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Wahidi R, Zhang Y, Li R, Xu J, Zayed MA, Hastings MK, Zheng J. Quantitative Assessment of Peripheral Oxidative Metabolism With a New Dynamic 1H MRI Technique: A Pilot Study in People With and Without Diabetes Mellitus. J Magn Reson Imaging 2024; 59:2091-2100. [PMID: 37695103 PMCID: PMC10925551 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is linked to impaired mitochondrial function. Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a gadolinium-contrast-free 1H method to assess mitochondrial function by measuring low-concentration metabolites. A CEST MRI-based technique may serve as a non-invasive proxy for assessing mitochondrial health. HYPOTHESIS A 1H CEST MRI technique may detect significant differences in in vivo skeletal muscle phosphocreatine (SMPCr) kinetics between healthy volunteers and T2DM patients undergoing standardized isometric exercise. STUDY TYPE Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS Seven subjects without T2DM (T2DM-) and seven age, sex, and BMI-matched subjects with T2DM (T2DM+). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE Single-shot rapid acquisition with refocusing echoes (RARE) and single-shot gradient-echo sequences, 3 T. ASSESSMENT Subjects underwent a rest-exercise-recovery imaging protocol to dynamically acquire SMPCr maps in calf musculature. Medial gastrocnemius (MG) and soleus SMPCr concentrations were plotted over time, and SMPCr recovery time, τ , was determined. Mitochondrial function index was calculated as the ratio of resting SMPCr to τ . Participants underwent a second exercise protocol for imaging of skeletal muscle blood flow (SMBF), and its association with SMPCr was assessed. STATISTICAL TESTS Unpaired t-tests and Pearson correlation coefficient. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS SMPCr concentrations in MG and soleus displayed expected declines during exercise and returns to baseline during recovery. τ was significantly longer in the T2DM+ cohort (MG 83.5 ± 25.8 vs. 54.0 ± 21.1, soleus 90.5 ± 18.9 vs. 51.2 ± 14.5). The mitochondrial function index in the soleus was significantly lower in the T2DM+ cohort (0.33 ± 0.08 vs. 0.66 ± 0.19). SMBF was moderately correlated with the SMPCr in T2DM-; this correlation was not significant in T2DM+ (r = -0.23, P = 0.269). CONCLUSION The CEST MRI method is feasible for quantifying SMPCr in peripheral muscle tissue. T2DM+ individuals had significantly lower oxidative capacities than T2DM- individuals. In T2DM, skeletal muscle metabolism appeared to be decoupled from perfusion. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Wahidi
- Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri, Saint Louis, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ran Li
- Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri, Saint Louis, USA
| | - Jiadi Xu
- John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mohamed A. Zayed
- Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri, Saint Louis, USA
| | - Mary K. Hastings
- Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri, Saint Louis, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri, Saint Louis, USA
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Karkouri J, Rodgers CT. Sequence building block for magnetic resonance spectroscopy on Siemens VE-series scanners. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2024:e5165. [PMID: 38807311 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
We present a sequence building block (SBB) that embeds magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) into another sequence on the Siemens VE platform without any custom hardware. This enables dynamic studies such as functional MRS (fMRS), dynamic shimming and frequency correction, and acquisition of navigator images for motion correction. The SBB supports nonlocalised spectroscopy (free induction decay), STimulated Echo Acquisition Mode single voxel spectroscopy, and 1D, 2D and 3D phase-encoded chemical shift imaging. It can embed 1H or X-nuclear MRS into a 1H sequence; and 1H-MRS into an X-nuclear sequence. We demonstrate integration into the vendor's gradient-recalled echo sequence. We acquire test data in phantoms with three coils (31P/1H, 13C/1H and 2H/1H) and in two volunteers on a 7-T Terra MRI scanner. Fifteen lines of code are required to insert the SBB into a sequence. Spectra and images are acquired successfully in all cases in phantoms, and in human abdomen and calf muscle. Phantom comparison of signal-to-noise ratio and linewidth showed that the SBB has negligible effects on image and spectral quality, except that it sometimes produces a nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) signal enhancement for multinuclear applications in line with conventional 1H NOE pulses. Our new SBB embeds MRS into a host imaging or spectroscopy sequence in 15 lines of code. It allows homonuclear and heteronuclear interleaving. The package is available through the standard C2P procedure. We hope this will lower the barrier for entry to studies applying dynamic fMRS and for online motion correction and B0-shim updating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabrane Karkouri
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Center, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Cap V, Rocha dos Santos VR, Repnin K, Červený D, Laistler E, Meyerspeer M, Frass-Kriegl R. Combining Dipole and Loop Coil Elements for 7 T Magnetic Resonance Studies of the Human Calf Muscle. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3309. [PMID: 38894105 PMCID: PMC11174775 DOI: 10.3390/s24113309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Combining proton and phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy offers a unique opportunity to study the oxidative and glycolytic components of metabolism in working muscle. This paper presents a 7 T proton calf coil design that combines dipole and loop elements to achieve the high performance necessary for detecting metabolites with low abundance and restricted visibility, specifically lactate, while including the option of adding a phosphorus array. We investigated the transmit, receive, and parallel imaging performance of three transceiver dipoles with six pair-wise overlap-decoupled standard or twisted pair receive-only coils. With a higher SNR and more efficient transmission decoupling, standard loops outperformed twisted pair coils. The dipoles with standard loops provided a four-fold-higher image SNR than a multinuclear reference coil comprising two proton channels and 32% more than a commercially available 28-channel proton knee coil. The setup enabled up to three-fold acceleration in the right-left direction, with acceptable g-factors and no visible aliasing artefacts. Spectroscopic phantom measurements revealed a higher spectral SNR for lactate with the developed setup than with either reference coil and fewer restrictions in voxel placement due to improved transmit homogeneity. This paper presents a new use case for dipoles and highlights their advantages for the integration in multinuclear calf coils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Cap
