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Aleman M. Inflammatory and Immune-Mediated Myopathies, What Do We Know? Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024; 40:207-218. [PMID: 38852014 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory myopathies or myositis encompass diseases characterized by the presence of inflammatory cellular infiltrates, mainly polymorphonuclear cells and/or lymphocytes, in muscle. This is in contrast to most forms of muscle disease characterized by myodegeneration that results in macrophage infiltration. Inflammatory myopathies could have infectious or noninfectious causes. Noninfectious causes consist of primary (genetic, autoimmune) or acquired immune-mediated disease. Focal, multifocal or diffuse, acute or recurrent forms of disease can occur. This article will mainly review immune-mediated myopathies in horses. Myositis directly caused by infection such as Clostridium spp and others will not be discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Aleman
- SVM: Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Tupper Hall 2108, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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2
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Sperandio LMS, Lago GR, Albertino LG, Araújo CET, Ferreira C, Borges AS, Oliveira-Filho JP. Allele frequency of muscular genetic disorders in bull-catching (vaquejada) quarter horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 136:105052. [PMID: 38531516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Quarter horses (QH), a prominent athletic breed in Brazil, are affected by muscular genetic disorders such as myosin-heavy chain myopathy (MYHM), polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM1), hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HyPP), and malignant hyperthermia (MH). Bull-catching (vaquejada), primarily involving QH, is a significant equestrian sport in Brazil. Since the allele frequencies (AF) of MYHM, PSSM1, HyPP, and MH in vaquejada QH remain unknown, this study evaluated the AF in 129 QH vaquejada athletes, specifically from the Brazilian Northeast. These variants were exclusively observed in heterozygosity. The MYHM exhibited the highest AF (0.04 ±0.01), followed by PSSM1 (0.01 ±0.01) and the HyPP variant (0.004 ±0.01), while the MH variant was not identified in this study. This study represents the first identification of these variants in vaquejada QH, emphasizing the need to implement measures to prevent the transmission of pathogenic alleles and reduce the occurrence of clinical cases of these genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M S Sperandio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa street, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, 18618681
| | - G R Lago
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa street, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, 18618681
| | - L G Albertino
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa street, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, 18618681
| | - C E T Araújo
- University Center "Doutor Leão Sampaio" (UNILEÃO), Leão Sampaio Avenue, Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil, 63040000
| | - C Ferreira
- Group Ser Educacional (UNINASSAU), Engenheiro Roberto Freire Avenue, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, 59080-400, Brazil
| | - A S Borges
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa street, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, 18618681
| | - J P Oliveira-Filho
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa street, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, 18618681.
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Vaidhya A, Ghildiyal K, Rajawat D, Nayak SS, Parida S, Panigrahi M. Relevance of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics in veterinary clinical practice: A review. Anim Genet 2024; 55:3-19. [PMID: 37990577 DOI: 10.1111/age.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The recent advances in high-throughput next-generation sequencing technologies have heralded the arrival of the Big Data era. As a result, the use of pharmacogenetics in drug discovery and individualized drug therapy has transformed the field of precision medicine. This paradigm shift in drug development programs has effectively reshaped the old drug development practices, which were primarily concerned with the physiological status of patients for drug development. Pharmacogenomics bridges the gap between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, advancing current diagnostic and treatment strategies and enabling personalized and targeted drug therapy. The primary goals of pharmacogenetic studies are to improve drug efficacy and minimize toxicities, to identify novel drug targets, to estimate drug dosage for personalized medicine, and to incorporate it as a routine diagnostic for disease susceptibility. Although pharmacogenetics has numerous applications in individualized drug therapy and drug development, it is in its infancy in veterinary medicine. The objective of this review is to present an overview of historical landmarks, current developments in various animal species, challenges and future perspectives of genomics in drug development and dosage optimization for individualized medicine in veterinary subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Vaidhya
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Kanika Ghildiyal
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Divya Rajawat
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Sonali Sonejita Nayak
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Subhashree Parida
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Manjit Panigrahi
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
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Aleman M, Scalco R, Malvick J, Grahn RA, True A, Bellone RR. Prevalence of genetic mutations in horses with muscle disease from a neuromuscular disease laboratory. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 118:104129. [PMID: 36150530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Deleterious genetic variants are an important cause of skeletal muscle disease. Immunohistochemical evaluation of muscle biopsies is standard for the diagnosis of muscle disorders. The prevalence of alleles causing hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP), malignant hyperthermia (MH), polysaccharide storage myopathy 1 (PSSM1), glycogen branching enzyme deficiency (GBED), myotonia congenita (MC), and myosin heavy chain myopathy (MYHM) in horses with muscle disease is unknown. Archived slides processed for immunohistochemical analysis from 296 horses with muscle disease were reviewed blinded and clinical information obtained. DNA isolated from stored muscle samples from these horses were genotyped for disease variants. Histological findings were classified as myopathic in 192, neurogenic in 41, and normal in 63 horses. A third of the population had alleles that explained disease which constituted 45% of the horses with confirmed histological myopathic process. Four of six muscle disease alleles were identified only in Quarter horse breeds. The allele causing PSSM1 was detected in other breeds, and MC was not detected in these samples. The My allele, associated with susceptibility for MYHM, was the most common (62%) with homozygotes (16/27) presenting a more severe phenotype compared to heterozygotes (6/33). All cases with the MH allele were fatal upon triggering by anesthesia, stress or concurrent myopathy. Both, muscle histological and genetic analyses are essential in the investigation of muscle disease, since 10% of the horses with muscle disease and normal histology had a muscle disease causing genetic variant, and 63% of histologically confirmed muscle with alterations had no known genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Aleman
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, California, United States.
