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Chae JH, Eom SH, Lee SK, Jung JH, Kim CH. Association between Complex ACTN3 and ACE Gene Polymorphisms and Elite Endurance Sports in Koreans: A Case-Control Study. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:1110. [PMID: 39336701 PMCID: PMC11431688 DOI: 10.3390/genes15091110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms are associated with endurance exercise ability. This case-control study explored the association of ACTN3 and ACE gene polymorphisms with elite pure endurance in Korean athletes, hypothesizing that individuals with both ACTN3 XX and ACE II genotypes would exhibit superior endurance. We recruited 934 elite athletes (713 males, 221 females) and selected 45 pure endurance athletes (36 males, 9 females) requiring "≥90% aerobic energy metabolism during sports events", in addition to 679 healthy non-athlete Koreans (361 males, 318 females) as controls. Genomic DNA was extracted and genotyped for ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms. ACE ID (p = 0.090) and ACTN3 RX+XX (p = 0.029) genotype distributions were significantly different between the two groups. Complex ACTN3-ACE genotypes also exhibited significant differences (p = 0.014), with dominant complex genotypes positively affecting endurance (p = 0.039). The presence of RX+II or XX+II was associated with a 1.763-fold higher likelihood of possessing a superior endurance capacity than that seen in healthy controls (90% CI = 1.037-3.089). Our findings propose an association of combined ACTN3 RX+XX and ACE II genotypes with enhanced endurance performance in elite Korean athletes. While causality remains to be confirmed, our study highlights the potential of ACTN3-ACE polymorphisms in predicting elite endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Heon Chae
- Department of Sports Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea; (J.H.C.); (S.-H.E.)
| | - Seon-Ho Eom
- Department of Sports Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea; (J.H.C.); (S.-H.E.)
| | - Sang-Ki Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Korea National Sports University, Seoul 05541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Joo-Ha Jung
- Center for Sport Science in Chungnam, Asan 31580, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Hyun Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea; (J.H.C.); (S.-H.E.)
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Arejano GG, Hoffmann LV, Ferreira Wyse L, Espíndola Correia P, Pieniz S, Torma Botelho F, Schneider A, Schadock I, Castilho Barros C. Genetic polymorphisms in the angiotensin converting enzyme, actinin 3 and paraoxonase 1 genes in women with diabetes and hypertension. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2023; 68:e210204. [PMID: 37948561 PMCID: PMC10916801 DOI: 10.20945/2359-4292-2021-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective To study associations between polymorphisms in the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE I/D), actinin 3 (ACTN3 R577X) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1 T(-107)C) genes and chronic diseases (diabetes and hypertension) in women. Materials and methods Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva samples of 78 women between 18 and 59 years old used for genetic polymorphism screening. Biochemical data were collected from the medical records in Basic Health Units from Southern Brazil. Questionnaires about food consumption, physical activity level and socioeconomic status were applied. Results The XX genotype of ACTN3 was associated with low HDL levels and high triglycerides, total cholesterol and glucose levels. Additionally, high triglycerides and LDL levels were observed in carriers of the TT genotype of PON1, and lower total cholesterol levels were associated to the CC genotype. As expected, women with diabetes/hypertense had increased body weight, BMI (p = 0.02), waist circumference (p = 0.01), body fat percentage, blood pressure (p = 0.02), cholesterol, triglycerides (p = 0.02), and blood glucose (p = 0.01), when compared to the control group. Conclusion Both ACTN3 R577X and PON1 T(-107)C polymorphisms are associated with nutritional status and blood glucose and lipid levels in women with diabetes/hypertense. These results contribute to genetic knowledge about predisposition to obesity-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Simone Pieniz
- Laboratório de Nutrigenômica, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Augusto Schneider
- Laboratório de Nutrigenômica, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Ines Schadock
- Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil
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Bulgay C, Cepicka L, Dalip M, Yıldırım S, Ceylan Hİ, Yılmaz ÖÖ, Ulucan K, Badicu G, Cerit M. The relationships between ACTN3 rs1815739 and PPARA-α rs4253778 gene polymorphisms and athletic performance characteristics in professional soccer players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:121. [PMID: 37749582 PMCID: PMC10518950 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00733-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current research on athletic performance focuses on genetic variants that contribute significantly to individuals' performance. ACTN3 rs1815739 and PPARA-α rs4253778 gene polymorphisms are variants frequently associated with athletic performance among different populations. However, there is limited research examining the pre-and post-test results of some variants of athletic performance in soccer players. Therefore, the presented research is to examine the relationships between the ACTN3 rs1815739 and PPARA-α rs4253778 gene polymorphisms and athletic performance improvement rates in adaptations to six weeks of training in elite soccer players using some athletic performance tests. METHODOLOGY Twenty-two soccer players between the ages of 18 and 35 voluntarily participated in the study. All participants were actively engaged in a rigorous six-day-a-week training program during the pre-season preparation period. Preceding and following the training program, a battery of diverse athletic performance tests was administered to the participants. Moreover, Genomic DNA was extracted from oral epithelial cells using the Invitrogen DNA isolation kit (Invitrogen, USA), following