1
|
Rahmati M, Haffner M, Lee MA, Leach JK, Saiz AM. The critical impact of traumatic muscle loss on fracture healing: Basic science and clinical aspects. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:249-258. [PMID: 37990953 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal trauma, specifically fractures, is a leading cause of patient morbidity and disability worldwide. In approximately 20% of cases with fracture and related traumatic muscle loss, bone healing is impaired leading to fracture nonunion. Over the past few years, several studies have demonstrated that bone and the surrounding muscle tissue interact not only anatomically and mechanically but also through biochemical pathways and mediators. Severe damage to the surrounding musculature at the fracture site causes an insufficiency in muscle-derived osteoprogenitor cells that are crucial for fracture healing. As an endocrine tissue, skeletal muscle produces many myokines that act on different bone cells, such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells. Investigating how muscle influences fracture healing at cellular, molecular, and hormonal levels provides translational therapeutic solutions to this clinical challenge. This review provides an overview about the contributions of surrounding muscle tissue in directing fracture healing. The focus of the review is on describing the interactions between bone and muscle in both healthy and fractured environments. We discuss current progress in identifying the bone-muscle molecular pathways and strategies to harness these pathways as cues for accelerating fracture healing. In addition, we review the existing challenges and research opportunities in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahmati
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Max Haffner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Mark A Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Kent Leach
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Augustine M Saiz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yoon E, Jeong J, Yoon E, Park D. The effects of treadmill exercise on brain angiogenesis in ovariectomized rats. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:10.14814/phy2.15864. [PMID: 37962017 PMCID: PMC10644280 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Menopause is associated with vascular dysfunction attributed to reduced estrogen levels. Exercise has been proposed to promote angiogenesis and vascular dysfunction. However, studies of brain angiogenesis during menopause are limited. We analyzed the effects of exercise on angiogenesis-related factors in menopausal rat model. Twenty-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 18) were randomly divided into a normal control group (N, n = 6), an ovariectomized control group (OVX, n = 6), and an ovariectomy + exercise group (OVX-EX, n = 6). Treadmill exercises were conducted in the OVX-EX group for 8 weeks (15-60 m/min, 1 h/day, and 5 days/week). The current study showed that the expression of angiogenesis-related factors (platelet-derived growth factor subunit A, B, vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin 1, and angiopoietin 2) significantly decreased in the cortex of the OVX group. However, these factors were significantly restored in the cortex of the OVX-EX group after 8 weeks of treadmill exercise. In summary, estrogen deficiency causes vascular dysfunction by inhibiting the expression of angiogenesis-related factors. However, exercise can restore angiogenesis-related factors in OVX rats. Exercise eventually prevents vascular dysfunction in the brain and may help prevent cognitive dysfunction in menopausal women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun‐Jung Yoon
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Medicine, Department of Biology EducationKorea National University of EducationCheongjuKorea
| | - Jiwon Jeong
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Medicine, Department of Biology EducationKorea National University of EducationCheongjuKorea
| | - Eunji Yoon
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Medicine, Department of Biology EducationKorea National University of EducationCheongjuKorea
| | - Dongsun Park
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Medicine, Department of Biology EducationKorea National University of EducationCheongjuKorea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kristiansen J, Grove EL, Pedersen OB, Kristensen SD, Hvas AM. Effect of regular exercise training on platelet function in patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy individuals: A systematic review. Thromb Res 2023; 231:223-235. [PMID: 36609119 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Regular exercise training is essential in prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD), yet the beneficial effects of exercise remain only partly explained. Platelets play a key role in CVD and may be affected by regular exercise training. We aimed to systematically summarise studies investigating the effect of regular exercise training on platelet function in patients with CVD and in healthy individuals. METHODS Studies were identified by PubMed, Embase and Web of Science May 16, 2022. We selected studies investigating markers of platelet function in relation to regular exercise training in patients with CVD and in healthy individuals. Regular exercise was defined as exercise training for four weeks or more. RESULTS Of the included studies, 11 investigated patients with CVD and 29 were on healthy individuals. Studies were heterogeneous regarding design, study population and methodology, and the results were ambiguous. In total, 52 different markers of platelet function were investigated with platelet aggregation, soluble P-selectin, and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) as the most frequently examined. When evaluating between-group changes after regular exercise, two studies found a reduced platelet aggregation in the exercise group whilst three studies did not find a difference between groups. With respect to TXB2, three studies reported a reduction and two studies an increase in the exercise group. There were no between-group differences in the seven studies examining soluble P-selectin. CONCLUSION Regular exercise training has no clear impact on platelet function in patients with CVD or healthy individuals. PROSPERO REGISTRATION CRD42022350539.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacobina Kristiansen
- Department of Medicine, National Hospital of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Faculty of Health, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Erik L Grove
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Oliver Buchhave Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steen D Kristensen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Hvas
