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Feng D, Li L, Xu Q, Li T. Evaluating the impact of a combined aerobic and strength training intervention on the physical performance of male Chinese People's Liberation Army air force pilots. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32177. [PMID: 38947478 PMCID: PMC11214463 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the impact of a 16-week combined training program on the physical performance of 20 male Air Force pilots, with an average age of 31.87 ± 2.75 years, body mass of 76.33 ± 0.79 kg, and height of 175.55 ± 3.65 cm. This intervention encompassed both aerobic and strength training, involving six weekly training sessions. The participants were categorized into two groups based on their initial physical performance levels to explore potential baseline influences on post-intervention adaptations. The study measured changes in estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), maximal strength, muscular endurance, and long jump performance before and after the training program. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant differences over time in theV ˙ O2 max (F = 86.898; p < 0.001;η p 2 = 0.821), handgrip strength right hand (F = 160.480; p < 0.001;η p 2 = 0.894), handgrip strength left hand (F = 102.196; p < 0.001;η p 2 = 0.843), squat maximal strength (F = 525.725; p < 0.001;η p 2 = 0.965), push-ups (F = 337.197; p < 0.001;η p 2 = 0.974), sit up (F = 252.500; p < 0.001;η p 2 = 0.930) and standing long jump (F = 521.714; p < 0.001;η p 2 = 0.965). In conclusion, the 16-week combined training regimen significantly enhanced the physical performance of Air Force pilots, regardless of their initial performance levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeSen Feng
- ChengDu Sports Univ, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Huaqiang secondary, Renshou 620500, PR China
| | - Qi Xu
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - TingYu Li
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland
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2
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Human and African ape myosin heavy chain content and the evolution of hominin skeletal muscle. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 281:111415. [PMID: 36931425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Humans are unique among terrestrial mammals in our manner of walking and running, reflecting 7 to 8 Ma of musculoskeletal evolution since diverging with the genus Pan. One component of this is a shift in our skeletal muscle biology towards a predominance of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) I isoforms (i.e. slow fibers) across our pelvis and lower limbs, which distinguishes us from chimpanzees. Here, new MyHC data from 35 pelvis and hind limb muscles of a Western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) are presented. These data are combined with a similar chimpanzee dataset to assess the MyHC I content of humans in comparison to African apes (chimpanzees and gorillas) and other terrestrial mammals. The responsiveness of human skeletal muscle to behavioral interventions is also compared to the human-African ape differential. Humans are distinct from African apes and among a small group of terrestrial mammals whose pelvis and hind/lower limb muscle is slow fiber dominant, on average. Behavioral interventions, including immobilization, bed rest, spaceflight and exercise, can induce modest decreases and increases in human MyHC I content (i.e. -9.3% to 2.3%, n = 2033 subjects), but these shifts are much smaller than the mean human-African ape differential (i.e. 31%). Taken together, these results indicate muscle fiber content is likely an evolvable trait under selection in the hominin lineage. As such, we highlight potential targets of selection in the genome (e.g. regions that regulate MyHC content) that may play an important role in hominin skeletal muscle evolution.
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Głyk W, Hołub M, Karpiński J, Rejdych W, Sadowski W, Trybus A, Baron J, Rydzik Ł, Ambroży T, Stanula A. Effects of a 12-Week Detraining Period on Physical Capacity, Power and Speed in Elite Swimmers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084594. [PMID: 35457458 PMCID: PMC9030005 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the effects of a prolonged transition period (detraining) on the physical capacity, power, and speed parameters of elite swimmers. Fourteen swimmers (seven females and seven males) aged 20.4 ± 1.7 years participated in the study. The athletes were subjected to two rounds of identical tests at 12-week intervals during the detraining period (DP), which consisted of an evaluation of the athletes' body weight and composition, a measurement of the power of their lower limbs (Keiser squat, countermovement jump (CMJ), akimbo countermovement jump (ACMJ)) and upper limbs (Keiser arms) on land, and 20-m swimming using the legs only (Crawl Legs test), arms only (Crawl Arms test), and full stroke (Front Crawl test). An analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of the main factor, Gender, on all the measured parameters, while for the factor Detraining, except for Front Crawl (W) (F = 4.27, p = 0.061), no significant interaction effect (Gender × Detraining) was revealed. Among both the male and the female participants, a reduction in lactate-threshold swimming speed (LT Dmax) and a reduction in swimming speed and power on the Crawl Arms, Crawl Legs, and Front Crawl tests was observed after 12 weeks. There were also statistically significant reductions in ACMJ and CMJ jump height and upper-limb power (Keiser squat) among the female and male swimmers. There were no significant changes in body weight or body composition. The study showed a clear deterioration in results for most of the parameters, both for those measured on land and for those measured in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Głyk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (W.G.); (M.H.); (J.K.); (W.R.); (W.S.); (A.T.); (J.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Maciej Hołub
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (W.G.); (M.H.); (J.K.); (W.R.); (W.S.); (A.T.); (J.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Jakub Karpiński
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (W.G.); (M.H.); (J.K.); (W.R.); (W.S.); (A.T.); (J.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Wojciech Rejdych
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (W.G.); (M.H.); (J.K.); (W.R.); (W.S.); (A.T.); (J.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Wojciech Sadowski
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (W.G.); (M.H.); (J.K.); (W.R.); (W.S.); (A.T.); (J.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Alina Trybus
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (W.G.); (M.H.); (J.K.); (W.R.); (W.S.); (A.T.); (J.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Jakub Baron
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (W.G.); (M.H.); (J.K.); (W.R.); (W.S.); (A.T.); (J.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Łukasz Rydzik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Kraków, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Tadeusz Ambroży
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Arkadiusz Stanula
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (W.G.); (M.H.); (J.K.); (W.R.); (W.S.); (A.T.); (J.B.); (A.S.)
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Chapman MA, Arif M, Emanuelsson EB, Reitzner SM, Lindholm ME, Mardinoglu A, Sundberg CJ. Skeletal Muscle Transcriptomic Comparison between Long-Term Trained and Untrained Men and Women. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107808. [PMID: 32579934 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the health benefits of lifelong exercise in humans, we conduct global skeletal muscle transcriptomic analyses of long-term endurance- (9 men, 9 women) and strength-trained (7 men) humans compared with age-matched untrained controls (7 men, 8 women). Transcriptomic analysis, Gene Ontology, and genome-scale metabolic modeling demonstrate changes in pathways related to the prevention of metabolic diseases, particularly with endurance training. Our data also show prominent sex differences between controls and that these differences are reduced with endurance training. Additionally, we compare our data with studies examining muscle gene expression before and after a months-long training period in individuals with metabolic diseases. This analysis reveals that training shifts gene expression in individuals with impaired metabolism to become more similar to our endurance-trained group. Overall, our data provide an extensive examination of the accumulated transcriptional changes that occur with decades-long training and identify important "exercise-responsive" genes that could attenuate metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Chapman
- Department of Integrated Engineering, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Eric B Emanuelsson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan M Reitzner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maléne E Lindholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, 171 65 Solna, Sweden; Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Carl Johan Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden
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5
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van Bakel SIJ, Gosker HR, Langen RC, Schols AMWJ. Towards Personalized Management of Sarcopenia in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2021; 16:25-40. [PMID: 33442246 PMCID: PMC7800429 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s280540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The awareness of the presence and consequences of sarcopenia has significantly increased over the past decade. Sarcopenia is defined as gradual loss of muscle mass and strength and ultimately loss of physical performance associated with aging and chronic disease. The prevalence of sarcopenia is higher in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) compared to age-matched controls. Current literature suggests that next to physical inactivity, COPD-specific alterations in physiological processes contribute to accelerated development of sarcopenia. Sarcopenia in COPD can be assessed according to current guidelines, but during physical performance testing, ventilatory limitation should be considered. Treatment of muscle impairment can halt or even reverse sarcopenia, despite respiratory impairment. Exercise training and protein supplementation are currently at the basis of sarcopenia treatment. Furthermore, effective current and new interventions targeting the pulmonary system (eg, smoking cessation, bronchodilators and lung volume reduction surgery) may also facilitate muscle maintenance. Better understanding of disease-specific pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the accelerated development of sarcopenia in COPD will provide new leads to refine nutritional, exercise and physical activity interventions and develop pharmacological co-interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie I J van Bakel
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry R Gosker
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon C Langen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemie M W J Schols
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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6
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Suhas KM, Alaparthi GK, Krishnan SK, Bairapareddy KC. Upper Limb Extremity Muscle-Dysfunction in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Narrative Review. CURRENT RESPIRATORY MEDICINE REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573398x16999200621201220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Peripheral muscle dysfunction is one of the major comorbidities seen in
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Focusing more on upper extremity, unsupported elevation of
arms results in a change in the recruitment pattern of the respiratory muscles. Over the years, many
tests were developed to assess the upper limb capacity and include them in various rehabilitation
protocol.