the manufacturer's protocol. Genotyping was conducted using real-time PCR. To assess the pre- and post-test performance differences of soccer players, the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was employed. RESULTS Upon analyzing the results of the soccer players based on the ACTN3 genotype variable, it was observed that there were no statistically significant differences in the SJ (Squat Jump), 30m sprint, CMJ (Counter Movement Jump), and DJ (Drop Jump) performance tests (p > 0.05). However, a statistically significant difference was identified in the YOYO IRT 2 (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2) and 1RM (One Repetition Maximum) test outcomes (YOYO IRT 2: CC, CT, and TT, p = 0.028, 0.028, 0.008, 0.000, respectively; 1RM: CC, CT, and TT, p = 0.010, 0.34, 0.001, respectively). Regarding the PPARA-α genotype variable, the statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in the SJ, 30m sprint, CMJ, and DJ performance tests (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, a statistically significant difference was observed in the YOYO IRT 2 and 1RM test results (YOYO IRT 2: CC, CG p = 0.001, 0.020; 1RM: CC, p = 0.000) CONCLUSIONS: The current study demonstrated significant enhancements in only YOYO INT 2 and 1RM test outcomes across nearly all gene variants following the six-day-a-week training program. Other performance tests, such as the 30m sprint, SJ, CMJ, and DJ tests did not exhibit statistically significant differences. These findings contribute novel insights into the molecular processes involving PPARA-α rs4253778 and ACTN3 rs1815739 that underpin enhancements in endurance (YOYO INT 2) and maximal strength (1RM) aspects of athletic performance. However, to comprehensively elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the association between these polymorphisms and athletic performance, further investigations are warranted. It is thought that the use of field and genetic analyses together to support each other will be an important detail for athletes to reach high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celal Bulgay
- Sports Science Faculty, Bingol University, Bingöl, 12000 Türkiye
| | - Ladislav Cepicka
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, 30100 Czech Republic
| | - Metin Dalip
- Faculty of Physical Culture and Health, University in Tetovo, Tetova, 1200 Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Selin Yıldırım
- Sports Science Faculty, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, 06510 Türkiye
| | - Halil İ. Ceylan
- Kazim Karabekir Faculty of Education, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240 Türkiye
| | - Özlem Ö. Yılmaz
- Institute of Health Sciences Marmara University, İstanbul, 34722 Türkiye
| | - Korkut Ulucan
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Marmara University, İstanbul, 34722 Türkiye
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, Brasov, 500068 Romania
| | - Mesut Cerit
- Sports Science Faculty, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, 06510 Türkiye
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Haug M, Reischl B, Nübler S, Kiriaev L, Mázala DAG, Houweling PJ, North KN, Friedrich O, Head SI. Absence of the Z-disc protein α-actinin-3 impairs the mechanical stability of Actn3KO mouse fast-twitch muscle fibres without altering their contractile properties or twitch kinetics. Skelet Muscle 2022; 12:14. [PMID: 35733150 PMCID: PMC9219180 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-022-00295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A common polymorphism (R577X) in the ACTN3 gene results in the complete absence of the Z-disc protein α-actinin-3 from fast-twitch muscle fibres in ~ 16% of the world's population. This single gene polymorphism has been subject to strong positive selection pressure during recent human evolution. Previously, using an Actn3KO mouse model, we have shown in fast-twitch muscles, eccentric contractions at L0 + 20% stretch did not cause eccentric damage. In contrast, L0 + 30% stretch produced a significant ~ 40% deficit in maximum force; here, we use isolated single fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibres from the Actn3KO mouse to investigate the mechanism underlying this. METHODS Single fast-twitch fibres are separated from the intact muscle by a collagenase digest procedure. We use label-free second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging, ultra-fast video microscopy and skinned fibre measurements from our MyoRobot automated biomechatronics system to study the morphology, visco-elasticity, force production and mechanical strength of single fibres from the Actn3KO mouse. Data are presented as means ± SD and tested for significance using ANOVA. RESULTS We show that the absence of α-actinin-3 does not affect the visco-elastic properties or myofibrillar force production. Eccentric contractions demonstrated that chemically skinned Actn3KO fibres are mechanically weaker being prone to breakage when eccentrically stretched. Furthermore, SHG images reveal disruptions in the myofibrillar alignment of Actn3KO fast-twitch fibres with an increase in Y-shaped myofibrillar branching. CONCLUSIONS The absence of α-actinin-3 from the Z-disc in fast-twitch fibres disrupts the organisation of the myofibrillar proteins, leading to structural weakness. This provides a mechanistic explanation for our earlier findings that in vitro intact Actn3KO fast-twitch muscles are significantly damaged by L0 + 30%, but not L0 + 20%, eccentric contraction strains. Our study also provides a possible mechanistic explanation as to why α-actinin-3-deficient humans have been reported to have a faster decline in muscle function with increasing age, that is, as sarcopenia reduces muscle mass and force output, the eccentric stress on the remaining functional α-actinin-3 deficient fibres will be increased, resulting in fibre breakages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Haug
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Reischl
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Nübler
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leonit Kiriaev
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, 2560, Australia.,School of Medical Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Davi A G Mázala
