1
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Tam LM, Rand MD. Review: myogenic and muscle toxicity targets of environmental methylmercury exposure. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1645-1658. [PMID: 38546836 PMCID: PMC11105986 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
A number of environmental toxicants are noted for their activity that leads to declined motor function. However, the role of muscle as a proximal toxicity target organ for environmental agents has received considerably less attention than the toxicity targets in the nervous system. Nonetheless, the effects of conventional neurotoxicants on processes of myogenesis and muscle maintenance are beginning to resolve a concerted role of muscle as a susceptible toxicity target. A large body of evidence from epidemiological, animal, and in vitro studies has established that methylmercury (MeHg) is a potent developmental toxicant, with the nervous system being a preferred target. Despite its well-recognized status as a neurotoxicant, there is accumulating evidence that MeHg also targets muscle and neuromuscular development as well as contributes to the etiology of motor defects with prenatal MeHg exposure. Here, we summarize evidence for targets of MeHg in the morphogenesis and maintenance of skeletal muscle that reveal effects on MeHg distribution, myogenesis, myotube formation, myotendinous junction formation, neuromuscular junction formation, and satellite cell-mediated muscle repair. We briefly recapitulate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of skeletal muscle development and highlight the pragmatic role of alternative model organisms, Drosophila and zebrafish, in delineating the molecular underpinnings of muscle development and MeHg-mediated myotoxicity. Finally, we discuss how toxicity targets in muscle development may inform the developmental origins of health and disease theory to explain the etiology of environmentally induced adult motor deficits and accelerated decline in muscle fitness with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok Ming Tam
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Matthew D Rand
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
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2
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Titova A, Nikolaev S, Bilyalov A, Filatov N, Brovkin S, Shestakov D, Khatkov I, Pismennaya E, Bondarev V, Antyuxina M, Shagimardanova E, Bodunova N, Gusev O. Extreme Tolerance of Extraocular Muscles to Diseases and Aging: Why and How? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4985. [PMID: 38732204 PMCID: PMC11084950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The extraocular muscles (EOMs) possess unique characteristics that set them apart from other skeletal muscles. These muscles, responsible for eye movements, exhibit remarkable resistance to various muscular dystrophies and aging, presenting a significant contrast to the vulnerability of skeletal muscles to these conditions. In this review, we delve into the cellular and molecular underpinnings of the distinct properties of EOMs. We explore their structural complexity, highlighting differences in fiber types, innervation patterns, and developmental origins. Notably, EOM fibers express a diverse array of myosin heavy-chain isoforms, retaining embryonic forms into adulthood. Moreover, their motor innervation is characterized by a high ratio of nerve fibers to muscle fibers and the presence of unique neuromuscular junctions. These features contribute to the specialized functions of EOMs, including rapid and precise eye movements. Understanding the mechanisms behind the resilience of EOMs to disease and aging may offer insights into potential therapeutic strategies for treating muscular dystrophies and myopathies affecting other skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Titova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Sergey Nikolaev
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | - Airat Bilyalov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita Filatov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Sergei Brovkin
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Igor Khatkov
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Elena Shagimardanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Bodunova
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Gusev
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Life Improvement by Future Technologies (LIFT) Center, 121205 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Chen L, Huang Z, Xie L, He J, Ji H, Huang W, Li D, Zhou Y, Sun J. Maximizing plyometric training for adolescents: a meta-analysis of ground contact frequency and overall intervention time on jumping ability: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21222. [PMID: 38040837 PMCID: PMC10692103 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plyometric training boosts adolescents' jumping ability, crucial for athletic success and health. However, the best total ground contact frequency (TGCF) and overall intervention time (OIT) for these exercises remain unclear. This meta-analysis aims to identify optimal TGCF and OIT in plyometric training for adolescents, focusing on countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) outcomes. This systematic review encompassed five databases and included 38 studies with 50 randomized controlled experiments and 3347 participants. We used the Cochrane risk assessment tool for study quality and Review Manager 5.4 for data analysis. The current meta-analysis incorporated a total of 38 studies, comprising 50 sets of randomized controlled trials, to investigate the influence of different TGCFs and OITs on plyometric training. The Cochrane risk assessment tool indicated that all the included studies were classified as low risk. Various TGCFs in plyometric training positively affected CMJ and SJ heights in adolescents. The TGCF of less than 900 was ideal for enhancing CMJ, whereas more than 1400 was effective for SJ. The optimal OIT was 400-600 min, specifically, 500-600 min for CMJ and 400-500 min for SJ. Plyometric training improves jumping ability in adolescents. Lower ground contact frequency (< 900 contacts) enhances CMJ, while higher ground contact frequency (> 1400 contacts) is more effective for SJ. Optimal intervention time ranges from 400 to 600 min, with 500 to 600 min benefiting CMJ and 400 to 500 min improving SJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunxin Chen
- Digitalized Strength and Conditioning Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijing Huang
- Digitalized Strength and Conditioning Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Digitalized Strength and Conditioning Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin He
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongshen Ji
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Huang
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duanying Li
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yanfeng Zhou
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jian Sun
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China.
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Ramakrishna K, Nalla LV, Naresh D, Venkateswarlu K, Viswanadh MK, Nalluri BN, Chakravarthy G, Duguluri S, Singh P, Rai SN, Kumar A, Singh V, Singh SK. WNT-β Catenin Signaling as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Current Status and Future Perspective. Diseases 2023; 11:89. [PMID: 37489441 PMCID: PMC10366863 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11030089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin (WβC) signaling pathway is an important signaling pathway for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis from the embryonic developmental stages to adulthood. The canonical pathway of WβC signaling is essential for neurogenesis, cell proliferation, and neurogenesis, whereas the noncanonical pathway (WNT/Ca2+ and WNT/PCP) is responsible for cell polarity, calcium maintenance, and cell migration. Abnormal regulation of WβC signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Hence, the alteration of WβC signaling is considered a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease. In the present review, we have used the bibliographical information from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus to address the current prospects of WβC signaling role in the abovementioned neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakarla Ramakrishna
- KL College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation Deemed to be University (KLU), Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur 522502, India
| | - Lakshmi Vineela Nalla
- KL College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation Deemed to be University (KLU), Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur 522502, India
| | - Dumala Naresh
- KL College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation Deemed to be University (KLU), Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur 522502, India
| | - Kojja Venkateswarlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, IIT BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Matte Kasi Viswanadh
- KL College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation Deemed to be University (KLU), Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur 522502, India
| | - Buchi N Nalluri
- KL College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation Deemed to be University (KLU), Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur 522502, India
| | - Guntupalli Chakravarthy
- KL College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation Deemed to be University (KLU), Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur 522502, India
| | - Sajusha Duguluri
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathi Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600073, India
| | - Payal Singh
- Department of Zoology, Mahila Maha Vidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sachchida Nand Rai
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
| | - Veer Singh
- ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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Altunbek M, Afghah F, Caliskan OS, Yoo JJ, Koc B. Design and bioprinting for tissue interfaces. Biofabrication 2023; 15. [PMID: 36716498 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/acb73d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue interfaces include complex gradient structures formed by transitioning of biochemical and mechanical properties in micro-scale. This characteristic allows the communication and synchronistic functioning of two adjacent but distinct tissues. It is particularly challenging to restore the function of these complex structures by transplantation of scaffolds exclusively produced by conventional tissue engineering methods. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology has opened an unprecedented approach for precise and graded patterning of chemical, biological and mechanical cues in a single construct mimicking natural tissue interfaces. This paper reviews and highlights biochemical and biomechanical design for 3D bioprinting of various tissue interfaces, including cartilage-bone, muscle-tendon, tendon/ligament-bone, skin, and neuro-vascular/muscular interfaces. Future directions and translational challenges are also provided at the end of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Altunbek
- Sabanci Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Istanbul 34956, Turkey.,Sabanci University Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Ferdows Afghah
- Sabanci Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Istanbul 34956, Turkey.,Sabanci University Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Ozum Sehnaz Caliskan
- Sabanci Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Istanbul 34956, Turkey.,Sabanci University Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - James J Yoo
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, NC 27157, United States of America
| | - Bahattin Koc
- Sabanci Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Istanbul 34956, Turkey.,Sabanci University Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
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6
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Zhou K, Luo W, Liu T, Ni Y, Qin Z. Neurotoxins Acting at Synaptic Sites: A Brief Review on Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 15:18. [PMID: 36668838 PMCID: PMC9865788 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxins generally inhibit or promote the release of neurotransmitters or bind to receptors that are located in the pre- or post-synaptic membranes, thereby affecting physiological functions of synapses and affecting biological processes. With more and more research on the toxins of various origins, many neurotoxins are now widely used in clinical treatment and have demonstrated good therapeutic outcomes. This review summarizes the structural properties and potential pharmacological effects of neurotoxins acting on different components of the synapse, as well as their important clinical applications, thus could be a useful reference for researchers and clinicians in the study of neurotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunming Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Weifeng Luo
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Zhenghong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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7
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Organokines, Sarcopenia, and Metabolic Repercussions: The Vicious Cycle and the Interplay with Exercise. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113452. [PMID: 36362238 PMCID: PMC9655425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a disease that becomes more prevalent as the population ages, since it is directly linked to the process of senility, which courses with muscle atrophy and loss of muscle strength. Over time, sarcopenia is linked to obesity, being known as sarcopenic obesity, and leads to other metabolic changes. At the molecular level, organokines act on different tissues and can improve or harm sarcopenia. It all depends on their production process, which is associated with factors such as physical exercise, the aging process, and metabolic diseases. Because of the seriousness of these repercussions, the aim of this literature review is to conduct a review on the relationship between organokines, sarcopenia, diabetes, and other metabolic repercussions, as well the role of physical exercise. To build this review, PubMed-Medline, Embase, and COCHRANE databases were searched, and only studies written in English were included. It was observed that myokines, adipokines, hepatokines, and osteokines had direct impacts on the pathophysiology of sarcopenia and its metabolic repercussions. Therefore, knowing how organokines act is very important to know their impacts on age, disease prevention, and how they can be related to the prevention of muscle loss.