Objective:
To review the evidence on mechanism, tests, and rehabilitation protocol for the upper
limb extremity muscle-dysfunction occurring in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Methods:
PubMed and Google scholar databases were searched. Based on the inclusion criteria’s:-
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases patients, any Randomized Controlled or clinical trials,
systematic reviews, explaining upper limb extremity muscle dysfunction, various tests to assess
upper limb functional capacity and different ways of upper limb extremity training, a total of 15
articles were retrieved.
Results:
The mechanism of upper extremity muscle dysfunction is now well understood. Various
tests were designed in order to assess arm strength, arm endurance and functional capacity. All the
studies which included upper limb extremity training as a part of the rehabilitation program, showed
beneficial results in terms of reduction of dyspnoea and arm fatigue, as well as improving the activity
performing capacity.
Conclusion:
This review concluded that the alteration in the upper limb extremity muscles is an
inevitable consequence of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, which can be confirmed by
various upper extremity tests, with patients responding positively to the upper limb training
incorporated during pulmonary rehabilitation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulkarni M. Suhas
- Department of Physiotherapy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Gopala K. Alaparthi
- Department of Physiotherapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shyam K. Krishnan
- Department of Physiotherapy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Kalyana C. Bairapareddy
- Department of Physiotherapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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7
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Balnis J, Korponay TC, Jaitovich A. AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) at the Crossroads Between CO 2 Retention and Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E955. [PMID: 32023946 PMCID: PMC7037951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle dysfunction is a major comorbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other pulmonary conditions. Chronic CO2 retention, or hypercapnia, also occur in some of these patients. Both muscle dysfunction and hypercapnia associate with higher mortality in these populations. Over the last years, we have established a mechanistic link between hypercapnia and skeletal muscle dysfunction, which is regulated by AMPK and causes depressed anabolism via reduced ribosomal biogenesis and accelerated catabolism via proteasomal degradation. In this review, we discuss the main findings linking AMPK with hypercapnic pulmonary disease both in the lungs and skeletal muscles, and also outline potential avenues for future research in the area based on knowledge gaps and opportunities to expand mechanistic research with translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Balnis
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (J.B.); (T.C.K.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Tanner C. Korponay
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (J.B.); (T.C.K.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Ariel Jaitovich
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (J.B.); (T.C.K.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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Jaitovich A, Barreiro E. Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. What We Know and Can Do for Our Patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 198:175-186. [PMID: 29554438 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201710-2140ci] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle dysfunction occurs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and affects both ventilatory and nonventilatory muscle groups. It represents a very important comorbidity that is associated with poor quality of life and reduced survival. It results from a complex combination of functional, metabolic, and anatomical alterations leading to suboptimal muscle work. Muscle atrophy, altered fiber type and metabolism, and chest wall remodeling, in the case of the respiratory muscles, are relevant etiological contributors to this process. Muscle dysfunction worsens during COPD exacerbations, rendering patients progressively less able to perform activities of daily living, and it is also associated with poor outcomes. Muscle recovery measures consisting of a combination of pulmonary rehabilitation, optimized nutrition, and other strategies are associated with better prognosis when administered in stable patients as well as after exacerbations. A deeper understanding of this process' pathophysiology and clinical relevance will facilitate the use of measures to alleviate its effects and potentially improve patients' outcomes. In this review, a general overview of skeletal muscle dysfunction in COPD is offered to highlight its relevance and magnitude to expert practitioners and scientists as well as to the average clinician dealing with patients with chronic respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Jaitovich
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and.,2 Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Esther Barreiro
- 3 Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain; and.,4 Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Iepsen UW, Munch GW, Rugbjerg M, Ryrsø CK, Secher NH, Hellsten Y, Lange P, Pedersen BK, Thaning P, Mortensen SP. Leg blood flow is impaired during small muscle mass exercise in patients with COPD. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:624-631. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00178.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle blood flow is regulated to match the oxygen demand and dysregulation could contribute to exercise intolerance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We measured leg hemodynamics and metabolites from vasoactive compounds in muscle interstitial fluid and plasma at rest, during one-legged knee-extensor exercise, and during arterial infusions of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and acetylcholine (ACh), respectively. Ten patients with moderate to severe COPD and eight age- and sex-matched healthy controls were studied. During knee-extensor exercise (10 W), leg blood flow was lower in the patients compared with the controls (1.82 ± 0.11 vs. 2.36 ± 0.14 l/min, respectively; P < 0.05), which compromised leg oxygen delivery (372 ± 26 vs. 453 ± 32 ml O2/min, respectively; P < 0.05). At rest, plasma endothelin-1 (vasoconstrictor) was higher in the patients with COPD ( P < 0.05) and also tended to be higher during exercise ( P = 0.07), whereas the formation of interstitial prostacyclin (vasodilator) was only increased in the controls. There was no difference between groups in the nitrite/nitrate levels (vasodilator) in plasma or interstitial fluid during exercise. Moreover, patients and controls showed similar vasodilatory capacity in response to both endothelium-independent (SNP) and endothelium-dependent (ACh) stimulation. The results suggest that leg muscle blood flow is impaired during small muscle mass exercise in patients with COPD possibly due to impaired formation of prostacyclin and increased levels of endothelin-1. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with a reduced blood flow to skeletal muscle during small muscle mass exercise. In contrast to healthy individuals, interstitial prostacyclin levels did not increase during exercise and plasma endothelin-1 levels were higher in the patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. W. Iepsen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G. W. Munch
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M. Rugbjerg
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C. K. Ryrsø
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N. H. Secher
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Copenhagen Muscle Research Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Y. Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P. Lange
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Section of Social Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - B. K. Pedersen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P. Thaning
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - S. P. Mortensen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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10
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Targeting oxidant-dependent mechanisms for the treatment of COPD and its comorbidities. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 155:60-79. [PMID: 26297673 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an incurable global health burden and is characterised by progressive airflow limitation and loss of lung function. In addition to the pulmonary impact of the disease, COPD patients often develop comorbid diseases such as cardiovascular disease, skeletal muscle wasting, lung cancer and osteoporosis. One key feature of COPD, yet often underappreciated, is the contribution of oxidative stress in the onset and development of the disease. Patients experience an increased burden of oxidative stress due to the combined effects of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) generation, antioxidant depletion and reduced antioxidant enzyme activity. Currently, there is a lack of effective treatments for COPD, and an even greater lack of research regarding interventions that treat both COPD and its comorbidities. Due to the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of COPD and many of its comorbidities, a unique therapeutic opportunity arises where the treatment of a multitude of diseases may be possible with only one therapeutic target. In this review, oxidative stress and the roles of ROS/RNS in the context of COPD and comorbid cardiovascular disease, skeletal muscle wasting, lung cancer, and osteoporosis are discussed and the potential for therapeutic benefit of anti-oxidative treatment in these conditions is outlined. Because of the unique interplay between oxidative stress and these diseases, oxidative stress represents a novel target for the treatment of COPD and its comorbidities.
