13], image reconstruction methods (Chen et al., 2021) [14], and interleaved/simultaneous imaging techniques (Lopez Kolkovsky et al., 2022) [15]. In addition, 23Na MRI topics have been covered in review articles with broader topics such as multinuclear MRI or ultra-high-field MRI (Niesporek et al., 2019, Hu et al., 2019, Ladd et al., 2018) [16-18]. During the past decade, various research groups have continued working on technical improvements to sodium MRI and have investigated its potential to serve as a diagnostic and prognostic tool. Clinical research applications of 23Na MRI have covered a broad spectrum of diseases, mainly focusing on the brain, cartilage, and skeletal muscle (see Fig. 1). In this article, we aim to provide a comprehensive summary of methodological and hardware developments, as well as a review of various clinical research applications of sodium (23Na) MRI in the last decade (i.e., published from the beginning of 2013 to the end of 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena V Gast
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Tanja Platt
- Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Armin M Nagel
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Teresa Gerhalter
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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Rochitte CE, Silva DC, Otaduy MC, Chaim KT, Nomura CH, Caramelli B. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a 7 Tesla Magnetic Field: Initial Experience with Hydrogen and Sodium Nuclei. Arq Bras Cardiol 2023; 120:e20220762. [PMID: 37556655 PMCID: PMC10382146 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20220762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E. Rochitte
- Hospital das ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto do Coração (Incor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP) – Setor de Ressonância Magnética e Tomografia Computadorizada Cardiovascular do, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| | - Douglas C. Silva
- Hospital das ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto do Coração (Incor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP) – Setor de Ressonância Magnética e Tomografia Computadorizada Cardiovascular do, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| | - Maria C. Otaduy
- Hospital das ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasilHospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP) – Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia do, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| | - Khallil T. Chaim
- Hospital das ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasilHospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP) – Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia do, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| | - Cesar H. Nomura
- Hospital das ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto do Coração (Incor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP) – Setor de Ressonância Magnética e Tomografia Computadorizada Cardiovascular do, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| | - Bruno Caramelli
- Hospital das ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto do Coração (Incor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP) – Unidade de Medicina Interdisciplinar em Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
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Schreiber LM, Lohr D, Baltes S, Vogel U, Elabyad IA, Bille M, Reiter T, Kosmala A, Gassenmaier T, Stefanescu MR, Kollmann A, Aures J, Schnitter F, Pali M, Ueda Y, Williams T, Christa M, Hofmann U, Bauer W, Gerull B, Zernecke A, Ergün S, Terekhov M. Ultra-high field cardiac MRI in large animals and humans for translational cardiovascular research. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1068390. [PMID: 37255709 PMCID: PMC10225557 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1068390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A key step in translational cardiovascular research is the use of large animal models to better understand normal and abnormal physiology, to test drugs or interventions, or to perform studies which would be considered unethical in human subjects. Ultrahigh field magnetic resonance imaging (UHF-MRI) at 7 T field strength is becoming increasingly available for imaging of the heart and, when compared to clinically established field strengths, promises better image quality and image information content, more precise functional analysis, potentially new image contrasts, and as all in-vivo imaging techniques, a reduction of the number of animals per study because of the possibility to scan every animal repeatedly. We present here a solution to the dual use problem of whole-body UHF-MRI systems, which are typically installed in clinical environments, to both UHF-MRI in large animals and humans. Moreover, we provide evidence that in such a research infrastructure UHF-MRI, and ideally combined with a standard small-bore UHF-MRI system, can contribute to a variety of spatial scales in translational cardiovascular research: from cardiac organoids, Zebra fish and rodent hearts to large animal models such as pigs and humans. We present pilot data from serial CINE, late gadolinium enhancement, and susceptibility weighted UHF-MRI in a myocardial infarction model over eight weeks. In 14 pigs which were delivered from a breeding facility in a national SARS-CoV-2 hotspot, we found no infection in the incoming pigs. Human scanning using CINE and phase contrast flow measurements provided good image quality of the left and right ventricle. Agreement of functional analysis between CINE and phase contrast MRI was excellent. MRI in arrested hearts or excised vascular tissue for MRI-based histologic imaging, structural imaging of myofiber and vascular smooth muscle cell architecture using high-resolution diffusion tensor imaging, and UHF-MRI for monitoring free radicals as a surrogate for MRI of reactive oxygen species in studies of oxidative stress are demonstrated. We conclude that UHF-MRI has the potential to become an important precision imaging modality in translational cardiovascular research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Schreiber
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - David Lohr
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Baltes
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Vogel
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ibrahim A. Elabyad
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Maya Bille
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Reiter
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I/Cardiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Aleksander Kosmala
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Gassenmaier
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Maria R. Stefanescu
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Alena Kollmann
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Aures
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Schnitter
- Department of Internal Medicine I/Cardiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mihaela Pali
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Yuichiro Ueda
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Tatiana Williams
- Department of Cardiovascular Genetics, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Christa
- Department of Internal Medicine I/Cardiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hofmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I/Cardiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I/Cardiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Brenda Gerull
- Department of Internal Medicine I/Cardiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Cardiovascular Genetics, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Alma Zernecke
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Maxim Terekhov