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ahmadi Hekmatikar A, Nelson A, Petersen A. Highlighting the idea of exerkines in the management of cancer patients with cachexia: novel insights and a critical review. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:889. [PMID: 37730552 PMCID: PMC10512651 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exerkines are all peptides, metabolites, and nucleic acids released into the bloodstream during and after physical exercise. Exerkines liberated from skeletal muscle (myokines), the heart (cardiokines), liver (hepatokines), white adipose tissue (adipokines), brown adipose tissue (batokines), and neurons (neurokines) may benefit health and wellbeing. Cancer-related cachexia is a highly prevalent disorder characterized by weight loss with specific skeletal muscle and adipose tissue loss. Many studies have sought to provide exercise strategies for managing cachexia, focusing on musculoskeletal tissue changes. Therefore, understanding the responses of musculoskeletal and other tissue exerkines to acute and chronic exercise may provide novel insight and recommendations for physical training to counteract cancer-related cachexia. METHODS For the purpose of conducting this study review, we made efforts to gather relevant studies and thoroughly discuss them to create a comprehensive overview. To achieve this, we conducted searches using appropriate keywords in various databases. Studies that were deemed irrelevant to the current research, not available in English, or lacking full-text access were excluded. Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge the limited amount of research conducted in this specific field. RESULTS In order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the findings, we prioritized human studies in order to obtain results that closely align with the scope of the present study. However, in instances where human studies were limited or additional analysis was required to draw more robust conclusions, we also incorporated animal studies. Finally, 295 studies, discussed in this review. CONCLUSION Our understanding of the underlying physiological mechanisms related to the significance of investigating exerkines in cancer cachexia is currently quite basic. Nonetheless, this demonstrated that resistance and aerobic exercise can contribute to the reduction and control of the disease in individuals with cancer cachexia, as well as in survivors, by inducing changes in exerkines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Ahmadi Hekmatikar
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14117-13116, Iran
| | - André Nelson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Aaron Petersen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hamaguchi H, Dohi K, Sakai T, Taoka M, Isobe T, Matsui TS, Deguchi S, Furuichi Y, Fujii NL, Manabe Y. PDGF-B secreted from skeletal muscle enhances myoblast proliferation and myotube maturation via activation of the PDGFR signaling cascade. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 639:169-175. [PMID: 36521377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Myokines, secreted factors from skeletal muscle, act locally on muscle cells or satellite cells, which is important in regulating muscle mass and function. Here, we found platelet-derived growth factor subunit B (PDGF-B) is constitutively secreted from muscle cells without muscle contraction. Furthermore, PDGF-B secretion increased with myoblast to myotube differentiation. To examine the role of PDGF-B as a paracrine or autocrine myokine, myoblasts or myotubes were treated with PDGF-B. As a result, myoblast proliferation was significantly enhanced via several signaling pathways. Intriguingly, myotubes treated with PDGF-B showed enhanced maturation as indicated by their increased myotube diameter, myosin heavy chain expression, and strengthened contractile force. These findings suggest that PDGF-B is constitutively secreted by myokines to enhance myoblast proliferation and myotube maturation, which may contribute to skeletal muscle regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hamaguchi
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kitora Dohi
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Takaomi Sakai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Masato Taoka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Isobe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tsubasa S Matsui
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shinji Deguchi
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yasuro Furuichi
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Nobuharu L Fujii
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yasuko Manabe
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tansathitaya V, Sarasin W, Phakham T, Sawaswong V, Chanchaem P, Payungporn S. Regulation of mi-RNAs Target Cancer Genes Between Exercise and Non-exercise in Rat Rheumatoid Arthritis Induction: Pilot Study. Epigenet Insights 2022; 15:25168657221110485. [PMID: 35800470 PMCID: PMC9253985 DOI: 10.1177/25168657221110485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with various cancers. Many studies have
investigated physical exercise interventions as health improvements to
ameliorate the risk of cancer during rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis.
Recently, microRNAs were used as biomarkers for health assessment and cancer
prediction in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Methods: The effects of exercise interventions on serum microRNAs were investigated in
pristane-induced arthritis (PIA) rat models. Twelve Sprague-Dawley male rats
were divided into 4 groups including non-exercise without PIA (N-EX),
non-exercise with PIA (N-EX + PIA), exercise without PIA (EX) and exercise
with PIA (EX + PIA). Blood samples were collected at the end of the study
period to analyze miRNA biomarkers and target cancer gene predictions. Results: Four significant Rattus norvegicus (rno-microRNAs) may purpose as tumor
suppressors were identified as potential target cancer gene candidate
expressions within the 4 comparative interventional exercise groups. One
rno-microRNA and target cancer gene candidate was up-regulated and 3
rno-microRNAs and their target cancer genes were down-regulated. Conclusions: Exercise interventions affected rno-miRNAs regulated target cancer gene
candidates ITPR3, SOCS6, ITGA6, and NKX2-1 as biomarkers for cancer
prognosis in rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vimolmas Tansathitaya
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Witchana Sarasin
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanapati Phakham
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vorthon Sawaswong
- Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prangwalai Chanchaem
- Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sunchai Payungporn
- Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Leuchtmann AB, Adak V, Dilbaz S, Handschin C. The Role of the Skeletal Muscle Secretome in Mediating Endurance and Resistance Training Adaptations. Front Physiol 2021; 12:709807. [PMID: 34456749 PMCID: PMC8387622 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.709807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise, in the form of endurance or resistance training, leads to specific molecular and cellular adaptions not only in skeletal muscles, but also in many other organs such as the brain, liver, fat or bone. In addition to direct effects of exercise on these organs, the production and release of a plethora of different signaling molecules from skeletal muscle are a centerpiece of systemic plasticity. Most studies have so far focused on the regulation and function of such myokines in acute exercise bouts. In contrast, the secretome of long-term training adaptation remains less well understood, and the contribution of non-myokine factors, including metabolites, enzymes, microRNAs or mitochondrial DNA transported in extracellular vesicles or by other means, is underappreciated. In this review, we therefore provide an overview on the current knowledge of endurance and resistance exercise-induced factors of the skeletal muscle secretome that mediate muscular and systemic adaptations to long-term training. Targeting these factors and leveraging their functions could not only have broad implications for athletic performance, but also for the prevention and therapy in diseased and elderly populations.