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Sarto F, Stashuk DW, Franchi MV, Monti E, Zampieri S, Valli G, Sirago G, Candia J, Hartnell LM, Paganini M, McPhee JS, De Vito G, Ferrucci L, Reggiani C, Narici MV. Effects of short-term unloading and active recovery on human motor unit properties, neuromuscular junction transmission and transcriptomic profile. J Physiol 2022; 600:4731-4751. [PMID: 36071599 PMCID: PMC9828768 DOI: 10.1113/jp283381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrophysiological alterations of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and motor unit potential (MUP) with unloading are poorly studied. We aimed to investigate these aspects and the underlying molecular mechanisms with short-term unloading and active recovery (AR). Eleven healthy males underwent a 10-day unilateral lower limb suspension (ULLS) period, followed by 21-day AR based on resistance exercise. Quadriceps femoris (QF) cross-sectional area (CSA) and isometric maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) were evaluated. Intramuscular electromyographic recordings were obtained during 10% and 25% MVC isometric contractions from the vastus lateralis (VL). Biomarkers of NMJ molecular instability (serum c-terminal agrin fragment, CAF), axonal damage (neurofilament light chain) and denervation status were assessed from blood samples and VL biopsies. NMJ and ion channel transcriptomic profiles were investigated by RNA-sequencing. QF CSA and MVC decreased with ULLS. Increased CAF and altered NMJ transcriptome with unloading suggested the emergence of NMJ molecular instability, which was not associated with impaired NMJ transmission stability. Instead, increased MUP complexity and decreased motor unit firing rates were found after ULLS. Downregulation of ion channel gene expression was found together with increased neurofilament light chain concentration and partial denervation. The AR period restored most of these neuromuscular alterations. In conclusion, the human NMJ is destabilized at the molecular level but shows functional resilience to a 10-day unloading period at least at relatively low contraction intensities. However, MUP properties are altered by ULLS, possibly due to alterations in ion channel dynamics and initial axonal damage and denervation. These changes are fully reversed by 21 days of AR. KEY POINTS: We used integrative electrophysiological and molecular approaches to comprehensively investigate changes in neuromuscular integrity and function after a 10-day unilateral lower limb suspension (ULLS), followed by 21 days of active recovery in young healthy men, with a particular focus on neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and motor unit potential (MUP) properties alterations. After 10-day ULLS, we found significant NMJ molecular alterations in the absence of NMJ transmission stability impairment. These findings suggest that the human NMJ is functionally resilient against insults and stresses induced by short-term disuse at least at relatively low contraction intensities, at which low-threshold, slow-type motor units are recruited. Intramuscular electromyography analysis revealed that unloading caused increased MUP complexity and decreased motor unit firing rates, and these alterations could be related to the observed changes in skeletal muscle ion channel pool and initial and partial signs of fibre denervation and axonal damage. The active recovery period restored these neuromuscular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sarto
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Daniel W. Stashuk
- Department of Systems Design EngineeringUniversity of WaterlooOntarioCanada
| | - Martino V. Franchi
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly,CIR‐MYO Myology CenterUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Elena Monti
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Sandra Zampieri
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly,CIR‐MYO Myology CenterUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly,Department of SurgeryOncology, and GastroenterologyUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Giacomo Valli
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Giuseppe Sirago
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Julián Candia
- Longitudinal Studies SectionTranslational Gerontology BranchNational Institute of AgingNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Lisa M. Hartnell
- Longitudinal Studies SectionTranslational Gerontology BranchNational Institute of AgingNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Matteo Paganini
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Jamie S. McPhee
- Department of Sport and Exercise SciencesManchester Metropolitan University Institute of SportManchesterUK
| | - Giuseppe De Vito
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly,CIR‐MYO Myology CenterUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies SectionTranslational Gerontology BranchNational Institute of AgingNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly,Science and Research Center KoperInstitute for Kinesiology ResearchKoperSlovenia
| | - Marco V. Narici
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly,CIR‐MYO Myology CenterUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly,Science and Research Center KoperInstitute for Kinesiology ResearchKoperSlovenia
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Skolka M, Lamb CJ, Rubin DI, Klein CJ, Laughlin RS. Electrodiagnostic Characteristics Suggestive of Muscle-Specific Kinase Myasthenia Gravis. Neurol Clin Pract 2022; 12:211-217. [DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000001166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIntroduction/aims: Muscle specific kinase (MuSK) antibody positive myasthenia gravis (MuSK+MG) is a form of MG with bulbar-predominant symptoms often resistant to conventional treatments. MuSK+MG patients may have an electrodiagnostic (EDX) profile distinct from other MG. This study compares EDX features of MuSK+MG to acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody positive MG (AChR+MG) to discern whether any unique EDX patterns exists that can aid in clinical diagnosis.Methods:From January 1 2010 through December 31 2020, all MuSK+MG patients at our institution were identified and randomly matched to an AChR+MG cohort in a 1:2 ratio based on sex, age of onset, and subsequently MGFA clinical severity for a case-control study. Each patient’s clinical profile, treatment, and EDX testing were summarized and analyzed.Results:Twenty-two MuSK+MG patients (18 female) and 44 AChR+MG patients were studied. The average symptom duration at presentation was shorter in the MuSK+MG group (4.7 years) compared to AChR +MG (10.9 years). Myotonic discharges were rare in both groups but more frequently observed in MuSK+MG patients (10%) identified in 5 muscles in 2 patients compared to AChR+MG (2%) noted in only 1 muscle in 1 patient. MuSK+MG patients more often had myopathic appearing motor unit potentials (MUPs) (41% versus 30%) compared to AChR+MG. Myopathic appearing MUPs were found in milder cases of MuSK+MG (MGFA class I-IIB) compared to AChR+MG (MGFA class IIB-V).Conclusions:MuSK+MG patients may have a recognizable EDX profile from AchR+MG that includes: 1) myotonic discharges, 2) greater occurrence of myopathic appearing MUPs in clinically mild disease, and 3) symptoms leading to earlier testing.
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Modulation of the cholinergic pathway induced by skin secretion of Phyllomedusa iheringii Boulenger, 1885 in a vertebrate model. Toxicon 2022; 210:115-122. [PMID: 35202645 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Amphibians represent one of the main natural sources of bioactive molecules of interest to biotechnological research. The Phyllomedusidae family has several species occurring in Brazil and some studies demonstrate the biological potential of poisons of these species, however many still need to be characterized. Phyllomedusa iheringii is endemic in Brazilian and Uruguayan Pampa Biome and has little data in the literature regarding the action of its poison on experimental organisms. Thus, the present work evaluates the biological activity of P. iheringii secretion on the central and peripheral nervous system of a vertebrate model. The skin secretions of P. iheringii (SSPI) were collected through manual compression and electrical stimulation of the animal's bodies. The resulting content was used in neurobiological tests searching for modulatory effects on the main pathways involved in the neurotoxicity mechanism of vertebrates. SSPI affected the contraction force of the chick biventer cervicis muscle (Gallus gallus domesticus) at some concentrations used (5, 10, and 12 μg/mL). In slices from the cerebral cortex of G. gallus domesticus an increase in cell viability was observed after treatment with SSPI (10 μg/mL) and a neuroprotective effect when treated simultaneously with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Neostigmine (NEO) and Trichlorfon (TRI). The cholinergic pathway is possibly the main pathway modulated by SSPI since assays with the cerebral cortex and biventer cervicis muscle demonstrated the increased activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (SSPI 10 μg/mL and 12 μg/mL, respectively). SSPI (10 μg/mL) also prevented the modulation of NEO and TRI, two recognized anticholinesterase agents, in AChE activity in slices of the cerebral cortex. Therefore, our results have demonstrated the unpublished biotechnological potential of P. iheringii over the vertebrate model and its modulation on the nervous system, with apparent action on the cholinergic pathway.
