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Zhang Z, Hong D, Ma D, Yang P, Zhang J, Wang X, Wang Y, Meng L, Wang Y, Li Y, Sun Y, Jiang T, Xu Z. Creatine Kinase-MM/Proto-oncogene Tyrosine-Protein Kinase Receptor as a Sensitive Indicator for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Carriers. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04235-z. [PMID: 38767836 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04235-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a lethal X-linked recessive genetic disease, is characterized by progressive muscle wasting which will lead to premature death by cardiorespiratory complications in their late twenties. And 2.5-19% DMD carriers that also suffer from skeletal muscle damage or dilated cardiomyopathy when diagnosed as soon as possible is meaningful for prenatal diagnosis and advance warning for self-health. The current DMD carrier screening mainly relies on detecting serum creatine kinase activity, covering only 50-70% DMD carriers which will cause many false negatives and require the discovery of highly effective biomarker and simple detection procedure for DMD carriers. In this article, we have compiled a comprehensive summary of all documented biomarkers associated with DMD and categorized them based on their expression patterns. We specifically pinpointed novel DMD biomarkers, previously unreported in DMD carriers, and conducted further investigations to explore their potential. Compared to creatine kinase activity alone in DMD carriers, creatine kinase-MM can improve the specificity from 73 to 81%. And our investigation revealed another promising protein: proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor (RET). When combined with creatine kinase-MM (creatine kinase-MM/RET ratio), it significantly enhances the specificity (from 81 to 83%) and sensitivity (from 71.4 to 93%) of detecting DMD carriers in serum. Moreover, we successfully devised an efficient method for extracting RET from dried blood spots. This breakthrough allowed us to detect both creatine kinase-MM and RET using dried blood spots without compromising the detection rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Zhang
- Center of Genetic Medicine, The affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- , Nanjing, China
| | - Dongyang Hong
- Center of Genetic Medicine, The affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- , Nanjing, China
| | - Dingyuan Ma
- Center of Genetic Medicine, The affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- , Nanjing, China
| | - Peiying Yang
- Center of Genetic Medicine, The affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- , Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Center of Genetic Medicine, The affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- , Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Center of Genetic Medicine, The affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- , Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Center of Genetic Medicine, The affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- , Nanjing, China
| | - Lulu Meng
- Center of Genetic Medicine, The affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- , Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyun Wang
- Center of Genetic Medicine, The affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- , Nanjing, China
| | - Yahong Li
- Center of Genetic Medicine, The affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- , Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Center of Genetic Medicine, The affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- , Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Center of Genetic Medicine, The affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- , Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengfeng Xu
- Center of Genetic Medicine, The affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- , Nanjing, China
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Tang L, Pan M, Wu F. Diagnostic Accuracy of Creatine Kinase Isoenzyme-MM Test in Newborn Screening for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pediatr Neurol 2024; 153:84-91. [PMID: 38350306 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To systematically evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the creatine kinase isoenzyme-MM (CK-MM) test in newborn screening for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted up to October 31, 2022, in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus Database. To evaluate the diagnostic value, the sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), area under the curve (AUC), and Q∗ index were pooled. Threshold effect followed by subgroup analysis and meta-regression were performed to explore the source of heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis was used to verify the robustness of the findings. RESULTS A total seven studies with 248,853 newborns was included in our meta-analysis. The pooled SEN and SPE were 1.00 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.89∼1.00) and 1.00 (95% CI: 1.00 to 1.00), respectively; the PLR and NLR were 1004.59 (95% CI: 251.37∼4014.91) and 0.13 (95% CI: 0.05∼0.34), respectively; the DOR was 877.96 (95% CI: 983.24∼78,366.32); the AUC and Q index were 0.8683 and 0.9326, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that two studies had an impact on the pooled results and mainly contributed to the heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS CK-MM test demonstrated high accuracy in newborn screening for DMD and may be a valuable alternative in the early diagnosis of the disease followed by confirmatory genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tang