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health Professions, Towson University, Towson, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Houweling
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathryn N North
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, 2560, Australia.,School of Medical Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stewart I Head
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, 2560, Australia. .,School of Medical Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Kiriaev L, Houweling PJ, North KN, Head SI. Loss of α-actinin-3 confers protection from eccentric contraction damage in fast-twitch EDL muscles from aged mdx dystrophic mice by reducing pathological fibre branching. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:1417-1429. [PMID: 34761268 PMCID: PMC9071495 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The common null polymorphism (R577X) in the ACTN3 gene is present in over 1.5 billion people worldwide and results in the absence of the protein α-actinin-3 from the Z-discs of fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibres. We have previously reported that this polymorphism is a modifier of dystrophin-deficient Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. To investigate the mechanism underlying this, we use a double knockout (dk)Actn3KO/mdx (dKO) mouse model, which lacks both dystrophin and sarcomere α-actinin-3. We used dKO mice and mdx dystrophic mice at 12 months (aged) to investigate the correlation between morphological changes to the fast-twitch dKO EDL and the reduction in force deficit produced by an in vitro eccentric contraction protocol. In the aged dKO mouse, we found a marked reduction in fibre branching complexity that correlated with protection from eccentric contraction induced force deficit. Complex branches in the aged dKO EDL fibres (28%) were substantially reduced compared to aged mdx EDL fibres (68%), and this correlates with a graded force loss over three eccentric contractions for dKO muscles (~36% after first contraction, ~66% overall) compared to an abrupt drop in mdx upon the first eccentric contraction (~75% after first contraction, ~89% after three contractions). In dKO, protection from eccentric contraction damage was linked with a doubling of SERCA1 pump density the EDL. We propose that the increased oxidative metabolism of fast-twitch glycolytic fibres characteristic of the null polymorphism (R577X) and increase in SR Ca2+ pump proteins reduces muscle fibre branching and decreases susceptibility to eccentric injury in the dystrophinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonit Kiriaev
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Peter J Houweling
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kathryn N North
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Stewart I Head
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2560, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Sierra APR, Oliveira RA, Silva ED, Lima GHO, Benetti MP, Kiss MAP, Sierra CA, Ghorayeb N, Seto JT, Pesquero JB, Cury-Boaventura MF. Association Between Hematological Parameters and Iron Metabolism Response After Marathon Race and ACTN3 Genotype. Front Physiol 2019; 10:697. [PMID: 31244673 PMCID: PMC6580990 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Actinin-3 (ACTN3 R577X, rs.1815739) polymorphism is a genetic variation that shows the most consistent influence on metabolic pathway and muscle phenotype. XX genotype is associated with higher metabolic efficiency of skeletal muscle; however, the role of ACTN3 polymorphism in oxygen transport and utilization system has not yet been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the influence of ACTN3 polymorphisms on hematological and iron metabolism response induced by marathon race. Eighty-one Brazilian amateur male endurance runners participated in the study. Blood samples and urine were collected before; immediately after; and 1, 3, and 15 days after the marathon race. Urine, hematological parameters, iron metabolism, and ACTN3 genotyping analyses were performed. The marathon race induced a decrease in erythrocytes, Hb, and Ht, and an increase in hematuria, creatinine, myoglobin, red cell distribution width, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, direct and indirect bilirubin and erythropoietin. Moreover, an elevation immediately or 1 day after the marathon race follows a reduction 3 or 15 days after the marathon race were observed on transferrin saturation and iron and transferrin levels. Hematological parameters and iron metabolism changes induced by marathon race were not observed in XX genotypes. Hematuria and decreased erythrocytes, Hb, Ht, and iron and transferrin levels were observed only in RR and/or RX genotypes but not in XX genotypes. The percentage of runners with hematuria, leukocyturia, iron deficiency, creatinine, myoglobin, and bilirubin imbalance was higher in RR compared to XX genotypes. ACTN3 polymorphism is associated with iron metabolism and hematological responses after endurance exercise. Despite these results being based on a small sample, they highlight a protective role of the XX genotype on hematological and renal changes induced by long-distance exercise. Therefore, these findings should be further replicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Renno Sierra
- Department of Biodynamics of Human Movements, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Sports Cardiology Department, Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Assunção Oliveira
- Department of Interdisciplinary in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elton Dias Silva
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giscard Humberto Oliveira Lima
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Program of Human Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Marino Pereira Benetti
- Department of Biodynamics of Human Movements, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Augusta Pedanti Kiss
- Department of Biodynamics of Human Movements, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Anibal Sierra
- Sports Cardiology Department, Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nabil Ghorayeb
- Sports Cardiology Department, Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jane T Seto
- Neuromuscular Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - João Bosco Pesquero