- High Field MR Center, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vasco Rafael Rocha dos Santos
- High Field MR Center, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kostiantyn Repnin
- High Field MR Center, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Červený
- High Field MR Center, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Elmar Laistler
- High Field MR Center, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Meyerspeer
- High Field MR Center, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roberta Frass-Kriegl
- High Field MR Center, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Paška J, Wang B, Chen AM, Madelin G, Brown R. Triple-tuned birdcage and single-tuned dipole array for quadri-nuclear head MRI at 7 T. Magn Reson Med 2024; 91:2188-2199. [PMID: 38116692 PMCID: PMC10950522 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this work was to design and build a coil for quadri-nuclear MRI of the human brain at 7 T. METHODS We built a transmit/receive triple-tuned (45.6 MHz for 2 $$ {}^2 $$ H, 78.6 MHz for 23 $$ {}^{23} $$ Na, and 120.3 MHz for 31 $$ {}^{31} $$ P) quadrature four-rod birdcage that was geometrically interleaved with a transmit/receive four-channel dipole array (297.2 MHz for 1 $$ {}^1 $$ H). The birdcage rods contained passive, two-pole resonant circuits that emulated capacitors required for single-tuning at three frequencies. The birdcage assembly also included triple-tuned matching networks, baluns, and transmit/receive switches. We assessed the performance of the coil with quality factor (Q) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measurements, and performed in vivo multinuclear MRI and MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). RESULTS Q measurements showed that the triple-tuned birdcage efficiency was within 33% of that of single-tuned baseline birdcages at all three frequencies. The quadri-tuned coil SNR was 78%, 59%, 44%, and 48% lower than that of single or dual-tuned reference coils for 1 $$ {}^1 $$ H, 2 $$ {}^2 $$ H, 23 $$ {}^{23} $$ Na, and 31 $$ {}^{31} $$ P, respectively. Quadri-nuclear MRI and MRSI was demonstrated in brain in vivo in about 30 min. CONCLUSION While the SNR of the quadruple tuned coil was significantly lower than dual- and single-tuned reference coils, it represents a step toward truly simultaneous quadri-nuclear measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Paška
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bili Wang
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anna M. Chen
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Guillaume Madelin
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ryan Brown
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Klepochová R, Niess F, Meyerspeer M, Slukova D, Just I, Trattnig S, Ukropec J, Ukropcová B, Kautzky-Willer A, Leutner M, Krššák M. Correlation between skeletal muscle acetylcarnitine and phosphocreatine metabolism during submaximal exercise and recovery: interleaved 1H/ 31P MRS 7 T study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3254. [PMID: 38332163 PMCID: PMC10853526 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Acetylcarnitine is an essential metabolite for maintaining metabolic flexibility and glucose homeostasis. The in vivo behavior of muscle acetylcarnitine content during exercise has not been shown with magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the behavior of skeletal muscle acetylcarnitine during rest, plantar flexion exercise, and recovery in the human gastrocnemius muscle under aerobic conditions. Ten lean volunteers and nine overweight volunteers participated in the study. A 7 T whole-body MR system with a double-tuned surface coil was used to acquire spectra from the gastrocnemius medialis. An MR-compatible ergometer was used for the plantar flexion exercise. Semi-LASER-localized 1H MR spectra and slab-localized 31P MR spectra were acquired simultaneously in one interleaved exercise/recovery session. The time-resolved interleaved 1H/31P MRS acquisition yielded excellent data quality. A between-group difference in acetylcarnitine metabolism over time was detected. Significantly slower τPCr recovery, τPCr on-kinetics, and lower Qmax in the overweight group, compared to the lean group was found. Linear relations between τPCr on-kinetics, τPCr recovery, VO2max and acetylcarnitine content were identified. In conclusion, we are the first to show in vivo changes of skeletal muscle acetylcarnitine during acute exercise and immediate exercise recovery with a submaximal aerobic workload using interleaved 1H/31P MRS at 7 T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Klepochová
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- High-Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabian Niess
- High-Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Meyerspeer
- High-Field MR Center, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorota Slukova
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivica Just
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- High-Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Trattnig
- High-Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MR Imaging (MOLIMA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jozef Ukropec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbara Ukropcová
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alexandra Kautzky-Willer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Leutner
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Krššák