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11
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Binu A, Kumar SS, Padma UD, Madhu K. Pathophysiological basis in the management of myasthenia gravis: a mini review. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:61-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00905-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Pascuzzi RM, Bodkin CL. Myasthenia Gravis and Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome: New Developments in Diagnosis and Treatment. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:3001-3022. [PMID: 36578903 PMCID: PMC9792103 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s296714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
"Myasthenia Gravis is, like it or not, the neurologist's disease!" (Thomas Richards Johns II, MD Seminars in Neurology 1982). The most common disorders in clinical practice involving defective neuromuscular transmission are myasthenia gravis (MG) and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS). The hallmark of weakness related to malfunction of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is variability in severity of symptoms from minute to minute and hour to hour. Fatigable weakness and fluctuation in symptoms are common in patients whether the etiology is autoimmune, paraneoplastic, genetic, or toxic. Autoimmune MG is the most common disorder of neuromuscular transmission affecting adults with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 10,000. While LEMS is comparatively rare, the unique clinical presentation, the association with cancer, and evolving treatment strategies require the neurologist to be familiar with its presentation, diagnosis, and management. In this paper we provide a summary of the meaningful recent clinical developments in the diagnosis and treatment of both MG and LEMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Pascuzzi
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cynthia L Bodkin
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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13
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Deschenes MR, Patek LG, Trebelhorn AM, High MC, Flannery RE. Juvenile Neuromuscular Systems Show Amplified Disturbance to Muscle Unloading. Front Physiol 2021; 12:754052. [PMID: 34759841 PMCID: PMC8573242 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.754052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle unloading results in severe disturbance in neuromuscular function. During juvenile stages of natural development, the neuromuscular system experiences a high degree of plasticity in function and structure. This study aimed to determine whether muscle unloading imposed during juvenile development would elicit more severe disruption in neuromuscular function than when imposed on fully developed, mature neuromuscular systems. Twenty juvenile (3 months old) and 20 mature (8 months old) rats were equally divided into unloaded and control groups yielding a total of four groups (N = 10/each). Following the 2 week intervention period, soleus muscles were surgically extracted and using an ex vivo muscle stimulation and recording system, were examined for neuromuscular function. The unloading protocol was found to have elicited significant (P ≤ 0.05) declines in whole muscle wet weight in both juvenile and mature muscles, but of a similar degree (P = 0.286). Results also showed that juvenile muscles displayed significantly greater decay in peak force due to unloading than mature muscles, such a finding was also made for specific tension or force/muscle mass. When examining neuromuscular efficiency, i.e., function of the neuromuscular junction, it again was noted that juvenile systems were more negatively affected by muscle unloading than mature systems. These results indicate that juvenile neuromuscular systems are more sensitive to the effects of unloading than mature ones, and that the primary locus of this developmental related difference is likely the neuromuscular junction as indicated by age-related differences in neuromuscular transmission efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Deschenes
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, United States
| | - Leah G Patek
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, United States
| | - Audrey M Trebelhorn
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, United States
| | - Madeline C High
- Program in Neuroscience, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, United States
| | - Rachel E Flannery
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, United States
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14
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Achyranthes bidentata polypeptide k enhances the survival, growth and axonal regeneration of spinal cord motor neurons in vitro. Neuroreport 2021; 32:518-524. [PMID: 33788819 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Achyranthes bidentata polypeptide k (ABPPk), a powerful active component from a traditional Chinese medicinal herb-Achyranthes bidentata Bl., has exhibited promising neuroprotective activity due to its multiple-targeting capability. However, the effect of ABPPk on the survival, growth and axonal regeneration of spinal cord motor neurons remains unclear. Here, a modified method, which is more optimized for embryonic cells in ambient carbon dioxide levels, was used for acquisition of rat embryonic spinal cord motor neurons with high survival and purity. ABPPk concentration-dependently enhanced the neuronal viability and promoted the neurite outgrowth. Co-culture of motor neurons and skeletal myocytes model indicated that ABPPk enhanced the neuromuscular junction development and maturation. A microfluidic axotomy model was further established for the axonal disconnection, and ABPPk significantly accelerated the axonal regeneration of motor neurons. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the upregulation of three neurofilament protein subunits in motor neurons might be relevant to the mechanisms of the growth-promoting effect of ABPPk. Our findings provide an experimental and theoretical basis for the development of ABPPk as a potential application in the development of treatment strategy for nerve injury diseases.
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15
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Paz ML, Barrantes FJ. Cholesterol in myasthenia gravis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 701:108788. [PMID: 33548213 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic neuromuscular junction is the paradigm peripheral synapse between a motor neuron nerve ending and a skeletal muscle fiber. In vertebrates, acetylcholine is released from the presynaptic site and binds to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at the postsynaptic membrane. A variety of pathologies among which myasthenia gravis stands out can impact on this rapid and efficient signaling mechanism, including autoimmune diseases affecting the nicotinic receptor or other synaptic proteins. Cholesterol is an essential component of biomembranes and is particularly rich at the postsynaptic membrane, where it interacts with and modulates many properties of the nicotinic receptor. The profound changes inflicted by myasthenia gravis on the postsynaptic membrane necessarily involve cholesterol. This review analyzes some aspects of myasthenia gravis pathophysiology and associated postsynaptic membrane dysfunction, including dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism in the myocyte brought about by antibody-receptor interactions. In addition, given the extensive therapeutic use of statins as the typical cholesterol-lowering drugs, we discuss their effects on skeletal muscle and the possible implications for MG patients under chronic treatment with this type of compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela L Paz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra de Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral "Prof. Dr. Ricardo A. Margni" (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco J Barrantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), UCA, CONICET, Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, C1107AFF, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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16
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Abstract
Thirty to fifty percent of patients with acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody (Ab)-negative myasthenia gravis (MG) have Abs to muscle specific kinase (MuSK) and are referred to as having MuSK-MG. MuSK is a 100 kD single-pass post-synaptic transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase crucial to the development and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction. The Abs in MuSK-MG are predominantly of the IgG4 immunoglobulin subclass. MuSK-MG differs from AChR-MG, in exhibiting more focal muscle involvement, including neck, shoulder, facial and bulbar-innervated muscles, as well as wasting of the involved muscles. MuSK-MG is highly associated with the HLA DR14-DQ5 haplotype and occurs predominantly in females with onset in the fourth decade of life. Some of the standard treatments of AChR-MG have been found to have limited effectiveness in MuSK-MG, including thymectomy and cholinesterase inhibitors. Therefore, current treatment involves immunosuppression, primarily by corticosteroids. In addition, patients respond especially well to B cell depletion agents, e.g., rituximab, with long-term remissions. Future treatments will likely derive from the ongoing analysis of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying this disease, including histologic and physiologic studies of the neuromuscular junction in patients as well as information derived from the development and study of animal models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David P. Richman
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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17
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Mukund K, Subramaniam S. Skeletal muscle: A review of molecular structure and function, in health and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 12:e1462. [PMID: 31407867 PMCID: PMC6916202 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research in skeletal muscle physiology have provided multiscale insights into the structural and functional complexity of this important anatomical tissue, designed to accomplish the task of generating contraction, force and movement. Skeletal muscle can be viewed as a biomechanical device with various interacting components including the autonomic nerves for impulse transmission, vasculature for efficient oxygenation, and embedded regulatory and metabolic machinery for maintaining cellular homeostasis. The "omics" revolution has propelled a new era in muscle research, allowing us to discern minute details of molecular cross-talk required for effective coordination between the myriad interacting components for efficient muscle function. The objective of this review is to provide a systems-level, comprehensive mapping the molecular mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle structure and function, in health and disease. We begin this review with a focus on molecular mechanisms underlying muscle tissue development (myogenesis), with an emphasis on satellite cells and muscle regeneration. We next review the molecular structure and mechanisms underlying the many structural components of the muscle: neuromuscular junction, sarcomere, cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix, and vasculature surrounding muscle. We highlight aberrant molecular mechanisms and their possible clinical or pathophysiological relevance. We particularly emphasize the impact of environmental stressors (inflammation and oxidative stress) in contributing to muscle pathophysiology including atrophy, hypertrophy, and fibrosis. This article is categorized under: Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease Developmental Biology > Developmental Processes in Health and Disease Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Mukund