- Department of Neonatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Mengwen Pan
- Department of Neonatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Neonatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Boehler JF, Brown KJ, Ricotti V, Morris CA. N-terminal titin fragment: a non-invasive, pharmacodynamic biomarker for microdystrophin efficacy. Skelet Muscle 2024; 14:2. [PMID: 38229112 PMCID: PMC10790446 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-023-00334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple clinical trials to assess the efficacy of AAV-directed gene transfer in participants with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are ongoing. The success of these trials currently relies on standard functional outcome measures that may exhibit variability within and between participants, rendering their use as sole measures of drug efficacy challenging. Given this, supportive objective biomarkers may be useful in enhancing observed clinical results. Creatine kinase (CK) is traditionally used as a diagnostic biomarker of DMD, but its potential as a robust pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarker is difficult due to the wide variability seen within the same participant over time. Thus, there is a need for the discovery and validation of novel PD biomarkers to further support and bolster traditional outcome measures of efficacy in DMD. METHOD Potential PD biomarkers in DMD participant urine were examined using a proteomic approach on the Somalogic platform. Findings were confirmed in both mdx mice and Golden Retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) dog plasma samples. RESULTS Changes in the N-terminal fragment of titin, a well-known, previously characterized biomarker of DMD, were correlated with the expression of microdystrophin protein in mice, dogs, and humans. Further, titin levels were sensitive to lower levels of expressed microdystrophin when compared to CK. CONCLUSION The measurement of objective PD biomarkers such as titin may provide additional confidence in the assessment of the mechanism of action and efficacy in gene therapy clinical trials of DMD. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03368742.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Boehler
- Solid Biosciences, 500 Rutherford Avenue 3rd Floor, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.
| | - Kristy J Brown
- Rejuvenate Bio, 11425 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Valeria Ricotti
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre/University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Carl A Morris
- PHDL Consulting LLC, 43 Sylvanus Wood Lane, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA
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Supanta J, Brown JL, Bansiddhi P, Thitaram C, Punyapornwithaya V, Punturee K, Somboon N, Towiboon P, Khonmee J. Physiological changes in captive elephants in Northern Thailand as a result of the COVID-19 tourism ban - muscle, liver, metabolic function, and body condition. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1303537. [PMID: 38179326 PMCID: PMC10764436 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1303537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The international travel ban initiated in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected how captive elephants were managed in Thailand. A lack of tourists and associated income meant elephants were chained longer with reduced food provisions, had fewer mahouts, and limited exercise like riding, which likely affected health and welfare. Fifty-eight elephants from six tourist camps were assigned a body condition score (BCS) and blood samples were collected monthly for 2 years during the travel ban to measure: (1) muscle enzymes [creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)]; (2) liver enzymes [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)]; (3) lipids [total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low (LDL) and high (HDL) density lipoproteins]; and metabolic function [glucose, insulin, fructosamine]. Serum CK concentrations were lower at the end of the study, possibly due to no tourist activities like riding. Changes in liver function included increased AST and ALP, also possibly due to physical inactivity. Feeding less bananas and sugar cane was associated with fewer elephants in the obese category and lower TG concentrations. However, increases in glucose, insulin and fructosamine were observed as local people returned to feed elephants after lifting travel restrictions. In sum, changes in several health biomarkers were observed in association with restricted activities and food resources. Camps need better plans to meet the health and welfare needs of elephants during any future disruptions to the tourism industry, although reduced feeding of sweet treats appeared to have positive effects on body condition and metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarawee Supanta