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- High-Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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6
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Bartlett MF, Fitzgerald LF, Nagarajan R, Kent JA. Measurements of in vivo skeletal muscle oxidative capacity are lower following sustained isometric compared with dynamic contractions. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:250-264. [PMID: 37906958 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Human skeletal muscle oxidative capacity can be quantified non-invasively using 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) to measure the rate constant of phosphocreatine (PCr) recovery (kPCr) following contractions. In the quadricep muscles, several studies have quantified kPCr following 24-30 s of sustained maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). This approach has the advantage of simplicity but is potentially problematic because sustained MVICs inhibit perfusion, which may limit muscle oxygen availability or increase the intracellular metabolic perturbation, and thus affect kPCr. Alternatively, dynamic contractions allow reperfusion between contractions, which may avoid limitations in oxygen delivery. To determine whether dynamic contraction protocols elicit greater kPCr than sustained MVIC protocols, we used a cross-sectional design to compare quadriceps kPCr in 22 young and 11 older healthy adults following 24 s of maximal voluntary: (1) sustained MVIC and (2) dynamic (MVDC; 120°·s-1, 1 every 2 s) contractions. Muscle kPCr was ∼20% lower following the MVIC protocol compared with the MVDC protocol (p ≤ 0.001), though this was less evident in older adults (p = 0.073). Changes in skeletal muscle pH (p ≤ 0.001) and PME accumulation (p ≤ 0.001) were greater following the sustained MVIC protocol, and pH (p ≤ 0.001) and PME (p ≤ 0.001) recovery were slower. These results demonstrate that (i) a brief, sustained MVIC yields a lower value for skeletal muscle oxidative capacity than an MVDC protocol of similar duration and (ii) this difference may not be consistent across populations (e.g., young vs. old). Thus, the potential effect of contraction protocol on comparisons of kPCr in different study groups requires careful consideration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles F Bartlett
- Department of KinesiologyMuscle Physiology Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Liam F Fitzgerald
- Department of KinesiologyMuscle Physiology Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Rajakumar Nagarajan
- Human Magnetic Resonance Center, Institute for Applied Life Sciences (IALS), University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jane A Kent
- Department of KinesiologyMuscle Physiology Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Mahmud SZ, Bashir A. Repeatability assessment for simultaneous measurement of arterial blood flow, venous oxygen saturation, and muscle perfusion following dynamic exercise. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4872. [PMID: 36349386 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate a new sequence and determine the repeatability of simultaneous dynamic measurements of blood flow, venous oxygen saturation (SvO2 ), and relative perfusion (change from resting perfusion) in calf muscle during recovery from plantar flexion exercise. The feasibility of near simultaneous measurement of bio-energetic parameters was also demonstrated. A sequence was developed to simultaneously measure arterial blood flow using flow-encoded projection, SvO2 using susceptibility-based oximetry, and relative perfusion using arterial spin labeling in combination with dynamic plantar flexion exercise. The parameters were determined at rest and during recovery from single leg plantar flexion exercise. Test-retest repeatability was analyzed using Bland-Altman analysis and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). The mitochondrial capacity of skeletal muscle was also measured immediately afterwards with dynamic phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Eight healthy subjects participated in the study for test-retest repeatability. Popliteal artery blood flow at rest was 1.79 ± 0.58 ml/s and increased to 11.18 ± 3.02 ml/s immediately after exercise. Popliteal vein SvO2 decreased to 45.93% ± 6.5% from a resting value of 70.46% ± 4.76% following exercise. Relative perfusion (change from rest value) was 51.83 ± 15.00 ml/100 g/min at the cessation of exercise. The recovery of blood flow and SvO2 was modeled as a single exponential with time constants of 38.03 ± 6.91 and 71.19 ± 14.53 s, respectively. All the measured parameters exhibited good repeatability with ICC ranging from 0.8 to 0.95. Bioenergetics measurements were within normal range, demonstrating the feasibility of near simultaneous measurement of hemodynamic and energetic parameters. Clinical feasibility was assessed with Barth syndrome patients, demonstrating reduced oxygen extraction from the blood and reduced mitochondrial oxidative capacity compared with healthy controls. The proposed protocol allows rapid imaging of multiple parameters in skeletal muscle that might be affected in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Z Mahmud
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Adil Bashir
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Taso M, Aramendía-Vidaurreta V, Englund EK, Francis S, Franklin S, Madhuranthakam AJ, Martirosian P, Nayak KS, Qin Q, Shao X, Thomas DL, Zun Z, Fernández-Seara MA. Update on state-of-the-art for arterial spin labeling (ASL) human perfusion imaging outside of the brain. Magn Reson Med 2023; 89:1754-1776. [PMID: 36747380 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review article provides an overview of developments for arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion imaging in the body (i.e., outside of the brain). It is part of a series of review/recommendation papers from the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM) Perfusion Study Group. In this review, we focus on specific challenges and developments tailored for ASL in a variety of body locations. After presenting common challenges, organ-specific reviews of challenges and developments are presented, including kidneys, lungs, heart (myocardium), placenta, eye (retina), liver, pancreas, and muscle, which are regions that have seen the most developments outside of the brain. Summaries and recommendations of acquisition parameters (when appropriate) are provided for each organ. We then explore the possibilities for wider adoption of body ASL based on large standardization efforts, as well as the potential opportunities based on recent advances in high/low-field systems and machine-learning. This review seeks to provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art of ASL for applications in the body, highlighting ongoing challenges and solutions that aim to enable more widespread use of the technique in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Taso