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Ito Y, Sun T, Tanaka H, Yamaguchi M, Kinashi H, Sakata F, Kunoki S, Sakai Y, Ishimoto T. Tissue Sodium Accumulation Induces Organ Inflammation and Injury in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098329. [PMID: 37176037 PMCID: PMC10179540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
High salt intake is a primary cause of over-hydration in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Inflammatory markers are predictors of CKD mortality; however, the pathogenesis of inflammation remains unclear. Sodium storage in tissues has recently emerged as an issue of concern. The binding of sodium to tissue glycosaminoglycans and its subsequent release regulates local tonicity. Many cell types express tonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein (TonEBP), which is activated in a tonicity-dependent or tonicity-independent manner. Macrophage infiltration was observed in the heart, peritoneal wall, and para-aortic tissues in salt-loading subtotal nephrectomized mice, whereas macrophages were not prominent in tap water-loaded subtotal nephrectomized mice. TonEBP was increased in the heart and peritoneal wall, leading to the upregulation of inflammatory mediators associated with cardiac fibrosis and peritoneal membrane dysfunction, respectively. Reducing salt loading by a diuretic treatment or changing to tap water attenuated macrophage infiltration, TonEBP expression, and inflammatory marker expression. The role of TonEBP may be crucial during the cardiac fibrosis and peritoneal deterioration processes induced by sodium overload. Anti-interleukin-6 therapy improved cardiac inflammation and fibrosis and peritoneal membrane dysfunction. Further studies are necessary to establish a strategy to regulate organ dysfunction induced by TonEBP activation in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Ito
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroya Tanaka
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamaguchi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kinashi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
| | - Fumiko Sakata
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 464-0813, Japan
| | - Shunnosuke Kunoki
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Yukinao Sakai
- Department of Nephrology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Takuji Ishimoto
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
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Nurzed B, Kuehne A, Aigner CS, Schmitter S, Niendorf T, Eigentler TW. Radiofrequency antenna concepts for human cardiac MR at 14.0 T. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 36:257-277. [PMID: 36920549 PMCID: PMC10140016 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-023-01075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the feasibility of human cardiac MR (CMR) at 14.0 T using high-density radiofrequency (RF) dipole transceiver arrays in conjunction with static and dynamic parallel transmission (pTx). MATERIALS AND METHODS RF arrays comprised of self-grounded bow-tie (SGBT) antennas, bow-tie (BT) antennas, or fractionated dipole (FD) antennas were used in this simulation study. Static and dynamic pTx were applied to enhance transmission field (B1+) uniformity and efficiency in the heart of the human voxel model. B1+ distribution and maximum specific absorption rate averaged over 10 g tissue (SAR10g) were examined at 7.0 T and 14.0 T. RESULTS At 14.0 T static pTx revealed a minimum B1+ROI efficiency of 0.91 μT/√kW (SGBT), 0.73 μT/√kW (BT), and 0.56 μT/√kW (FD) and maximum SAR10g of 4.24 W/kg, 1.45 W/kg, and 2.04 W/kg. Dynamic pTx with 8 kT points indicate a balance between B1+ROI homogeneity (coefficient of variation < 14%) and efficiency (minimum B1+ROI > 1.11 µT/√kW) at 14.0 T with a maximum SAR10g < 5.25 W/kg. DISCUSSION MRI of the human heart at 14.0 T is feasible from an electrodynamic and theoretical standpoint, provided that multi-channel high-density antennas are arranged accordingly. These findings provide a technical foundation for further explorations into CMR at 14.0 T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilguun Nurzed
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Thoralf Niendorf
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
- MRI.TOOLS GmbH, Berlin, Germany.
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thomas Wilhelm Eigentler
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Chair of Medical Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Höger SA, Gast LV, Marty B, Hotfiel T, Bickelhaupt S, Uder M, Heiss R, Nagel AM. Sodium and quantitative hydrogen parameter changes in muscle tissue after eccentric exercise and in delayed-onset muscle soreness assessed with magnetic resonance imaging. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4840. [PMID: 36196511 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to assess sodium (23 Na) and quantitative proton (1 H) parameter changes in muscle tissue with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after eccentric exercise and in delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Fourteen participants (mean age: 25 ± 4 years) underwent 23 Na/1 H MRI of the calf muscle on a 3-T MRI system before exercise (t0), directly after eccentric exercise (t1), and 48 h postintervention (t2). In addition to tissue sodium concentration (TSC), intracellular-weighted sodium (ICwS) signal was acquired using a three-dimensional density-adapted radial projection readout with an additional inversion recovery preparation module. Phantoms containing saline solution served as references to quantify sodium concentrations. The 1 H MRI protocol consisted of a T1 -weighted turbo spin echo sequence, a T2 -weighted turbo inversion recovery, as well as water T2 mapping and water T1 mapping. Additionally, blood serum creatine kinase (CK) levels were assessed at baseline and 48 h after exercise. The TSC and ICwS of exercised muscles increased significantly from t0 to t1 and decreased significantly from t1 to t2. In the soleus muscle (SM), ICwS decreased below baseline values at t2. In the tibialis anterior muscle (TA), TSC and ICwS remained at baseline levels at each measurement point. However, high-CK participants (i.e., participants with a more than 10-fold CK increase, n = 3) displayed different behavior, with 2- to 4-fold increases in TSC values in the medial gastrocnemius muscle (MGM) at t2. 1 H water T1 relaxation times increased significantly after 48 h in the MGM and SM. 1 H water T2 relaxation times and muscle volume increased in the MGM at t2. Sodium MRI parameters and water relaxation times peaked at different points. Whereas water relaxation times were highest at t2, sodium MRI parameters had already returned to baseline values (or even below baseline values, for low-CK participants) by this point. The observed changes in ion concentrations and water relaxation time parameters could enable a better understanding of the physiological processes during DOMS and muscle regeneration. In the future, this might help to optimize training and to reduce associated sports injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja A Höger
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lena V Gast
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Marty
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology, Paris, France
- NMR Laboratory, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/MIRCen, Paris, France
| | - Thilo Hotfiel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery Osnabrück (OZMC), Klinikum Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bickelhaupt
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Uder
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rafael Heiss
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Armin M Nagel