| | - Rebeca Scalco
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, California, United States
| | - Julia Malvick
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, Davis, California, United States
| | - Robert A Grahn
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, Davis, California, United States
| | - Alexander True
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, California, United States
| | - Rebecca R Bellone
- Population Health and Reproduction, Davis, California, United States; Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, Davis, California, United States
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Valberg SJ, Williams ZJ, Finno CJ, Schultz A, Velez‐Irizarry D, Henry ML, Gardner K, Petersen JL. Type 2 polysaccharide storage myopathy in Quarter Horses is a novel glycogen storage disease causing exertional rhabdomyolysis. Equine Vet J 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Valberg
- Michigan State University, Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine East Lansing MI USA
| | - Zoë J. Williams
- Michigan State University, Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine East Lansing MI USA
| | - Carrie J. Finno
- University of California‐Davis, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine Davis CA USA
| | - Abigail Schultz
- Michigan State University, Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine East Lansing MI USA
| | - Deborah Velez‐Irizarry
- Michigan State University, Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine East Lansing MI USA
| | - Marisa L. Henry
- Michigan State University, Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine East Lansing MI USA
| | - Keri Gardner
- Michigan State University, Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine East Lansing MI USA
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Jones H, Robson K. Hyperthermia in a Chow Chow under general anaesthesia for magnetic resonance imaging. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Jones
- Department of Small Animal Anaesthesia School of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Wirral UK
| | - Katherine Robson
- Department of Small Animal Anaesthesia School of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Wirral UK
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Derks MFL, Steensma M. Review: Balancing Selection for Deleterious Alleles in Livestock. Front Genet 2021; 12:761728. [PMID: 34925454 PMCID: PMC8678120 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.761728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful alleles can be under balancing selection due to an interplay of artificial selection for the variant in heterozygotes and purifying selection against the variant in homozygotes. These pleiotropic variants can remain at moderate to high frequency expressing an advantage for favorable traits in heterozygotes, while harmful in homozygotes. The impact on the population and selection strength depends on the consequence of the variant both in heterozygotes and homozygotes. The deleterious phenotype expressed in homozygotes can range from early lethality to a slightly lower fitness in the population. In this review, we explore a range of causative variants under balancing selection including loss-of-function variation (i.e., frameshift, stop-gained variants) and regulatory variation (affecting gene expression). We report that harmful alleles often affect orthologous genes in different species, often influencing analogous traits. The recent discoveries are mainly driven by the increasing genomic and phenotypic resources in livestock populations. However, the low frequency and sometimes subtle effects in homozygotes prevent accurate mapping of such pleiotropic variants, which requires novel strategies to discover. After discovery, the selection strategy for deleterious variants under balancing selection is under debate, as variants can contribute to the heterosis effect in crossbred animals in various livestock species, compensating for the loss in purebred animals. Nevertheless, gene-assisted selection is a useful tool to decrease the frequency of the harmful allele in the population, if desired. Together, this review marks various deleterious variants under balancing selection and describing the functional consequences at the molecular, phenotypic, and population level, providing a resource for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn F L Derks
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Topigs Norsvin Research Center, Beuningen, Netherlands
| | - Marije Steensma
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Aleman M, Zhang R, Feng W, Qi L, Lopez JR, Crowe C, Dong Y, Cherednichenko G, Pessah IN. Dietary Caffeine Synergizes Adverse Peripheral and Central Responses to Anesthesia in Malignant Hyperthermia Susceptible Mice. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:351-363. [PMID: 32764093 DOI: 10.1124/mol.120.119412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ryanodine receptor (RYR) mutations confer stress-triggered malignant hyperthermia (MH) susceptibility. Dietary caffeine (CAF) is the most commonly consumed psychoactive compound by humans. CAF-triggered Ca2+ release and its influences on skeletal muscle contractility are widely used as experimental tools to study RYR function/dysfunction and diagnose MH susceptibility. We hypothesize that dietary CAF achieving blood levels measured in human plasma exacerbates the penetrance of RYR1 MH susceptibility mutations triggered by gaseous anesthetic, affecting both central and peripheral adverse responses. Heterozygous R163C-RYR1 (HET) MH susceptible mice are used to investigate the influences of dietary CAF on both peripheral and central responses before and after induction of halothane (HAL) maintenance anesthesia under experimental conditions that maintain normal core body temperature. HET mice receiving CAF (plasma CAF 893 ng/ml) have significantly shorter times to respiratory arrest compared with wild type, without altering blood chemistry or displaying hyperthermia or muscle rigor. Intraperitoneal bolus dantrolene before HAL prolongs time to respiratory arrest. A pilot electrographic study using subcutaneous electrodes reveals that dietary CAF does not alter baseline electroencephalogram (EEG) total power, but significantly shortens delay to isoelectric EEG, which precedes respiratory and cardiac arrest. CAF ± HAL are studied on RYR1 single-channel currents and HET myotubes to define molecular mechanisms of gene-by-environment synergism. Strong pharmacological synergism between CAF and HAL is demonstrated in both single-channel and myotube preparations. Central and peripheral nervous systems mediate adverse responses to HAL in a HET model of MH susceptibility exposed to dietary CAF, a modifiable lifestyle factor that may mitigate risks of acute and chronic diseases associated with RYR1 mutations. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Dietary caffeine at a human-relevant dose synergizes adverse peripheral and central responses to anesthesia in malignant hyperthermia susceptible mice. Synergism of these drugs can be attributed to their actions at ryanodine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Aleman
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (R.Z., W.F., J.R.L., Y.D., G.C., I.N.P.), Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, The William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine (M.A., C.C.), and Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, School of Medicine (L.Q.), University of California, Davis, California
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (R.Z., W.F., J.R.L., Y.D., G.C., I.N.P.), Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, The William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine (M.A., C.C.), and Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, School of Medicine (L.Q.), University of California, Davis, California
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (R.Z., W.F., J.R.L., Y.D., G.C., I.N.P.), Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, The William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine (M.A., C.C.), and Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, School of Medicine (L.Q.), University of California, Davis, California
| | - Lihong Qi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (R.Z., W.F., J.R.L., Y.D., G.C., I.N.P.), Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, The William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine (M.A., C.C.), and Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, School of Medicine (L.Q.), University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jose R Lopez
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (R.Z., W.F., J.R.L., Y.D., G.C., I.N.P.), Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, The William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine (M.A., C.C.), and Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, School of Medicine (L.Q.), University of California, Davis, California
| | - Chelsea Crowe
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (R.Z., W.F., J.R.L., Y.D., G.C., I.N.P.), Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, The William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine (M.A., C.C.), and Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, School of Medicine (L.Q.), University of California, Davis, California
| | - Yao Dong
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (R.Z., W.F., J.R.L., Y.D., G.C., I.N.P.), Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, The William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine (M.A., C.C.), and Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, School of Medicine (L.Q.), University of California, Davis, California
| | - Genady Cherednichenko
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (R.Z., W.F., J.R.L., Y.D., G.C., I.N.P.), Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, The William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine (M.A., C.C.), and Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, School of Medicine (L.Q.), University of California, Davis, California
| | - Isaac N Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (R.Z., W.F., J.R.L., Y.D., G.C., I.N.P.), Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, The William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine (M.A., C.C.), and Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, School of Medicine (L.Q.), University of California, Davis, California
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Abstract
There are 5 single-gene mutations that are known to cause muscle disease in horses. These mutations alter the amino acid sequence of proteins involved in cell membrane electrical conduction, muscle energy metabolism, muscle contraction, and immunogenicity. The clinical signs depend on the pathway affected. The likelihood that an animal with a mutation will exhibit clinical signs depends on the mode of inheritance, environmental influences, and interactions with other genes. Selection of a genetic test for use in diagnostic or breeding decisions requires a knowledge of clinical signs, mode of inheritance, breeds affected, and proper scientific test validation.