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Cury-Boaventura
- Department of Interdisciplinary in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Ma T, Lu D, Zhu YS, Chu XF, Wang Y, Shi GP, Wang ZD, Yu L, Jiang XY, Wang XF. ACTN3 genotype and physical function and frailty in an elderly Chinese population: the Rugao Longevity and Ageing Study. Age Ageing 2018; 47:416-422. [PMID: 29447359 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the associations of the actinin alpha 3 gene (ACTN3) R577X polymorphism with physical performance and frailty in an older Chinese population. Methods Data from 1,463 individuals (57.8% female) aged 70-87 years from the Rugao Longevity and Ageing Study were used. The associations between R577X and timed 5-m walk, grip strength, timed Up and Go test, and frailty index (FI) based on deficits of 23 laboratory tests (FI-Lab) were examined. Analysis of variance and linear regression models were used to evaluate the genetic effects of ACTN3 R577X on physical performance and FI-Lab. Results The XX and RX genotypes of the ACTN3 R557X polymorphism accounted for 17.1 and 46.9%, respectively. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that in men aged 70-79 years, the ACTN3 577X allele was significantly associated with physical performance (5-m walk time, regression coefficient (β) = 0.258, P = 0.006; grip strength, β = -1.062, P = 0.012; Up and Go test time β = 0.368, P = 0.019). In women aged 70-79 years, a significant association between the ACTN3 577X allele and the FI-Lab score was observed, with a regression coefficient of β = 0.019 (P = 0.003). These findings suggest an age- and gender-specific X-additive model of R577X for 5-m walk time, grip strength, Up and Go Test time, and FI-Lab score. Conclusion The ACTN3 577X allele is associated with an age- and sex-specific decrease in physical performance and an increase in frailty in an older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Ma
- Unit of epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Deyi Lu
- University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago, IL 60601, USA
| | - Yin-Sheng Zhu
- Rugao People’s Hospital, Rugao 226500, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue-Feng Chu
- Rugao People’s Hospital, Rugao 226500, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Rugao People’s Hospital, Rugao 226500, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Rugao People’s Hospital, Rugao 226500, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Li Yu
- Jipu biological technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wang
- Unit of epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- National Clinical Research center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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8
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Hogarth MW, Houweling PJ, Thomas KC, Gordish-Dressman H, Bello L, Pegoraro E, Hoffman EP, Head SI, North KN. Evidence for ACTN3 as a genetic modifier of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14143. [PMID: 28139640 PMCID: PMC5290331 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by muscle degeneration and progressive weakness. There is considerable inter-patient variability in disease onset and progression, which can confound the results of clinical trials. Here we show that a common null polymorphism (R577X) in ACTN3 results in significantly reduced muscle strength and a longer 10 m walk test time in young, ambulant patients with DMD; both of which are primary outcome measures in clinical trials. We have developed a double knockout mouse model, which also shows reduced muscle strength, but is protected from stretch-induced eccentric damage with age. This suggests that α-actinin-3 deficiency reduces muscle performance at baseline, but ameliorates the progression of dystrophic pathology. Mechanistically, we show that α-actinin-3 deficiency triggers an increase in oxidative muscle metabolism through activation of calcineurin, which likely confers the protective effect. Our studies suggest that ACTN3 R577X genotype is a modifier of clinical phenotype in DMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall W Hogarth
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Peter J Houweling
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kristen C Thomas
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Heather Gordish-Dressman
- Research Centre for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Centre, Washington DC 20010, USA
| | - Luca Bello
- Research Centre for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Centre, Washington DC 20010, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy
| | | | - Elena Pegoraro
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy
| | - Eric P Hoffman
- Research Centre for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Centre, Washington DC 20010, USA
| | - Stewart I Head
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Kathryn N North
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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9
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Baumert P, Lake MJ, Stewart CE, Drust B, Erskine RM. Genetic variation and exercise-induced muscle damage: implications for athletic performance, injury and ageing. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1595-625. [PMID: 27294501 PMCID: PMC4983298 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3411-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged unaccustomed exercise involving muscle lengthening (eccentric) actions can result in ultrastructural muscle disruption, impaired excitation-contraction coupling, inflammation and muscle protein degradation. This process is associated with delayed onset muscle soreness and is referred to as exercise-induced muscle damage. Although a certain amount of muscle damage may be necessary for adaptation to occur, excessive damage or inadequate recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage can increase injury risk, particularly in older individuals, who experience more damage and require longer to recover from muscle damaging exercise than younger adults. Furthermore, it is apparent that inter-individual variation exists in the response to exercise-induced muscle damage, and