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Gast LV, Baier LM, Chaudry O, Meixner CR, Müller M, Engelke K, Uder M, Heiss R, Nagel AM. Assessing muscle-specific potassium concentrations in human lower leg using potassium magnetic resonance imaging. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4819. [PMID: 35994248 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasively assessing tissue potassium concentrations (TPCs) using potassium magnetic resonance imaging (39 K MRI) could give valuable information on physiological processes connected to various pathologies. However, because of inherently low 39 K MR image resolution and strong signal blurring, a reliable measurement of the TPC is challenging. The aim of this work was to investigate the feasibility of a muscle-specific TPC determination with a focus on the influence of a varying residual quadrupolar interaction in human lower leg muscles. The quantification accuracy of a muscle-specific TPC determination was first assessed using simulated 39 K MRI data. In vivo 39 K and corresponding sodium (23 Na) MRI data of healthy lower leg muscles (n = 14, seven females) were acquired on a 7-T MR system using a double-resonant 23 Na/39 K birdcage Tx/Rx RF coil. Additional 1 H MR images were acquired on a 3-T MR system and used for tissue segmentation. Quantification of TPC was performed after a region-based partial volume correction (PVC) using five external reference phantoms. Simulations not only underlined the importance of PVC for correctly assessing muscle-specific TPC values, but also revealed the strong impact of a varying residual quadrupolar interaction between different muscle regions on the measured TPC. Using 39 K T2 * decay curves, we found significantly higher residual quadrupolar interaction in tibialis anterior muscle (TA; ωq = 194 ± 28 Hz) compared with gastrocnemius muscle (medial/lateral head, GM/GL; ωq = 151 ± 25 Hz) and soleus muscle (SOL; ωq = 102 ± 32 Hz). If considered in the PVC, TPC in individual muscles was similar (TPC = 98 ± 11/96 ± 14/99 ± 8/100 ± 12 mM in GM/GL/SOL/TA). Comparison with tissue sodium concentrations suggested that residual quadrupolar interactions might also influence the 23 Na MRI signal of lower leg muscles. A TPC determination of individual lower leg muscles is feasible and can therefore be applied in future studies. Considering a varying residual quadrupolar interaction for PVC of 39 K MRI data is essential to reliably assess potassium concentrations in individual muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena V Gast
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laura-Marie Baier
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Chaudry
- Department of Medicine 3, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian R Meixner
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max Müller
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klaus Engelke
- Department of Medicine 3, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Uder
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rafael Heiss
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Armin M Nagel
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Zaric O, Beiglböck H, Janacova V, Szomolanyi P, Wolf P, Krebs M, Trattnig S, Krššák M, Juras V. Repeatability assessment of sodium ( 23Na) MRI at 7.0 T in healthy human calf muscle and preliminary results on tissue sodium concentrations in subjects with Addison's disease. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022; 23:925. [PMID: 36266679 PMCID: PMC9585786 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-05879-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the relaxation times of the sodium nucleus, and to investigate the repeatability of quantitative, in vivo TSC measurements using sodium magnetic resonance imaging (23Na-MRI) in human skeletal muscle and explore the discriminatory value of the method by comparing TSCs between healthy subjects and patients with Addison's disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this prospective study, ten healthy subjects and five patients with Addison's disease were involved. 23Na-MRI data sets were acquired using a density-adapted, three-dimensional radial projection reconstruction pulse sequence (DA-3DPR) with a modification for the relaxation times measurements. Differences in TSC between muscle groups and between healthy participants were analysed using a nonparametric Friedman ANOVA test. An interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used as the repeatability index. Wilcoxon rank sum test was used for evaluation of differences in TSC between study participants. RESULTS The mean T1 in the gastrocnemius medialis (GM), the tibialis anterior (TA), and the soleus (S) was 25.9 ± 2.0 ms, 27.6 ± 2.0 ms, and 28.2 ± 2.0 ms, respectively. The mean short component of T2*, T2*short were GM: 3.6 ± 2.0 ms; TA: 3.2 ± 0.5 ms; and S: 3.0 ± 1.0 ms, and the mean long component of T2*, T2*long, were GM: 12.9 ± 0.9 ms; TA: 12.8 ± 0.7 ms; and S: 12.9 ± 2.0 ms, respectively. In healthy volunteers, TSC values in the GM were 19.9 ±0.1 mmol/L, 13.8 ±0.2 mmol/L in TA, and 12.6 ± 0.2 mmol/L in S, and were significantly different (p = 0.0005). The ICCs for GM, TA and S were 0.784, 0.818, 0.807, respectively. In patients with Addison's disease, TSC in GC, TA, and S were 10.2 ± 1.0 mmol/L, 8.4 ± 0.6 mmol/L, and 7.2 ± 0.1 mmol/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS TSC quantification in a healthy subject's calf at 7.0 T is reliable; the technique is able to distinguish sodium level differences between muscles and between healthy subjects and Addison's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olgica Zaric
- High-Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Research Center for Medical Image Analysis and Artificial Intelligence (MIAAI), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University GmbH (DPU), Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Hannes Beiglböck
- Department of Medicine III (Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Janacova
- High-Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavol Szomolanyi
- High-Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Imaging Methods, Institute of Measurement Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Medicine III (Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Krebs
- Department of Medicine III (Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Trattnig
- High-Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MRI, Christian Doppler Forschungsgesellschaft, Vienna, Austria.
- Institute for Clinical Molecular MRI in Musculoskeletal System, Karl Landsteiner Society, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Martin Krššák
- High-Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine III (Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Juras
- High-Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Evaluation of Sodium Relaxation Times and Concentrations in the Achilles Tendon Using MRI. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810890. [PMID: 36142810 PMCID: PMC9501448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to evaluate the change in the proteoglycan content in Achilles tendons (ATs) of patients with different AT pathologies by measuring the 23Na signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). As 23Na SNR alone is difficult to compare between different studies, because of the high influence of hardware configurations and sequence settings on the SNR, we further set out to measure the apparent tissue sodium content (aTSC) in the AT as a better comparable parameter. Ten healthy controls and one patient with tendinopathy in the AT were examined using a clinical 3 Tesla (T) MRI scanner in conjunction with a dual tuned 1H/23Na surface coil to measure 23Na SNR and aTSC in their ATs. 23Na T1 and T2* of the AT were also measured for three controls to correct for different relaxation behavior. The results were as follows: 23Na SNR = 11.7 ± 2.2, aTSC = 82.2 ± 13.9 mM, 23Na T1 = 20.4 ± 2.4 ms, 23Na T2s* = 1.4 ± 0.4 ms, and 23Na T2l* = 13.9 ± 0.8 ms for the whole AT of healthy controls with significant regional differences. These are the first reported aTSCs and 23Na relaxation times for the AT using sodium MRI and may serve for future comparability in different studies regarding examinations of diseased ATs with sodium MRI.