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Abstract
Genetic testing in horses began in the 1960s, when parentage testing using blood group markers became the standard. In the 1990s, parentage testing shifted from evaluating blood groups to DNA testing. The development of genetics and genomics in both human and veterinarian medicine, along with continued technological advances in the last 2 decades, has helped unravel the causal variants for many horse traits. Genetic testing is also now possible for a variety of phenotypic and disease traits and is used to assist in breeding and clinical management decisions. This article describes the genetic tests that are currently available for horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Bellone
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction Davis, CA 95616, USA; Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Felipe Avila
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Lawal TA, Wires ES, Terry NL, Dowling JJ, Todd JJ. Preclinical model systems of ryanodine receptor 1-related myopathies and malignant hyperthermia: a comprehensive scoping review of works published 1990-2019. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:113. [PMID: 32381029 PMCID: PMC7204063 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01384-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic variations in the gene encoding the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RyR1) are associated with malignant hyperthermia (MH) susceptibility, a life-threatening hypermetabolic condition and RYR1-related myopathies (RYR1-RM), a spectrum of rare neuromuscular disorders. In RYR1-RM, intracellular calcium dysregulation, post-translational modifications, and decreased protein expression lead to a heterogenous clinical presentation including proximal muscle weakness, contractures, scoliosis, respiratory insufficiency, and ophthalmoplegia. Preclinical model systems of RYR1-RM and MH have been developed to better understand underlying pathomechanisms and test potential therapeutics. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive scoping review of scientific literature pertaining to RYR1-RM and MH preclinical model systems in accordance with the PRISMA Scoping Reviews Checklist and the framework proposed by Arksey and O'Malley. Two major electronic databases (PubMed and EMBASE) were searched without language restriction for articles and abstracts published between January 1, 1990 and July 3, 2019. RESULTS Our search yielded 5049 publications from which 262 were included in this review. A majority of variants tested in RYR1 preclinical models were localized to established MH/central core disease (MH/CCD) hot spots. A total of 250 unique RYR1 variations were reported in human/rodent/porcine models with 95% being missense substitutions. The most frequently reported RYR1 variant was R614C/R615C (human/porcine total n = 39), followed by Y523S/Y524S (rabbit/mouse total n = 30), I4898T/I4897T/I4895T (human/rabbit/mouse total n = 20), and R163C/R165C (human/mouse total n = 18). The dyspedic mouse was utilized by 47% of publications in the rodent category and its RyR1-null (1B5) myotubes were transfected in 23% of publications in the cellular model category. In studies of transfected HEK-293 cells, 57% of RYR1 variations affected the RyR1 channel and activation core domain. A total of 15 RYR1 mutant mouse strains were identified of which ten were heterozygous, three were compound heterozygous, and a further two were knockout. Porcine, avian, zebrafish, C. elegans, canine, equine, and drosophila model systems were also reported. CONCLUSIONS Over the past 30 years, there were 262 publications on MH and RYR1-RM preclinical model systems featuring more than 200 unique RYR1 variations tested in a broad range of species. Findings from these studies have set the foundation for therapeutic development for MH and RYR1-RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokunbor A Lawal
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Emily S Wires
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nancy L Terry
- National Institutes of Health Library, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James J Dowling
- Program for Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua J Todd
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Campion DP, Dowell FJ. Translating Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics to the Clinic: Progress in Human and Veterinary Medicine. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:22. [PMID: 30854372 PMCID: PMC6396708 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As targeted personalized therapy becomes more widely used in human medicine, clients will expect the veterinary clinician to be able to implement an evidence-based strategy regarding both the prescribing of medicines and also recognition of the potential for adverse drug reactions (ADR) for their pet, at breed and individual level. This review aims to provide an overview of current developments and challenges in pharmacogenetics in medicine for a veterinary audience and to map these to developments in veterinary pharmacogenetics. Pharmacogenetics has been in development over the past 100 years but has been revolutionized following the publication of the human, and then veterinary species genomes. Genetic biomarkers called pharmacogenes have been identified as specific genetic loci on chromosomes which are associated with either positive or adverse drug responses. Pharmacogene variation may be classified according to the associated drug response, such as a change in (1) the pharmacokinetics; (2) the pharmacodynamics; (3) genes in the downstream pathway of the drug or (4) the effect of “off-target” genes resulting in a response that is unrelated to the intended target. There are many barriers to translation of pharmacogenetic information to the clinic, however, in human medicine, international initiatives are promising real change in the delivery of personalized medicine by 2025. We argue that for effective translation into the veterinary clinic, clinicians, international experts, and stakeholders must collaborate to ensure quality assurance and genetic test validation so that animals may also benefit from this genomics revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre P Campion
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona J Dowell
- Division of Veterinary Science and Education, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Zanzarini Delfiol DJ, de Oliveira-Filho JP, Badial PR, Battazza A, Araujo Junior JP, Borges AS. Estimation of the Allele Frequency of Type 1 Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy and Malignant Hyperthermia in Quarter Horses in Brazil. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gaunitz C, Fages A, Hanghøj K, Albrechtsen A, Khan N, Schubert M, Seguin-Orlando A, Owens IJ, Felkel S, Bignon-Lau O, de Barros Damgaard P, Mittnik A, Mohaseb AF, Davoudi H, Alquraishi S, Alfarhan AH, Al-Rasheid KAS, Crubézy E, Benecke N, Olsen S, Brown D, Anthony D, Massy K, Pitulko V, Kasparov A, Brem G, Hofreiter M, Mukhtarova G, Baimukhanov N, Lõugas L, Onar V, Stockhammer PW, Krause J, Boldgiv B, Undrakhbold S, Erdenebaatar D, Lepetz S, Mashkour M, Ludwig A, Wallner B, Merz V, Merz I, Zaibert V, Willerslev E, Librado P, Outram AK, Orlando L. Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski’s horses. Science 2018; 360:111-114. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aao3297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Eneolithic Botai culture of the Central Asian steppes provides the earliest archaeological evidence for horse husbandry, ~5500 years ago, but the exact nature of early horse domestication remains controversial. We generated 42 ancient-horse genomes, including 20 from Botai. Compared to 46 published ancient- and modern-horse genomes, our data indicate that Przewalski’s horses are the feral descendants of horses herded at Botai and not truly wild horses. All domestic horses dated from ~4000 years ago to present only show ~2.7% of Botai-related ancestry. This indicates that a massive genomic turnover underpins the expansion of the horse stock that gave rise to modern domesticates, which coincides with large-scale human population expansions during the Early Bronze Age.