there is evidence that genetic variability may play a key role. Although this area of research is in its infancy, certain gene variations, or polymorphisms have been associated with exercise-induced muscle damage (i.e. individuals with certain genotypes experience greater muscle damage, and require longer recovery, following strenuous exercise). These polymorphisms include ACTN3 (R577X, rs1815739), TNF (-308 G>A, rs1800629), IL6 (-174 G>C, rs1800795), and IGF2 (ApaI, 17200 G>A, rs680). Knowing how someone is likely to respond to a particular type of exercise could help coaches/practitioners individualise the exercise training of their athletes/patients, thus maximising recovery and adaptation, while reducing overload-associated injury risk. The purpose of this review is to provide a critical analysis of the literature concerning gene polymorphisms associated with exercise-induced muscle damage, both in young and older individuals, and to highlight the potential mechanisms underpinning these associations, thus providing a better understanding of exercise-induced muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Baumert
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Mark J Lake
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Claire E Stewart
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Robert M Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
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Hogarth MW, Garton FC, Houweling PJ, Tukiainen T, Lek M, Macarthur DG, Seto JT, Quinlan KGR, Yang N, Head SI, North KN. Analysis of the ACTN3 heterozygous genotype suggests that α-actinin-3 controls sarcomeric composition and muscle function in a dose-dependent fashion. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:866-77. [PMID: 26681802 PMCID: PMC4754040 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A common null polymorphism (R577X) in ACTN3 causes α-actinin-3 deficiency in ∼ 18% of the global population. There is no associated disease phenotype, but α-actinin-3 deficiency is detrimental to sprint and power performance in both elite athletes and the general population. However, despite considerable investigation to date, the functional consequences of heterozygosity for ACTN3 are unclear. A subset of studies have shown an intermediate phenotype in 577RX individuals, suggesting dose-dependency of α-actinin-3, while others have shown no difference between 577RR and RX genotypes. Here, we investigate the effects of α-actinin-3 expression level by comparing the muscle phenotypes of Actn3(+/-) (HET) mice to Actn3(+/+) [wild-type (WT)] and Actn3(-/-) [knockout (KO)] littermates. We show reduction in α-actinin-3 mRNA and protein in HET muscle compared with WT, which is associated with dose-dependent up-regulation of α-actinin-2, z-band alternatively spliced PDZ-motif and myotilin at the Z-line, and an incremental shift towards oxidative metabolism. While there is no difference in force generation, HET mice have an intermediate endurance capacity compared with WT and KO. The R577X polymorphism is associated with changes in ACTN3 expression consistent with an additive model in the human genotype-tissue expression cohort, but does not influence any other muscle transcripts, including ACTN2. Overall, ACTN3 influences sarcomeric composition in a dose-dependent fashion in mouse skeletal muscle, which translates directly to function. Variance in fibre type between biopsies likely masks this phenomenon in human skeletal muscle, but we suggest that an additive model is the most appropriate for use in testing ACTN3 genotype associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall W Hogarth
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Fleur C Garton
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3052, Australia, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Peter J Houweling
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3052, Australia, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Taru Tukiainen
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA and
| | - Monkol Lek
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA and
| | - Daniel G Macarthur
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA and
| | - Jane T Seto
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3052, Australia, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Kate G R Quinlan
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nan Yang
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Stewart I Head
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kathryn N North
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3052, Australia, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia,
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11
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Evidence for ACTN3 as a Speed Gene in Isolated Human Muscle Fibers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150594. [PMID: 26930663 PMCID: PMC4773019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine the effect of α-actinin-3 deficiency due to homozygosity for the ACTN3 577X-allele on contractile and morphological properties of fast muscle fibers in non-athletic young men. Methods A biopsy was taken from the vastus lateralis of 4 RR and 4 XX individuals to test for differences in morphologic and contractile properties of single muscle fibers. The cross-sectional area of the fiber and muscle fiber composition was determined using standard immunohistochemistry analyses. Skinned single muscle fibers were subjected to active tests to determine peak normalized force (P0), maximal unloading velocity (V0) and peak power. A passive stretch test was performed to calculate Young’s Modulus and hysteresis to assess fiber visco-elasticity. Results No differences were found in muscle fiber composition. The cross-sectional area of type IIa and IIx fibers was larger in RR compared to XX individuals (P<0.001). P0 was similar in both groups over all fiber types. A higher V0 was observed in type IIa fibers of RR genotypes (P<0.001) but not in type I fibers. The visco-elasticity as determined by Young’s Modulus and hysteresis was unaffected by fiber type or genotype. Conclusion The greater V0 and the larger fast fiber CSA in RR compared to XX genotypes likely contribute to enhanced whole muscle performance during high velocity contractions.