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11
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LARSSON L, ÖRLANDER J, ANSVED T, EDSTRÖM L. Effects of chronic nicotine exposure on contractile enzyme-histochemical and biochemical properties of fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscles in the rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-201x.1988.tb10630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Maltais F, Decramer M, Casaburi R, Barreiro E, Burelle Y, Debigaré R, Dekhuijzen PNR, Franssen F, Gayan-Ramirez G, Gea J, Gosker HR, Gosselink R, Hayot M, Hussain SNA, Janssens W, Polkey MI, Roca J, Saey D, Schols AMWJ, Spruit MA, Steiner M, Taivassalo T, Troosters T, Vogiatzis I, Wagner PD. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: update on limb muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:e15-62. [PMID: 24787074 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201402-0373st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 700] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limb muscle dysfunction is prevalent in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and it has important clinical implications, such as reduced exercise tolerance, quality of life, and even survival. Since the previous American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) statement on limb muscle dysfunction, important progress has been made on the characterization of this problem and on our understanding of its pathophysiology and clinical implications. PURPOSE The purpose of this document is to update the 1999 ATS/ERS statement on limb muscle dysfunction in COPD. METHODS An interdisciplinary committee of experts from the ATS and ERS Pulmonary Rehabilitation and Clinical Problems assemblies determined that the scope of this document should be limited to limb muscles. Committee members conducted focused reviews of the literature on several topics. A librarian also performed a literature search. An ATS methodologist provided advice to the committee, ensuring that the methodological approach was consistent with ATS standards. RESULTS We identified important advances in our understanding of the extent and nature of the structural alterations in limb muscles in patients with COPD. Since the last update, landmark studies were published on the mechanisms of development of limb muscle dysfunction in COPD and on the treatment of this condition. We now have a better understanding of the clinical implications of limb muscle dysfunction. Although exercise training is the most potent intervention to address this condition, other therapies, such as neuromuscular electrical stimulation, are emerging. Assessment of limb muscle function can identify patients who are at increased risk of poor clinical outcomes, such as exercise intolerance and premature mortality. CONCLUSIONS Limb muscle dysfunction is a key systemic consequence of COPD. However, there are still important gaps in our knowledge about the mechanisms of development of this problem. Strategies for early detection and specific treatments for this condition are also needed.
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Fry CS, Noehren B, Mula J, Ubele MF, Westgate PM, Kern PA, Peterson CA. Fibre type-specific satellite cell response to aerobic training in sedentary adults. J Physiol 2014; 592:2625-35. [PMID: 24687582 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.271288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we sought to determine the effect of a traditional, 12 week aerobic training protocol on skeletal muscle fibre type distribution and satellite cell content in sedentary subjects. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis [n = 23 subjects (six male and 17 female); body mass index 30.7 ± 1.2 kg m(-2)] before and after 12 weeks of aerobic training performed on a cycle ergometer. Immunohistochemical analyses were used to quantify myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform expression, cross-sectional area and satellite cell and myonuclear content. Following training, a decrease in MyHC hybrid type IIa/IIx fibre frequency occurred, with a concomitant increase in pure MyHC type IIa fibres. Pretraining fibre type correlated with body mass index, and the change in fibre type following training was associated with improvements in maximal oxygen consumption. Twelve weeks of aerobic training also induced increases in mean cross-sectional area in both MyHC type I and type IIa fibres. Satellite cell content was also increased following training, specifically in MyHC type I fibres, with no change in the number of satellite cells associated with MyHC type II fibres. With the increased satellite cell content following training, an increase in myonuclear number per fibre also occurred in MyHC type I fibres. Hypertrophy of MyHC type II fibres occurred without detectable myonuclear addition, suggesting that the mechanisms underlying growth in fast and slow fibres differ. These data provide intriguing evidence for a fibre type-specific role of satellite cells in muscle adaptation following aerobic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Fry
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Brian Noehren
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jyothi Mula
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Margo F Ubele
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Philip M Westgate
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Philip A Kern
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Endocrinology, College of Medicine and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Abstract
Organ transplantation is one of the medical miracles or the 20th century. It has the capacity to substantially improve exercise performance and quality of life in patients who are severely limited with chronic organ failure. We focus on the most commonly performed solid-organ transplants and describe peak exercise performance following recovery from transplantation. Across all of the common transplants, evaluated significant reduction in VO2peak is seen (typically renal and liver 65%-80% with heart and/or lung 50%-60% of predicted). Those with the lowest VO2peak pretransplant have the lowest VO2peak posttransplant. Overall very few patients have a VO2peak in the normal range. Investigation of the cause of the reduction of VO2peak has identified many factors pre- and posttransplant that may contribute. These include organ-specific factors in the otherwise well-functioning allograft (e.g., chronotropic incompetence in heart transplantation) as well as allograft dysfunction itself (e.g., chronic lung allograft dysfunction). However, looking across all transplants, a pattern emerges. A low muscle mass with qualitative change in large exercising skeletal muscle groups is seen pretransplant. Many factor posttransplant aggravate these changes or prevent them recovering, especially calcineurin antagonist drugs which are key immunosuppressing agents. This results in the reduction of VO2peak despite restoration of near normal function of the initially failing organ system. As such organ transplantation has provided an experiment of nature that has focused our attention on an important confounder of chronic organ failure-skeletal muscle dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J Williams
- Department of Allergy, Immunology, and Respiratory Medicine Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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The development, retention and decay rates of strength and power in elite rugby union, rugby league and American football: a systematic review. Sports Med 2013; 43:367-84. [PMID: 23529287 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Strength and power are crucial components to excelling in all contact sports; and understanding how a player's strength and power levels fluctuate in response to various resistance training loads is of great interest, as it will inevitably dictate the loading parameters throughout a competitive season. This is a systematic review of training, maintenance and detraining studies, focusing on the development, retention and decay rates of strength and power measures in elite rugby union, rugby league and American football players. SEARCH STRATEGIES A literature search using MEDLINE, EBSCO Host, Google Scholar, IngentaConnect, Ovid LWW, ProQuest Central, ScienceDirect Journals, SPORTDiscus and Wiley InterScience was conducted. References were also identified from other review articles and relevant textbooks. From 300 articles, 27 met the inclusion criteria and were retained for further analysis. STUDY QUALITY: Study quality was assessed via a modified 20-point scale created to evaluate research conducted in athletic-based training environments. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) quality rating of the included studies was 16.2 ± 1.9; the rating system revealed that the quality of future studies can be improved by randomly allocating subjects to training groups, providing greater description and detail of the interventions, and including control groups where possible. DATA ANALYSIS Percent change, effect size (ES = [Post-Xmean - Pre-Xmean)/Pre-SD) calculations and SDs were used to assess the magnitude and spread of strength and power changes in the included studies. The studies were grouped according to (1) mean intensity relative volume (IRV = sets × repetitions × intensity; (2) weekly training frequency per muscle group; and (3) detraining duration. IRV is the product of the number of sets, repetitions and intensity performed during a training set and session. The effects of weekly training frequencies were assessed by normalizing the percent change values to represent the weekly changes in strength and power. During the IRV analysis, the percent change values were normalized to represent the percent change per training session. The long-term periodized training effects (12, 24 and 48 months) on strength and power were also investigated. RESULTS Across the 27 studies (n = 1,015), 234 percent change and 230 ES calculations were performed. IRVs of 11-30 (i.e., 3-6 sets of 4-10 repetitions at 74-88% one-repetition maximum [1RM]) elicited strength and power increases of 0.42% and 0.07% per training session, respectively. The following weekly strength changes were observed for two, three and four training sessions per muscle region/week: 0.9%, 1.8 % and 1.3 %, respectively. Similarly, the weekly power changes for two, three and four training sessions per muscle group/week were 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.7 %, respectively. Mean decreases of 14.5% (ES = -0.64) and 0.4 (ES = -0.10) were observed in strength and power across mean detraining periods of 7.2 ± 5.8 and 7.6 ± 5.1 weeks, respectively. The long-term training studies found strength increases of 7.1 ± 1.0% (ES = 0.55), 8.5 ± 3.3% (ES = 0.81) and 12.5 ± 6.8% (ES = 1.39) over 12, 24 and 48 months, respectively; they also found power increases of 14.6% (ES = 1.30) and 12.2% (ES = 1.06) at 24 and 48 months. CONCLUSION Based on current findings, training frequencies of two to four resistance training sessions per muscle group/week can be prescribed to develop upper and lower body strength and power. IRVs ranging from 11 to 30 (i.e., 3-6 sets of 4-10 repetitions of 70-88% 1RM) can be prescribed in a periodized manner to retain power and develop strength in the upper and lower body. Strength levels can be maintained for up to 3 weeks of detraining, but decay rates will increase thereafter (i.e. 5-16 weeks). The effect of explosive-ballistic training and detraining on pure power development and decay in elite rugby and American football players remain inconclusive. The long-term effects of periodized resistance training programmes on strength and power seem to follow the law of diminishing returns, as training exposure increases beyond 12-24 months, adaptation rates are reduced.