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McKenzie E. Current status of myopathies affecting athletic horses. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/cep170005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Muscular disorders rank among the most prevalent problems of horses competing in a broad variety of athletic disciplines, including track racing, dressage, endurance racing and Western riding disciplines. As described in this review, active scientific investigation is continuing to elucidate the different mechanisms underlying specific muscular disorders in horses, and is discovering and defining new disorders, and new methods of diagnosis, treatment and management. The flourishing field of equine rehabilitation and regenerative medicine is also driving the progressive application of a variety of modalities to the treatment and management of musculoskeletal conditions in horses. However, it is essential that this be accompanied by appropriate scientific investigation to verify the efficacy of recommended modalities and treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. McKenzie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 227 Magruder Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Librado P, Gamba C, Gaunitz C, Der Sarkissian C, Pruvost M, Albrechtsen A, Fages A, Khan N, Schubert M, Jagannathan V, Serres-Armero A, Kuderna LFK, Povolotskaya IS, Seguin-Orlando A, Lepetz S, Neuditschko M, Thèves C, Alquraishi S, Alfarhan AH, Al-Rasheid K, Rieder S, Samashev Z, Francfort HP, Benecke N, Hofreiter M, Ludwig A, Keyser C, Marques-Bonet T, Ludes B, Crubézy E, Leeb T, Willerslev E, Orlando L. Ancient genomic changes associated with domestication of the horse. Science 2017; 356:442-445. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aam5298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Ancient genomics of horse domesticationThe domestication of the horse was a seminal event in human cultural evolution. Libradoet al.obtained genome sequences from 14 horses from the Bronze and Iron Ages, about 2000 to 4000 years ago, soon after domestication. They identified variants determining coat color and genes selected during the domestication process. They could also see evidence of admixture with archaic horses and the demography of the domestication process, which included the accumulation of deleterious variants. The horse appears to have undergone a different type of domestication process than animals that were domesticated simply for food.Science, this issue p.442
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Librado
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cristina Gamba
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charleen Gaunitz
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Clio Der Sarkissian
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mélanie Pruvost
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - Anders Albrechtsen
- Bioinformatics Center, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200N Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Antoine Fages
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d’Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Naveed Khan
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Mikkel Schubert
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Aitor Serres-Armero
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CNAG-CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lukas F. K. Kuderna
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CNAG-CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inna S. Povolotskaya
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CNAG-CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andaine Seguin-Orlando
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark
- National High-Throughput DNA Sequencing Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sébastien Lepetz
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements (UMR 7209), 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Catherine Thèves
- Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d’Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Saleh Alquraishi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H. Alfarhan
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Al-Rasheid
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefan Rieder
- Agroscope, Swiss National Stud Farm, 1580 Avenches, Switzerland
| | - Zainolla Samashev
- Branch of Institute of Archaeology Margulan, Republic Avenue 24-405, 010000 Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Henri-Paul Francfort
- CNRS, UMR 7041 Archéologie et Sciences de l’Antiquité, Archéologie de l'Asie Centrale, Maison René Ginouvès, 21 allée de l’Université, 92023 Nanterre, France
| | - Norbert Benecke
- German Archaeological Institute, Department of Natural Sciences, Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Hofreiter
- University of Potsdam, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arne Ludwig
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin 10315, Germany
| | - Christine Keyser
- Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d’Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France
- Institut de Médecine Légale, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tomas Marques-Bonet
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CNAG-CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bertrand Ludes
- Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d’Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France
- Institut Médico-Légal, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Eric Crubézy
- Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d’Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ludovic Orlando
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d’Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France
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Abstract
Heat stroke is a life-threatening condition clinically diagnosed as a severe elevation in body temperature with central nervous system dysfunction that often includes combativeness, delirium, seizures, and coma. Classic heat stroke primarily occurs in immunocompromised individuals during annual heat waves. Exertional heat stroke is observed in young fit individuals performing strenuous physical activity in hot or temperature environments. Long-term consequences of heat stroke are thought to be due to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in the identification of risk factors that predispose to heat stroke, the role of endotoxin and cytokines in mediation of multi-organ damage, the incidence of hypothermia and fever during heat stroke recovery, clinical biomarkers of organ damage severity, and protective cooling strategies. Risk factors include environmental factors, medications, drug use, compromised health status, and genetic conditions. The role of endotoxin and cytokines is discussed in the framework of research conducted over 30 years ago that requires reassessment to more clearly identify the role of these factors in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. We challenge the notion that hypothalamic damage is responsible for thermoregulatory disturbances during heat stroke recovery and highlight recent advances in our understanding of the regulated nature of these responses. The need for more sensitive clinical biomarkers of organ damage is examined. Conventional and emerging cooling methods are discussed with reference to protection against peripheral organ damage and selective brain cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Leon
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Abderrezak Bouchama