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12
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Wilferth T, Müller M, Gast LV, Ruck L, Meyerspeer M, Lopez Kolkovsky AL, Uder M, Dörfler A, Nagel AM. Motion‐corrected
23
Na MRI
of the human brain using interleaved
1
H 3D
navigator images. Magn Reson Med 2022; 88:309-321. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wilferth
- Institute of Radiology University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Max Müller
- Institute of Radiology University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Lena V. Gast
- Institute of Radiology University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Laurent Ruck
- Institute of Radiology University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Martin Meyerspeer
- High‐Field MR Center, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Alfredo L. Lopez Kolkovsky
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center Institute of Myology Paris France
- NMR Laboratory CEA/DRF/IBFJ/Molecular Imaging Research Center Paris France
| | - Michael Uder
- Institute of Radiology University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Arnd Dörfler
- Department of Neuroradiology University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Armin M. Nagel
- Institute of Radiology University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany
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13
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Christa M, Hahner S, Köstler H, Bauer WR, Störk S, Weng AM. Primary hyperaldosteronism induces congruent alterations of sodium homeostasis in different skeletal muscles: a 23Na-MRI study. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 186:K33-K38. [PMID: 35255003 PMCID: PMC9010811 DOI: 10.1530/eje-22-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium homeostasis is disrupted in many cardiovascular diseases, which makes non-invasive sodium storage assessment desirable. In this regard, sodium MRI has shown its potential to reveal differences in sodium content between healthy and diseased tissues as well as treatment-related changes of sodium content. When different tissues are affected disparately, simultaneous assessment of these compartments is expected to provide better information about sodium distribution, reduce examination time, and improve clinical efficiency. OBJECTIVES The objectives were (1) to investigate sodium storage levels in calf and pectoral muscle in healthy controls and patients and quantify changes following medical treatment and (2) to demonstrate homogeneous disruption in skeletal muscle sodium storage in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism (PHA). METHODS We assessed sodium storage levels (relative sodium signal intensity, rSSI) in the calf and pectoral muscles of eight patients with PHA prior and after treatment and 12 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers. RESULTS Calf and pectoral muscle compartments exhibited similar sodium content both in healthy subjects (calf vs pectoral rSSI: 0.14 ± 0.01 vs 0.14 ± 0.03) and PHA patients (calf vs pectoral rSSI: 0.19 ± 0.03 vs 0.18 ± 0.03). Further, we observed similar treatment-related changes in pectoral and calf muscles in the patients (proportional rSSI change calf: 26%; pectoral: 28%). CONCLUSION We found that sodium was distributed uniformly and behaved equally in different skeletal muscles in Conn's syndrome. This allows to measure both heart and skeletal muscle sodium signals simultaneously by a single measurement without repositioning the patient. This increases 23Na-MRI's clinical feasibility as an innovative technique to monitor sodium storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Christa
- University and University Hospital Würzburg, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany
- University Hospital Würzburg, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic for Internal Medicine I, Würzburg, Germany
- Correspondence should be addressed to M Christa;
| | - Stefanie Hahner
- University Hospital Würzburg, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic for Internal Medicine I, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Herbert Köstler
- University and University Hospital Würzburg, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rudolf Bauer
- University and University Hospital Würzburg, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany
- University Hospital Würzburg, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic for Internal Medicine I, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Störk
- University and University Hospital Würzburg, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany
- University Hospital Würzburg, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic for Internal Medicine I, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Max Weng
- University and University Hospital Würzburg, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Polak P, Schulte RF, Noseworthy MD. An approach to evaluation of the point-spread function for 23 Na magnetic resonance imaging. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 35:e4627. [PMID: 34652040 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the technical challenges that require lengthy acquisitions to overcome poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), sodium (23 Na) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an intriguing area of research due to its essential role in human metabolism. Low SNR images can impact the measurement of the point-spread function (PSF) by adding uncertainty into the resulting quantities. Here, we present methods to calculate the PSF by using the modulation transfer function (MTF), and a 3D-printed line-pair phantom in the context of 23 Na MRI. A simulation study investigated the effect of noise on the resulting MTF curves, which were derived by direct modulation (DM) and a method utilizing Fourier harmonics (FHs). Experimental data utilized a line-pair phantom with nine spatial frequencies, filled with different concentrations (15, 30, and 60 mM) of sodium in 3% agar. MTF curves were calculated using both methods from data acquired from density-adapted 3D radial projections (DA-3DRP) and Fermat looped orthogonally encoded trajectories (FLORET). Simulations indicated that the DM method increased variability in the MTF curves at all tested noise levels over the FH method. For the experimental data, the FH method resulted in PSFs with a narrower full width half maximum with reduced variability, although the improvement in variability was not as pronounced as predicted by simulations. The DA-3DRP data indicated an improvement in the PSF over FLORET. It was concluded that a 3D-printed line-pair phantom represents a convenient method to measure the PSF experimentally. The MTFs from the noisy images in 23 Na MRI have reduced variability from a FH method over DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Polak
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Imaging Research Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Michael D Noseworthy