- Division of MRI Research, Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Erin K Englund
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Susan Francis
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Center, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Suzanne Franklin
- C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ananth J Madhuranthakam
- Department of Radiology, Advanced Imaging Research Center, and Biomedical Engineering, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Petros Martirosian
- Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Krishna S Nayak
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Qin Qin
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xingfeng Shao
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David L Thomas
- Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Zungho Zun
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Roig ES, De Feyter HM, Nixon TW, Ruhm L, Nikulin AV, Scheffler K, Avdievich NI, Henning A, de Graaf RA. Deuterium metabolic imaging of the human brain in vivo at 7 T. Magn Reson Med 2023; 89:29-39. [PMID: 36063499 PMCID: PMC9756916 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the potential of deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) in the human brain in vivo at 7 T, using a multi-element deuterium (2 H) RF coil for 3D volume coverage. METHODS 1 H-MR images and localized 2 H MR spectra were acquired in vivo in the human brain of 3 healthy subjects to generate DMI maps of 2 H-labeled water, glucose, and glutamate/glutamine (Glx). In addition, non-localized 2 H-MR spectra were acquired both in vivo and in vitro to determine T1 and T2 relaxation times of deuterated metabolites at 7 T. The performance of the 2 H coil was assessed through numeric simulations and experimentally acquired B1 + maps. RESULTS 3D DMI maps covering the entire human brain in vivo were obtained from well-resolved deuterated (2 H) metabolite resonances of water, glucose, and Glx. The T1 and T2 relaxation times were consistent with those reported at adjacent field strengths. Experimental B1 + maps were in good agreement with simulations, indicating efficient and homogeneous B1 + transmission and low RF power deposition for 2 H, consistent with a similar array coil design reported at 9.4 T. CONCLUSION Here, we have demonstrated the successful implementation of 3D DMI in the human brain in vivo at 7 T. The spatial and temporal nominal resolutions achieved at 7 T (i.e., 2.7 mL in 28 min, respectively) were close to those achieved at 9.4 T and greatly outperformed DMI at lower magnetic fields. DMI at 7 T and beyond has clear potential in applications dealing with small brain lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulalia Serés Roig
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Henk M. De Feyter
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Terence W. Nixon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Loreen Ruhm
- High-Field MR Centre, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- IMPRS for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Advanced Imaging Research Centre, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Anton V. Nikulin
- High-Field MR Centre, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Scheffler
- High-Field MR Centre, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nikolai I. Avdievich
- High-Field MR Centre, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anke Henning
- High-Field MR Centre, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- Advanced Imaging Research Centre, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Robin A. de Graaf
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Whole-muscle fat analysis identifies distal muscle end as disease initiation site in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2022; 2:155. [PMID: 36450865 PMCID: PMC9712512 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) is a major muscular dystrophy characterized by asymmetric fatty replacement of muscles. We aimed to determine the initiation site and progression profile of the disease in lower extremity muscles of FSHD patients by assessing fat infiltration along their full proximo-distal axis using quantitative MRI. METHODS Nine patients underwent MRI of lower extremities to assess end-to-end muscle fat fractions (FFs) and inflammatory lesions. Seven patients underwent the same MRI ~3.5 years later. Individual muscles (n = 396) were semi-automatically segmented to calculate average FFs over all slices covering whole muscles. To assess disease progression we determined FF changes in 5 adjacent muscle segments. RESULTS We provide evidence that fat replacement commonly starts at the distal end of affected muscles where the highest FFs occur (p < 0.001). It progresses in a wave-like manner in the proximal direction at an increasing rate with the highest value (4.9 ± 2.7%/year) for muscles with baseline FFs of 30-40%. Thereafter it proceeds at a slower pace towards the proximal muscle end. In early phases of disease, inflammatory lesions preferentially occur at the distal muscle end. Compared with whole-muscle analysis, the common FF assessments using only few MR slices centrally placed in muscles are significantly biased (~50% in progression rate). CONCLUSIONS These findings identify the distal end of leg muscles as a prime location for disease initiation in FSHD and demonstrate a wave-like progression towards the proximal end, consistent with proposed disease mechanisms. End-to-end whole-muscle fat assessment is essential to properly diagnose FSHD and its progression.