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Experimental Medicine Department-King Abdulaziz Medical City-Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Babicz M, Szyndler-Nędza M, Skrzypczak E, Kasprzyk A. Reproductive Performance of Native Pulawska and High Productivity Polish Landrace Sows in the Context of Stress During the Period of Early Pregnancy. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 51:91-7. [PMID: 26661373 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Experiments revealed that it is necessary to get rid of genotypes RYR1C/T and RYR1T/T because of problems with meat quality and reproduction of gilts and sows. This phenomenon, however, is of individual nature and is characterized by high variability. The aim of the study was to analyse the influence of stressogenic factors in native Puławska and high productivity Polish Landrace breed sows during the period of low pregnancy on reproductive performance and maternal behaviour. Sows in the 2nd reproduction cycle were assigned into groups of five animals as follows: control (C) of RYR1 C/C genotype and experimental (E) of RYR1 C/T genotype. In all, 30 Puławska breed sows and 30 PL breed sows were analysed. During the early stage of pregnancy (days 42-84), experimental groups were subjected to the action of stressogenic factors: elevated temperature, noisy and rough treatment of sows by service personnel and immobilization stress. The effect of stressogenic factors was referred to the reproductive performance of sows. Puławska and PL breed sows from the experimental groups were subjected to the evaluation of maternal traits on the basis of perinatal behaviour determined with the help of an ethogram. Analysis of the results of reproduction and the behaviour of the sows confirmed the higher resistance to stressogenic factors of the Puławska breed. The performed analysis of reproduction and behaviour confirmed that heterozygotic genotypes in the RYR1 locus exhibited less advantageous reproduction, which corroborates the hypothesis about a negative impact of the T allele on swine productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Babicz
- Department of Pig Breeding and Production Technology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - M Szyndler-Nędza
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Kraków, Poland
| | - E Skrzypczak
- Department of Pig Breeding and Production, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - A Kasprzyk
- Department of Pig Breeding and Production Technology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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21
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Jun J, Cho YS, Hu H, Kim HM, Jho S, Gadhvi P, Park KM, Lim J, Paek WK, Han K, Manica A, Edwards JS, Bhak J. Whole genome sequence and analysis of the Marwari horse breed and its genetic origin. BMC Genomics 2014; 15 Suppl 9:S4. [PMID: 25521865 PMCID: PMC4290615 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-s9-s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The horse (Equus ferus caballus) is one of the earliest domesticated species and has played an important role in the development of human societies over the past 5,000 years. In this study, we characterized the genome of the Marwari horse, a rare breed with unique phenotypic characteristics, including inwardly turned ear tips. It is thought to have originated from the crossbreeding of local Indian ponies with Arabian horses beginning in the 12th century. Results We generated 101 Gb (~30 × coverage) of whole genome sequences from a Marwari horse using the Illumina HiSeq2000 sequencer. The sequences were mapped to the horse reference genome at a mapping rate of ~98% and with ~95% of the genome having at least 10 × coverage. A total of 5.9 million single nucleotide variations, 0.6 million small insertions or deletions, and 2,569 copy number variation blocks were identified. We confirmed a strong Arabian and Mongolian component in the Marwari genome. Novel variants from the Marwari sequences were annotated, and were found to be enriched in olfactory functions. Additionally, we suggest a potential functional genetic variant in the TSHZ1 gene (p.Ala344>Val) associated with the inward-turning ear tip shape of the Marwari horses. Conclusions Here, we present an analysis of the Marwari horse genome. This is the first genomic data for an Asian breed, and is an invaluable resource for future studies of genetic variation associated with phenotypes and diseases in horses.
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Abstract
Horses are remarkable athletes and a fascinating species in which to study the genetic bases of athletic performance, skeletal muscle biology, and neuromuscular disease. Genetic selection in horses has resulted in many breeds that possess anatomical, physiological, and metabolic variations linked to speed, power, and endurance that are beginning to be defined at the molecular level. Along with the concentration of positive traits, equine breeding programs have also inadvertently concentrated heritable muscle diseases for which mutations impacting electrical conduction, muscle contraction, and energy metabolism within and across breeds have been characterized. The study of heritable muscle diseases in horses has provided exciting insights into the normal structure and function of muscle and important diagnostic tools for veterinarians. Results empower breeders and breed associations to make difficult decisions about how to use this information to improve the overall health and well-being of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Mickelson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108; ,
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Fernandez-Fuente M, Terracciano CM, Martin-Duque P, Brown SC, Vassaux G, Piercy RJ. Calcium homeostasis in myogenic differentiation factor 1 (MyoD)-transformed, virally-transduced, skin-derived equine myotubes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105971. [PMID: 25148524 PMCID: PMC4141859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional skeletal muscle calcium homeostasis plays a central role in the pathophysiology of several human and animal skeletal muscle disorders, in particular, genetic disorders associated with ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1) mutations, such as malignant hyperthermia, central core disease, multiminicore disease and certain centronuclear myopathies. In addition, aberrant skeletal muscle calcium handling is believed to play a pivotal role in the highly prevalent disorder of Thoroughbred racehorses, known as Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis. Traditionally, such defects were studied in human and equine subjects by examining the contractile responses of biopsied muscle strips exposed to caffeine, a potent RYR1 agonist. However, this test is not widely available and, due to its invasive nature, is potentially less suitable for valuable animals in training or in the human paediatric setting. Furthermore, increasingly, RYR1 gene polymorphisms (of unknown pathogenicity and significance) are being identified through next generation sequencing projects. Consequently, we have investigated a less invasive test that can be used to study calcium homeostasis in cultured, skin-derived fibroblasts that are converted to the muscle lineage by viral transduction with a MyoD (myogenic differentiation 1) transgene. Similar models have been utilised to examine calcium homeostasis in human patient cells, however, to date, there has been no detailed assessment of the cells’ calcium homeostasis, and in particular, the responses to agonists and antagonists of RYR1. Here we describe experiments conducted to assess calcium handling of the cells and examine responses to treatment with dantrolene, a drug commonly used for prophylaxis of recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis in horses and malignant hyperthermia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fernandez-Fuente