Collapse
|
8
|
Bjørnsen T, Wernbom M, Paulsen G, Markworth JF, Berntsen S, D'Souza RF, Cameron-Smith D, Raastad T. High-frequency blood flow-restricted resistance exercise results in acute and prolonged cellular stress more pronounced in type I than in type II fibers. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:643-660. [PMID: 33955259 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00115.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocellular stress with high-frequency blood flow-restricted resistance exercise (BFRRE) was investigated by measures of heat shock protein (HSP) responses, glycogen content, and inflammatory markers. Thirteen participants [age: 24 ± 2 yr (means ± SD), 9 males] completed two 5-day blocks of seven BFRRE sessions, separated by 10 days. Four sets of unilateral knee extensions to failure at 20% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) were performed. Muscle samples obtained before, 1 h after the first session in the first and second block (acute 1 and acute 2), after three sessions (day 4), during the "rest week," and at 3 (post 3) and 10 days postintervention (post 10) were analyzed for HSP70, αB-crystallin, glycogen [periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining], mRNAs, miRNAs, and CD68+ (macrophages) and CD66b+ (neutrophils) cell numbers. αB-crystallin translocated from the cytosolic to the cytoskeletal fraction after acute 1 and acute 2 (P < 0.05) and immunostaining revealed larger responses in type I than in type II fibers (acute 1, 225 ± 184% vs. 92 ± 81%, respectively, P = 0.001). HSP70 was increased in the cytoskeletal fraction at day 4 and post 3, and immunostaining intensities were more elevated in type I than in type II fibers at day 4 (206 ± 84% vs. 72 ± 112%, respectively, P <0.001), during the rest week (98 ± 66% vs. 42 ± 79%, P < 0.001), and at post 3 (115 ± 82% vs. 28 ± 78%, P = 0.003). Glycogen content was reduced in both fiber types, but most pronounced in type I, which did not recover until the rest week (-15% to 29%, P ≤ 0.001). Intramuscular macrophage numbers were increased by ∼65% postintervention, but no changes were observed in muscle neutrophils. We conclude that high-frequency BFRRE with sets performed till failure stresses both fiber types, with type I fibers being most affected.NEW & NOTEWORTHY BFRRE has been reported to preferentially stress type I muscle fibers, as evidenced by HSP responses. We extend these findings by showing that the HSP responses occur in both fiber types but more so in type I fibers and that they can still be induced after a short-term training period. Furthermore, the reductions in glycogen content of type I fibers after strenuous frequent BFRRE in unaccustomed subjects can be prolonged (≥5 days), probably due to microdamage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.,Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathias Wernbom
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.,The Rydberg Laboratory for Applied Sciences, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden.,Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, Center for Health and Performance, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Sveinung Berntsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Randall F D'Souza
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Cameron-Smith
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore.,Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jodeiri Farshbaf M, Alviña K. Multiple Roles in Neuroprotection for the Exercise Derived Myokine Irisin. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:649929. [PMID: 33935687 PMCID: PMC8086837 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.649929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise has multiple beneficial effects on health including decreasing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Such effects are thought to be mediated (at least in part) by myokines, a collection of cytokines and other small proteins released from skeletal muscles. As an endocrine organ, skeletal muscle synthesizes and secretes a wide range of myokines which contribute to different functions in different organs, including the brain. One such myokine is the recently discovered protein Irisin, which is secreted into circulation from skeletal muscle during exercise from its membrane bound precursor Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5). Irisin contributes to metabolic processes such as glucose homeostasis and browning of white adipose tissue. Irisin also crosses the blood brain barrier and initiates a neuroprotective genetic program in the hippocampus that culminates with increased expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Furthermore, exercise and FNDC5/Irisin have been shown to have several neuroprotective effects against injuries in ischemia and neurodegenerative disease models, including Alzheimer's disease. In addition, Irisin has anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. In this review we present and summarize recent findings on the multiple effects of Irisin on neural function, including signaling pathways and mechanisms involved. We also discuss how exercise can positively influence brain function and mental health via the "skeletal muscle-brain axis." While there are still many unanswered questions, we put forward the idea that Irisin is a potentially essential mediator of the skeletal muscle-brain crosstalk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karina Alviña
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nakamura T, Takagi S, Okuzaki D, Matsui S, Fujisato T. Hypoxia transactivates cholecystokinin gene expression in 3D-engineered muscle. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 132:64-70. [PMID: 33840593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
At high altitudes, the hypoxic atmosphere decreases the oxygen partial pressure in the body, inducing several metabolic changes in tissues and cells. Furthermore, it exerts potent anorectic effects, thus causing an energy deficit. Two decades ago, a marked increase in the resting level of plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) was observed in humans at the Mt. Kanchenjunga basecamp, located at 5100 m above the sea level, compared to sea-level control values. Interestingly, acute exercise also raises plasma CCK and exerts potent anorectic effects under normoxic conditions. However, the transcriptional regulations of Cck gene underlying these effects have not yet been established. Here, we employed acute electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) followed by microarray analysis to discover novel myokines in 3D-engineered muscle. Acute EPS affects the contractile function, inducing a decline in the contractile force. Surprisingly, microarray analysis revealed an EPS-induced activation of cholecystokinin receptor (CCKR)-mediated signaling. Furthermore, Cck was constitutively upregulated in 3D-engineered muscle, and its expression increased under hypoxic conditions. Notably, a hypoxia-responsive element was detected in the Cck promoters of mice and humans. Our results suggested that hypoxia transactivated Cck expression in 3D-engineered muscle. Furthermore, the elevation in plasma CCK levels following acute exercise or at high altitude might be partly attributed to myogenic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Nakamura
- Division of Human Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Ohmiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan.
| | - Shunya Takagi
- Graduate Course in Applied Chemistry, Environmental and Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Ohmiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Seika Matsui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Ohmiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan.
| | - Toshia Fujisato