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12
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Schadock I, Schneider A, Silva ED, Buchweitz MRD, Correa MN, Pesquero JB, Paredes-Gamero EJ, Araujo RC, Barros CC. Simple Method to Genotype the ACTN3 r577x Polymorphism. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2015; 19:253-7. [PMID: 25831089 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2014.0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The alpha-actinin-3 r577x polymorphism (rs1815739) is one of the most important polymorphisms associated with athletic performance. This single-nucleotide mutation leads to a premature stop codon, resulting in a nonfunctional protein product. The presence of the dominant R allele is associated with full power skeletal muscle contraction. Homozygosity for the X allele is correlated with more efficient energy disposure. Restriction fragment length polymorphism and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are the standard methods used to genotype this polymorphism, but they are expensive and require special equipments. Here, we present a simple and cost-efficient method to genotype the ACTN3 r577x polymorphism by a single PCR. External primers yield a 690-bp product that indicates the template quality. Internal primers produce a 413-bp product if the R allele is present and a 318-bp product if the X allele is present. Our four-primer genotyping PCR was validated by the standard real-time PCR, generally used to genotype this single-nucleotide polymorphism, demonstrating the accuracy of this method. This protocol is perfect for small- or large-scale cohort genotyping of the ACTN3 r577x polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Schadock
- 1 Laboratory of Nutrigenomics and Metabology, Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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13
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Broos S, Van Leemputte M, Deldicque L, Thomis MA. History-dependent force, angular velocity and muscular endurance in ACTN3 genotypes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:1637-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Altered Ca2+ kinetics associated with α-actinin-3 deficiency may explain positive selection for ACTN3 null allele in human evolution. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004862. [PMID: 25590636 PMCID: PMC4295894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 1.5 billion people lack the skeletal muscle fast-twitch fibre protein α-actinin-3 due to homozygosity for a common null polymorphism (R577X) in the ACTN3 gene. α-Actinin-3 deficiency is detrimental to sprint performance in elite athletes and beneficial to endurance activities. In the human genome, it is very difficult to find single-gene loss-of-function variants that bear signatures of positive selection, yet intriguingly, the ACTN3 null variant has undergone strong positive selection during recent evolution, appearing to provide a survival advantage where food resources are scarce and climate is cold. We have previously demonstrated that α-actinin-3 deficiency in the Actn3 KO mouse results in a shift in fast-twitch fibres towards oxidative metabolism, which would be more “energy efficient” in famine, and beneficial to endurance performance. Prolonged exposure to cold can also induce changes in skeletal muscle similar to those observed with endurance training, and changes in Ca2+ handling by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) are a key factor underlying these adaptations. On this basis, we explored the effects of α-actinin-3 deficiency on Ca2+ kinetics in single flexor digitorum brevis muscle fibres from Actn3 KO mice, using the Ca2+-sensitive dye fura-2. Compared to wild-type, fibres of Actn3 KO mice showed: (i) an increased rate of decay of the twitch transient; (ii) a fourfold increase in the rate of SR Ca2+ leak; (iii) a threefold increase in the rate of SR Ca2+ pumping; and (iv) enhanced maintenance of tetanic Ca2+ during fatigue. The SR Ca2+ pump, SERCA1, and the Ca2+-binding proteins, calsequestrin and sarcalumenin, showed markedly increased expression in muscles of KO mice. Together, these changes in Ca2+ handling in the absence of α-actinin-3 are consistent with cold acclimatisation and thermogenesis, and offer an additional explanation for the positive selection of the ACTN3 577X null allele in populations living in cold environments during recent evolution. α-Actinin-3 is a protein found inside the muscles of most people around the world. It is encoded by a gene called ACTN3, popularly known as “the gene for speed.” In 1.5 billion people, a certain variation in the genetic sequence of their ACTN3 gene causes their muscles to produce no α-actinin-3 protein at all. These people have no muscle disease; however, in elite athletes, a lack of α-actinin-3 seems to be beneficial for endurance activities and detrimental to sprinting activities. Intriguingly, α-actinin-3 deficiency varies in frequency across the globe, being most common in European and Asian populations and least common in African populations. During recent human evolution, there appears to have been strong positive selection for α-actinin-3 deficiency in places where food resources are relatively scarce and climate is cold. We have previously demonstrated that α-actinin-3 deficiency in the Actn3 knockout (KO) mouse causes a shift towards more “energy efficient” forms of muscle metabolism which would enhance survival in times of famine, and benefit endurance performance. Our present study, using single muscle fibres from Actn3 KO mice, demonstrates changes in calcium handling that would adapt muscles to cold environments and provide a survival advantage in cold climates.