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cesare M. Terracciano
- Laboratory of Cell Electrophysiology, Imperial College London, Myocardial Function, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Martin-Duque
- Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Facultad de Ciencias Biosanitarias: Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susan C. Brown
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georges Vassaux
- Laboratoire TIRO, UMRE 4320, iBEB, DSV, Commissariat a’ l’Energie Atomique, Nice, France
| | - Richard J. Piercy
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Doan R, Cohen ND, Sawyer J, Ghaffari N, Johnson CD, Dindot SV. Whole-genome sequencing and genetic variant analysis of a Quarter Horse mare. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:78. [PMID: 22340285 PMCID: PMC3309927 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The catalog of genetic variants in the horse genome originates from a few select animals, the majority originating from the Thoroughbred mare used for the equine genome sequencing project. The purpose of this study was to identify genetic variants, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertion/deletion polymorphisms (INDELs), and copy number variants (CNVs) in the genome of an individual Quarter Horse mare sequenced by next-generation sequencing. Results Using massively parallel paired-end sequencing, we generated 59.6 Gb of DNA sequence from a Quarter Horse mare resulting in an average of 24.7X sequence coverage. Reads were mapped to approximately 97% of the reference Thoroughbred genome. Unmapped reads were de novo assembled resulting in 19.1 Mb of new genomic sequence in the horse. Using a stringent filtering method, we identified 3.1 million SNPs, 193 thousand INDELs, and 282 CNVs. Genetic variants were annotated to determine their impact on gene structure and function. Additionally, we genotyped this Quarter Horse for mutations of known diseases and for variants associated with particular traits. Functional clustering analysis of genetic variants revealed that most of the genetic variation in the horse's genome was enriched in sensory perception, signal transduction, and immunity and defense pathways. Conclusions This is the first sequencing of a horse genome by next-generation sequencing and the first genomic sequence of an individual Quarter Horse mare. We have increased the catalog of genetic variants for use in equine genomics by the addition of novel SNPs, INDELs, and CNVs. The genetic variants described here will be a useful resource for future studies of genetic variation regulating performance traits and diseases in equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Doan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, USA
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25
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Barrey E, Jayr L, Mucher E, Gospodnetic S, Joly F, Benech P, Alibert O, Gidrol X, Mata X, Vaiman A, Guérin G. Transcriptome analysis of muscle in horses suffering from recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis revealed energetic pathway alterations and disruption in the cytosolic calcium regulation. Anim Genet 2011; 43:271-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Giulivi C, Ross-Inta C, Omanska-Klusek A, Napoli E, Sakaguchi D, Barrientos G, Allen PD, Pessah IN. Basal bioenergetic abnormalities in skeletal muscle from ryanodine receptor malignant hyperthermia-susceptible R163C knock-in mice. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:99-113. [PMID: 20978128 PMCID: PMC3013050 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.153247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant hyperthermia (MH) and central core disease in humans have been associated with mutations in the skeletal ryanodine receptor (RyR1). Heterozygous mice expressing the human MH/central core disease RyR1 R163C mutation exhibit MH when exposed to halothane or heat stress. Considering that many MH symptoms resemble those that could ensue from a mitochondrial dysfunction (e.g. metabolic acidosis and hyperthermia) and that MH-susceptible mice or humans have a higher than normal cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration at rest, we evaluated the role of mitochondria in skeletal muscle from R163C compared with wild type mice under basal (untriggered) conditions. R163C skeletal muscle exhibited a significant increase in matrix Ca(2+), increased reactive oxygen species production, lower expression of mitochondrial proteins, and higher mtDNA copy number. These changes, in conjunction with lower myoglobin and glycogen contents, Myh4 and GAPDH transcript levels, GAPDH activity, and lower glucose utilization suggested a switch to a compromised bioenergetic state characterized by both low oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. The shift in bioenergetic state was accompanied by a dysregulation of Ca(2+)-responsive signaling pathways regulated by calcineurin and ERK1/2. Chronically elevated resting Ca(2+) in R163C skeletal muscle elicited the maintenance of a fast-twitch fiber program and the development of insulin resistance-like phenotype as part of a metabolic adaptation to the R163C RyR1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Do Carmo PL, Zapata-Sudo G, Trachez MM, Antunes F, Guimarães SEF, Debom R, Rizzi MDR, Sudo RT. Intravenous Administration of Azumolene to Reverse Malignant Hyperthermia in Swine. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:1224-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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29
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Abstract
Pharmacogenomics is the study of the impact of genetic variation on drug effects, with the ultimate goal of achieving "personalised medicine". Since the completion of the Human Genome Project, great strides have been made towards the goal of personalised dosing of drugs in people, as exemplified by the development of gene-guided dosing of the anticoagulant drug, warfarin. Although the pharmacogenomics of domestic animals is still at an early stage of development, there is great potential for advances in the coming years as the direct result of complete genome sequences currently being derived for many of the species of significance to veterinary and comparative medicine. This sequence information is being used to discover sequence variants in candidate genes associated with altered drug response, as well as to develop whole genome high density single nucleotide polymorphism arrays for genotype-phenotype linkage analysis. This review summarises the current state of veterinary pharmacogenomics research, including drug response variability phenotypes with either known genetic aetiology or strong circumstantial evidence for genetic involvement. Polymorphisms and rarer gene variants affecting drug disposition (pharmacokinetics) and drug effect (pharmacodynamics) are discussed. In addition to providing the veterinary clinician with useful information for the practise of therapeutics, it is envisaged that the increasing knowledge base will also provide a resource for individuals involved in veterinary and comparative biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie M Mosher
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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30