- Graduate Course in Applied Chemistry, Environmental and Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Ohmiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Moresi V, Adamo S, Berghella L. The JAK/STAT Pathway in Skeletal Muscle Pathophysiology. Front Physiol 2019; 10:500. [PMID: 31114509 PMCID: PMC6502894 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is a key intracellular mediator of a variety of metabolically relevant hormones and cytokines, including the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines. The JAK/STAT pathway transmits extracellular signals to the nucleus, leading to the transcription of genes involved in multiple biological activities. The JAK/STAT pathway has been reported to be required for the homeostasis of different tissues and organs. Indeed, when deregulated, it promotes the initiation and progression of pathological conditions, including cancer, obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases. In skeletal muscle, activation of the JAK/STAT pathway by the IL-6 cytokines accounts for opposite effects: on the one hand, it promotes muscle hypertrophy, by increasing the proliferation of satellite cells; on the other hand, it contributes to muscle wasting. The expression of IL-6 and of key members of the JAK/STAT pathway is regulated at the epigenetic level through histone methylation and histone acetylation mechanisms. Thus, manipulation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway by specific inhibitors and/or drugs that modulate epigenetics is a promising therapeutic intervention for the treatment of numerous diseases. We focus this review on the JAK/STAT pathway functions in striated muscle pathophysiology and the potential role of IL-6 as an effector of the cross talk between skeletal muscle and other organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Moresi
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, DAHFMO, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Adamo
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, DAHFMO, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Rome, Italy
| | - Libera Berghella
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, DAHFMO, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The effect of resistance exercise upon age-related systemic and local skeletal muscle inflammation. Exp Gerontol 2019; 121:19-32. [PMID: 30905721 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Chronic inflammation increases with age and is correlated positively to visceral fat mass, but inversely to muscle mass. We investigated the hypothesis that resistance training would increase muscle mass and strength together with a concomitant drop in local and systemic inflammation level independent of any changes in visceral fat tissue in elderly. METHODS 25 subjects (mean 67, range 62-70 years) were randomized to 1 year of heavy resistance training (HRT) or control (CON), and tested at 0, 4 and 12 months for physical performance, body composition (DXA), vastus lateralis muscle area (MRI) local and systemic inflammation (blood and muscle). In addition, systemic and local muscle immunological responses to acute exercise was determined before and after the training period. RESULTS Increases in muscle mass (≈2%, p < 0.05), vastus lateralis area (≈9%. P < 0.05), isometric (≈15%) and dynamic (≈15%) muscle strength (p < 0.05) were found in the HRT group after 12 months training. HRT did not alter overall or visceral fat mass (p > 0.05). Blood C-Reactive Protein declined over time in both groups (p < 0.05), whereas muscle inflammation markers were unchanged to 1 year of HRT. Acute exercise increased plasma IL-6 and FGF-19 (p < 0.05), decreased FGF-21 (p < 0.05) and CCL-20 (p < 0.05), and increased GDNF in muscle (p < 0.001) similarly before and after 1 year in both groups. CONCLUSION Long term resistance training increased muscle strength and improved muscle mass, but did not alter visceral fat mass and did not show any specific effect upon resting or exercise induced markers of inflammation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mokhtarzade M, Motl R, Negaresh R, Zimmer P, Khodadoost M, Baker JS, Patel D, Majdinasab N, Ranjbar R. Exercise-induced changes in neurotrophic factors and markers of blood-brain barrier permeability are moderated by weight status in multiple sclerosis. Neuropeptides 2018; 70:93-100. [PMID: 29880392 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neurotrophic factors seemingly have an important role in multiple sclerosis pathology. Physical activity may influence blood-brain barrier function and levels of neurotrophic factors, and such effects might be moderated by body weight status. This study investigated the effect of exercise training on markers of blood-brain barrier permeability and neurotrophic factors as a function of weight status in multiple sclerosis patients. Sixty three persons with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis who were normal weight (n: 33) or overweight (n: 33) were randomly assigned into groups of exercise (normal weight training, n: 18; overweight training group, n: 18) or no exercise (normal weight control, n: 15; overweight control group, n: 15). The intervention consisted of 8 weeks (3 days per week) of cycling undertaken at 60-70% peak power. Resting blood concentrations of s100 calcium-binding protein B (s100b) and neuron-specific enolase as BBB permeability markers, neurotrophic factors and cytokines (Interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha) were evaluated before and after the intervention. There were significant weight, training, and interaction effects on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and platelet-derived growth factor; however, ciliary neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor did not demonstrate any effect. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and platelet-derived growth factor were significantly increased from pre-post in normal weight exercise. Significant weight, training, and interaction effects were found for s100b. In detail, s100b was significantly increased from pre-post in normal weight exercise. In contrast, neuron-specific enolase and cytokines did not demonstrate any effect. Generally, Exercise training may alter markers of BBB permeability and neurotrophic factor status in normal weight persons with multiple sclerosis; however, overweight participants may be more resistant to these effects of exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Motl
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Raoof Negaresh
- Department of Sport Physiology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Division of Physical Activity, Prevention and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mostafa Khodadoost
- Department of Physical Education, Abadan branch, Islamic Azad University, Abadan, Iran
| | - Julien S Baker
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Sciences, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Lanarkshire, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Darpan Patel
- School of Nursing, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nastaran Majdinasab
- Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Neurology, Golstan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Rouholah Ranjbar
- Department of Sport Physiology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Krause Neto W, de Assis Silva W, Polican Ciena A, Bocalini D, Aparecido Baptista Nucci R, Alberto Anaruma C, Florencio Gama E. Total training load may explain similar strength gains and muscle hypertrophy seen in aged rats submitted to resistance training and anabolic steroids. Aging Male 2018; 21:65-76. [PMID: 28817355 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2017.1365832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify training parameters and analyze the morphological response of aged muscles submitted to resistance training and anabolic steroids. Aged Wistar rats were divided into groups: C - initial control; CF - final control; CAS - control with anabolic steroid, RT - resistance training, and RTA - resistance training with anabolic steroid. Maximum carried load, absolute and relative loads increased significantly in RT and RTA. RTA demonstrated greater relative load than RT. Average total volume, total climbing volume, relative total volume, relative total climbing volume, and mean climbing volume were similar between groups RT and RTA. For soleus, CAS, RT, and RTA enlarged cross-sectional area of type I fibers and nuclear ratio. As for type II fibers, RTA was higher than C and CF. For plantaris, RT and RTA showed significant increases in myofibers type I compared to C and CF. For type II fibers, RTA showed a significant increase compared to C and CF. Regarding the nuclear ratio, RT and RTA showed a higher ratio than C, CF, and CAS. Our results demonstrated that both RT and RTA were not different among the analyzed morphological parameters. This fact can be explained by the absence of differences found in the training variables analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Krause Neto
- a Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Morphoquantitative Studies and Immunohistochemistry , São Judas Tadeu University , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Wellington de Assis Silva