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Rehn TA, Munkvik M, Lunde PK, Sjaastad I, Sejersted OM. Intrinsic skeletal muscle alterations in chronic heart failure patients: a disease-specific myopathy or a result of deconditioning? Heart Fail Rev 2013; 17:421-36. [PMID: 21996779 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-011-9289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic heart failure (CHF) patients frequently experience impaired exercise tolerance due to skeletal muscle fatigue. Studies suggest that this in part is due to intrinsic alterations in skeletal muscle of CHF patients, often interpreted as a disease-specific myopathy. Knowledge about the mechanisms underlying these skeletal muscle alterations is of importance for the pathophysiological understanding of CHF, therapeutic approach and rehabilitation strategies. We here critically review the evidence for skeletal muscle alterations in CHF, the underlying mechanisms of such alterations and how skeletal muscle responds to training in this patient group. Skeletal muscle characteristics in CHF patients are very similar to what is reported in response to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), detraining and deconditioning. Furthermore, skeletal muscle alterations observed in CHF patients are reversible by training, and skeletal muscle of CHF patients seems to be at least as trainable as that of matched controls. We argue that deconditioning is a major contributor to the skeletal muscle dysfunction in CHF patients and that further research is needed to determine whether, and to what extent, the intrinsic skeletal muscle alterations in CHF represent an integral part of the pathophysiology in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Rehn
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway.
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17
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Role of mitochondrial function in insulin resistance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 942:215-34. [PMID: 22399424 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2869-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The obesity pandemic increases the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (DM2).DM2 develops when pancreatic β-cells fail and cannot compensate for the decrease in insulin sensitivity. How excessive caloric intake and weight gain cause insulin resistance has not completely been elucidated.Skeletal muscle is responsible for a major part of insulin stimulated whole-body glucose disposal and, hence, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.It has been hypothesized that skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the accumulation of intramyocellular lipid metabolites leading to lipotoxicity and insulin resistance. However, findings on skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in relation to insulin resistance in human subjects are inconclusive. Differences in mitochondrial activity can be the result of several factors, including a reduced mitochondrial density, differences in insulin stimulated mitochondrial respiration, lower energy demand or reduced skeletal muscle perfusion, besides an intrinsic mitochondrial defect. The inconclusive results may be explained by the use of different techniques and study populations. Also, mitochondrial capacity is in far excess to meet energy requirements and therefore it may be questioned whether a reduced mitochondrial capacity limits mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Whether reduced mitochondrial function is causally related to insulin resistance or rather a consequence of the sedentary lifestyle remains to be elucidated.
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Yentes JM, Sayles H, Meza J, Mannino DM, Rennard SI, Stergiou N. Walking abnormalities are associated with COPD: An investigation of the NHANES III dataset. Respir Med 2010; 105:80-7. [PMID: 20615681 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Research on the peripheral effects of COPD has focused on physiological and structural changes. However, different from muscular weakness or decreased physical activity, mechanical abnormalities of the muscular system, e.g. walking, have yet to be investigated. Our purpose was to utilize the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) dataset to determine whether walking abnormalities are associated with COPD severity. To determine if walking abnormalities were independently associated with COPD severity, our analysis aimed to investigate the association of physical activity levels with COPD severity and with walking abnormalities. The NHANES III dataset that contains data for 31,000 persons that were collected from 1988 to 1994, was used to explore the association of COPD severity on gross walking abnormalities, i.e. limp, shuffle, etc. Logistic regression models were created using FEV(1)/FVC ratio, age, gender, BMI, and smoking status as predictors of walking abnormalities and physical activity in persons aged 40 to 90 years old. Results demonstrated a significant correlation between the presence of walking abnormalities and severe COPD (odds ratio: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.1 to 3.5). This suggests that disease severity can contribute to mechanical outcomes of patients with COPD. In addition, decreased physical activity levels were significantly associated with all COPD severity levels with the exception of mild COPD. The association between altered gait and COPD status may be due to the presence of physical inactivity that is present in patients with COPD. Future research directions should include investigating more closely the mechanical outcomes of persons with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Yentes
- Nebraska Biomechanics Core Facility, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6001 Dodge Street, HPER 207, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
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20
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Pansarasa O, Rinaldi C, Parente V, Miotti D, Capodaglio P, Bottinelli R. Resistance training of long duration modulates force and unloaded shortening velocity of single muscle fibres of young women. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2008; 19:e290-300. [PMID: 18801662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2008] [Revised: 07/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to clarify the impact of long term (1 year) resistance training (RT) on structure and function of single muscle fibres of vastus lateralis in young female subjects. Five young women (age: 25.4+/-6.2 year) performed exercise sessions at 60% of single subject own repetition maximum (1 RM) 1h twice a week. Maximum voluntary force was determined pre- and post-RT and was found to significantly increase post-RT ensuring a successful impact of RT on muscle performance in vivo. Needle muscle biopsy samples were obtained both pre- and post-RT and the following determinations were performed: myosin heavy chain isoform (MHC) distribution of the whole muscle samples by SDS-PAGE; cross sectional area (CSA), specific force (Po/CSA) and maximum shortening velocity (Vo) of a large population (n=358) of single skinned muscle fibres classified on the basis of MHC isoform composition by SDS-PAGE. The results suggest that the long duration of RT can determine a significant increase in specific force (Po/CSA) and unloaded shortening velocity (Vo) of single muscle fibres in female subjects, whereas no muscle fibre hypertrophy and no shift in MHC isoform content was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orietta Pansarasa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Human Physiology Unit, and Interuniversity Institute of Miology, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Olivier N, Legrand R, Rogez J, Berthoin S, Weissland T. Arrêt de l’entraînement et déconditionnement à l’effort aérobie. Sci Sports 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Austin KG, Mengelkoch L, Hansen J, Shahady E, Sirithienthad P, Panton L. Comparison of oxygenation in peripheral muscle during submaximal aerobic exercise, in persons with COPD and healthy, matched-control persons. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2008; 1:467-75. [PMID: 18044103 PMCID: PMC2707799 DOI: 10.2147/copd.2006.1.4.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare peripheral muscle oxygenation in persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to healthy control persons, during submaximal exercise. METHODS Eight persons with COPD (forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1] = 1.00 +/- 0.27 L) and eight healthy control persons (FEV, = 1.88 +/- 0.55L) performed a submaximal graded exercise test (GXT), and completed 4 min of constant load exercise (CON) at 50% of peak GXT. Measurements included oxygen uptake, heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation and peripheral muscle oxygenation (%StO2) at rest, during exercise, and recovery. RESULTS Significantly greater workloads were attained for controls compared with COPD for peak GXT and CON. No significant differences in %StO2 were observed between groups at: rest (GXT: 29.5 +/- 22.8 vs 30.4 +/- 17.3%; CON: 33.3 +/- 15.4 vs 35.1 +/- 17.2%); peak GXT (29.4 +/- 19.4 vs 26.5 +/- 15.9%); 4 min of CON (25.9 +/- 13.5 vs 34.5 +/- 21.8%); and recovery (GXT: 46.6 +/- 29.1 vs 44.3 +/- 21.7%; CON: 40.9 +/- 21.5 vs 44.5 +/- 23.2%). CONCLUSION These results suggest that peripheral skeletal muscle oxygenation is not compromised in COPD during submaximal exercise, and limitations in exercise capacity are most likely a result of muscle disuse and poor lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista G Austin
- Florida State University, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Science, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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Booth FW, Shanely RA. The biochemical basis of the health effects of exercise: an integrative view. Proc Nutr Soc 2007; 63:199-203. [PMID: 15294030 DOI: 10.1079/pns2004337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Physical inactivity–gene interactions result in changes in gene expression, leading to phenotypic changes in the skeletal muscle cell. A subpopulation of those genes that show changes in expression during physical inactivity are candidates for the environment–gene interactions that cross a threshold of biological significance such that overt clinical disease occurs. AMP kinase, GLUT4 and myosin heavy chain IIx are proposed as candidates for physical inactivity-modulated genes that have an altered function that may trigger a crossing of a threshold to disease. Future experiments will be needed to test the validity of the ideas presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
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24
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Abstract
In recent years, COPD has become increasingly thought of as a systemic disease affecting many tissues and organs in addition to the lungs. The skeletal muscles in particular have been the target of much research focusing on whether the universally observed exercise limitation reflects a systemic myopathic effect of COPD, or simply the consequences of extreme, long-term inactivity. In this paper, the evidence is reviewed for COPD patients without loss of muscle mass and who are not taking systemic steroids. While altered levels of antioxidant defences (lower), circulating inflammatory biomarkers (higher) and anabolic hormones (lower) have been found in COPD, cause and effect remains to be established for the link of inflammation/oxidative stress to muscle dysfunction. Other evidence used to propose a myopathic state (early lactate release, reduced power output, lower metabolic enzyme capacities, greater phosphocreatine breakdown and slower phosphocreatine restoration after exercise, and altered fibre type distribution) also occur in normal subjects who are extremely inactive. Furthermore, intense small muscle mass training can normalize small muscle function in these patients. Based on these data, it remains to be shown that the muscles in COPD patients without loss of muscle mass are myopathic. The interesting discussion about systemic effects of COPD should not get in the way of systematic muscle training, which has been shown to be an effective component of rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Wagner
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0623, USA.