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, Bioinformatics & Systems BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and NanoengineeringUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
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18
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Leite Schetino LP, Fonseca M, Magalhães Gomes MPS, Costa Valadão PA, Camargo WL, Rodrigues HA, Andrade JN, Arantes‐Costa FM, Naves LA, Prado CM, Prado VF, Prado MAM, Guatimosim C. Evaluation of the neuromuscular junction in a middle‐aged mouse model of congenital myasthenic syndrome. Muscle Nerve 2019; 60:790-800. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.26710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matheus Fonseca
- Laboratório Nacional de BiociênciasCentro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | | | | | - Wallace Lucio Camargo
- Departamento de Fisiologia e BiofísicaUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Hermann Alecsandro Rodrigues
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Vida, Instituto de Ciências da VidaUniversidade Federal de Juiz de Fora Campus Governador Valadares Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Jéssica Neves Andrade
- Departamento de MorfologiaUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | | | - Lígia Araujo Naves
- Departamento de Fisiologia e BiofísicaUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Carla Máximo Prado
- Departmento de BiociênciasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista São Paulo Brazil
| | - Vânia Ferreira Prado
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Anatomy & Cell BiologyUniversity of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Marco Antônio Máximo Prado
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Anatomy & Cell BiologyUniversity of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Cristina Guatimosim
- Departamento de MorfologiaUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
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19
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Vaughan SK, Sutherland NM, Valdez G. Attenuating Cholinergic Transmission Increases the Number of Satellite Cells and Preserves Muscle Mass in Old Age. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:262. [PMID: 31616286 PMCID: PMC6768977 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to driving contraction of skeletal muscles, acetylcholine (ACh) acts as an anti-synaptogenic agent at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Previous studies suggest that aging is accompanied by increases in cholinergic activity at the NMJ, which may play a role in neuromuscular degeneration. In this study, we hypothesized that moderately and chronically reducing ACh could attenuate the deleterious effects of aging on NMJs and skeletal muscles. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed NMJs and muscle fibers from heterozygous transgenic mice with reduced expression of the vesicular ACh transporter (VAChT; VKDHet), which present with approximately 30% less synaptic ACh compared to control mice. Because ACh is constitutively decreased in VKDHet, we first analyzed developing NMJs and muscle fibers. We found no obvious morphological or molecular differences between NMJs and muscle fibers of VKDHet and control mice during development. In contrast, we found that moderately reducing ACh has various effects on adult NMJs and muscle fibers. VKDHet mice have significantly larger NMJs and muscle fibers compared to age-matched control mice. They also present with reduced expression of the pro-atrophy gene, Foxo1, and have more satellite cells in skeletal muscles. These molecular and cellular features may partially explain the increased size of NMJs and muscle fibers. Thus, moderately reducing ACh may be a therapeutic strategy to prevent the loss of skeletal muscle mass that occurs with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney K Vaughan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Natalia M Sutherland
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Gregorio Valdez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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20
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Banerjee M, Arutyunov D, Brandwein D, Janetzki-Flatt C, Kolski H, Hume S, Leonard NJ, Watt J, Lacson A, Baradi M, Leslie EM, Cordat E, Caluseriu O. The novel p.Ser263Phe mutation in the human high-affinity choline transporter 1 (CHT1/SLC5A7) causes a lethal form of fetal akinesia syndrome. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:1676-1683. [PMID: 31299140 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A subset of a larger and heterogeneous class of disorders, the congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are caused by pathogenic variants in genes encoding proteins that support the integrity and function of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). A central component of the NMJ is the sodium-dependent high-affinity choline transporter 1 (CHT1), a solute carrier protein (gene symbol SLC5A7), responsible for the reuptake of choline into nerve termini has recently been implicated as one of several autosomal recessive causes of CMS. We report the identification and functional characterization of a novel pathogenic variant in SLC5A7, c.788C>T (p.Ser263Phe) in an El Salvadorian family with a lethal form of a congenital myasthenic syndrome characterized by fetal akinesia. This study expands the clinical phenotype and insight into a form of fetal akinesia related to CHT1 defects and proposes a genotype-phenotype correlation for the lethal form of SLC5A7-related disorder with potential implications for genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayukh Banerjee
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Denis Arutyunov
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel Brandwein
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Hanna Kolski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stacey Hume
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Norma Jean Leonard
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James Watt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Atilano Lacson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Monica Baradi
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elaine M Leslie
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Cordat
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Oana Caluseriu
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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21
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Ayvazyan NM, O'Leary VB, Dolly JO, Ovsepian SV. Neurobiology and therapeutic utility of neurotoxins targeting postsynaptic mechanisms of neuromuscular transmission. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1968-1984. [PMID: 31247153 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the principal site for the translation of motor neurochemical signals to muscle activity. Therefore, the release and sensing machinery of acetylcholine (ACh) along with muscle contraction are two of the main targets of natural toxins and pathogens, causing paralysis. Given pharmacology and medical advances, the active ingredients of toxins that target postsynaptic mechanisms have become of major interest, showing promise as drug leads. Herein, we review key facets of prevalent toxins modulating the mechanisms of ACh sensing and generation of the postsynaptic response, with muscle contraction. We consider the correlation between their outstanding selectivity and potency plus effects on motor function, and discuss emerging data advocating their usage for the development of therapies alleviating neuromuscular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naira M Ayvazyan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - Valerie B O'Leary
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - J Oliver Dolly
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Saak V Ovsepian
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; The National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Praha 10, Czech Republic.
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22
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Dos Santos DS, Rosa ME, Zanatta AP, Oliveira RS, de Almeida CGM, Leal AP, Sanz M, Fernandes KA, de Souza VQ, de Assis DR, Pinto E, Belo CAD. Neurotoxic effects of sublethal concentrations of cyanobacterial extract containing anatoxin-a(s) on Nauphoeta cinerea cockroaches. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:138-145. [PMID: 30599431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The detection of cyanotoxins, such as the anatoxin-a(s), is essential to ensure the biological safety of water environments. Here, we propose the use of Nauphoeta cinerea cockroaches as an alternative biological model for the biomonitoring of the activity of anatoxin-a(s) in aquatic systems. In order to validate our proposed model, we compared the effects of a cyanobacterial extract containing anatoxin-a(s) (CECA) with those of the organophosphate trichlorfon (Tn) on biochemical and physiological parameters of the nervous system of Nauphoeta cinerea cockroaches. In brain homogenates from cockroaches, CECA (5 and 50 μg/g) inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity by 53 ± 2% and 51 ± 7%, respectively, while Tn (5 and 50 μg/g) inhibited AChE activity by 35 ± 4% and 80 ± 9%, respectively (p < 0.05; n = 6). Moreover, CECA at concentrations of 5, 25, and 50 µg/g decreased the locomotor activity of the cockroaches, diminishing the distance travelled and increasing the frequency and duration of immobile episodes similarly to Tn (0.3 μg/g) (p < 0.05, n = 40, respectively). CECA (5, 25 and 50 μg/g) induced an increase in the leg grooming behavior, but not in the movement of antennae, similarly to the effect of Tn (0.3 μg/g). In addition, both CECA (50 µg/200 μl) and Tn (0.3 µg/200 μl) induced a negative chronotropism in the insect heart (37 ± 1 and 47 ± 8 beats/min in 30 min, respectively) (n = 9, p > 0.05). Finally, CECA (50 µg/g), Tn (0.3 µg/g) and neostigmine (50 µg/g) caused significant neuromuscular failure, as indicated by the monitoring of the in vivo neuromuscular function of the cockroaches, during 100 min (n = 6, p < 0.05, respectively). In conclusion, sublethal doses of CECA provoked entomotoxicity. The Tn-like effects of CECA on Nauphoeta cinerea cockroaches encompass both the central and peripheral nervous systems in our insect model. The inhibitory activity of CECA on AChE boosts a cascade of signaling events involving octopaminergic/dopaminergic neurotransmission. Therefore, this study indicates that this insect model could potentially be used as a powerful, practical, and inexpensive tool to understand the impacts of eutrophication and for orientating decontamination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Silva Dos Santos