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15
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Kim H, Song KH, Kim CH. The ACTN3 R577X variant in sprint and strength performance. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2014; 18:347-53. [PMID: 25671201 PMCID: PMC4322025 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2014.18.4.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to examine the association between the distribution of ACTN3 genotypes and alleles in power, speed, and strength-oriented athletics. METHODS ACTN3 genotyping was carried out for a total of 975 Korean participants: top-level sprinters (n = 58), top-level strength athletes (n = 63), and healthy controls (n = 854). RESULTS Genetic associations were evaluated by chi-squire test or Fisher's exact test. In the power-oriented group composed of sprinters and strength athletes, the frequency of the XX genotype was significantly underrepresented (11.6%) in comparison to its representation in the control group (11.6% versus 19.1%, P < 0.05). When the power-oriented group was divided into strength-oriented and speed-oriented groups, no significant difference in the ACTN3 XX genotype was found between the strength-oriented athletes and the controls (15.9% versus 19.1%, P < 0.262). Only the speed-oriented athletes showed significant differences in the frequency distributions of the ACTN3 XX genotype (6.9% versus 19.1%, P < 0.05) from that of the controls. CONCLUSION The ACTN3 genotype seems to mainly affect sports performance and especially speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeoijin Kim
- Korea National University of Education, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
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16
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Kikuchi N, Yoshida S, Min SK, Lee K, Sakamaki-Sunaga M, Okamoto T, Nakazato K. The ACTN3 R577X genotype is associated with muscle function in a Japanese population. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 40:316-22. [PMID: 25761735 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Homozygosity for the common nonsense polymorphism R577X in the α-actinin-3 gene (ACTN3) causes complete α-actinin-3 deficiency in fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibers. This study investigated whether the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism affects fitness status using a battery of tests in a large Japanese cohort. In the present study, 1227 subjects (age: 25-85 years) were genotyped for the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism (rs1815739) using a TaqMan SNP genotyping assay (Applied Biosystems). All subjects were divided into 2 groups based on their age (<55 years and ≥55 years). All subjects completed a questionnaire about exercise habits and were subjected to a battery of tests to assess their fitness status (including grip strength test, chair stand test, and 8-foot walking test). A significant association between the ACTN3 R577X genotype and chair stand test performance was observed in the group of men ≥55 using ANCOVA adjusted for age and exercise habits (p = 0.036). The ACTN3 R577X genotype accounted for 2.5% of the variability in the results of the chair stand test among men in the ≥55 age group. Moreover, for the ≥55 age group, performance in the chair stand test was lower among those with the XX genotype than among those with the RR genotype (p = 0.024) or RX genotype (p = 0.005), unlike results for the <55 age group. No significant difference was noted for hand grip strength or 8-foot walking time. Thus, our results suggest that the ACTN3 R577X genotype is associated with lower-extremity muscle function in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kikuchi
- Sports Training Center, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Pimenta EM, Coelho DB, Veneroso CE, Barros Coelho EJ, Cruz IR, Morandi RF, De A. Pussieldi G, Carvalho MR, Garcia ES, De Paz Fernández JA. Effect of ACTN3 Gene on Strength and Endurance in Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:3286-92. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182915e66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Broos S, Malisoux L, Theisen D, Francaux M, Deldicque L, Thomis MA. Role of alpha-actinin-3 in contractile properties of human single muscle fibers: a case series study in paraplegics. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49281. [PMID: 23145141 PMCID: PMC3493539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A common nonsense polymorphism in the ACTN3 gene results in the absence of α-actinin-3 in XX individuals. The wild type allele has been associated with power athlete status and an increased force output in numeral studies, though the mechanisms by which these effects occur are unclear. Recent findings in the Actn3(-/-) (KO) mouse suggest a shift towards 'slow' metabolic and contractile characteristics of fast muscle fibers lacking α-actinin-3. Skinned single fibers from the quadriceps muscle of three men with spinal cord injury (SCI) were tested regarding peak force, unloaded shortening velocity, force-velocity relationship, passive tension and calcium sensitivity. The SCI condition induces an 'equal environment condition' what makes these subjects ideal to study the role of α-actinin-3 on fiber type expression and single muscle fiber contractile properties. Genotyping for ACTN3 revealed that the three subjects were XX, RX and RR carriers, respectively. The XX carrier's biopsy was the only one that presented type I fibers with a complete lack of type II(x) fibers. Properties of hybrid type II(a)/II(x) fibers were compared between the three subjects. Absence of α-actinin-3 resulted in less stiff type II(a)/II(x) fibers. The heterozygote (RX) exhibited the highest fiber diameter (0.121±0.005 mm) and CSA (0.012±0.001 mm(2)) and, as a consequence, the highest peak force (2.11±0.14 mN). Normalized peak force was similar in all three subjects (P = 0.75). Unloaded shortening velocity was highest in R-allele carriers (P<0.001). No difference was found in calcium sensitivity. The preservation of type I fibers and the absence of type II(x) fibers in the XX individual indicate a restricted transformation of the muscle fiber composition to type II fibers in response to long-term muscle disuse. Lack of α-actinin-3 may decrease unloaded shortening velocity and increase fiber elasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siacia Broos