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Imaging Research Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Radiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Chen Q, Shah NJ, Worthoff WA. Compressed Sensing in Sodium Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Techniques, Applications, and Future Prospects. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 55:1340-1356. [PMID: 34918429 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium (23 Na) yields the second strongest nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal in biological tissues and plays a vital role in cell physiology. Sodium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide insights into cell integrity and tissue viability relative to pathologies without significant anatomical alternations, and thus it is considered to be a potential surrogate biomarker that provides complementary information for standard hydrogen (1 H) MRI in a noninvasive and quantitative manner. However, sodium MRI suffers from a relatively low signal-to-noise ratio and long acquisition times due to its relatively low NMR sensitivity. Compressed sensing-based (CS-based) methods have been shown to accelerate sodium imaging and/or improve sodium image quality significantly. In this manuscript, the basic concepts of CS and how CS might be applied to improve sodium MRI are described, and the historical milestones of CS-based sodium MRI are briefly presented. Representative advanced techniques and evaluation methods are discussed in detail, followed by an expose of clinical applications in multiple anatomical regions and diseases as well as thoughts and suggestions on potential future research prospects of CS in sodium MRI. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingping Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - N Jon Shah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 11, INM-11, JARA, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.,JARA-BRAIN-Translational Medicine, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wieland A Worthoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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16
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Platt T, Ladd ME, Paech D. 7 Tesla and Beyond: Advanced Methods and Clinical Applications in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Invest Radiol 2021; 56:705-725. [PMID: 34510098 PMCID: PMC8505159 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ultrahigh magnetic fields offer significantly higher signal-to-noise ratio, and several magnetic resonance applications additionally benefit from a higher contrast-to-noise ratio, with static magnetic field strengths of B0 ≥ 7 T currently being referred to as ultrahigh fields (UHFs). The advantages of UHF can be used to resolve structures more precisely or to visualize physiological/pathophysiological effects that would be difficult or even impossible to detect at lower field strengths. However, with these advantages also come challenges, such as inhomogeneities applying standard radiofrequency excitation techniques, higher energy deposition in the human body, and enhanced B0 field inhomogeneities. The advantages but also the challenges of UHF as well as promising advanced methodological developments and clinical applications that particularly benefit from UHF are discussed in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Platt
- From the Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
| | - Mark E. Ladd
- From the Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
- Faculty of Physics and Astronomy
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for MRI, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen
| | - Daniel Paech
- Division of Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg
- Clinic for Neuroradiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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17
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Giovannetti G, Flori A, Martini N, Francischello R, Aquaro GD, Pingitore A, Frijia F. Sodium Radiofrequency Coils for Magnetic Resonance: From Design to Applications. ELECTRONICS 2021; 10:1788. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics10151788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Sodium (23Na) is the most abundant cation present in the human body and is involved in a large number of vital body functions. In the last few years, the interest in Sodium Magnetic Resonance Imaging (23Na MRI) has considerably increased for its relevance in physiological and physiopathological aspects. Indeed, sodium MRI offers the possibility to extend the anatomical imaging information by providing additional and complementary information on physiology and cellular metabolism with the heteronuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). Constraints are the rapidly decaying of sodium signal, the sensitivity lack due to the low sodium concentration versus 1H-MRI induce scan times not clinically acceptable and it also constitutes a challenge for sodium MRI. With the available magnetic fields for clinical MRI scanners (1.5 T, 3 T, 7 T), and the hardware capabilities such as strong gradient strengths with high slew rates and new dedicated radiofrequency (RF) sodium coils, it is possible to reach reasonable measurement times (~10–15 min) with a resolution of a few millimeters, where it has already been applied in vivo in many human organs such as the brain, cartilage, kidneys, heart, as well as in muscle and the breast. In this work, we review the different geometries and setup of sodium coils described in the available literature for different in vivo applications in human organs with clinical MR scanners, by providing details of the design, modeling and construction of the coils.
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18
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Zaric O, Farr A, Minarikova L, Lachner S, Asseryanis E, Nagel AM, Weber M, Singer CF, Trattnig S. Tissue Sodium Concentration Quantification at 7.0-T MRI as an Early Marker for Chemotherapy Response in Breast Cancer: A Feasibility Study. Radiology 2021; 299:63-72. [PMID: 33591888 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2021201600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Tissue sodium concentration (TSC) is elevated in breast cancer and can determine chemotherapy response. Purpose To test the feasibility of using a sodium 23 (23Na) MRI protocol at 7.0 T for TSC quantification to predict early treatment outcomes of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer and to determine whether those quantitative values provide additional information about efficacy. Materials and Methods Women with primary breast cancer were included in this prospective study. From July 2017 to June 2018, participants underwent 7.0-T 23Na MRI. Multichannel data sets were acquired with a density-adapted, three-dimensional radial projection reconstruction pulse sequence. Two-dimensional tumor size and TSC were evaluated before and after the first and second chemotherapy cycle, and statistical tests were performed based on the presence or absence of a pathologic complete response (pCR). Results Fifteen women with breast cancer and six healthy women were enrolled. The mean baseline tumor size in women with a pCR was 7.0 cm2 ± 5.0 (standard deviation), and the mean baseline tumor size in women without a pCR was 19.0 cm2 ± 12.0. After the first chemotherapy cycle, women with a pCR showed a reduced tumor size of 32.9% (2.3 cm2/7.0 cm2), compared with 15.3% (2.9 cm2/19.0 cm2) in those without a pCR. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for tumor size reduction after the first and second chemotherapy cycle were 0.73 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.50; P = .12) and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.60; P < .001), respectively. Women with a pCR had a mean baseline TSC of 69.4 mmol/L ± 6.1, with a reduction of 12.0% (8.3 mmol/L), whereas those without a pCR had a mean baseline TSC of 71.7 mmol/L ± 5.7, with a reduction of 4.7% (3.4 mmol/L) after the first cycle. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for TSC after the first and second cycles were 0.96 (95% CI: 0.86, 1.00; P < .001) and 1.000 (95% CI: 1.00, P < .001), respectively. Conclusion Using 7.0-T MRI for tissue sodium concentration quantification to predict early treatment outcomes of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer is feasible, with reduced tissue sodium concentration indicative of cancer response. © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olgica Zaric
- From the Institute for Clinical Molecular MRI in Musculoskeletal System, Karl Landsteiner Society, Vienna, Austria (O.Z., S.T.); Breast Health Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.F., E.A., C.F.S.), and High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy (L.M., M.W., S.T.), Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany (S.L., A.M.N.); and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MRI, Christian Doppler Forschungsgesellschaft, Vienna, Austria (S.T.)