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11
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Veeger TTJ, Hirschler L, Baligand C, Franklin SL, Webb AG, de Groot JH, van Osch MJP, Kan HE. Microvascular response to exercise varies along the length of the tibialis anterior muscle. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 35:e4796. [PMID: 35778859 PMCID: PMC9787660 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular function is an important component in the physiology of muscle. One of the major parameters, blood perfusion, can be measured noninvasively and quantitatively by arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI. Most studies using ASL in muscle have only reported data from a single slice, thereby assuming that muscle perfusion is homogeneous within muscle, whereas recent literature has reported proximodistal differences in oxidative capacity and perfusion. Here, we acquired pulsed ASL data in 12 healthy volunteers after dorsiflexion exercise in two slices separated distally by 7 cm. We combined this with a Look-Locker scheme to acquire images at multiple postlabeling delays (PLDs) and with a multiecho readout to measure T2 *. This enabled the simultaneous evaluation of quantitative muscle blood flow (MBF), arterial transit time (ATT), and T2 * relaxation time in the tibialis anterior muscle during recovery. Using repeated measures analyses of variance we tested the effect of time, slice location, and their interaction on MBF, ATT, and T2 *. Our results showed a significant difference as a function of time postexercise for all three parameters (MBF: F = 34.0, p < .0001; T2 *: F = 73.7, p < .0001; ATT: F = 13.6, p < .001) and no average differences between slices over the total time postexercise were observed. The interaction effect between time postexercise and slice location was significant for MBF and T2 * (F = 5.5, p = 0.02, F = 6.1, p = 0.02, respectively), but not for ATT (F = 2.2, p = .16). The proximal slice showed a higher MBF and a lower ATT than the distal slice during the first 2 min of recovery, and T2 * showed a delayed response in the distal slice. These results imply a higher perfusion and faster microvascular response to exercise in the proximal slice, in line with previous literature. Moreover, the differences in ATT indicate that it is difficult to correctly determine perfusion based on a single PLD as is commonly performed in the muscle literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thom T. J. Veeger
- C. J. Gorter MRI Center, Dept. of RadiologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)Leidenthe Netherlands
| | - Lydiane Hirschler
- C. J. Gorter MRI Center, Dept. of RadiologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)Leidenthe Netherlands
| | - Celine Baligand
- C. J. Gorter MRI Center, Dept. of RadiologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)Leidenthe Netherlands
- CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies NeurodégénérativesUniversité Paris‐SaclayFontenay‐aux‐RosesFrance
| | - Suzanne L. Franklin
- C. J. Gorter MRI Center, Dept. of RadiologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)Leidenthe Netherlands
- Center for Image SciencesUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Andrew G. Webb
- C. J. Gorter MRI Center, Dept. of RadiologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)Leidenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Matthias J. P. van Osch
- C. J. Gorter MRI Center, Dept. of RadiologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)Leidenthe Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and CognitionLeiden UniversityLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Hermien E. Kan
- C. J. Gorter MRI Center, Dept. of RadiologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)Leidenthe Netherlands
- Duchenne Centerthe Netherlands
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12
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Lopez Kolkovsky AL, Carlier PG, Marty B, Meyerspeer M. Interleaved and simultaneous multi-nuclear magnetic resonance in vivo. Review of principles, applications and potential. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 35:e4735. [PMID: 35352440 PMCID: PMC9542607 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance signals from different nuclei can be excited or received at the same time,rendering simultaneous or rapidly interleaved multi-nuclear acquisitions feasible. The advan-tages are a reduction of total scan time compared to sequential multi-nuclear acquisitions or that additional information from heteronuclear data is obtained at thesame time and anatomical position. Information content can be qualitatively increased by delivering a more comprehensive MR-based picture of a transient state (such as an exercise bout). Also, combiningnon-proton MR acquisitions with 1 Hinformation (e.g., dynamic shim updates and motion correction) can be used to improve data quality during long scans and benefits image coregistration. This work reviews the literature on interleaved and simultaneous multi-nuclear MRI and MRS in vivo. Prominent use cases for this methodology in clinical and research applications are brain and muscle, but studies have also been carried out in other targets, including the lung, knee, breast and heart. Simultaneous multi-nuclear measurements in the liver and kidney have also been performed, but exclusively in rodents. In this review, a consistent nomenclature is proposed, to help clarify the terminology used for this principle throughout the literature on in-vivo MR. An overview covers the basic principles, the technical requirements on the MR scanner and the implementations realised either by MR system vendors or research groups, from the early days until today. Considerations regarding the multi-tuned RF coils required and heteronuclear polarisation interactions are briefly discussed, and fields for future in-vivo applications for interleaved multi-nuclear MR pulse sequences are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo L. Lopez Kolkovsky
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation CenterInstitute of MyologyParisFrance
- NMR laboratoryCEA, DRF, IBFJParisFrance
| | - Pierre G. Carlier
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation CenterInstitute of MyologyParisFrance
- NMR laboratoryCEA, DRF, IBFJParisFrance
| | - Benjamin Marty
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation CenterInstitute of MyologyParisFrance
- NMR laboratoryCEA, DRF, IBFJParisFrance
| | - Martin Meyerspeer
- High‐Field MR Center, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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13
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Liu Y, De Feyter HM, Fulbright RK, McIntyre S, Nixon TW, de Graaf RA. Interleaved fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI and deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) on human brain in vivo. Magn Reson Med 2022; 88:28-37. [PMID: 35225375 PMCID: PMC9924309 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To integrate deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) with clinical MRI through an interleaved MRI and DMI acquisition workflow. Interleaved MRI-DMI was enabled with hardware and pulse sequence modifications, and the performance was demonstrated using fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI as an example. METHODS Interleaved FLAIR-DMI was developed by interleaving the 2 H excitation and acquisition time windows into the intrinsic delay periods presented in the FLAIR method. All 2 H MR signals were up-converted to the 1 H Larmor frequency using a custom-built hardware unit, which also achieved frequency and phase locking of the output signal in real-time. The interleaved measurements were compared with direct measurements both in phantom and in the human brain in vivo. RESULTS The interleaved MRI-DMI acquisition strategy allowed simultaneous detection of FLAIR MRI and DMI in the same scan time as a FLAIR-only MRI acquisition. Both phantom and in vivo data showed that the MR image quality, DMI sensitivity as well as information content were preserved using interleaved MRI-DMI. CONCLUSION The interleaved MRI-DMI technology can be used to extend clinical MRI protocols with DMI, thereby offering a metabolic component to the MR imaging contrasts without a penalty on patient comfort or scan time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanning Liu
- Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Henk M. De Feyter
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging
| | - Robert K. Fulbright
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging
| | - Scott McIntyre
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging
| | - Terence W. Nixon
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging
| | - Robin A. de Graaf
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging,Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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14
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Baligand C, Hirschler L, Veeger TTJ, Václavů L, Franklin SL, van Osch MJP, Kan HE. A split-label design for simultaneous measurements of perfusion in distant slices by pulsed arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Med 2021; 86:2441-2453. [PMID: 34105189 PMCID: PMC8596809 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Multislice arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI acquisitions are currently challenging in skeletal muscle because of long transit times, translating into low‐perfusion SNR in distal slices when large spatial coverage is required. However, fiber type and oxidative capacity vary along the length of healthy muscles, calling for multislice acquisitions in clinical studies. We propose a new variant of flow alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) that generates sufficient ASL signal to monitor exercise‐induced perfusion changes in muscle in two distant slices. Methods Label around and between two 7‐cm distant slices was created by applying the presaturation/postsaturation and selective inversion modules selectively to each slice (split‐label multislice FAIR). Images were acquired using simultaneous multislice EPI. We validated our approach in the brain to take advantage of the high resting‐state perfusion, and applied it in the lower leg muscle during and after exercise, interleaved with a single‐slice FAIR as a reference. Results We show that standard multislice FAIR leads to an underestimation of perfusion, while the proposed split‐label multislice approach shows good agreement with separate single‐slice FAIR acquisitions in brain, as well as in muscle following exercise. Conclusion Split‐label FAIR allows measuring muscle perfusion in two distant slices simultaneously without losing sensitivity in the distal slice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Baligand
- C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lydiane Hirschler
- C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thom T J Veeger
- C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lena Václavů
- C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne L Franklin
- C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Center for image sciences, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthias J P van Osch
- C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hermien E Kan
- C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Duchenne Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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15
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Lopez Kolkovsky AL, Marty B, Giacomini E, Meyerspeer M, Carlier PG. Repeatability of multinuclear interleaved acquisitions with nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in dynamic experiments in the calf muscle at 3T. Magn Reson Med 2021; 86:115-130. [PMID: 33565187 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the repeatability of multinuclear interleaved 1 H/31 P NMR dynamic acquisitions in skeletal muscle and the impact of nuclear Overhauser enhancement (nOe) on the 31 P results at 3T in exercise-recovery and ischemia-hyperemia paradigms. METHODS A 1 H/31 P interleaved pulse sequence was used to measure every 2.5 s a perfusion-weighted image, a T 2 ∗ map, a 31 P spectrum and 32 1 H spectra sensitive to deoxymyoglobin. 21 subjects performed a plantar flexion exercise and after recovery underwent an 8-min lower leg ischemia. The procedure was repeated in visit 2 with 12 subjects. An additional exercise bout without 1 H excitation was appended to visit 1. Individual 1 H RF pulse nOe was measured at rest in every visit. RESULTS Repeatability scores (coefficient of variation, Bland-Altman analysis) were similar to those found in the literature using similar mono-nuclear acquisitions. |Pi]/[PCr], pH drop, creatine rephosphorylation rate (τPCr ), maximum perfusion, time to peak perfusion, and blood flow post-exercise showed high reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.7), whereas hemodynamic results from reactive hyperemia showed higher repeatability. After accounting for nOe, which increased Pi and PCr signal-to-noise ratio by 30%, no differences in 31 P results were observed between interleaved and 31 P MRS-only acquisitions. τPCr was unaffected by nOe. CONCLUSION The method shows good repeatability for both paradigms while simultaneously providing multiple dynamic data sets on a clinical scanner. The nOe effects were accounted for on a per-subject and per-visit basis using a short 31 P reference scan. This multiparametric approach has a multitude of applications for the study of oxygen utilization and ATP turnover in the muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo L Lopez Kolkovsky
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology, Paris, France.,NMR Laboratory, CEA, DRF, IBFJ, MIRCen, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Marty
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology, Paris, France.,NMR Laboratory, CEA, DRF, IBFJ, MIRCen, Paris, France
| | - Eric Giacomini
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology, Paris, France
| | - Martin Meyerspeer
- High Field MR Center, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pierre G Carlier
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology, Paris, France.,NMR Laboratory, CEA, DRF, IBFJ, MIRCen, Paris, France
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16
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Heskamp L, Lebbink F, van Uden MJ, Maas MC, Claassen JAHR, Froeling M, Kemp GJ, Boss A, Heerschap A. Post-exercise intramuscular O 2 supply is tightly coupled with a higher proximal-to-distal ATP synthesis rate in human tibialis anterior. J Physiol 2021; 599:1533-1550. [PMID: 33369737 PMCID: PMC7986184 DOI: 10.1113/jp280771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points The post‐exercise recovery of phosphocreatine, a measure of the oxidative capacity of muscles, as assessed by 31P MR spectroscopy, shows a striking increase from distal to proximal along the human tibialis anterior muscle. To investigate why this muscle exhibits a greater oxidative capacity proximally, we tested whether the spatial variation in phosphocreatine recovery rate is related to oxygen supply, muscle fibre type or type of exercise. We revealed that oxygen supply also increases from distal to proximal along the tibialis anterior, and that it strongly correlated with phosphocreatine recovery. Carnosine level, a surrogate measure for muscle fibre type was not different between proximal and distal, and type of exercise did not affect the gradient in phosphocreatine recovery rate. Taken together, the findings of this study suggest that the post‐exercise spatial gradients in oxygen supply and phosphocreatine recovery are driven by a higher intrinsic mitochondrial oxidative capacity proximally.