- a Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Morphoquantitative Studies and Immunohistochemistry , São Judas Tadeu University , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Adriano Polican Ciena
- b Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity , São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" , Rio Claro , Brazil
| | - Danilo Bocalini
- c Translational Physiology Laboratory, Physical Education and Aging Science Program , São Judas Tadeu University , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Ricardo Aparecido Baptista Nucci
- a Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Morphoquantitative Studies and Immunohistochemistry , São Judas Tadeu University , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Anaruma
- b Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity , São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" , Rio Claro , Brazil
| | - Eliane Florencio Gama
- a Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Morphoquantitative Studies and Immunohistochemistry , São Judas Tadeu University , São Paulo , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee HJ. Exercise training regulates angiogenic gene expression in white adipose tissue. J Exerc Rehabil 2018; 14:16-23. [PMID: 29511648 PMCID: PMC5833962 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836010.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) expansion is associated with angiogenesis. Although, activation of lipolysis by exercise induces adipocyte hypotrophy and reduction of fat mass, it is poorly understood whether exercise regulates angiogenesis by altering angiogenic gene expression in WAT. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks voluntary wheel running exercise on angiogenic gene expression in adipose tissues. Male C57BL/6J mice performed voluntary wheel running for 6 weeks. At 24 hr after the last exercise training, tibialis anterior (TA), soleus (Sol), epididymal WAT (eWAT), inguinal WAT (iWAT), and brown adipose tissue (BAT) were isolated and then the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), angiopoietin1 (Ang1), Ang2, platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B) and their corresponding receptors were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In skeletal muscles, VEGFA expression was upregulated in TA and Sol and PDDGF-B expression was increased in Sol after exercise training. In eWAT, the expressions of VEGFA and Flk-1 were dramatically downregulated, whereas Ang2 and PDGFRβ was upregulated after exercise training. In iWAT, VEGF expression was increased with the downregulation of Ang1. However, there was no alteration of any of these genes in BAT. These results suggest that angiogenic gene expression is altered by exercise training and voluntary wheel running regulates VEGFA, Ang1, and Ang2 expressions in a fat depot specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuek Jong Lee
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Krause Neto W, de Assis Silva W, Ciena AP, Anaruma CA, Gama EF. Divergent effects of resistance training and anabolic steroid on the postsynaptic region of different skeletal muscles of aged rats. Exp Gerontol 2017; 98:80-90. [PMID: 28811140 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the effects of resistance training associated with testosterone administration in the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) postsynaptic region of different skeletal muscle types of aged rats. Wistar rats were divided into: SEI - 20-months-old control, SEF - 24-months-old control, T - 20-months-old with testosterone, S - 20-months-old resistance trained and ST - 20-months-old with resistance training associated with testosterone propionate. All groups were submitted to familiarization and maximum load carrying testing (MLCT). The MLCT was applied before and after the resistance training (RT) period. RT (6-8×/session with progressive loads of 50 to 100%, 3×/week and 120s interval) was performed in ladder climbing for 15weeks. The administration of testosterone propionate was performed 2×/week (10mg/kg/body weight). After euthanize, soleus and plantaris muscles were removed and prepared for histochemistry and cytofluorescence. T, S and ST significantly increased their maximum carrying load capacity compared to SEI and SEF (p<0.05). For soleus postsynaptic region, ST had lower total and stained area than SEF (p<0.05). For plantaris, the postsynaptic component of T was statistically larger than SEI (p<0.05). For soleus histochemistry, T, S and ST groups showed the same magnitude of type I myofibers hypertrophy, thus statistically different from SEI and SEF (p<0.05). The cross-sectional area of the type IIa myofibers of the ST was larger than SEF (p<0.05). The volume density of type I myofibers show to be lower in ST than SEI (p<0.05). As for type IIa myofibers, ST increased Vv [type IIa] compared to SEI and SEF (p<0.05). For plantaris, T significantly hypertrophied type I myofibers compared to SEI and SEF (p<0.05). S and ST demonstrated significant increases of type I myofibers compared to SEI and SEF (p<0.05). As for type IIx myofibers, both S and ST showed myofibers larger than SEI (p<0.05). However, only the ST had significant difference compared to SEF (p<0.05). In conclusion, both therapies, alone or combined, have little effect on the morphology of the NMJ postsynaptic region of distinct muscles. Moreover, the three therapies are potentially stimulating for strength gains and muscle hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Krause Neto
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Morphoquantitative Studies and Immunohistochemistry, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Wellington de Assis Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Morphoquantitative Studies and Immunohistochemistry, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano Polican Ciena
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Anaruma
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliane Florencio Gama
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Morphoquantitative Studies and Immunohistochemistry, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
D’Souza RF, Markworth JF, Aasen KMM, Zeng N, Cameron-Smith D, Mitchell CJ. Acute resistance exercise modulates microRNA expression profiles: Combined tissue and circulatory targeted analyses. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181594. [PMID: 28750051 PMCID: PMC5531502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of short non-coding RNAs, microRNAs (miRs), have been identified in the regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy. Expressed within cells, miRs are also present in circulation (c-miR) and have a putative role in cross-tissue signalling. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of a single bout of high intensity resistance exercise (RE) on skeletal muscle and circulatory miRs harvested simultaneously. Resistance trained males (n = 9, 24.6 ± 4.9 years) undertook a single bout of high volume RE with venous blood and muscle biopsies collected before, 2 and 4hr post-exercise. Real time polymerase chain reaction (Rt-PCR) analyses was performed on 30 miRs that have previously been shown to be required for skeletal muscle function. Of these, 6 miRs were significantly altered within muscle following exercise; miR-23a, -133a, -146a, -206, -378b and 486. Analysis of these same miRs in circulation demonstrated minimal alterations with exercise, although c-miR-133a (~4 fold, p = 0.049) and c-miR-149 (~2.4 fold; p = 0.006) were increased 4hr post-exercise. Thus a single bout of RE results in the increased abundance of a subset of miRs within the skeletal muscle, which was not evident in plasma. The lack a qualitative agreement in the response pattern of intramuscular and circulating miR expression suggests the analysis of circulatory miRs is not reflective of the miR responses within skeletal muscle after exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - James F. Markworth
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | - Nina Zeng
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Cameron J. Mitchell