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25
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Hamaoka T, Tatsumi K, Saito Y, Arai Y, Horie Y, Masuyama S, Tanabe N, Takiguchi Y, Ikehira H, Obata T, Sasaki Y, Tanada S, Kuriyama T. Metabolic activity in skeletal muscles of patients with non-hypoxaemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease studied by 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Respirology 2006; 10:164-70. [PMID: 15823180 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2005.00696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An alteration of high energy phosphate metabolism in muscles may contribute to exercise intolerance. The objective of this study was to clarify the changes in high energy phosphate metabolites in muscles during exercise in patients with non-hypoxaemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which influences the impairment of muscle metabolism. METHODOLOGY Calf muscle energy metabolism was studied in eight stable non-hypoxaemic COPD patients and eight control subjects, using 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). MRS spectra were acquired at rest, during exercise at two levels of intensity, and during recovery. The control subjects exercised under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The intensity of exercise was standardized by the maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) of the calf muscle and the cross-sectional area (CSA) of calf muscle. RESULTS MVC and CSA were lower in COPD patients. No significant differences in intracellular pH, inorganic phosphate/phosphocreatine ratio or percentage recovery in inorganic phosphate/phosphocreatine ratio were observed between the two groups in muscles at rest, during exercise or during recovery. CONCLUSIONS Muscle metabolites, during exercise standardized by muscle CSA and MVC, did not differ between non-hypoxaemic COPD patients and control subjects. MVC, CSA or both, are assumed to be closely related to muscle metabolism, as no difference in high energy phosphate metabolites was observed for COPD patients compared to control subjects when the load was standardized for MVC and CSA. This suggests that high energy metabolites are consumed to a similar extent in the same muscle volume in non-hypoxaemic COPD patients and control subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hamaoka
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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van den Ham ECH, Kooman JP, Schols AMWJ, Nieman FHM, Does JD, Franssen FME, Akkermans MA, Janssen PP, van Hooff JP. Similarities in skeletal muscle strength and exercise capacity between renal transplant and hemodialysis patients. Am J Transplant 2005; 5:1957-65. [PMID: 15996245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Exercise intolerance is common in hemodialysis (HD) and renal transplant (RTx) patients. Aim of the study was to assess to what extent exercise capacity and skeletal muscle strength of RTx patients differ from HD patients and healthy controls and to elucidate potential determinants of exercise capacity in RTx patients. Exercise capacity, muscle strength, lean body mass (LBM) and physical activity level (PAL) were measured by cycle-ergometry, isokinetic dynamometry, DEXA and Baecke Questionnaire, respectively, in 35 RTx, 16 HD and 21 controls. VO2peak and muscle strength of the RTx patients were significantly lower compared to controls (p<0.01), but not different compared to HD patients. In RTx patients, strength (p<0.001), PAL (p=0.001) and age (p=0.045) were significant predictors of VO2peak. Muscle strength was related to LBM (p=0.001) and age (p=0.001), whereas gender (p<0.001) and renal function (p=0.01) turned out to be significant predictors of LBM. No effects of corticosteroids were observed. Exercise capacity and muscle strength seem equally reduced in RTx and HD patients compared to controls. In RTx patients, muscle strength and PAL are highly related to exercise capacity. Renal function appears to be a significant predictor of LBM, and through the LBM, of muscle strength and exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugénie C H van den Ham
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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27
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Kofotolis N, Vrabas IS, Vamvakoudis E, Papanikolaou A, Mandroukas K. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation training induced alterations in muscle fibre type and cross sectional area. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39:e11. [PMID: 15728679 PMCID: PMC1725148 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2004.010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) and isokinetic training on fibre type distribution and cross sectional area of the vastus lateralis muscle. METHODS Twenty four male university students were divided into two equal groups: PNF training and isokinetic training (ISO). The training regimen for the PNF group consisted of three sets of 30 repetitions against maximal resistance, alternating two patterns of sequential movements of the right lower extremity: (a) toe flexion and ankle plantar flexion and eversion; (b) knee extension and hip extension, abduction, and internal rotation. The ISO group performed three sets of 30 repetitions alternating knee extension and flexion of the right leg at angular velocities of 180 and 90 degrees /s in an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex). Both groups trained three times a week for a total of eight weeks. Muscle biopsy specimens were obtained from the right vastus lateralis muscle before and after training. RESULTS The mean percentage area of type IIB fibre was significantly decreased (p<0.01) after eight weeks of PNF training, whereas that of type IIA fibre was significantly (p<0.05) increased. The mean percentage area of ISO trained type IIAB fibres exhibited an augmentative pattern (p<0.01) with a parallel reduction (p<0.05) in type IIA. Percentage fibre type distribution exhibited a similar pattern. CONCLUSIONS Both PNF and ISO training alter fibre type distribution and mean cross sectional area. These changes occur in the type II fibre subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kofotolis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Franssen FME, Wouters EFM, Schols AMWJ. The contribution of starvation, deconditioning and ageing to the observed alterations in peripheral skeletal muscle in chronic organ diseases. Clin Nutr 2002; 21:1-14. [PMID: 11884007 DOI: 10.1054/clnu.2001.0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Muscle weakness and early fatigue are common symptoms of chronic organ diseases, like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic heart failure (CHF) and chronic renal failure (CRF). It is becoming more and more clear that symptom intensities and exercise intolerance are related to muscle wasting and intrinsic alterations in peripheral skeletal muscle in these patient populations, while correlations with parameters of organ functioning are poor. Also, changes in muscle structure and function in COPD, CHF and CRF show much resemblance. Semi-starvation, reduced physical activity and ageing are external factors possibly confounding a direct relationship between the primary organ impairments and alterations in peripheral skeletal muscle and exercise capacity. Reducing the catabolic effects of the various contributing factors might improve muscle function and health status in chronic disease. In this review, we present a systematic overview of human studies on alterations in skeletal muscle function, morphology and energy metabolism in COPD, CHF, CRF and we compare the results with comparable studies in anorexia nervosa, disuse or inactivity and ageing. Unravelling the relative contributions of these external factors to the observed alterations in the various diseases may contribute to targeted intervention strategies to improve muscle function in selected groups of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M E Franssen
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle is characterized by its ability to dynamically adapt to variable levels of functional demands. During periods of insufficient training stimulus, muscular detraining occurs. This may be characterized by a decreased capillary density, which could take place within 2--3 wk of inactivity. Arterial-venous oxygen difference declines if training stoppage continues beyond 3--8 wk. Rapid and progressive reductions in oxidative enzyme activities bring about a reduced mitochondrial ATP production. The above changes are related to the reduction in VO(2max) observed during long-term training cessation. These muscular characteristics remain above sedentary values in the detrained athlete but usually return to baseline values in recently trained individuals. Glycolytic enzyme activities show nonsystematic changes during periods of training cessation. Fiber distribution remains unchanged during the initial weeks of inactivity, but oxidative fibers may decrease in endurance athletes and increase in strength-trained athletes within 8 wk of training stoppage. Muscle fiber cross-sectional area declines rapidly in strength and sprint athletes, and in recently endurance-trained subjects, whereas it may increase slightly in endurance athletes. Force production declines slowly and in relation to decreased EMG activity. Strength performance in general is readily maintained for up to 4 wk of inactivity, but highly trained athletes' eccentric force and sport-specific power, and recently acquired isokinetic strength, may decline significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mujika
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Servicios Médicos, Athletic Club de Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain.