| | - Alex Farr
- From the Institute for Clinical Molecular MRI in Musculoskeletal System, Karl Landsteiner Society, Vienna, Austria (O.Z., S.T.); Breast Health Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.F., E.A., C.F.S.), and High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy (L.M., M.W., S.T.), Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany (S.L., A.M.N.); and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MRI, Christian Doppler Forschungsgesellschaft, Vienna, Austria (S.T.)
| | - Lenka Minarikova
- From the Institute for Clinical Molecular MRI in Musculoskeletal System, Karl Landsteiner Society, Vienna, Austria (O.Z., S.T.); Breast Health Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.F., E.A., C.F.S.), and High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy (L.M., M.W., S.T.), Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany (S.L., A.M.N.); and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MRI, Christian Doppler Forschungsgesellschaft, Vienna, Austria (S.T.)
| | - Sebastian Lachner
- From the Institute for Clinical Molecular MRI in Musculoskeletal System, Karl Landsteiner Society, Vienna, Austria (O.Z., S.T.); Breast Health Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.F., E.A., C.F.S.), and High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy (L.M., M.W., S.T.), Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany (S.L., A.M.N.); and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MRI, Christian Doppler Forschungsgesellschaft, Vienna, Austria (S.T.)
| | - Ella Asseryanis
- From the Institute for Clinical Molecular MRI in Musculoskeletal System, Karl Landsteiner Society, Vienna, Austria (O.Z., S.T.); Breast Health Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.F., E.A., C.F.S.), and High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy (L.M., M.W., S.T.), Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany (S.L., A.M.N.); and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MRI, Christian Doppler Forschungsgesellschaft, Vienna, Austria (S.T.)
| | - Armin M Nagel
- From the Institute for Clinical Molecular MRI in Musculoskeletal System, Karl Landsteiner Society, Vienna, Austria (O.Z., S.T.); Breast Health Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.F., E.A., C.F.S.), and High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy (L.M., M.W., S.T.), Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany (S.L., A.M.N.); and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MRI, Christian Doppler Forschungsgesellschaft, Vienna, Austria (S.T.)
| | - Michael Weber
- From the Institute for Clinical Molecular MRI in Musculoskeletal System, Karl Landsteiner Society, Vienna, Austria (O.Z., S.T.); Breast Health Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.F., E.A., C.F.S.), and High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy (L.M., M.W., S.T.), Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany (S.L., A.M.N.); and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MRI, Christian Doppler Forschungsgesellschaft, Vienna, Austria (S.T.)
| | - Christian F Singer
- From the Institute for Clinical Molecular MRI in Musculoskeletal System, Karl Landsteiner Society, Vienna, Austria (O.Z., S.T.); Breast Health Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.F., E.A., C.F.S.), and High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy (L.M., M.W., S.T.), Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany (S.L., A.M.N.); and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MRI, Christian Doppler Forschungsgesellschaft, Vienna, Austria (S.T.)
| | - Siegfried Trattnig
- From the Institute for Clinical Molecular MRI in Musculoskeletal System, Karl Landsteiner Society, Vienna, Austria (O.Z., S.T.); Breast Health Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.F., E.A., C.F.S.), and High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy (L.M., M.W., S.T.), Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany (S.L., A.M.N.); and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MRI, Christian Doppler Forschungsgesellschaft, Vienna, Austria (S.T.)
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Utzschneider M, Müller M, Gast LV, Lachner S, Behl NGR, Maier A, Uder M, Nagel AM. Towards accelerated quantitative sodium MRI at 7 T in the skeletal muscle: Comparison of anisotropic acquisition- and compressed sensing techniques. Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 75:72-88. [PMID: 32979516 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2020.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare three anisotropic acquisition schemes and three compressed sensing (CS) approaches for accelerated tissue sodium concentration (TSC) quantification using 23Na MRI at 7 T. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three anisotropic 3D-radial acquisition sequences were evaluated using simulations, phantom- and in vivo TSC measurements: An anisotropic density-adapted 3D-radial sequence (3DPR-C), a 3D acquisition-weighted density-adapted stack-of-stars sampling scheme (SOS) and a SOS approach with golden-ratio rotation (SOS-GR). Eight healthy volunteers were examined at a 7 Tesla MRI system. TSC measurements of the calf were conducted with a nominal spatial resolution of Δx = (3.0 × 3.0 × 15.0) mm3 and a field of view of (156.0 × 156.0 × 240.0) mm3 for multiple undersampling factors (USF). Three CS reconstructions were evaluated: Total variation CS (TV-CS), 3D dictionary-learning compressed sensing (3D-DLCS) and TV-CS with a block matching prior (TV-BL-CS). Results of the simulations and measurements were compared to a simulated ground truth (GT) or a fully sampled reference measurement (FS), respectively. The deviation of the mean TSC evaluated in multiple ROI (mEGT/FS) and the normalized root-mean-squared error (NRMSE) for simulations were evaluated for CS and NUFFT reconstructions. RESULTS In simulations, the SOS-GR yielded the lowest NRMSE and mEGT (< 4%) with NUFFT for an acquisition time (TA) of less than 2 min. CS further improved the results. In simulations and measurements, the best TSC quantification results were obtained with 3D-DLCS and SOS-GR (lowest NRMSE, mEGT < 2.6% in simulations, mEGT < 10.7% for phantom measurements and mEFS < 6% in vivo) with an USF = 4.1 (TA < 2 min). TV-CS showed no or only slight improvements to NUFFT. The results of TV-BL-CS were similar to 3D-DLCS. DISCUSSION The TA for TSC measurements could be reduced to less than 2 min by using adapted sequences such as SOS-GR and CS reconstruction approaches such as 3D-DLCS or TV-BL-CS, while the quantitative accuracy stays comparable to a fully sampled NUFFT reconstruction (approx. 8 min TA). In future, the lower TA could improve clinical applicability of TSC measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Utzschneider
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; Pattern Recognition Lab, Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Max Müller
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lena V Gast
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lachner
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolas G R Behl
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Maier
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Uder
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Armin M Nagel
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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20