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McCue ME, Armién AG, Lucio M, Mickelson JR, Valberg SJ. Comparative Skeletal Muscle Histopathologic and Ultrastructural Features in Two Forms of Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy in Horses. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:1281-91. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0177-m-fl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) has been found in more than 35 different horse breeds through identification of abnormal storage of polysaccharide in muscle biopsies. A dominant mutation in the glycogen synthase 1 gene ( GYS1) accounts for a substantial proportion of PSSM cases in at least 17 breeds, including Quarter Horses, but some horses diagnosed with PSSM by muscle histopathologic analysis are negative for the mutation. We hypothesized that a second distinct form of glycogen storage disease exists in GYS1 -negative horses with PSSM. The objectives of this study were to compare the histopathologic features, ultrastructure of polysaccharide, signalment, history, and presenting complaints of GYS1 -negative Quarter Horses and related breeds with PSSM to those of GYS1 -positive horses with PSSM. The total histopathologic score in frozen sections of skeletal muscle stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and amylase-PAS stains from 53 GYS1-negative horses did not differ from that of 52 GYS1 -positive horses. Abnormal polysaccharide was fine granular or homogenous in appearance (49/53; 92%), often amylase-sensitive (28/53; 53%), more commonly located under the sarcolemma, and consisting of β glycogen particles in GYS1 -negative horses. However, in GYS1 -positive horses, abnormal polysaccharide was usually coarse granular (50/52; 96%), amylase-resistant (51/52; 98%), more commonly cytoplasmic, and consisting of β glycogen particles or, in some myofibers, filamentous material surrounded by β glycogen particles. Retrospective analysis found that GYS1 -negative horses ( n = 43) were younger at presentation (4.9 ± 0.6 years vs. 6.7 ± 0.3 years for GYS1 -positive horses) and were more likely to be intact males than GYS1 -positive horses ( n = 160). We concluded that 2 forms of PSSM exist and often have distinctive abnormal polysaccharide. However, because evaluation of the histologic appearance of polysaccharide can be subjective and affected by age, the gold standard for diagnosis of PSSM at present would appear to be testing for the GYS1 mutation followed by evaluating muscle biopsy for characteristic abnormal polysaccharide in those horses that are negative for the mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. E. McCue
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - A. G. Armién
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - M. Lucio
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - J. R. Mickelson
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - S. J. Valberg
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine
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Optimal Diet of Horses with Chronic Exertional Myopathies. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2009; 25:121-35, vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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32
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Nieto JE, Aleman M. A rapid detection method for the ryanodine receptor 1 (C7360G) mutation in Quarter Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:619-22. [PMID: 19298609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anesthetic-induced malignant hyperthermia has been documented in Quarter Horses and is caused by a single-point mutation in the ryanodine receptor 1 gene at nucleotide C7360G generating a R2454G amino acid substitution. An accurate, faster molecular test that is less prone to contamination would facilitate screening for the mutation in horses intended for breeding, in those undergoing surgical procedures, and in those with clinical signs compatible with malignant hyperthermia. OBJECTIVE To report a rapid and accurate method for the detection of the ryanodine receptor 1 C7360G mutation. ANIMALS Eleven diseased, 10 healthy, and 225 randomly selected Quarter Horses. METHODS This study included horses with the ryanodine receptor 1 C7360G mutation as detected by gene sequencing. Available genomic and complementary DNA extracted from whole blood, hair or skeletal muscle was used for genetic analysis. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) melting curve analysis was performed by equine specific primers and 2 hybridization probes (sensor and anchor probes) that contain the site of the mutation. Results from this method were blinded and compared with nucleic acid sequencing for validation. RESULTS A rapid genotyping assay with fluorescence resonance energy transfer probes and melting curve analysis was accurate (100% agreement, K= 1) for identification of affected horses. The prevalence of the mutation in a random population of Quarter Horses was 1.3%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Malignant hyperthermia in Quarter Horses can be rapidly and accurately detected by RT-PCR melting curve genotyping with hybridization probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Nieto
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Aleman M, Nieto J, Magdesian K. Malignant Hyperthermia Associated with Ryanodine Receptor 1 (C7360G) Mutation in Quarter Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:329-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Finno CJ, Spier SJ, Valberg SJ. Equine diseases caused by known genetic mutations. Vet J 2009; 179:336-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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McCue ME, Valberg SJ, Jackson M, Borgia L, Lucio M, Mickelson JR. Polysaccharide storage myopathy phenotype in quarter horse-related breeds is modified by the presence of an RYR1 mutation. Neuromuscul Disord 2008; 19:37-43. [PMID: 19056269 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study we examined a family of Quarter Horses with Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM) with a dominant mutation in the skeletal muscle glycogen synthase (GYS1) gene. A subset of horses within this family had a more severe and occasionally fatal PSSM phenotype. The purpose of this study was to identify a modifying gene(s) for the severe clinical phenotype. A genetic association analysis was used to identify RYR1 as a candidate modifying gene. A rare, known equine RYR1 mutation, associated with malignant hyperthermia (MH), was found to segregate in this GYS1 PSSM family. Retrospective analysis of patient records (n=179) demonstrated that horses with both the GYS1 and RYR1 mutations had a more severe clinical phenotype than horses with the GYS1 mutation alone. A treadmill trial (n=8) showed that serum creatine kinase activity was higher and exercise intolerance greater in horses with both mutations compared to the GYS1 mutation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E McCue