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Mador MJ, Bozkanat E. Skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2001; 2:216-24. [PMID: 11686887 PMCID: PMC59579 DOI: 10.1186/rr60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2001] [Revised: 04/05/2001] [Accepted: 04/05/2001] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become increasingly recognized that skeletal muscle dysfunction is common in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Muscle strength and endurance are decreased, whereas muscle fatigability is increased. There is a reduced proportion of type I fibers and an increase in type II fibers. Muscle atrophy occurs with a reduction in fiber cross-sectional area. Oxidative enzyme activity is decreased, and measurement of muscle bioenergetics during exercise reveals a reduced aerobic capacity. Deconditioning is probably very important mechanistically. Other mechanisms that may be of varying importance in individual patients include chronic hypercapnia and/or hypoxia, nutritional depletion, steroid usage, and oxidative stress. Potential therapies include exercise training, oxygen supplementation, nutritional repletion, and administration of anabolic hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Mador
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.
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Maltais F, LeBlanc P, Jobin J, Casaburi R. Peripheral muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Chest Med 2000; 21:665-77. [PMID: 11194778 DOI: 10.1016/s0272-5231(05)70176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral muscle dysfunction is a common systemic complication of moderate to severe COPD and may contribute to disability, handicap, and premature mortality. In contrast to the lung impairment, which is largely irreversible, peripheral muscle dysfunction is potentially remediable with exercise training, nutritional intervention, oxygen, and anabolic drugs. Therapeutic success is often incomplete, however, and a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of peripheral muscle dysfunction in COPD is needed to help develop innovative and more effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Maltais
- Centre de Pneumologie, Hôpital Laval, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de l'Université Laval, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Mujika I, Padilla S. Detraining: loss of training-induced physiological and performance adaptations. Part II: Long term insufficient training stimulus. Sports Med 2000; 30:145-54. [PMID: 10999420 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200030030-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This part II discusses detraining following an insufficient training stimulus period longer than 4 weeks, as well as several strategies that may be useful to avoid its negative impact. The maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) of athletes declines markedly but remains above control values during long term detraining, whereas recently acquired VO2max gains are completely lost. This is partly due to reduced blood volume, cardiac dimensions and ventilatory efficiency, resulting in lower stroke volume and cardiac output, despite increased heart rates. Endurance performance is accordingly impaired. Resting muscle glycogen levels return to baseline, carbohydrate utilisation increases and the lactate threshold is lowered, although it remains above untrained values in the highly trained. At the muscle level, capillarisation, arterial-venous oxygen difference and oxidative enzyme activities decline in athletes and are completely reversed in recently trained individuals, contributing significantly to the long term loss in VO2max. Oxidative fibre proportion is decreased in endurance athletes, whereas it increases in strength athletes, whose fibre areas are significantly reduced. Force production declines slowly, and usually remains above control values for very long periods. All these negative effects can be avoided or limited by reduced training strategies, as long as training intensity is maintained and frequency reduced only moderately. On the other hand, training volume can be markedly reduced. Cross-training may also be effective in maintaining training-induced adaptations. Athletes should use similar-mode exercise, but moderately trained individuals could also benefit from dissimilar-mode cross-training. Finally, the existence of a cross-transfer effect between ipsilateral and contralateral limbs should be considered in order to limit detraining during periods of unilateral immobilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mujika
- Department of Research and Development, Medical Services, Athletic Club of Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain.
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Krieger AC, Szidon P, Kesten S. Skeletal muscle dysfunction in lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2000; 19:392-400. [PMID: 10775821 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-2498(00)00065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A C Krieger
- Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Tuxen A, Bakke M, Pinholt EM. Comparative data from young men and women on masseter muscle fibres, function and facial morphology. Arch Oral Biol 1999; 44:509-18. [PMID: 10401529 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(99)00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim was to relate information about masseter muscle fibres and function to aspects of facial morphology in a group of healthy young men. The secondary aim was to investigate possible sex differences using data previously obtained from a comparable group of age-matched, healthy women. Dental status and facial morphology were recorded in 13 male students aged 20-26 years. Functional examinations included bite-force measurements and electromyographic recordings of masseter activity. A biopsy was removed from the masseter of each participant during surgical extraction of a wisdom tooth, and the tissue examined for myosin ATPase activity. Further, the cross-sectional areas of the different fibre types were measured. In spite of using age-matched healthy men and women with a full complement of teeth, statistically significant sex differences were found among measures related to muscle function and some measures of facial morphology. Thus data from men and women should not be pooled uncritically. The greater bite force in men than women corresponded with the greater diameter and cross-sectional area of type II fibres. Further, the males had more anteriorly inclined mandibles and shorter anterior facial height, suggesting a relation between the greater muscle force and the shape of the face. However, linear regression analysis failed to demonstrate any significant association between bite force and facial morphology among men and women. Thus, craniofacial morphology could be a result of far more contributing factors than previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tuxen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Putman CT, Matsos MP, Hultman E, Jones NL, Heigenhauser GJ. Pyruvate dehydrogenase activation in inactive muscle during and after maximal exercise in men. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 276:E483-8. [PMID: 10070014 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.3.e483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity (PDHa) and acetyl-group accumulation were examined in the inactive deltoid muscle in response to maximal leg exercise in men. Seven subjects completed three consecutive 30-s bouts of maximal isokinetic cycling, with 4-min rest intervals between bouts. Biopsies of the deltoid were obtained before exercise, after bouts 1 and 3, and after 15 min of rest recovery. Inactive muscle lactate (LA) and pyruvate (PYR) contents increased more than twofold (P < 0.05) after exercise (bout 3) and remained elevated after 15 min of recovery (P < 0.05). Increased PYR accumulation secondary to LA uptake by the inactive deltoid was associated with greater PDHa, which progressively increased from 0.71 +/- 0.23 mmol. min-1. kg wet wt-1 at rest to a maximum of 1.83 +/- 0.30 mmol. min-1. kg wet wt-1 after bout 3 (P < 0.05) and remained elevated after 15 min of recovery (1.63 +/- 0.24 mmol. min-1. kg wet wt-1; P < 0.05). Acetyl-CoA and acetylcarnitine accumulations were unaltered. Increased PDHa allowed and did not limit the oxidation of LA and PYR in inactive human skeletal muscle after maximal exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Putman
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
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37
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Jozwik M, Jozwik M. The physiological basis of pelvic floor exercises in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. BJOG 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1998.tb09934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Whittom F, Jobin J, Simard PM, Leblanc P, Simard C, Bernard S, Belleau R, Maltais F. Histochemical and morphological characteristics of the vastus lateralis muscle in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30:1467-74. [PMID: 9789845 DOI: 10.1097/00005768-199810000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE AND METHODS In this study, we examined the fiber-type proportions, cross-sectional areas (CSA), and capillarization from needle biopsies of the vastus lateralis muscle in 20 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (FEV1 = 37 +/- 11% predicted, peak VO2 = 13 +/- 4 mL.min-1.kg-1) and nine age-matched normal subjects (peak VO2 = 33 +/- 7 mL.min-1.kg-1). The effects of endurance training on these parameters were also evaluated in 11 of the 20 patients with COPD. RESULTS The proportion of Type I fiber was smaller in COPD than normals (34 +/- 14% vs 58 +/- 16 in normals, P < 0.0005) with a corresponding increase in Type IIb fiber (P = 0.015). The CSA of Type I, IIa, and IIab fibers was also smaller in COPD. The capillary to fiber ratio tended to be reduced in patients, but this difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.15). The number of capillary contact for Type I, IIa, and IIab fibers was significantly reduced in COPD compared with normal subjects (P < 0.05). When corrected for the CSA, this parameter was similar for both groups. After training, peak VO2 increased by 11% (P < 0.05), the fiber-type proportion remained unchanged, and the CSA of Type I and IIa fibers increased by 31 and 21%, respectively (P < 0.05). Although the number of capillary contact for each fiber types increased with training, the capillary to fiber ratio and the number of capillary contact for the different fiber types relative to their CSA remain unchanged. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that in COPD, 1) the vastus lateralis muscle is characterized by a marked decrease in Type I fiber proportion, an increase in Type IIb fiber proportion, a decrease in Type I, IIa, and IIab fiber CSA and by a relatively preserved capillarization; and 2) a 12-wk training program induces a significant increase in Type I and IIa CSA.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Anaerobic Threshold/physiology