- LANETOX, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Av. Antônio Trilha 1847, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, (PPGBTox), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Instituto do Cérebro (INSCER), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Rosa
- LANETOX, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Av. Antônio Trilha 1847, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Zanatta
- LANETOX, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Av. Antônio Trilha 1847, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Raquel Soares Oliveira
- LANETOX, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Av. Antônio Trilha 1847, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Gabriel Moreira de Almeida
- LANETOX, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Av. Antônio Trilha 1847, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil; Instituto do Cérebro (INSCER), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Allan Pinto Leal
- LANETOX, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Av. Antônio Trilha 1847, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Miriam Sanz
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | | | - Velci Queiroz de Souza
- LANETOX, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Av. Antônio Trilha 1847, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Denis Reis de Assis
- Inserm U1253 "Imaging and Brain", Team Neurogenomics and Neuronal physiopathology, University of Tours, Faculty of Medicine, 10 Bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Ernani Pinto
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Cháriston André Dal Belo
- LANETOX, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Av. Antônio Trilha 1847, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, (PPGBTox), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Instituto do Cérebro (INSCER), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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23
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Cunha JE, Barbosa GM, Castro PATDS, Luiz BLF, Silva ACA, Russo TL, Vasilceac FA, Cunha TM, Cunha FQ, Salvini TF. Knee osteoarthritis induces atrophy and neuromuscular junction remodeling in the quadriceps and tibialis anterior muscles of rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6366. [PMID: 31019213 PMCID: PMC6482306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42546-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is associated with muscle weakness, but it is unclear which structures are involved in the muscle changes. This study assessed morphological alterations and the expression of genes and proteins linked to muscular atrophy and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in KOA, induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) in rats. Two groups of rats were assessed: control (without intervention) and KOA (ACLT surgery in the right knee). After 8 weeks, quadriceps, tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius muscles were analyzed (area of muscle fibers, NMJ, gene and protein expression). KOA group showed atrophy in quadriceps (15.7%) and TA (33%), with an increase in atrogin-1 and muscle RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF-1). KOA group showed quadriceps NMJ remodeling (reduction area and perimeter) and decrease in NMJ diameter in TA muscle. The expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) γ-nAChR increased and that of α-nAChR and muscle specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) declined in the quadriceps, with a decrease in ε-nAChR in TA. MuRF-1 protein expression increased in quadriceps and TA, with no changes in neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). In conclusion, ACLT-induced KOA promotes NMJ remodeling and atrophy in quadriceps and TA muscles, associated with inflammatory signs and changes in muscle gene and protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Thiago Luiz Russo
- Physical Therapy Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Pharmacology Department, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Tania Fátima Salvini
- Physical Therapy Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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24
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Juel VC. Clinical neurophysiology of neuromuscular junction disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 161:291-303. [PMID: 31307607 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64142-7.00055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a cholinergic synapse where quantal release of acetylcholine (ACh) from motor nerve terminals generates a local endplate potential (EPP) on the muscle fiber. EPPs that reach threshold depolarize the entire muscle fiber and initiate the process of excitation-contraction coupling. Deficits of neuromuscular transmission result in clinical weakness that is fatigable and may fluctuate. Repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) testing can unmask the reduced safety factor common to all NMJ disorders via depletion of immediate ACh stores at the presynaptic motor nerve terminal with decremental responses to low-frequency RNS (LF-RNS). The facilitated responses characterizing presynaptic NMJ disorders can be revealed by brief exercise or high stimulation rates that augment presynaptic calcium levels. Activation with isometric exercise may increase the sensitivity of RNS testing. Attention to technical detail and reproducibility of findings are essential in generating valid results in RNS testing. Motor unit potential (MUP) instability or jiggle is the main finding seen in NMJ disorders on conventional needle EMG and reflects the moment-to-moment variability in the number and synchrony of muscle fiber action potentials (MFAPs) that compose a MUP. Single fiber EMG (SFEMG) is a highly selective technique that assesses jitter, the temporal variability in MFAPs generated in response to motor nerve action potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vern C Juel
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.
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Kappos EA, Baenziger‐Sieber P, Tremp M, Engels PE, Thommen S, Sprenger L, Benz RM, Schaefer DJ, Schaeren S, Kalbermatten DF. Epineural adipose-derived stem cell injection in a sciatic rodent model. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e01027. [PMID: 29920989 PMCID: PMC6043702 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to evaluate the regenerative effect of epineural injection of rat ASCs (rASCs) in three different settings of acute and chronic compression in a rat sciatic nerve model. METHODS Acute compression (60 s) with a vessel clamp over a distance of 1 mm (group 1) or 10 mm (group 2), as well as chronic compression with a permanent remaining, nonabsorbable polymeric clip over a distance of 1 mm (group 3) was performed. Depending on the group, either 5 × 106 rASCs or the same volume (25 μl) of culture medium (CM) was injected with a 30G needle in the epineurium at the time of compression. Outcome measures were functional gait evaluations, imaging analysis, histomorphometric analyses, and muscle weight. RESULTS The rats in group 2 had a better function than those with group 1 at one and especially at 2 weeks. After 4 weeks however, almost all rats were close to a normal function. There was a similar Muscle Weight Ratio (MWR) after 2 weeks in all groups, whereas after 4 weeks, the MWR in group 3 was lower compared with group 1 and 2. Histomorphometric analysis showed a better myelination in group 1 & 2 compared to group 3 after 4 weeks. ASCs have a beneficial effect on myelin thickness (G-Ratio). CONCLUSIONS We successfully evaluated the regenerative effect of epineural injection of rASCs in three different settings of acute and chronic compression. However, there were no significant differences in outcomes between the ASC-treated groups and control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A. Kappos
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand SurgeryUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Department of NeuropathologyInstitute of PathologyUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Patricia Baenziger‐Sieber
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand SurgeryUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Department of NeuropathologyInstitute of PathologyUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Mathias Tremp
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand SurgeryUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Department of NeuropathologyInstitute of PathologyUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Patricia E. Engels
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand SurgeryUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Department of NeuropathologyInstitute of PathologyUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Sarah Thommen
- Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Lima Sprenger
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand SurgeryUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Robyn M. Benz
- Department of RadiologyUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Dirk J. Schaefer
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand SurgeryUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Stefan Schaeren
- Department of Spinal SurgeryUniversity Hospital of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Daniel Felix Kalbermatten
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand SurgeryUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Department of NeuropathologyInstitute of PathologyUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
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El-Sayed Mojahed M, Thabet EM, El-Khateeb MG, Elsayed Morgan A. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential in patients with myasthenia gravis: A prospective clinical study. Auris Nasus Larynx 2018; 45:407-411. [PMID: 28662779 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an archetypic disorder of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and autoantibody-mediated disease causing fatigable weakness of skeletal muscles with an ocular onset in up to 85%. The aim of this study was to detect extra ocular muscles (EOMs) abnormalities in MG patients using ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP) n10 response. METHODS The oVEMP was performed on 40 myasthenia gravis patients that were divided into three groups: newly diagnosed (10 patients), uncontrolled on treatment (15 patients) and controlled on treatment (15 patients) groups in addition to a control group of 10 subjects. Also a comparison of oVEMP response was held between patients with generalized and ocular MG. RESULTS The oVEMP n10 showed significant difference between the 3 study groups and the control. The n10 showed no significant difference between the newly diagnosed group and the other 2 groups. There was also significant difference between uncontrolled and controlled on treatment group and between generalized and ocular types of myasthenic patients. CONCLUSION The oVEMP can be usefully used in diagnosis of new MG patients as regard n10 amplitude, threshold and AR except n10 latency with no therapeutic or monitoring value of oVEMP in MG.