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pérez-Schindler J, Esparza MC, McKendry J, Breen L, Philp A, Schenk S. Overload-mediated skeletal muscle hypertrophy is not impaired by loss of myofiber STAT3. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 313:C257-C261. [PMID: 28659288 PMCID: PMC5625092 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00100.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the signal pathways mediating muscle protein synthesis and degradation are well characterized, the transcriptional processes modulating skeletal muscle mass and adaptive growth are poorly understood. Recently, studies in mouse models of muscle wasting or acutely exercised human muscle have suggested a potential role for the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), in adaptive growth. Hence, in the present study we sought to define the contribution of STAT3 to skeletal muscle adaptive growth. In contrast to previous work, two different resistance exercise protocols did not change STAT3 phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle. To directly address the role of STAT3 in load-induced (i.e., adaptive) growth, we studied the anabolic effects of 14 days of synergist ablation (SA) in skeletal muscle-specific STAT3 knockout (mKO) mice and their floxed, wild-type (WT) littermates. Plantaris muscle weight and fiber area in the nonoperated leg (control; CON) was comparable between genotypes. As expected, SA significantly increased plantaris weight, muscle fiber cross-sectional area, and anabolic signaling in WT mice, although interestingly, this induction was not impaired in STAT3 mKO mice. Collectively, these data demonstrate that STAT3 is not required for overload-mediated hypertrophy in mouse skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Pérez-Schindler
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mary C Esparza
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California; and
| | - James McKendry
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh Breen
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Philp
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Schenk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California; and .,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, California
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ropka-Molik K, Stefaniuk-Szmukier M, Żukowski K, Piórkowska K, Gurgul A, Bugno-Poniewierska M. Transcriptome profiling of Arabian horse blood during training regimens. BMC Genet 2017; 18:31. [PMID: 28381206 PMCID: PMC5382464 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arabian horses are believed to be one of the oldest and most influential horse breeds in the world. Blood is the main tissue involved in maintaining body homeostasis, and it is considered a marker of the processes taking place in the other tissues. Thus, the aim of our study was to identify the genetic basis of changes occurring in the blood of Arabian horses subjected to a training regimen and to compare the global gene expression profiles between different training periods (T1: after a slow canter phase that is considered a conditioning phase, T2: after an intense gallop phase, and T3: at the end of the racing season) and between trained and untrained horses (T0). RNA sequencing was performed on 37 samples with a 75-bp single-end run on a HiScanSQ platform (Illumina), and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified based on DESeq2 (v1.11.25) software. RESULTS An increase in the number of DEGs between subsequent training periods was observed, and the highest amount of DEGs (440) was detected between untrained horses (T0) and horses at the end of the racing season (T3). The comparisons of the T2 vs. T3 transcriptomes and the T0 vs. T3 transcriptomes showed a significant gain of up-regulated genes during long-term exercise (up-regulation of 266 and 389 DEGs in the T3 period compared to T2 and T0, respectively). Forty differentially expressed genes were detected between the T1 and T2 periods, and 296 between T2 and T3. Functional annotation showed that the most abundant genes up-regulated in exercise were involved in pathways regulating cell cycle (PI3K-Akt signalling pathway), cell communication (cAMP-dependent pathway), proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, as well as immunity processes (Jak-STAT signalling pathway). CONCLUSIONS We investigated whether training causes permanent transcriptome changes in horse blood as a reflection of adaptation to conditioning and the maintenance of fitness to compete in flat races. The present study identified the overrepresented molecular pathways and genes that are essential for maintaining body homeostasis during long-term exercise in Arabian horses. Selected DEGs should be further investigated as markers that are potentially associated with racing performance in Arabian horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Ropka-Molik
- Department of Genomics and Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland.
| | - Monika Stefaniuk-Szmukier
- Department of Horse Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Cracow, Kracow, Poland
| | - Kacper Żukowski
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Piórkowska
- Department of Genomics and Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Artur Gurgul
- Department of Genomics and Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Monika Bugno-Poniewierska
- Department of Genomics and Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Intramuscular MAPK signaling following high volume and high intensity resistance exercise protocols in trained men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1663-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
21
|
Romero SA, Hocker AD, Mangum JE, Luttrell MJ, Turnbull DW, Struck AJ, Ely MR, Sieck DC, Dreyer HC, Halliwill JR. Evidence of a broad histamine footprint on the human exercise transcriptome. J Physiol 2016; 594:5009-23. [PMID: 27061420 DOI: 10.1113/jp272177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Histamine is a primordial signalling molecule, capable of activating cells in an autocrine or paracrine fashion via specific cell surface receptors, in a variety of pathways that probably predate its more recent role in innate and adaptive immunity. Although histamine is normally associated with pathological conditions or allergic and anaphylactic reactions, it may contribute beneficially to the normal changes that occur within skeletal muscle during the recovery from exercise. We show that the human response to exercise includes an altered expression of thousands of protein-coding genes, and much of this response appears to be driven by histamine. Histamine may be an important molecular transducer contributing to many of the adaptations that accompany chronic exercise training. ABSTRACT Histamine is a primordial signalling molecule, capable of activating cells in an autocrine or paracrine fashion via specific cell surface receptors. In humans, aerobic exercise is followed by a post-exercise activation of histamine H1 and H2 receptors localized to the previously exercised muscle. This could trigger a broad range of cellular adaptations in response to exercise. Thus, we exploited RNA sequencing to explore the effects of H1 and H2 receptor blockade on the exercise transcriptome in human skeletal muscle tissue harvested from the vastus lateralis. We found that exercise exerts a profound influence on the human transcriptome, causing the differential expression of more than 3000 protein-coding genes. The influence of histamine blockade post-exercise was notable for 795 genes that were differentially expressed between the control and blockade condition, which represents >25% of the number responding to exercise. The broad histamine footprint on the human exercise transcriptome crosses many cellular functions, including inflammation, vascular function, metabolism, and cellular maintenance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Adam J Struck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dent JR, Chowdhury MKH, Tchijov S, Dulson D, Smith G. Interleukin-6 is a negative regulator of hepatic glucose production in the isolated rat liver. Arch Physiol Biochem 2016; 122:103-9. [PMID: 26808480 DOI: 10.3109/13813455.2016.1146773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the increased rate of endogenous glucose production from the liver during exercise remains unknown. The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is known to be released during exercise and is thought that either IL-6 directly or via a "contraction factor" stimulates the release of stored glucose from the liver. Here we show that IL-6 does not directly increase hepatic glucose output (HGO). Moreover, IL-6 infused at the same time as glucagon caused a significant reduction in HGO. IL-6 infused with epinephrine caused no synergenic increase in HGO. To test if an unknown "contraction factor" was needed along with IL-6 to increase HGO, we used human fasted and exercised plasma perfused with or without IL-6 in our isolated liver system. We found that exercised plasma increased HGO, as expected, but when infused with IL-6, reductions in HGO were found. Our results provide evidence that IL-6 works as a negative regulator of HGO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Dent