Abstract Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) of human tibialis anterior (TA) revealed a strong proximo‐distal gradient in the post‐exercise phosphocreatine (PCr) recovery rate constant (kPCr), a measure of muscle oxidative capacity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this kPCr gradient is related to O2 supply, resting phosphorylation potential, muscle fibre type, or type of exercise. Fifteen male volunteers performed continuous isometric ankle dorsiflexion at 30% maximum force until exhaustion. At multiple locations along the TA, we measured the oxidative PCr resynthesis rate (VPCr = kPCr × PCr depletion) by 31P MRS, the oxyhaemoglobin recovery rate constant (kO2Hb) by near infrared spectroscopy, and muscle perfusion with MR intravoxel incoherent motion imaging. The kO2Hb, kPCr, VPCr and muscle perfusion depended on measurement location (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.032 and P = 0.003, respectively), all being greater proximally. The kO2Hb and muscle perfusion correlated with kPCr (r = 0.956 and r = 0.852, respectively) and VPCr (r = 0.932 and r = 0.985, respectively), the latter reflecting metabolic O2 consumption. Resting phosphorylation potential (PCr/inorganic phosphate) was also higher proximally (P < 0.001). The surrogate for fibre type, carnosine content measured by 1H MRS, did not differ between distal and proximal TA (P = 0.884). Performing intermittent exercise to avoid exercise ischaemia, still led to larger kPCr proximally than distally (P = 0.013). In conclusion, the spatial kPCr gradient is strongly associated with the spatial variation in O2 supply. It cannot be explained by exercise‐induced ischaemia nor by fibre type. Our findings suggest it is driven by a higher proximal intrinsic mitochondrial oxidative capacity, apparently to support contractile performance of the TA. The post‐exercise recovery of phosphocreatine, a measure of the oxidative capacity of muscles, as assessed by 31P MR spectroscopy, shows a striking increase from distal to proximal along the human tibialis anterior muscle. To investigate why this muscle exhibits a greater oxidative capacity proximally, we tested whether the spatial variation in phosphocreatine recovery rate is related to oxygen supply, muscle fibre type or type of exercise. We revealed that oxygen supply also increases from distal to proximal along the tibialis anterior, and that it strongly correlated with phosphocreatine recovery. Carnosine level, a surrogate measure for muscle fibre type was not different between proximal and distal, and type of exercise did not affect the gradient in phosphocreatine recovery rate. Taken together, the findings of this study suggest that the post‐exercise spatial gradients in oxygen supply and phosphocreatine recovery are driven by a higher intrinsic mitochondrial oxidative capacity proximally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Heskamp
- Department of Medical Imaging/Radiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Franciska Lebbink
- Department of Medical Imaging/Radiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J van Uden
- Department of Medical Imaging/Radiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marnix C Maas
- Department of Medical Imaging/Radiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen A H R Claassen
- Department of Geriatrics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Froeling
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Graham J Kemp
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas Boss
- Department of Medical Imaging/Radiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arend Heerschap
- Department of Medical Imaging/Radiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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17
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Mahmud SZ, Gladden LB, Kavazis AN, Motl RW, Denney TS, Bashir A. Simultaneous Measurement of Perfusion and T 2* in Calf Muscle at 7T with Submaximal Exercise using Radial Acquisition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6342. [PMID: 32286372 PMCID: PMC7156440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairments in oxygen delivery and consumption can lead to reduced muscle endurance and physical disability. Perfusion, a measure of microvascular blood flow, provides information on nutrient delivery. T2* provides information about relative tissue oxygenation. Changes in these parameters following stress, such as exercise, can yield important information about imbalance between delivery and consumption. In this study, we implemented novel golden angle radial MRI acquisition technique to simultaneously quantify muscle perfusion and T2* at 7T with improved temporal resolution, and demonstrated assessment of spatial and temporal changes in these parameters within calf muscles during recovery from plantar flexion exercise. Nine healthy subjects participated the studies. At rest, perfusion and T2* in gastrocnemius muscle group within calf muscle were 5 ± 2 mL/100 g/min and 21.1 ± 3 ms respectively. Then the subjects performed plantar flexion exercise producing a torque of ~8ft-lb. Immediately after the exercise, perfusion was elevated to 79.3 ± 9 mL/100 g/min and T2* was decreased by 6 ± 3%. The time constants for 50% perfusion and T2* recovery were 54.1 ± 10 s and 68.5 ± 7 s respectively. These results demonstrate successful simultaneous quantification of perfusion and T2* in skeletal muscle using the developed technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Z Mahmud
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - L Bruce Gladden
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | | | - Robert W Motl
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Thomas S Denney
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Adil Bashir
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
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18