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Salter CG, Beijer D, Hardy H, Barwick KES, Bower M, Mademan I, De Jonghe P, Deconinck T, Russell MA, McEntagart MM, Chioza BA, Blakely RD, Chilton JK, De Bleecker J, Baets J, Baple EL, Walk D, Crosby AH. Truncating SLC5A7 mutations underlie a spectrum of dominant hereditary motor neuropathies. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2018; 4:e222. [PMID: 29582019 PMCID: PMC5866402 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective To identify the genetic cause of disease in 2 previously unreported families with forms of distal hereditary motor neuropathies (dHMNs). Methods The first family comprises individuals affected by dHMN type V, which lacks the cardinal clinical feature of vocal cord paralysis characteristic of dHMN-VII observed in the second family. Next-generation sequencing was performed on the proband of each family. Variants were annotated and filtered, initially focusing on genes associated with neuropathy. Candidate variants were further investigated and confirmed by dideoxy sequence analysis and cosegregation studies. Thorough patient phenotyping was completed, comprising clinical history, examination, and neurologic investigation. Results dHMNs are a heterogeneous group of peripheral motor neuron disorders characterized by length-dependent neuropathy and progressive distal limb muscle weakness and wasting. We previously reported a dominant-negative frameshift mutation located in the concluding exon of the SLC5A7 gene encoding the choline transporter (CHT), leading to protein truncation, as the likely cause of dominantly-inherited dHMN-VII in an extended UK family. In this study, our genetic studies identified distinct heterozygous frameshift mutations located in the last coding exon of SLC5A7, predicted to result in the truncation of the CHT C-terminus, as the likely cause of the condition in each family. Conclusions This study corroborates C-terminal CHT truncation as a cause of autosomal dominant dHMN, confirming upper limb predominating over lower limb involvement, and broadening the clinical spectrum arising from CHT malfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire G Salter
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Danique Beijer
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Hardy
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Katy E S Barwick
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Bower
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ines Mademan
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Peter De Jonghe
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Tine Deconinck
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Russell
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Meriel M McEntagart
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Barry A Chioza
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Randy D Blakely
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - John K Chilton
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jan De Bleecker
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Baets
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Baple
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - David Walk
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew H Crosby
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Howard JF. Myasthenia gravis: the role of complement at the neuromuscular junction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1412:113-128. [PMID: 29266249 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by skeletal muscle weakness caused by disrupted neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Approximately 74-88% of patients with gMG have acetylcholine receptor (AChR) autoantibodies. Complement plays an important role in innate and antibody-mediated immunity, and activation and amplification of complement results in the formation of membrane attack complexes (MACs), lipophilic proteins that damage cell membranes. The role of complement in gMG has been demonstrated in animal models and patients. Studies in animals lacking specific complement proteins have confirmed that MAC formation is required to induce experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG) and NMJ damage. Complement inhibition in EAMG models can prevent disease induction and reverse its progression. Patients with anti-AChR+ MG have autoantibodies and MACs present at NMJs. Damaged NMJs are associated with more severe disease, fewer AChRs, and MACs in synaptic debris. Current MG therapies do not target complement directly. Eculizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits cleavage of complement protein C5, preventing MAC formation. Eculizumab treatment improved symptoms compared with placebo in a phase II study in patients with refractory gMG. Direct complement inhibition could preserve NMJ physiology and muscle function in patients with anti-AChR+ gMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Howard
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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29
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Muscle satellite cells are functionally impaired in myasthenia gravis: consequences on muscle regeneration. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 134:869-888. [PMID: 28756524 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1754-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a neuromuscular disease caused in most cases by anti-acetyl-choline receptor (AChR) autoantibodies that impair neuromuscular signal transmission and affect skeletal muscle homeostasis. Myogenesis is carried out by muscle stem cells called satellite cells (SCs). However, myogenesis in MG had never been explored. The aim of this study was to characterise the functional properties of myasthenic SCs as well as their abilities in muscle regeneration. SCs were isolated from muscle biopsies of MG patients and age-matched controls. We first showed that the number of Pax7+ SCs was increased in muscle sections from MG and its experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) mouse model. Myoblasts isolated from MG muscles proliferate and differentiate more actively than myoblasts from control muscles. MyoD and MyoG were expressed at a higher level in MG myoblasts as well as in MG muscle biopsies compared to controls. We found that treatment of control myoblasts with MG sera or monoclonal anti-AChR antibodies increased the differentiation and MyoG mRNA expression compared to control sera. To investigate the functional ability of SCs from MG muscle to regenerate, we induced muscle regeneration using acute cardiotoxin injury in the EAMG mouse model. We observed a delay in maturation evidenced by a decrease in fibre size and MyoG mRNA expression as well as an increase in fibre number and embryonic myosin heavy-chain mRNA expression. These findings demonstrate for the first time the altered function of SCs from MG compared to control muscles. These alterations could be due to the anti-AChR antibodies via the modulation of myogenic markers resulting in muscle regeneration impairment. In conclusion, the autoimmune attack in MG appears to have unsuspected pathogenic effects on SCs and muscle regeneration, with potential consequences on myogenic signalling pathways, and subsequently on clinical outcome, especially in the case of muscle stress.
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Castro PATDS, Faccioni LC, Boer PA, Carvalho RF, Matheus SMM, Dal-Pai-Silva M. Neuromuscular junctions (NMJs): ultrastructural analysis and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit mRNA expression in offspring subjected to protein restriction throughout pregnancy. Int J Exp Pathol 2017; 98:109-116. [PMID: 28543723 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein restriction during gestation can alter the skeletal muscle phenotype of offspring; however, little is known with regard to whether this also affects the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), as muscle phenotype maintenance depends upon NMJ functional integrity. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a low protein (6%) intake by dams throughout gestation on male offspring NMJ morphology and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) α1, γ and ε subunit expression in the soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. Four groups of male Wistar offspring rats were studied. The offspring of dams fed low-protein (6% protein, LP) and normal protein (17% protein, NP) diets were evaluated at 30 and 120 days of age, and the SOL and EDL muscles were collected for analysis. Morphological studies using transmission electron microscopy revealed that only SOL NMJs were affected in 30-day-old offspring in the LP group compared with the NP group. SOL NMJs exhibited fewer synaptic folds, the postsynaptic membranes were smooth and myelin figures were also frequently observed in the terminal axons. With regard to the expression of mRNAs encoding nAChR subunits, only 30-day-old LP offspring EDL muscles exhibited reduced α, γ and ε subunit expression compared with the NP group. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that a low-protein diet (6%) imposed throughout pregnancy impairs the expression of mRNAs encoding the nAChR α, γ and ε subunits in EDL NMJs and promotes morphological changes in SOL NMJs of 30-day-old offspring, indicating specific differences among muscle types following long-term maternal protein restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrícia Aline Boer
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maeli Dal-Pai-Silva
- Department of Morphology, UNESP Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Striated cardiac and skeletal muscles play very different roles in the body, but they are similar at the molecular level. In particular, contraction, regardless of the type of muscle, is a precise and complex process involving the integral protein myofilaments and their associated regulatory components. The smallest functional unit of muscle contraction is the sarcomere. Within the sarcomere can be found a sophisticated ensemble of proteins associated with the thick filaments (myosin, myosin binding protein-C, titin, and obscurin) and thin myofilaments (actin, troponin, tropomyosin, nebulin, and nebulette). These parallel thick and thin filaments slide across one another, pulling the two ends of the sarcomere together to regulate contraction. More specifically, the regulation of both timing and force of contraction is accomplished through an intricate network of intra- and interfilament interactions belonging to each myofilament. This review introduces the sarcomere proteins involved in striated muscle contraction and places greater emphasis on the more recently identified and less well-characterized myofilaments: cardiac myosin binding protein-C, titin, nebulin, and obscurin. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:675-692, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Leei Lin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Taejeong Song
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sakthivel Sadayappan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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32
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Khuzakhmetova VF, Nurullin LF, Bukharaeva EA, Nikolsky EE. Involvement of dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channels in high asynchrony of transmitter release in neuromuscular synapses of newborn rats. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2016; 470:220-223. [PMID: 27822757 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496616050124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Experiments on neuromuscular synapses of rats at different stages of ontogenesis have been performed. It has been found that one of the reasons of higher asynchrony of the release of single quanta of acetylcholine in the synapses of newborn animals is the activity of the presynaptic dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channels of the L-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- V F Khuzakhmetova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - L F Nurullin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - E A Bukharaeva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia.
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia.
| | - E E Nikolsky
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
- Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
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Jaymand M, Sarvari R, Abbaszadeh P, Massoumi B, Eskandani M, Beygi-Khosrowshahi Y. Development of novel electrically conductive scaffold based on hyperbranched polyester and polythiophene for tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:2673-84. [PMID: 27325453 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel electrically conductive scaffold containing hyperbranched aliphatic polyester (HAP), polythiophene (PTh), and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) for regenerative medicine application was succesfully fabricated via electrospinning technique. For this purpose, the HAP (G4; fourth generation) was synthesized via melt polycondensation reaction from tris(methylol)propane and 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid (bis-MPA). Afterward, the synthesized HAP was functionalized with 2-thiopheneacetic acid in the presence of N,N-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide, and N-hydroxysuccinimide as coupling agent and catalyst, respectively, to afford a thiophene-functionalized G4 macromonomer. This macromonomer was subsequently used in chemical oxidation copolymerization with thiophene monomer to produce a star-shaped PTh with G4 core (G4-PTh). The solution of the G4-PTh, and PCL was electrospun to produce uniform, conductive, and biocompatible nanofibers. The conductivity, hydrophilicity, and mechanical properties of these nanofibers were investigated. The biocompatibility of the electrospun nanofibers were evaluated by assessing the adhesion and proliferation of mouse osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cell line and in vitro degradability to demonstrate their potential uses as a tissue engineering scaffold. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2673-2684, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Jaymand
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 51656-65811, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Raana Sarvari
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. BOX: 19395-3697, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Parisa Abbaszadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. BOX: 19395-3697, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Bakhshali Massoumi
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. BOX: 19395-3697, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Morteza Eskandani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 51656-65811, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Younes Beygi-Khosrowshahi
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Laboratory, Sahand University of Technology, P.O. Box: 51335-1996, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran.,Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, P.O. Box: 53751-71379, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
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34
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da Silva AJ, Trindade MAS, Santos DOC, Lima RF. Maximum-likelihood q-estimator uncovers the role of potassium at neuromuscular junctions. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2016; 110:31-40. [PMID: 26721559 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-015-0673-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated the existence of nonextensive behavior in neuromuscular transmission (da Silva et al. in Phys Rev E 84:041925, 2011). In this letter, we first obtain a maximum-likelihood q-estimator to calculate the scale factor ([Formula: see text]) and the q-index of q-Gaussian distributions. Next, we use the indexes to analyze spontaneous miniature end plate potentials in electrophysiological recordings from neuromuscular junctions. These calculations were performed assuming both normal and high extracellular potassium concentrations [Formula: see text]. This protocol was used to test the validity of Tsallis statistics under electrophysiological conditions closely resembling physiological stimuli. The analysis shows that q-indexes are distinct depending on the extracellular potassium concentration. Our letter provides a general way to obtain the best estimate of parameters from a q-Gaussian distribution function. It also expands the validity of Tsallis statistics in realistic physiological stimulus conditions. In addition, we discuss the physical and physiological implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J da Silva
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
- Instituto de Humanidades, Artes e Ciências, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Bahia, CEP 45613-204, Brazil.