- Analysis of Variance
- Anatomy, Cross-Sectional
- Biopsy, Needle
- Capillaries/chemistry
- Capillaries/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Exercise Test
- Exercise Therapy
- Female
- Forced Expiratory Volume/physiology
- Heart Rate/physiology
- Histocytochemistry
- Humans
- Lactates/blood
- Lung Diseases, Obstructive/metabolism
- Lung Diseases, Obstructive/pathology
- Lung Diseases, Obstructive/physiopathology
- Lung Diseases, Obstructive/rehabilitation
- Male
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/chemistry
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/ultrastructure
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/chemistry
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/ultrastructure
- Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply
- Muscle, Skeletal/chemistry
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Oxygen/blood
- Oxygen Consumption/physiology
- Physical Endurance/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- F Whittom
- Unité de recherche, Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Canada
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Serres I, Gautier V, Varray A, Préfaut C. Impaired skeletal muscle endurance related to physical inactivity and altered lung function in COPD patients. Chest 1998; 113:900-5. [PMID: 9554623 DOI: 10.1378/chest.113.4.900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE The aims of this work were to determine (1) whether patients with COPD have impaired skeletal muscle performance (ie, maximal strength and endurance) compared with healthy subjects, and (2) whether the level of physical activity, body composition, and lung function are related to skeletal muscle performance in COPD patients. METHODS Seventeen COPD patients and eight healthy age-matched control subjects performed maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the quadriceps and an endurance test consisting of dynamic contractions of the quadriceps against 20% of MVC at an imposed regular pace until exhaustion. The endurance test duration determined the muscle "limit time" (Tlim). A score of physical activity (PA score) was obtained using an adapted physical activity questionnaire for the elderly, and body composition was measured by the bioelectrical impedance method. Symptom-limited oxygen uptake (VO2 sl) was also assessed in COPD patients using a maximal incremental exercise test. RESULTS The results showed that Tlim and PA score were significantly decreased in COPD patients (p<0.05). Significant positive correlations were found in the COPD group between Tlim and the PA score (r=0.60; p<0.05), FEV1 (r=0.52; p<0.05), and PaO2 (r=0.63; p<0.05). The same results were found between the PA score and VO2 sl (r=0.57; p<0.05) and FEV1 (r=0.63; p<0.05). CONCLUSION These findings indicate impaired skeletal muscle endurance in COPD patients related to altered lung function and associated physical inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Serres
- Laboratoire de Physiologie des Interactions, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France.
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Levine S, Kaiser L, Leferovich J, Tikunov B. Cellular adaptations in the diaphragm in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:1799-806. [PMID: 9400036 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199712183372503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the diaphragm undergoes physiologic adaptations characterized by an increase in energy expenditure and relative resistance to fatigue. We hypothesized that these physiologic characteristics would be associated with structural adaptations consisting of an increased proportion of less-fatigable slow-twitch muscle fibers and slow isoforms of myofibrillar proteins. METHODS We obtained biopsy specimens of the diaphragm from 6 patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (mean [+/-SE] forced expiratory volume in one second, 33+/-4 percent of the predicted value; residual volume, 259+/-25 percent of the predicted value) and 10 control subjects. The proportions of the various isoforms of myosin heavy chains, myosin light chains, troponin, and tropomyosin were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. We also used immunocytochemical techniques to determine the proportions of the various types of muscle fibers. RESULTS The diaphragm-biopsy specimens from the patients had higher percentages of slow myosin heavy chain I (64+/-3 vs. 45+/-2 percent, P<0.001), and lower percentages of fast myosin heavy chains IIa (29+/-3 vs. 39+/-2 percent, P=0.01) and IIb (8+/-1 vs. 17+/-1 percent, P<0.001) than the diaphragms of the controls. Similar differences were noted when immunohistochemical techniques were used to compare the percentages of these fiber types in the two groups. In addition, the patients had higher percentages of the slow isoforms of myosin light chains, troponins, and tropomyosin, whereas the controls had higher percentages of the fast isoforms of these proteins. CONCLUSIONS Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease increases the slow-twitch characteristics of the muscle fibers in the diaphragm, an adaptation that increases resistance to fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Levine
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, PA 19104, USA
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Baptista C, Ghorayeb N, Dioguardi GS, Smith P, Reginato LE, Savioli F, Luiz CCC, Grespan SM, Borges J. Hipertensão arterial sistêmica e atividade física. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 1997. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86921997000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Brevetti G, Fanin M, De Amicis V, Carrozzo R, Di Lello F, Martone VD, Angelini C. Changes in skeletal muscle histology and metabolism in patients undergoing exercise deconditioning: effect of propionyl-L-carnitine. Muscle Nerve 1997; 20:1115-20. [PMID: 9270666 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199709)20:9<1115::aid-mus4>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To define the skeletal muscle abnormalities in patients undergoing exercise deconditioning and evaluate the metabolic effect of propionyl-L-carnitine (PLC), muscle biopsies were obtained from 28 patients with effort angina and 31 control subjects. Coronary artery disease patients received either placebo (n = 12), PLC (1.5 g i.v. followed by infusion of 1 mg/kg/min for 30 min, n = 10), or L-carnitine (1 g i.v. followed by infusion of 0.65 mg/kg/min for 30 min, n = 6) for 2 days. Exercise deconditioned patients treated with placebo showed normal muscle content of total carnitine and glycogen, and decrease in percentage of type 1 fibers (P < 0.01) and in the activity of citrate synthase (P < 0.05), succinate dehydrogenase (P < 0.05), and cytochrome oxidase (P < 0.05), as compared to controls. Both PLC and L-carnitine did not modify muscle fiber composition or enzyme activities, but significantly increased muscle levels of total carnitine by 42% and 31%, respectively (P < 0.05). Moreover, PLC significantly increased glycogen muscle content (P < 0.01), while the equimolar dose of L-carnitine did not. This effect, probably due to the anaplerotic activity of the propionic group of PLC, suggests that this drug may be effective in improving energy metabolism of muscles with impaired oxidative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brevetti
- Department of Medicine, University Federico II of Naples, Italy