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Gast LV, Völker S, Utzschneider M, Linz P, Wilferth T, Müller M, Kopp C, Hensel B, Uder M, Nagel AM. Combined imaging of potassium and sodium in human skeletal muscle tissue at 7 T. Magn Reson Med 2020; 85:239-253. [PMID: 32869364 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To validate the feasibility of quantitative combined potassium (39 K) and sodium (23 Na) MRI in human calf muscle tissue, as well as to evaluate the reproducibility of the apparent tissue potassium concentration (aTPC) and apparent tissue sodium concentration (aTSC) determination in healthy muscle tissue. METHODS Quantitative 23 Na and 39 K MRI acquisition protocols were implemented on a 7 T MR system. A double-resonant 23 Na/39 K birdcage RF coil was used. Measurements of human lower leg were performed in a total acquisition time of TANa = 10:54 min/TAK = 8:06 min and using a nominal spatial resolution of 2.5 × 2.5 × 15 mm3 /7.5 × 7.5 × 30 mm3 for 23 Na/39 K MRI. Two aTSC and aTPC examinations in muscle tissue were performed during the same day on 10 healthy subjects. RESULTS The proposed acquisition and postprocessing workflow for 23 Na and 39 K MRI data sets provided reproducible aTSC and aTPC measurements. In human calf muscle tissue, the coefficient of variation between scan and re-scan was 5.7% for both aTSC and aTPC determination. Overall, mean values of aTSC = (17 ± 1) mM and aTPC = (85 ± 5) mM were measured. Moreover, for 39 K in calf muscle tissue, T 2 ∗ components of T 2 f ∗ = (1.2 ± 0.2) ms and T 2 s ∗ = (7.9 ± 0.9) ms, as well as a residual quadrupolar interaction of ω q ¯ = (143 ± 17) Hz, were determined. The fraction of the fast component was f = (58 ± 4)%. CONCLUSION Using the presented measurement and postprocessing approach, a reproducible aTSC and aTPC determination using 23 Na and 39 K MRI at 7 T in human skeletal muscle tissue is feasible in clinically acceptable acquisition durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena V Gast
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Völker
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Utzschneider
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Pattern Recognition Lab, Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Peter Linz
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Wilferth
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max Müller
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Kopp
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Bernhard Hensel
- Center for Medical Physics and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Uder
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Armin M Nagel
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Zaric O, Juras V, Szomolanyi P, Schreiner M, Raudner M, Giraudo C, Trattnig S. Frontiers of Sodium MRI Revisited: From Cartilage to Brain Imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 54:58-75. [PMID: 32851736 PMCID: PMC8246730 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium magnetic resonance imaging (23 Na-MRI) is a highly promising imaging modality that offers the possibility to noninvasively quantify sodium content in the tissue, one of the most relevant parameters for biochemical investigations. Despite its great potential, due to the intrinsically low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of sodium imaging generated by low in vivo sodium concentrations, low gyromagnetic ratio, and substantially shorter relaxation times than for proton (1 H) imaging, 23 Na-MRI is extremely challenging. In this article, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature that has been published in the last 10-15 years and which has demonstrated different technical designs for a range of 23 Na-MRI methods applicable for disease diagnoses and treatment efficacy evaluations. Currently, a wider use of 3.0T and 7.0T systems provide imaging with the expected increase in SNR and, consequently, an increased image resolution and a reduced scanning time. A great interest in translational research has enlarged the field of sodium MRI applications to almost all parts of the body: articular cartilage tendons, spine, heart, breast, muscle, kidney, and brain, etc., and several pathological conditions, such as tumors, neurological and degenerative diseases, and others. The quantitative parameter, tissue sodium concentration, which reflects changes in intracellular sodium concentration, extracellular sodium concentration, and intra-/extracellular volume fractions is becoming acknowledged as a reliable biomarker. Although the great potential of this technique is evident, there must be steady technical development for 23 Na-MRI to become a standard imaging tool. The future role of sodium imaging is not to be considered as an alternative to 1 H MRI, but to provide early, diagnostically valuable information about altered metabolism or tissue function associated with disease genesis and progression. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olgica Zaric
- Institute for Clinical Molecular MRI in the Musculoskeletal System, Karl Landsteiner Society, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Juras
- High-Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Imaging Methods, Institute of Measurement Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Szomolanyi
- High-Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Schreiner
- Deartment of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Raudner
- High-Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chiara Giraudo
- Radiology Institute, Department of Medicine, DIMED Padova University Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, Italy
| | - Siegfried Trattnig
- Institute for Clinical Molecular MRI in the Musculoskeletal System, Karl Landsteiner Society, Vienna, Austria.,High-Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MRI, Christian Doppler Forschungsgesellschaft, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Gerhalter T, Gast LV, Marty B, Uder M, Carlier PG, Nagel AM. Assessing the variability of 23 Na MRI in skeletal muscle tissue: Reproducibility and repeatability of tissue sodium concentration measurements in the lower leg at 3 T. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 33:e4279. [PMID: 32125054 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility and repeatability of tissue sodium concentration (TSC) measurements using 23 Na MRI in skeletal muscle tissue. 23 Na MRI was performed at 3 T on the right lower leg of eight healthy volunteers (aged 28 ± 4 years). The examinations were repeated at the same site after ~ 22 weeks to assess the variability over a medium-term period. Additionally, they were scanned at a second site shortly before or shortly after the first visit (within 3 weeks) to evaluate the inter-site reproducibility. Moreover, we analysed the effect of B0 correction on the variability. Coefficients of variations (CVs) from mean TSC values as well as Bland-Altman plots were used to assess intra-site repeatability and inter-site reproducibility. In phantom measurements, the B0 correction improved the quantitative accuracy. We observed differences of up to 4.9 mmol/L between the first and second visit and a difference of up to 3.7 mmol/L between the two different sites. The CV for the medium-term repeatability was 15% and the reproducibility CV was 9%. The Bland-Altman plots indicated high agreement between the visits in all muscle regions. The systematic bias of -0.68 mmol/L between site X and Y (P = 0.03) was slightly reduced to -0.64 mmol/L after B0 correction (P = 0.04). This work shows that TSC measurements in healthy skeletal muscle tissue can be performed with good repeatability and reproducibility, which is of importance for future longitudinal or multicentre studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gerhalter
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU, Erlangen, Germany
- NMR laboratory, Institute of Myology, Paris, France
- NMR laboratory, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/MIRCen, Paris, France
| | - Lena V Gast
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Marty
- NMR laboratory, Institute of Myology, Paris, France
- NMR laboratory, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/MIRCen, Paris, France
| | - Michael Uder
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pierre G Carlier
- NMR laboratory, Institute of Myology, Paris, France