- a Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Md Kamrul H Chowdhury
- b Department of Pharmacology , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Sergei Tchijov
- c Goldcoast University Hospital , Gold Coast , Sydney , Australia , and
| | - Deborah Dulson
- a Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Greg Smith
- b Department of Pharmacology , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW , Australia
- d Department of Molecular Medicine , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Reihmane D, Gram M, Vigelsø A, Wulff Helge J, Dela F. Exercise promotes IL-6 release from legs in older men with minor response to unilateral immobilization. Eur J Sport Sci 2015; 16:1039-46. [PMID: 27686402 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1111939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Physical inactivity is a major contributor to low-grade systemic inflammation. Most of the studies characterizing interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) release from exercising legs have been done in young, healthy men, but studies on inactivity in older people are lacking. The impact of 14 days of one-leg immobilization (IM) on IL-6 and TNF-α release during exercise in comparison to the contralateral control (CON) leg was investigated. Fifteen healthy men (age 68.1 ± 1.1 year (mean ± SEM); BMI 27.0 ± 0.4 kg·m(2); VO2max 33.3 ± 1.6 ml·kg(‒1)·min(‒1)) performed 45 min of two-leg dynamic knee extensor exercise at 19.5 ± 0.9 W. Arterial and femoral venous blood samples from the CON and the IM legs were collected every 15 min during exercise, and thigh blood flow was measured with ultrasound Doppler. Arterial plasma IL-6 concentration increased with exercise (rest vs. 45 min, main effect p < .05). IL-6 release increased with exercise (rest vs. 30 min, main effect p < .05). Furthermore, IL-6 release was borderline (main effect, p = .085, effect size 0.28) higher in the IM leg compared to the CON leg (288 (95% CI: 213-373) vs. 220 (95% CI: 152-299) pg·min(‒1), respectively). There was no release of TNF-α in either leg and arterial concentrations remained unchanged during exercise (p > .05). In conclusion, exercise induces more pronounced IL-6 secretion in healthy older men. Two weeks of unilateral immobilization on the other hand had only a minor influence on IL-6 release. Neither immobilization nor exercise had an effect on TNF-α release across the working legs in older men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dace Reihmane
- a Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Latvia , Riga , Latvia
| | - Martin Gram
- b Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Andreas Vigelsø
- b Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jørn Wulff Helge
- b Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Flemming Dela
- b Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Caldow MK, Thomas EE, Dale MJ, Tomkinson GR, Buckley JD, Cameron-Smith D. Early myogenic responses to acute exercise before and after resistance training in young men. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:e12511. [PMID: 26359239 PMCID: PMC4600377 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To enable dynamic regulation of muscle mass and myofiber repair following injury, a satellite cell precursor population exists to supply additional nuclei. Activated satellite cells express many genes and associated proteins necessary for maturation and incorporation into the damaged fiber. There is little knowledge about the response of these markers following whole-body resistance exercise training. We investigated the impact of 12 weeks of progressive whole-body resistance training on the expression of MRFs, PAX7, NCAM, and FA1, incorporating both acute and chronic resistance exercise components. Ten young recreationally active males (21.2 ± 3.5 years) performed 12 weeks of whole-body resistance training at 70-85% of their predetermined one-repetition maximum (1RM). At the initiation and completion of the training period, muscular strength was assessed by RM and dynamometer testing, and vastus lateralis samples were obtained prior to and 3 h following an acute resistance exercise test (both whole-body and isometric exercises). Increased mRNA expression of PAX7 (threefold), NCAM (threefold), MYF5 (threefold), MYOD (threefold) and MYOGENIN (twofold) was observed 3 h after the acute resistance exercise test, both pre and posttraining. Similarly, PAX7 (11-fold) and FA1 (twofold) protein abundance increased after acute exercise, while resting NCAM (eightfold) and FA1 (threefold) protein abundance increased following 12 weeks of resistance training. It is possible that these molecular changes are primarily due to the preceding exercise bout, and are not modified by long-term or whole-body exercise training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa K Caldow
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emily E Thomas
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael J Dale
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Grant R Tomkinson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences and the Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Jonathan D Buckley
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences and the Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine that exerts its modulatory effects on cells that express membrane bound IL-6 receptors; however, IL-6 in a complex with soluble IL-6R can bind to any cell that express glycoprotein 130 (gp130). Thus, all cell types may respond to the pro- as well as anti-inflammatory properties of IL-6. Since the first report of acute exercise-induced increase in plasma IL-6 in the early 1990s, scientists have tried to elucidate the factors that influence the magnitude of change of plasma IL-6, as well as the possible biological roles of this cytokine. Evidence suggests that exercise intensity and duration as well as the form of contraction (e.g., eccentric or concentric) and muscle damage all influence IL-6 response to acute exercise. However, data on training status and performance on plasma IL-6 concentration changes during exercise are more inconclusive, as discussed in this review. In the last decade, most of the studies have focused on IL-6 as an 'energy sensor' possibly secreted by skeletal muscle that activates glycogenolysis in the liver and lipolysis in fat tissue in order to provide muscle with the growing energy demands during exercise.
Collapse
|
26
|
Early activation of rat skeletal muscle IL-6/STAT1/STAT3 dependent gene expression in resistance exercise linked to hypertrophy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57141. [PMID: 23451164 PMCID: PMC3579782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an essential regulator of satellite cell-mediated hypertrophic muscle growth through the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). The importance of this pathway linked to the modulation of myogenic regulatory factors expression in rat skeletal muscle undergoing hypertrophy following resistance exercise, has not been investigated. In this study, the phosphorylation and nuclear localization of STAT3, together with IL-6/STAT3-responsive gene expression, were measured after both a single bout of resistance exercise and 10 weeks of training. Flexor Digitorum Profundus muscle samples from Wistar rats were obtained 2 and 6 hours after a single bout of resistance exercise and 72 h after the last bout of either 2, 4, or 10 weeks of resistance training. We observed an increase in IL-6 and SOCS3 mRNAs concomitant with phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3 after 2 and 6 hours of a single bout of exercise (p<0.05). STAT3-dependent early responsive genes such as CyclinD1 and cMyc were also upregulated whereas MyoD and Myf5 mRNAs were downregulated (p<0.05). BrdU-positive satellite cells increased at 2 and 6 hours after exercise (p<0.05). Muscle fiber hypertrophy reached up to 100% after 10 weeks of training and the mRNA expression of Myf5, c-Myc and Cyclin-D1 decreased, whereas IL-6 mRNA remained upregulated. We conclude that the IL-6/STAT1/STAT3 signaling pathway and its responsive genes after a single bout of resistance exercise are an important event regulating the SC pool and behavior involved in muscle hypertrophy after ten weeks of training in rat skeletal muscle.