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Laurent Malisoux
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Public Research Center for Health, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel Theisen
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Public Research Center for Health, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Marc Francaux
- Faculté d’Éducation Physique et de Réadaption, Faculté de Médecine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Martine A. Thomis
- Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
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Alamdari N, Toraldo G, Aversa Z, Smith I, Castillero E, Renaud G, Qaisar R, Larsson L, Jasuja R, Hasselgren PO. Loss of muscle strength during sepsis is in part regulated by glucocorticoids and is associated with reduced muscle fiber stiffness. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 303:R1090-9. [PMID: 23019215 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00636.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is associated with impaired muscle function but the role of glucocorticoids in sepsis-induced muscle weakness is not known. We tested the role of glucocorticoids in sepsis-induced muscle weakness by treating septic rats with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU38486. In addition, normal rats were treated with dexamethasone to further examine the role of glucocorticoids in the regulation of muscle strength. Sepsis was induced in rats by cecal ligation and puncture, and muscle force generation (peak twitch and tetanic tension) was determined in lower extremity muscles. In other experiments, absolute and specific force as well as stiffness (reflecting the function of actomyosin cross bridges) were determined in isolated skinned muscle fibers from control and septic rats. Sepsis and treatment with dexamethasone resulted in reduced maximal twitch and tetanic force in intact isolated extensor digitorum longus muscles. The absolute and specific maximal force in isolated muscle fibers was reduced during sepsis together with decreased fiber stiffness. These effects of sepsis were blunted (but not abolished) by RU38486. The results suggest that muscle weakness during sepsis is at least in part regulated by glucocorticoids and reflects loss of contractility at the cellular (individual muscle fiber) level. In addition, the results suggest that reduced function of the cross bridges between actin and myosin (documented as reduced muscle fiber stiffness) may be involved in sepsis-induced muscle weakness. An increased understanding of mechanisms involved in loss of muscle strength will be important for the development of new treatment strategies in patients with this debilitating consequence of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Alamdari
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Pimenta EM, Coelho DB, Cruz IR, Morandi RF, Veneroso CE, de Azambuja Pussieldi G, Carvalho MRS, Silami-Garcia E, De Paz Fernández JA. The ACTN3 genotype in soccer players in response to acute eccentric training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:1495-503. [PMID: 21842214 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Genetic factors can interfere with sporting performance. The identification of genetic predisposition of soccer players brings important information to trainers and coaches for individual training loads adjustment. Different responses to eccentric training could be observed by the genotype referred to as α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) in biomarkers of muscle damage, hormones and inflammatory responses. The aim of this study was to compare acute inflammatory responses, muscle damage and hormonal variations according to the eccentric training in soccer professional athletes with different genetic profiles of ACTN3 (XX, RX and RR). 37 soccer professional athletes (9 XX, 13 RX, 15 RR) were randomly divided into five stations associated to eccentric muscle contraction and plyometrics. Blood samples were taken from athletes pre-eccentric training, immediately after (post), 2- and 4-h post-eccentric training to determine hormone responses (cortisol and testosterone), muscle damage (CK and α-actin), and inflammatory responses (IL-6). After eccentric training, athletes XX presented higher levels for CK (4-h post), α-actin (post and 2-h post) and cortisol (post) compared to RR and RX athletes. However, RR and RX athletes presented higher levels of testosterone (post) and IL-6 (2 h post and 4 h post) compared to athletes XX. The main conclusion of this study is that professional soccer athletes homozygous to ACTN3XX gene are more susceptible to eccentric damage and present a higher catabolic state, demonstrated by metabolic, hormonal and immune responses post an eccentric training, in comparison to ACTN3RR and ACTN3RX groups.
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Grounds MD, Shavlakadze T. Growing muscle has different sarcolemmal properties from adult muscle: A proposal with scientific and clinical implications. Bioessays 2011; 33:458-68. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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The effect of α-actinin-3 deficiency on muscle aging. Exp Gerontol 2011; 46:292-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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