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, 225 VMC, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Valentine BA. Pathologic findings in equine muscle (excluding polysaccharide storage): a necropsy study. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:572-9. [PMID: 18776088 DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gross and histopathologic evaluation of skeletal muscle was performed in 229 equids (217 horses, 8 ponies, 3 donkeys, and 1 mule) 1 year of age or older undergoing postmortem examination at Oregon State University in a 2.5-year period. Animals were evaluated for grossly evident muscle lesions, and muscle samples were fixed in formalin, processed routinely, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) for glycogen. Muscle lesions were detected in 149 animals (65%). Chronic myopathic change (excessive fiber size variation and internal nuclei) was evaluated in horses without polysaccharide storage myopathy and was the most common finding (36 animals; 15.7%). Chronic myopathic change was more common in older animals. Generalized muscle atrophy was present in 30 animals (13.1%). Myonecrosis was attributed to endotoxic injury (11 animals; 4.8%), bone fracture (8 animals; 3.5%), bacterial infection (5 animals; 2.2%), muscle rupture (3 animals; 1.3%), selenium deficiency (2 animals; 0.9%), and exertional rhabdomyolysis (1 horse; 0.4%); cause was not determined in 9 animals (3.9%). Intramyofiber protozoa were detected in 19 horses and ponies (8.3%). Denervation atrophy was detected in 14 animals (6.1%). Neoplasia involving muscle occurred in 3 animals (1.3%), injection site reactions were detected in 4 animals (1.7%), and focal lymphocytic infiltrates were found in 6 animals (2.6%). Other findings were ring fibers (2 horses; 0.9%), fiber splitting (2 horses; 0.9%), and fat infiltration (1 horse; 0.4%). Skeletal muscle lesions are common in equids examined at postmortem. Transverse sections stained with HE and PAS are invaluable when evaluating equine muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Valentine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Aleman M. A review of equine muscle disorders. Neuromuscul Disord 2008; 18:277-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Westermann CM, Dorland L, Wijnberg ID, van der Kolk JH. Equine metabolic myopathies with emphasis on the diagnostic approach comparison with human myopathies A review. Vet Q 2007; 29:42-59. [PMID: 17663211 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2007.9695227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review gives an overview of the presently known human and equine metabolic myopathies with emphasis on the diagnostic approach. Metabolic myopathies are muscle disorders caused by a biochemical defect of the skeletal muscle energy system, which results in inefficient muscle performance. Myopathies can arise in different levels of the metabolic system. In this review the metabolic myopathies are categorized in disorders of the carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial myopathies (other than those described in lipid metabolism), disorders of purine metabolism, primary disorders involving ion channels and electrolyte flux and secondary or acquired metabolic myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Westermann
- Department of Equine Sciences, Medicine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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Zhao X, Weisleder N, Han X, Pan Z, Parness J, Brotto M, Ma J. Azumolene inhibits a component of store-operated calcium entry coupled to the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:33477-86. [PMID: 16945924 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602306200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dantrolene reduces the elevated myoplasmic Ca(2+) generated during malignant hyperthermia, a pharmacogenetic crisis triggered by volatile anesthetics. Although specific binding of dantrolene to the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1), the Ca(2+) release channel of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum, has been demonstrated, there is little evidence for direct dantrolene inhibition of RyR1 channel function. Recent studies suggest store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) contributes to skeletal muscle function, but the effect of dantrolene on this pathway has not been examined. Here we show that azumolene, an equipotent dantrolene analog, inhibits a component of SOCE coupled to activation of RyR1 by caffeine and ryanodine, whereas the SOCE component induced by thapsigargin is not affected. Our data suggest that azumolene distinguishes between two mechanisms of cellular signaling to SOCE in skeletal muscle, one that is coupled to and one independent from RyR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Dranchak PK, Valberg SJ, Onan GW, Gallant EM, Binns MM, Swinburne JE, Mickelson JR. Exclusion of linkage of theRYR1, CACNA1S, andATP2A1genes to recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis in Thoroughbreds. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1395-400. [PMID: 16881852 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.8.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether there was genetic linkage between the recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER) trait in Thoroughbred horse pedigrees and DNA markers in genes (the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release channel [RYR1] gene, the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase [ATP2A1] gene, and the transverse tubule dihydropyridine receptor-voltage sensor [CACNA1S] gene) that are important in myoplasmic calcium regulation. ANIMALS 34 horses in the University of Minnesota RER resource herd and 62 Thoroughbreds from 3 families of Thoroughbreds outside of the university in which RER-affected status was assigned after 2 or more episodes of ER had been observed. PROCEDURES Microsatellite DNA markers from the RYR1, ATP2A1, and CACNA1S gene loci on equine chromosomes 10, 13, and 30 were identified. Genotypes were obtained for all horses in the 4 families affected by RER, and data were used to test for linkage of these 3 loci to the RER phenotype. RESULTS Analysis of the RYR1, CACNA1S, and ATP2A1 microsatellites excluded a link between those markers and the RER trait. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE It is likely that the heritable alterations in muscle contractility that are characteristic of RER are caused by a gene that is not yet known to cause related muscle disease in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K Dranchak
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, 55108, USA
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Aleman M, Brosnan RJ, Williams DC, LeCouteur RA, Imai A, Tharp BR, Steffey EP. Malignant Hyperthermia in a Horse Anesthetized with Halothane. J Vet Intern Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02710.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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López JR, Linares N, Pessah IN, Allen PD. Enhanced response to caffeine and 4-chloro-m-cresol in malignant hyperthermia-susceptible muscle is related in part to chronically elevated resting [Ca2+]i. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 288:C606-12. [PMID: 15537710 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00297.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a potentially fatal pharmacogenetic syndrome caused by exposure to halogenated volatile anesthetics and/or depolarizing muscle relaxants. We have measured intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) using double-barreled, Ca(2+)-selective microelectrodes in myoballs prepared from skeletal muscle of MH-susceptible (MHS) and MH-nonsusceptible (MHN) swine. Resting [Ca(2+)](i) was approximately twofold in MHS compared with MHN quiescent myoballs (232 +/- 35 vs. 112 +/- 11 nM). Treatment of myoballs with caffeine or 4-chloro-m-cresol (4-CmC) produced an elevation in [Ca(2+)](i) in both groups; however, the concentration required to cause a rise in [Ca(2+)](i) elevation was four times lower in MHS than in MHN skeletal muscle cells. Incubation of MHS cells with the fast-complexing Ca(2+) buffer BAPTA reduced [Ca(2+)](i), raised the concentration of caffeine and 4-CmC required to cause an elevation of [Ca(2+)](i), and reduced the amount of Ca(2+) release associated with exposure to any given concentration of caffeine or 4-CmC to MHN levels. These results suggest that the differences in the response of MHS skeletal myoballs to caffeine and 4-CmC may be mediated at least in part by the chronic high resting [Ca(2+)](i) levels in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R López
- Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela.
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