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Janine L. Brown
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, United States
| | - Pakkanut Bansiddhi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chatchote Thitaram
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Khanittha Punturee
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nopphamas Somboon
- Small Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Patcharapa Towiboon
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jaruwan Khonmee
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Park S, Maloney B, Caggana M, Tavakoli NP. Creatine kinase-MM concentration in dried blood spots from newborns and implications for newborn screening for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 2022; 65:652-658. [PMID: 35307847 PMCID: PMC9322420 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction/Aims Creatine kinase‐MM (CK‐MM) is a marker of skeletal muscle damage. Detection of elevated levels of CK‐MM in newborns can enable an early suspicion of the diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) before symptom onset. Our aim was to investigate CK‐MM levels in DMD‐affected and unaffected newborns using an immunoassay that measures CK‐MM concentration in dried blood spots collected for routine newborn screening. Methods To validate the assay in our laboratory, CK‐MM measurements and newborn demographic information were collected for 8584 de‐identified specimens and 15 confirmed DMD patients. After analyzing validation data, CK‐MM normal ranges were determined based on age of newborn at specimen collection. Subsequently, the assay was used to measure CK‐MM concentration in 26 135 newborns as part of a consented pilot study to screen for DMD in New York State. Mean and median levels of CK‐MM based on age of collection, in addition to the 2.5th, 50th, 97.5th, and 99.5th percentiles, were recalculated using the validation and screening data sets. Results Median CK‐MM within 1 hour of birth was 109 ng/mL, rose to a high of 499 ng/mL at 25 hours of age, and then declined to 200 ng/mL at 2 days of life. The median continued to decline more slowly and then stabilized at approximately 40 ng/mL at 1 week of life. Discussion Because of the marked variability and elevated CK‐MM levels observed within the first days of life, it is important to set multiple CK‐MM age‐related cut‐offs when screening for DMD in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunju Park
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, David Axelrod Institute, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Breanne Maloney
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, David Axelrod Institute, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Michele Caggana
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, David Axelrod Institute, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Norma P Tavakoli
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, David Axelrod Institute, Albany, New York, USA
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Migliore BA, Zhou L, Duparc M, Robles VR, Rehder CW, Peay HL, Kucera KS. Evaluation of the GSP Creatine Kinase-MM Assay and Assessment of CK-MM Stability in Newborn, Patient, and Contrived Dried Blood Spots for Newborn Screening for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Int J Neonatal Screen 2022; 8:ijns8010012. [PMID: 35225934 PMCID: PMC8883886 DOI: 10.3390/ijns8010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal X-linked disorder with a birth prevalence of 19.8:100,000 males worldwide. Elevated concentration of the muscle enzyme creatine kinase-MM (CK-MM) allows for presymptomatic screening of newborns using Dried Blood Spots (DBS). We evaluated imprecision and carryover of the FDA-approved PerkinElmer GSP Neonatal CK-MM kit over multiple runs, days, and operators, followed by quantification of CK-MM loss in stored newborn, contrived, and non-newborn patient DBS resulting from exposure to ambient versus low humidity (50-day trial), and high humidity and high temperature (8-day trial). Imprecision %CV was ≤14% for all verification comparisons and over 6 months of testing. On average, the mean CK-MM recovery after 50 days was >80% of initial concentration for all sample types stored in low humidity and <80% in ambient humidity. After 8 days of storage in high humidity and high temperature, the mean recovery for newborn samples was <80%. Verification results for the GSP Neonatal CK-MM assay were concordant with kit parameters and the assay performed consistently over 6 months. CK-MM degradation in ambient storage can be mitigated by reducing exposure to humidity. Assessment of DBS shipping and storage conditions is recommended prior to implementing DMD screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A. Migliore
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA; (B.A.M.); (L.Z.); (M.D.); (V.R.R.); (H.L.P.)
| | - Linran Zhou
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA; (B.A.M.); (L.Z.); (M.D.); (V.R.R.); (H.L.P.)
| | - Martin Duparc
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA; (B.A.M.); (L.Z.); (M.D.); (V.R.R.); (H.L.P.)
| | - Veronica R. Robles
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA; (B.A.M.); (L.Z.); (M.D.); (V.R.R.); (H.L.P.)
| | | | - Holly L. Peay
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA; (B.A.M.); (L.Z.); (M.D.); (V.R.R.); (H.L.P.)