| | - M A S Trindade
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Alagoinhas, Bahia, CEP 48040-210, Brazil
| | - D O C Santos
- Instituto de Humanidades, Artes e Ciências, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Bahia, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - R F Lima
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP 60430-270, Brazil
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35
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Luna VM, Daikoku E, Ono F. "Slow" skeletal muscles across vertebrate species. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:62. [PMID: 26568818 PMCID: PMC4644285 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fibers are generally classified into two groups: slow (type I) and fast (type II). Fibers in each group are uniquely designed for specific locomotory needs based on their intrinsic cellular properties and the types of motor neurons that innervate them. In this review, we will focus on the current concept of slow muscle fibers which, unlike the originally proposed version based purely on amphibian muscles, varies widely depending on the animal model system studied. We will discuss recent findings from zebrafish neuromuscular junction synapses that may provide the framework for establishing a more unified view of slow muscles across mammalian and non-mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Luna
- Division of Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Eriko Daikoku
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686 Japan
| | - Fumihito Ono
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686 Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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36
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Ha JC, Richman DP. Myasthenia gravis and related disorders: Pathology and molecular pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:651-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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37
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Song W, Jin XA. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor inhibits neuromuscular junction maturation in a cAMP-PKA-dependent way. Neurosci Lett 2015; 591:8-12. [PMID: 25681622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is initiated by motor axon's contact with the skeletal muscle cell that is followed by synaptic maturation. Previous studies showed that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) enhanced motoneurons' survival and growth but significantly inhibited synaptogenesis. Here, we report that chronic application of BDNF resulted in inhibition in the maturation process both physiologically and morphologically. The response to BDNF was mediated by its cognate receptor TrkB as the effects were abolished by Trk receptor inhibitor K252a. Protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor reversed the effects of BDNF in inhibiting NMJ maturation. These results indicate that BDNF suppresses NMJ maturation through cAMP-PKA signaling pathway. Together with the previous studies, these results suggest that BDNF suppresses NMJ formation and maturation despite its effects in enhancing neuronal survival and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiwan Albert Jin
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
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38
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Kraszewski S, Drabik D, Langner M, Ramseyer C, Kembubpha S, Yasothornsrikul S. A molecular dynamics study of catestatin docked on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to identify amino acids potentially involved in the binding of chromogranin A fragments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:17454-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02491e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human catestatin, representing potential to regulate nicotinic signal transduction, can bind onto nAChR-β subunits indicating a novel mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kraszewski
- Laboratory for the Biophysics of Macromolecular Aggregates
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Wroclaw University of Technology
- 50-370 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Dominik Drabik
- Laboratory for the Biophysics of Macromolecular Aggregates
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Wroclaw University of Technology
- 50-370 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Marek Langner
- Laboratory for the Biophysics of Macromolecular Aggregates
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Wroclaw University of Technology
- 50-370 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Christophe Ramseyer
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement – UMR 6249
- Université de Franche-Comté
- 25000 Besançon
- France
| | - Sineenat Kembubpha
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Medical Science
- Naresuan University
- Phitsanulok 65000
- Thailand
| | - Sukkid Yasothornsrikul
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Medical Science
- Naresuan University
- Phitsanulok 65000
- Thailand
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Chand KK, Lee KM, Schenning MP, Lavidis NA, Noakes PG. Loss of β2-laminin alters calcium sensitivity and voltage-gated calcium channel maturation of neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction. J Physiol 2014; 593:245-65. [PMID: 25556799 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.284133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Neuromuscular junctions from β2-laminin-deficient mice exhibit lower levels of calcium sensitivity. Loss of β2-laminin leads to a failure in switching from N- to P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC)-mediated transmitter release that normally occurs with neuromuscular junction maturation. The motor nerve terminals from β2-laminin-deficient mice fail to up-regulate the expression of P/Q-type VGCCs clusters and down-regulate N-type VGCCs clusters, as they mature. There is decreased co-localisation of presynaptic specialisations in β2-laminin-deficient neuromuscular junctions as a consequence of lesser P/Q-type VGCC expression. These findings support the idea that β2-laminin is critical in the organisation and maintenance of active zones at the neuromuscular junction via its interaction with P/Q-type VGCCs, which aid in stabilisation of the synapse. β2-laminin is a key mediator in the differentiation and formation of the skeletal neuromuscular junction. Loss of β2-laminin results in significant structural and functional aberrations such as decreased number of active zones and reduced spontaneous release of transmitter. In vitro β2-laminin has been shown to bind directly to the pore forming subunit of P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). Neurotransmission is initially mediated by N-type VGCCs, but by postnatal day 18 switches to P/Q-type VGCC dominance. The present study investigated the changes in neurotransmission during the switch from N- to P/Q-type VGCC-mediated transmitter release at β2-laminin-deficient junctions. Analysis of the relationship between quantal content and extracellular calcium concentrations demonstrated a decrease in the calcium sensitivity, but no change in calcium dependence at β2-laminin-deficient junctions. Electrophysiological studies on VGCC sub-types involved in transmitter release indicate N-type VGCCs remain the primary mediator of transmitter release at matured β2-laminin-deficient junctions. Immunohistochemical analyses displayed irregularly shaped and immature β2-laminin-deficient neuromuscular junctions when compared to matured wild-type junctions. β2-laminin-deficient junctions also maintained the presence of N-type VGCC clustering within the presynaptic membrane, which supported the functional findings of the present study. We conclude that β2-laminin is a key regulator in development of the NMJ, with its loss resulting in reduced transmitter release due to decreased calcium sensitivity stemming from a failure to switch from N- to P/Q-type VGCC-mediated synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirat K Chand
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4067, Australia
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40
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Ostrovidov S, Ahadian S, Ramon-Azcon J, Hosseini V, Fujie T, Parthiban SP, Shiku H, Matsue T, Kaji H, Ramalingam M, Bae H, Khademhosseini A. Three-dimensional co-culture of C2C12/PC12 cells improves skeletal muscle tissue formation and function. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 11:582-595. [PMID: 25393357 DOI: 10.1002/term.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Engineered muscle tissues demonstrate properties far from native muscle tissue. Therefore, fabrication of muscle tissues with enhanced functionalities is required to enable their use in various applications. To improve the formation of mature muscle tissues with higher functionalities, we co-cultured C2C12 myoblasts and PC12 neural cells. While alignment of the myoblasts was obtained by culturing the cells in micropatterned methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) hydrogels, we studied the effects of the neural cells (PC12) on the formation and maturation of muscle tissues. Myoblasts cultured in the presence of neural cells showed improved differentiation, with enhanced myotube formation. Myotube alignment, length and coverage area were increased. In addition, the mRNA expression of muscle differentiation markers (Myf-5, myogenin, Mefc2, MLP), muscle maturation markers (MHC-IId/x, MHC-IIa, MHC-IIb, MHC-pn, α-actinin, sarcomeric actinin) and the neuromuscular markers (AChE, AChR-ε) were also upregulated. All these observations were amplified after further muscle tissue maturation under electrical stimulation. Our data suggest a synergistic effect on the C2C12 differentiation induced by PC12 cells, which could be useful for creating improved muscle tissue. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Ostrovidov
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Javier Ramon-Azcon
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Vahid Hosseini
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Toshinori Fujie
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Prakash Parthiban
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kaji
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Murugan Ramalingam
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Centre for Stem Cell Research, A unit of the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Christian Medical College Campus, Vellore, India.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U977, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - Hojae Bae
- College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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41
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Ostrovidov S, Hosseini V, Ahadian S, Fujie T, Parthiban SP, Ramalingam M, Bae H, Kaji H, Khademhosseini A. Skeletal muscle tissue engineering: methods to form skeletal myotubes and their applications. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2014; 20:403-36. [PMID: 24320971 PMCID: PMC4193686 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle tissue engineering (SMTE) aims to repair or regenerate defective skeletal muscle tissue lost by traumatic injury, tumor ablation, or muscular disease. However, two decades after the introduction of SMTE, the engineering of functional skeletal muscle in the laboratory still remains a great challenge, and numerous techniques for growing functional muscle tissues are constantly being developed. This article reviews the recent findings regarding the methodology and various technical aspects of SMTE, including cell alignment and differentiation. We describe the structure and organization of muscle and discuss the methods for myoblast alignment cultured in vitro. To better understand muscle formation and to enhance the engineering of skeletal muscle, we also address the molecular basics of myogenesis and discuss different methods to induce myoblast differentiation into myotubes. We then provide an overview of different coculture systems involving skeletal muscle cells, and highlight major applications of engineered skeletal muscle tissues. Finally, potential challenges and future research directions for SMTE are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Ostrovidov