Collapse
|
27
|
Kimsa M, Strzalka-Mrozik B, Kimsa M, Gola J, Kochanska-Dziurowicz A, Zebrowska A, Janikowska G, Mazurek U, Jonczyk S. Expression pattern of the transforming growth factor β signaling genes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells after exercise-inflammatory aspects. Am J Hum Biol 2012; 24:859-62. [PMID: 22915245 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study has focused on the identification of differences between the expression pattern of TGF-β signaling pathway genes in athletes after exercise. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study group consisted of three healthy cyclists, which were collected pre-exercise, immediately postexercise, and after 15 min of recovery. The analysis of the expression profile of genes related to the TGF-β signal transduction pathway was performed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using HG-U133A oligonucleotide microarrays. RESULTS A significant differential gene expression was recorded for RUNX3, TGFBR3, MLC1, and GRB2. CONCLUSIONS The effect of physical exercise on immune response may be essential for human health. Moreover, alterations of TGF-β signaling can be involved in the process of adaptation of human organism to physical exertion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kimsa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Caldow MK, Cameron-Smith D, Levinger P, McKenna MJ, Levinger I. Inflammatory markers in skeletal muscle of older adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:509-17. [PMID: 22806088 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Older adults have an increase in circulating markers of inflammation. The current study examined whether there is an increase in the expression of inflammatory markers within the vastus lateralis, a major locomotive muscle, of older adults, and if so, whether the reduction in muscle strength and aerobic capacity in older adults is related to increased muscle inflammation. Skeletal muscle biopsies were taken from older adults (n = 17, 67 ± 1.6 years) and young individuals (n = 16, 24 ± 0.6 years) under resting and fasting conditions. Muscle was analyzed for mRNA levels of intracellular inflammatory molecules (MCP1, TNFα and IL-1β) and total cellular protein abundance of cytokines, chemokines and kinases (IL-6, IL-8, MCP1, TNFα, p65 (NF-κB), JNK1/2 and STAT3). MCP1 expression was significantly higher (p < 0.05; 50 %, mRNA and 40 %, protein) in elderly than younger participants, as was IL-8 (4 %). No detectable difference in kinase protein expression was observed for STAT3, JNK or p65 (NF-κB), TNFα or IL-6. Muscle strength was lower in the elderly compared to the young group (1.55 ± 0.17 vs. 2.56 ± 0.13 Nm/kg, p < 0.001). The elderly group also had a significantly lower VO(2peak) compared to the young group (24.9 ± 1.9 vs. 39.3 ± 1.9, p < 0.001), but muscle strength and VO(2peak) were not correlated with the examined inflammatory markers. Older adults have increased MCP1 (mRNA and protein abundance) and IL-8 (protein abundance) and also reduced muscle strength and VO(2peak). However, the reduction in muscle strength and VO(2peak) was not related to the increase in muscle inflammatory markers in this cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa K Caldow
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Macaluso F, Myburgh KH. Current evidence that exercise can increase the number of adult stem cells. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2012; 33:187-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s10974-012-9302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
30
|
Levinger I, Levinger P, Trenerry MK, Feller JA, Bartlett JR, Bergman N, McKenna MJ, Cameron-Smith D. Increased inflammatory cytokine expression in the vastus lateralis of patients with knee osteoarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:1343-8. [PMID: 21538317 DOI: 10.1002/art.30287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased inflammation and pain are inseparable parts of knee osteoarthritis (OA) that may lead to disuse of the affected limb. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of knee OA on inflammation- and atrophy-related genes and proteins in the vastus lateralis muscle of patients with knee OA. METHODS Nineteen patients with knee OA and 14 asymptomatic control subjects matched for age and body mass index underwent strength measurements and a muscle biopsy. Muscle was analyzed for the total cellular protein of inflammatory kinases (p65 NF-κB, JNK1/2, STAT-3, and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 [SOCS-3]) and inflammatory intracellular molecules (interleukin-6 [IL-6], IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 [MCP-1], tumor necrosis factor α [TNFα], IL-1β, and atrogin-1). RESULTS Knee OA resulted in greater levels of IL-6 protein (34%; P = 0.002). The levels of inflammatory kinases, including STAT-3 (187%; P = 0.002), p65 NF-κB (156%; P = 0.002), and JNK1 (179%; P = 0.027), were also elevated. Furthermore, elevated expression of gene transcripts encoding MCP-1 (28%; P = 0.023), TNFα (85%; P < 0.001), and SOCS-3 (38%; P = 0.055) was observed in patients with knee OA compared with control subjects. Patients with knee OA had reduced muscle strength compared with control subjects (mean ± SEM 84.7 ± 8.7 versus 143.1 ± 20.8 Nm; P = 0.005). Negative correlations were observed between muscle strength and MCP-1 protein abundance (r = -0.37 [P = 0.042]) and the gene expression of TNFα and atrogin-1 messenger RNA (r = -0.46 [P = 0.012] and r = -0.36 [P = 0.040], respectively). CONCLUSION Gene expression and the protein abundance of numerous muscle markers of inflammation and atrophy were elevated in patients with knee OA, and the increase in muscle inflammation was associated with a reduction in muscle strength. Given the role inflammation markers may play in muscle strength and atrophy, further studies are needed to investigate the effect of exercise intervention on skeletal muscle inflammation.
Collapse
|
31
|
Caldow MK, Steinberg GR, Cameron-Smith D. Impact of SOCS3 overexpression on human skeletal muscle development in vitro. Cytokine 2011; 55:104-9. [PMID: 21478033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling cascade has been identified as a crucial factor for myogenesis. The STAT3 isoform is essential for satellite cell migration and myogenic differentiation as it mediates the expression of muscle specific myogenic factors. The SOCS (suppressors of cytokine signaling) family of proteins down-regulates STAT activation. Primary human skeletal muscle cells were isolated and cultured to investigate the effect of SOCS3 adenoviral overexpression on myotube maturation. It was demonstrated that STAT3 inhibition did not influence myotube development or survival. Moreover, SOCS3 overexpression enhances the mRNA expression of downstream targets of STAT3, c-FOS and VEGF. These increases were correlated with enhanced mRNA expression of genes associated with muscle maturation and hypertrophy. Thus SOCS3 influences myoblast differentiation and SOCS3 may be significant in regulating the activity of genes previously identified as transcriptionally regulated by STAT3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa K Caldow
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|