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Sullivan MJ, Duscha BD, Klitgaard H, Kraus WE, Cobb FR, Saltin B. Altered expression of myosin heavy chain in human skeletal muscle in chronic heart failure. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29:860-6. [PMID: 9243484 DOI: 10.1097/00005768-199707000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To explore further alterations in skeletal muscle in chronic heart failure (CHF), we examined myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms from biopsies of the vastus lateralis in nine male patients with class II-III (CHF) (left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 26 +/- 11%, peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2) 12.6 +/- 2 mL.kg-1.min-1) and nine age-matched sedentary normal males (NL). The relative content of MHC isoforms I, IIa, and IIx was determined by gel electrophoresis as follows: The normal sedentary group (NL) had a higher percent of MHC type I when compared with the patients (NL 48.4 +/- 7% vs CHF patients 24 +/- 21.6%, P < 0.05, no difference between MCH IIa (NL 45.1 +/- 10.5% vs CHF 56.0 +/- 12.5%), and CHF patients had a higher relative content of MHC type IIx than did the normal group (NL 6.5 +/- 9.6% vs CHF 20.0 +/- 12.9%, P < 0.05. Three of nine patients had no detectable MHC type I. In patients relative expression of MHC type I (%) was related to peak VO2 (r = 0.70, P < 0.05). Our results indicate that major alterations in MHC isoform expression are present in skeletal muscle in CHF. These alterations parallel previously reported changes in fiber typing that may affect contractile function i skeletal muscle and possibly exercise performance. The absence of MHC type I in some CHF patients suggests that skeletal muscle changes in this disorder are not solely a result of deconditioning, buy may reflect a specific skeletal muscle myopathy in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Andersen JL, Schiaffino S. Mismatch between myosin heavy chain mRNA and protein distribution in human skeletal muscle fibers. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 272:C1881-9. [PMID: 9227417 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1997.272.6.c1881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms was analyzed at the protein and mRNA levels in human skeletal muscle biopsies from young normal adult subjects. Using ATPase histochemical reactions, antibodies to fast- and slow-type MHCs, and in situ hybridization with probes specific for MHC-beta/slow, MHC-2A, and MHC-2X, we confirmed our previous results showing that most fibers contain either a single mRNA and isoprotein or a mixed 1/2A or 2A/2X phenotype with coexistence of two mRNAs and isoproteins. However, we also found a minor proportion of fibers showing a mismatch in the relative proportion of mRNA and protein, e.g., fibers containing MHC-2A mRNA but not the corresponding protein or fibers containing MHC-2A protein but not the corresponding transcript. These fibers were more frequent in biopsies obtained after a training or detraining period than before the training period. We propose that these fibers represent transitional fibers and that the relative content of each mRNA and isoprotein gives a clue as to the direction of change in MHC gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Andersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
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Hernández N, Torres SH, Rivas M. Inactivity changed fiber type proportion and capillary supply in cat muscle. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART A, PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 117:211-7. [PMID: 9172379 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9629(96)00361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of different levels of activity on fiber types, capillaries and enzymes of gastrocnemius and soleus muscles was studied in two groups of cats. The first group was successfully kept in a large room, exercised on a treadmill 15 min daily 5 days per week and kept in individual small cages. Each period lasted 6 weeks. A muscle biopsy was taken after each period. The second group was formed by cats that were caged for over 20 months. In the group caged for over 20 months, gastrocnemius muscle showed higher IIB and lower I fiber type proportion. Fiber cross-sectional area was not different in any condition. All capillary measurements were significantly lower in gastrocnemius muscle of long-term caged cats, and capillaries per mm2 were lower in soleus muscle of these cats. Exercise increased capillary/fiber in soleus muscle but subsequent caging did not reduced it. In soleus muscle, beta-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase levels decreased after the cage period and hexokinase levels increased after the exercise and decreased after the cage period. In conclusion, different levels of activity for short time produced enzyme changes in soleus muscle, whereas long-term inactivity changed fiber type proportion in gastrocnemius muscle and reduced capillary supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hernández
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
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Pette D, Staron RS. Mammalian skeletal muscle fiber type transitions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1997; 170:143-223. [PMID: 9002237 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian skeletal muscle is an extremely heterogeneous tissue, composed of a large variety of fiber types. These fibers, however, are not fixed units but represent highly versatile entities capable of responding to altered functional demands and a variety of signals by changing their phenotypic profiles. This adaptive responsiveness is the basis of fiber type transitions. The fiber population of a given muscle is in a dynamic state, constantly adjusting to the current conditions. The full range of adaptive ability spans fast to slow characteristics. However, it is now clear that fiber type transitions do not proceed in immediate jumps from one extreme to the other, but occur in a graded and orderly sequential manner. At the molecular level, the best examples of these stepwise transitions are myofibrillar protein isoform exchanges. For the myosin heavy chain, this entails a sequence going from the fastest (MHCIIb) to the slowest (MHCI) isoform, and vice-versa. Depending on the basal protein isoform profile and hence the position within the fast-slow spectrum, the adaptive ranges of different fibers vary. A simple transition scheme has emerged from the multitude of data collected on fiber type conversions under a variety of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pette
- Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
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47
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Lee CW, Park SJ, Park SW, Kim JJ, Hong MK, Lee SJ, Lee TK, Lee JH, Lim TH. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance evidence of skeletal muscle metabolic abnormalities in mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78:588-91. [PMID: 8806352 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(96)00373-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We used in vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to follow phosphorylated metabolites of dominant forearm flexor muscles during exercise in patients with mitral stenosis. The results showed that skeletal muscle metabolism during exercise is abnormal.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea
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48
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Borg J, Borg K, Edström L, Grimby L, Henriksson J, Larsson L, Tollbäck A. Motoneuron and muscle fiber properties of remaining motor units in weak tibialis anterior muscles in prior polio. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 753:335-42. [PMID: 7611642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb27559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Borg
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Andersen JL, Klitgaard H, Saltin B. Myosin heavy chain isoforms in single fibres from m. vastus lateralis of sprinters: influence of training. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1994; 151:135-42. [PMID: 7942047 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1994.tb09730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition of single fibres from m. vastus lateralis of a group of male sprint athletes (n = 6) was analysed, before and after a three months period of intensive strength- and interval-training, using a sensitive gel electrophoretic technique. Significant improvements were observed after training in almost all of a series of performance tests. After training the sprinters revealed a decrease in fibres containing only MHC isoform I (52.0 +/- 3.0% vs. 41.2 +/- 4.7% (mean +/- SE) (P < 0.05)) and an increase in the amount of fibres containing only MHC isoform IIA (34.7 +/- 6.1% vs. 52.3 +/- 3.6% (P < 0.05)). Fibres showing co-existence of MHC isoforms IIA and IIB decreased with training (12.9 +/- 5.0% vs. 5.1 +/- 3.1% (P < 0.05)). Only one out of 1000 fibres analysed contained only MHC isoform IIB. In contrast, a higher amount of type IIB fibres (18.8 +/- 3.6% vs. 10.5 +/- 3.9%, (P < 0.05)) was observed with myofibrillar ATPase histochemistry. The majority of histochemically determined type IIB fibres of sprinters seems therefore to contain both MHC isoforms IIA and IIB. Sprint-training appears to induce an increased expression of MHC isoform IIA in skeletal muscles. This seems related to a bi-directional transformation from both MHC isoforms I and IIB towards MHC isoform IIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Andersen
- August Krogh Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Sewell DA, Harris RC, Marlin DJ. Skeletal muscle characteristics in 2 year-old race-trained thoroughbred horses. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1994; 108:87-96. [PMID: 7915652 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(94)90059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle samples were obtained by needle biopsy from two depths of the m. gluteus medius of 50, young race-trained thoroughbred racehorses. Histochemical and biochemical characteristics of the muscle samples were analysed. Fibres were classified as type I, type IIa or type IIb on the basis of the pH dependent lability of the myosin ATPase reaction. The activities of citrate synthase (CS) and glycogen phosphorylase (Phos) were determined. Muscle fibre composition varied markedly between deep and superficial muscle samples and this was reflected in differences in the activities of citrate synthase (CS) and phosphorylase (Phos). CS activity was greater in samples taken from a depth of 90 mm (deep) than those taken from a depth of 40 mm (superficial: 122 +/- 19 compared with 88 +/- 16 mumol/g dry muscle/min at 25 degrees C). Phos activity was greater in superficial samples (137 +/- 20) compared with deep samples (117 +/- 21). Regression analysis was used to estimate the enzyme activities in the different fibre types. No significant correlations were observed between histochemical and biochemical measures and subsequent racing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Sewell
- Department of Physiology, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, U.K
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