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Vahid Hosseini
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samad Ahadian
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshinori Fujie
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Murugan Ramalingam
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College Campus, Vellore, India
| | - Hojae Bae
- College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hirokazu Kaji
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Grahn PJ, Mallory GW, Berry BM, Hachmann JT, Lobel DA, Lujan JL. Restoration of motor function following spinal cord injury via optimal control of intraspinal microstimulation: toward a next generation closed-loop neural prosthesis. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:296. [PMID: 25278830 PMCID: PMC4166363 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement is planned and coordinated by the brain and carried out by contracting muscles acting on specific joints. Motor commands initiated in the brain travel through descending pathways in the spinal cord to effector motor neurons before reaching target muscles. Damage to these pathways by spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in paralysis below the injury level. However, the planning and coordination centers of the brain, as well as peripheral nerves and the muscles that they act upon, remain functional. Neuroprosthetic devices can restore motor function following SCI by direct electrical stimulation of the neuromuscular system. Unfortunately, conventional neuroprosthetic techniques are limited by a myriad of factors that include, but are not limited to, a lack of characterization of non-linear input/output system dynamics, mechanical coupling, limited number of degrees of freedom, high power consumption, large device size, and rapid onset of muscle fatigue. Wireless multi-channel closed-loop neuroprostheses that integrate command signals from the brain with sensor-based feedback from the environment and the system's state offer the possibility of increasing device performance, ultimately improving quality of life for people with SCI. In this manuscript, we review neuroprosthetic technology for improving functional restoration following SCI and describe brain-machine interfaces suitable for control of neuroprosthetic systems with multiple degrees of freedom. Additionally, we discuss novel stimulation paradigms that can improve synergy with higher planning centers and improve fatigue-resistant activation of paralyzed muscles. In the near future, integration of these technologies will provide SCI survivors with versatile closed-loop neuroprosthetic systems for restoring function to paralyzed muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Grahn
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Jan T. Hachmann
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA
| | | | - J. Luis Lujan
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA
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Molecular mechanisms of treadmill therapy on neuromuscular atrophy induced via botulinum toxin A. Neural Plast 2013; 2013:593271. [PMID: 24327926 PMCID: PMC3845528 DOI: 10.1155/2013/593271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) is a bacterial zinc-dependent endopeptidase that acts specifically on neuromuscular junctions. BoNT-A blocks the release of acetylcholine, thereby decreasing the ability of a spastic muscle to generate forceful contraction, which results in a temporal local weakness and the atrophy of targeted muscles. BoNT-A-induced temporal muscle weakness has been used to manage skeletal muscle spasticity, such as poststroke spasticity, cerebral palsy, and cervical dystonia. However, the combined effect of treadmill exercise and BoNT-A treatment is not well understood. We previously demonstrated that for rats, following BoNT-A injection in the gastrocnemius muscle, treadmill running improved the recovery of the sciatic functional index (SFI), muscle contraction strength, and compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude and area. Treadmill training had no influence on gastrocnemius mass that received BoNT-A injection, but it improved the maximal contraction force of the gastrocnemius, and upregulation of GAP-43, IGF-1, Myo-D, Myf-5, myogenin, and acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subunits α and β was found following treadmill training. Taken together, these results suggest that the upregulation of genes associated with neurite and AChR regeneration following treadmill training may contribute to enhanced gastrocnemius strength recovery following BoNT-A injection.
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Cucurbit[n]uril type hosts for the reversal of steroidal neuromuscular blocking agents. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:2075-89. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ideal neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA) is regarded as being a non-depolarizing equivalent of succinylcholine, having a rapid onset and short duration of action, with minimal side effects. In the absence of a single drug, the administration of an aminosteroid NMBA, such as rocuronium, followed by reversal using an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, such as neostigmine, is commonly employed. A different and safer approach to rapidly reversing the action of the NMBA, by encapsulating it with a macrocyclic or acyclic host molecule, such as the cyclodextrin sugammadex or more recently, cucurbituril-type hosts such as cyclic cucurbit[7]uril and the acyclic glycoluril tetramer calabadion 1, is described.
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45
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Arora Y, Li Y. Overview of myasthenia gravis. Hosp Pract (1995) 2013; 41:40-50. [PMID: 24145588 DOI: 10.3810/hp.2013.10.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis is an antibody-mediated disorder of neuromuscular transmission that is characterized by weakness and fatigue of voluntary muscles. Weakness may be ocular, bulbar, or generalized. Diagnostic evaluation of patients consists of bedside assessment, antibody testing, and electrophysiologic studies. Various therapeutic options are available, which consist of anticholinesterase inhibitors for symptomatic management, immunosuppressive agents as maintenance therapy, and thymectomy. Plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin are used in patients in crisis or those with rapidly worsening or refractory symptoms. In our article, we elaborate on key aspects of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic evaluation, and therapeutic options for patients with myasthenia gravis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeeshu Arora
- Division of the Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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Wnt signaling in skeletal muscle dynamics: myogenesis, neuromuscular synapse and fibrosis. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:574-89. [PMID: 24014138 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8540-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The signaling pathways activated by Wnt ligands are related to a wide range of critical cell functions, such as cell division, migration, and synaptogenesis. Here, we summarize compelling evidence on the role of Wnt signaling on several features of skeletal muscle physiology. We briefly review the role of Wnt pathways on the formation of muscle fibers during prenatal and postnatal myogenesis, highlighting its role on the activation of stem cells of the adult muscles. We also discuss how Wnt signaling regulates the precise formation of neuromuscular synapses, by modulating the differentiation of presynaptic and postsynaptic components, particularly regarding the clustering of acetylcholine receptors on the muscle membrane. In addition, based on previous evidence showing that Wnt pathways are linked to several diseases, such as Alzheimer's and cancer, we address recent studies indicating that Wnt signaling plays a key role in skeletal muscle fibrosis, a disease characterized by an increase in the extracellular matrix components leading to failure in muscle regeneration, tissue disorganization and loss of muscle activity. In this context, we also discuss the possible cross-talk between the Wnt/β-catenin pathway with two other critical profibrotic pathways, transforming growth factor β and connective tissue growth factor, which are potent stimulators of the accumulation of connective tissue, an effect characteristic of the fibrotic condition. As it has emerged in other pathological conditions, we suggests that muscle fibrosis may be a consequence of alterations of Wnt signaling activity.
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Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries are common conditions, with broad-ranging groups of symptoms depending on the severity and nerves involved. Although much knowledge exists on the mechanisms of injury and regeneration, reliable treatments that ensure full functional recovery are scarce. This review aims to summarize various ways these injuries are classified in light of decades of research on peripheral nerve injury and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron M G Menorca
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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48
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Electrical stimulation accelerates neuromuscular junction formation through ADAM19/neuregulin/ErbB signaling in vitro. Neurosci Lett 2013; 545:29-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zoltowska K, Webster R, Finlayson S, Maxwell S, Cossins J, Müller J, Lochmüller H, Beeson D. Mutations in GFPT1 that underlie limb-girdle congenital myasthenic syndrome result in reduced cell-surface expression of muscle AChR. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:2905-13. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Richman DP, Nishi K, Ferns MJ, Schnier J, Pytel P, Maselli RA, Agius MA. Animal models of antimuscle-specific kinase myasthenia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1274:140-7. [PMID: 23252909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Antimuscle-specific kinase (anti-MuSK) myasthenia (AMM) differs from antiacetylcholine receptor myasthenia gravis in exhibiting more focal muscle involvement (neck, shoulder, facial, and bulbar muscles) with wasting of the involved, primarily axial, muscles. AMM is not associated with thymic hyperplasia and responds poorly to anticholinesterase treatment. Animal models of AMM have been induced in rabbits, mice, and rats by immunization with purified xenogeneic MuSK ectodomain, and by passive transfer of large quantities of purified serum IgG from AMM patients into mice. The models have confirmed the pathogenic role of the MuSK antibodies in AMM and have demonstrated the involvement of both the presynaptic and postsynaptic components of the neuromuscular junction. The observations in this human disease and its animal models demonstrate the role of MuSK not only in the formation of this synapse but also in its maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Richman
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA.
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