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Meyerspeer M, Boesch C, Cameron D, Dezortová M, Forbes SC, Heerschap A, Jeneson JA, Kan HE, Kent J, Layec G, Prompers JJ, Reyngoudt H, Sleigh A, Valkovič L, Kemp GJ. 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in skeletal muscle: Experts' consensus recommendations. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 34:e4246. [PMID: 32037688 PMCID: PMC8243949 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle phosphorus-31 31 P MRS is the oldest MRS methodology to be applied to in vivo metabolic research. The technical requirements of 31 P MRS in skeletal muscle depend on the research question, and to assess those questions requires understanding both the relevant muscle physiology, and how 31 P MRS methods can probe it. Here we consider basic signal-acquisition parameters related to radio frequency excitation, TR, TE, spectral resolution, shim and localisation. We make specific recommendations for studies of resting and exercising muscle, including magnetisation transfer, and for data processing. We summarise the metabolic information that can be quantitatively assessed with 31 P MRS, either measured directly or derived by calculations that depend on particular metabolic models, and we give advice on potential problems of interpretation. We give expected values and tolerable ranges for some measured quantities, and minimum requirements for reporting acquisition parameters and experimental results in publications. Reliable examination depends on a reproducible setup, standardised preconditioning of the subject, and careful control of potential difficulties, and we summarise some important considerations and potential confounders. Our recommendations include the quantification and standardisation of contraction intensity, and how best to account for heterogeneous muscle recruitment. We highlight some pitfalls in the assessment of mitochondrial function by analysis of phosphocreatine (PCr) recovery kinetics. Finally, we outline how complementary techniques (near-infrared spectroscopy, arterial spin labelling, BOLD and various other MRI and 1 H MRS measurements) can help in the physiological/metabolic interpretation of 31 P MRS studies by providing information about blood flow and oxygen delivery/utilisation. Our recommendations will assist in achieving the fullest possible reliable picture of muscle physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Meyerspeer
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- High Field MR CenterMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Chris Boesch
- DBMR and DIPRUniversity and InselspitalBernSwitzerland
| | - Donnie Cameron
- Norwich Medical SchoolUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- C. J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of RadiologyLeiden University Medical CentreLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Monika Dezortová
- MR‐Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyInstitute for Clinical and Experimental MedicinePragueCzech Republic
| | - Sean C. Forbes
- Department of Physical TherapyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Arend Heerschap
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A.L. Jeneson
- Department of RadiologyAmsterdam University Medical Center|site AMCAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Cognitive Neuroscience CenterUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
- Center for Child Development and Exercise, Wilhelmina Children's HospitalUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Hermien E. Kan
- C. J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of RadiologyLeiden University Medical CentreLeidenthe Netherlands
- Duchenne CenterThe Netherlands
| | - Jane Kent
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstMAUSA
| | - Gwenaël Layec
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstMAUSA
- Institute for Applied Life SciencesUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMAUSA
| | | | - Harmen Reyngoudt
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation CenterInstitute of Myology AIM‐CEAParisFrance
| | - Alison Sleigh
- Wolfson Brain Imaging CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Wellcome Trust‐MRC Institute of Metabolic ScienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research FacilityCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
| | - Ladislav Valkovič
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), RDM Cardiovascular Medicine, BHF Centre of Research ExcellenceUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of Imaging MethodsInstitute of Measurement Science, Slovak Academy of SciencesBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Graham J. Kemp
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology and Liverpool Magnetic Resonance Imaging Centre (LiMRIC)University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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19
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Niess F, Schmid AI, Bogner W, Wolzt M, Carlier P, Trattnig S, Moser E, Meyerspeer M. Interleaved 31 P MRS/ 1 H ASL for analysis of metabolic and functional heterogeneity along human lower leg muscles at 7T. Magn Reson Med 2019; 83:1909-1919. [PMID: 31846116 PMCID: PMC7065182 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE MR offers the unique possibility to noninvasively investigate cellular energy metabolism via 31P MRS, while blood perfusion, which provides oxygen and substrates to the tissue, is accessible by arterial spin labeling (ASL) 1H MRI. Because metabolic and hemodynamic parameters are linked, it would be desirable to study them simultaneously. A 3D-resolved method is presented that allows such measurements with high spatiotemporal resolution and has the potential to discern differences along an exercising muscle. METHODS Multi-voxel localized 31 P MRS was temporally interleaved with multi-slice pASL 1H MRI. Phosphorus spectra were collected from two adjacent positions in gastrocnemius medialis (GM) during rest, submaximal plantar flexion exercise and recovery, while perfusion and T 2 * -weighted axial images were acquired at the same time. Seventeen healthy volunteers (9 f / 8 m) were studied at 7 T. RESULTS An increase of postexercise perfusion and T 2 * -weighted signal in GM positively correlated with end-exercise PCr depletion and pH drop. At proximal positions functional and metabolic activity was higher than distally, that is, perfusion increase and peak T 2 * -weighted signal, end-exercise PCr depletion, end-exercise pH, and PCr recovery time constant were significantly different. An NOE-induced SNR increase of approximately 20 % (P < .001), at rest, was found in interleaved 31 P spectra, when comparing to 31 P-only acquisitions. CONCLUSIONS A technique for fast, simultaneous imaging of muscle functional heterogeneity in ASL, T 2 * and acquisition of time-resolved 31 P MRS data is presented. These single exercise recovery experiments can be used to investigate local variations during disease progression in patients suffering from vascular or muscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Niess
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,High Field MR Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Albrecht Ingo Schmid
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,High Field MR Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Bogner
- High Field MR Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Wolzt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Siegfried Trattnig
- High Field MR Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ewald Moser
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,High Field MR Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Meyerspeer
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,High Field MR Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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