- NMR laboratory, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/MIRCen, Paris, France
| | - Armin M Nagel
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU, Erlangen, Germany
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiology,, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Physics FAU, Erlangen, Germany
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23
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Utzschneider M, Behl NGR, Lachner S, Gast LV, Maier A, Uder M, Nagel AM. Accelerated quantification of tissue sodium concentration in skeletal muscle tissue: quantitative capability of dictionary learning compressed sensing. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 33:495-505. [DOI: 10.1007/s10334-019-00819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Kordzadeh A, Duchscherer J, Beaulieu C, Stobbe R. Radiofrequency excitation–related
23
Na MRI signal loss in skeletal muscle, cartilage, and skin. Magn Reson Med 2019; 83:1992-2001. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Kordzadeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Jade Duchscherer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Christian Beaulieu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Rob Stobbe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
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25
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Wilferth T, Gast LV, Stobbe RW, Beaulieu C, Hensel B, Uder M, Nagel AM. 23Na MRI of human skeletal muscle using long inversion recovery pulses. Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 63:280-290. [PMID: 31425815 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
23Na inversion recovery (IR) imaging allows for a weighting toward intracellular sodium in the human calf muscle and thus enables an improved analysis of pathophysiological changes of the muscular ion homeostasis. However, sodium signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is low, especially when using IR sequences. 23Na has a nuclear spin of 3/2 and therefore experiences a strong electrical quadrupolar interaction. This results in very short relaxation times as well as in possible residual quadrupolar splitting. Consequently, relaxation effects during a radiofrequency pulse can no longer be neglected and even allow for increasing SNR as has previously been shown for human brain and knee. The aim of this work was to increase the SNR in 23Na IR imaging of the human calf muscle by using long inversion pulses instead of the usually applied short pulses. First, the influence of the inversion pulse length (1 to 20 ms) on the SNR as well as on image contrast was simulated for different model environments and verified by phantom measurements. Depending on the model environment (agarose 4% and 8%, xanthan 2% and 3%), SNR values increased by a factor of 1.15 up to 1.35, while NaCl solution was successfully suppressed. Thus, image contrast between the non-suppressed model compartments changes with IR pulse length. Finally, in vivo measurements of the human calf muscle of ten healthy volunteers were conducted at 3 Tesla. On average, a 1.4-fold increase in SNR could be achieved by increasing the inversion pulse length from 1 ms to 20 ms, leaving all other parameters - including the scan time - constant. This enables 23Na IR MRI with improved spatial resolution or reduced acquisition time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wilferth
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Lena V Gast
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert W Stobbe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christian Beaulieu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bernhard Hensel
- Center for Medical Physics and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Uder
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Armin M Nagel
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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26
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Boehmert L, Kuehne A, Waiczies H, Wenz D, Eigentler TW, Funk S, Knobelsdorff‐Brenkenhoff F, Schulz‐Menger J, Nagel AM, Seeliger E, Niendorf T. Cardiorenal sodium MRI at 7.0 Tesla using a 4/4 channel
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Na radiofrequency antenna array. Magn Reson Med 2019; 82:2343-2356. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Boehmert
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.) Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association Berlin Germany
| | | | | | - Daniel Wenz
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.) Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association Berlin Germany
| | - Thomas Wilhelm Eigentler
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.) Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association Berlin Germany
| | - Stephanie Funk
- Working Group on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Helios Clinics Berlin‐Buch Berlin Germany
| | - Florian Knobelsdorff‐Brenkenhoff
- Working Group on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Helios Clinics Berlin‐Buch Berlin Germany
- Clinic Agatharied, Dept. of Cardiology Academic Teaching Hospital of the Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University Munich Hausham Germany
| | - Jeanette Schulz‐Menger
- Working Group on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Helios Clinics Berlin‐Buch Berlin Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner site Berlin Germany
| | - Armin M. Nagel
- Institute of Radiology University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiology German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany
- Institute of Medical Physics University of Erlangen, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Erdmann Seeliger
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology Charité University Medicine Berlin Germany
| | - Thoralf Niendorf
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.) Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association Berlin Germany
- MRI.TOOLS GmbH Berlin Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner site Berlin Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin Germany
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Abstract
In this article, an overview of the current developments and research applications for non-proton magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at ultrahigh magnetic fields (UHFs) is given. Due to technical and methodical advances, efficient MRI of physiologically relevant nuclei, such as Na, Cl, Cl, K, O, or P has become feasible and is of interest to obtain spatially and temporally resolved information that can be used for biomedical and diagnostic applications. Sodium (Na) MRI is the most widespread multinuclear imaging method with applications ranging over all regions of the human body. Na MRI yields the second largest in vivo NMR signal after the clinically used proton signal (H). However, other nuclei such as O and P (energy metabolism) or Cl and K (cell viability) are used in an increasing number of MRI studies at UHF. One major advancement has been the increased availability of whole-body MR scanners with UHFs (B0 ≥7T) expanding the range of detectable nuclei. Nevertheless, efforts in terms of pulse sequence and post-processing developments as well as hardware designs must be made to obtain valuable information in clinically feasible measurement times. This review summarizes the available methods in the field of non-proton UHF MRI, especially for Na MRI, as well as introduces potential applications in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian C Niesporek
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Armin M Nagel
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tanja Platt
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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