| | - Katerina S. Kucera
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA; (B.A.M.); (L.Z.); (M.D.); (V.R.R.); (H.L.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(919)-541-6000
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Jones BS, Harcourt-Brown T. Comparison of serum creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase activity in dogs with Neospora meningoencephalitis and noninfectious meningoencephalitis. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 36:141-145. [PMID: 34859908 PMCID: PMC8783338 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity can be increased with myositis associated with Toxoplasma and Neospora infection in dogs. Hypothesis/Objectives Serum activity of CK and AST can be used as a rapid screen for predicting positive serology in meningoencephalitis caused by Toxoplasma gondii or Neospora caninum in dogs compared to dogs with noninfectious meningoencephalitis. Animals Eighty dogs with meningoencephalitis based on magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Methods Retrospective case‐control study. Serological cutoffs (≥1:800 immunofluorescence for Neospora and ≥1:400 IgG or ≥1:64 IgM or both for Toxoplasma) categorized dogs as infected (n = 21, all neosporosis) or noninfected (n = 59). Activities of CK and AST between infected and noninfected groups were compared using a Mann‐Whitney U test and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results No dogs were diagnosed with toxoplasmosis. Serum CK and AST activities were significantly increased (P < .001) in dogs with positive serology for Neospora (CK: median, 1334 U/L; range, 281‐3633 U/L and AST: median, 124 U/L; range, 59‐333 U/L) compared to noninfectious cases (CK: median, 215 U/L; range, 69‐683 U/L and AST: median, 36 U/L; range, 19‐139 U/L). A CK cutoff of 485 U/L had 95.24% sensitivity and 96.61% specificity with a negative predicative value of >99%. An AST cutoff of 57 U/L had 94.44% sensitivity and 85.71% specificity with an estimated negative predicative value of 99%. Conclusions and Clinical Importance High serum CK and AST activity can increase suspicion for neosporosis while awaiting serological tests for dogs with meningoencephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan S Jones
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Langford Vets Small Animal Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Harcourt-Brown
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Langford Vets Small Animal Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Neospora caninum and/or Toxoplasma gondii Seroprevalence: Vaccination against PCV2 and Muscle Enzyme Activity in Seropositive and Seronegative Pigs. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051097. [PMID: 34065192 PMCID: PMC8160920 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii affect both humans and animals worldwide. To investigate their seroprevalence and differences in seropositivity between pigs vaccinated and unvaccinated against porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), as well as differences in muscle enzyme activity between seropositive and seronegative pigs, blood samples were collected from 380 sows. Antibodies against T. gondii and N. caninum were detected by an indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) assay, while the activities of creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were biochemically assessed. Out of the 364 sows finally included in the study, 4.4%, 3.5%, and 0.5% were seropositive to T. gondii, N. caninum, or both. A significantly higher percentage of seropositivity against T. gondii and/or N. caninum in PCV2 unvaccinated pigs compared with vaccinated pigs was observed. Increased serum activities of CK and AST were detected in 71.43% and 100% of only against T. gondii (T+) and 63.64% and 90.91% of only against N. caninum (N+) seropositive sows, respectively, and were significantly higher compared to seronegative animals. T. gondii and N. caninum seropositivity, especially in presumed immunocompromised pigs, and the evidence of muscle damage highlight their importance as a zoonotic pathogen and animal model of human infection, respectively.
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Lee M, Shin J, Kato T, Kanda K, Oikawa S, Sakuma J, Sugama K, Kawakami Y, Suzuki K, Akimoto T. An acute eccentric exercise increases circulating myomesin 3 fragments. J Physiol Sci 2021; 71:4. [PMID: 33468054 PMCID: PMC10717673 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-021-00789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of blood biomarkers to evaluate exercise-induced muscle damage have attracted many researchers and coaches. This study aimed to determine changes in circulating myomesin 3 fragments as a novel biomarker for exercise-induced muscle damage. Nine healthy males performed 10 sets of 40 repetitions of one-leg calf-raise exercise by the load corresponding to the half of their body weight. Muscle symptoms were evaluated by a visual analog scale (VAS). Blood samples were collected before and 2, 4, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h post-exercise. Plasma myomesin 3 fragments levels were significantly increased at 96 h after the eccentric exercise. The myomesin 3 fragments levels were correlated with other biomarkers of muscle damage and the muscle symptoms. These results suggest that the circulating myomesin 3 fragments levels are potential biomarkers reflecting eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjung Lee
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Jaehoon Shin
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kato
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Kazue Kanda
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Oikawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Jun Sakuma
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sugama
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawakami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Akimoto
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan.
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Longobardi NC, Longobardi Y. Recurrent Exercise-Induced Rhabdomyolysis in a Healthy Adolescent Girl. Cureus 2020; 12:e11462. [PMID: 33329960 PMCID: PMC7733763 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Female symptomatic carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are uncommon findings. Much of this disease has been studied from a male perspective, but female disease presentation and progression are rarely described. This report describes a female adolescent patient with a rare and unconventional presentation of DMD.
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Al-Khalili Szigyarto C. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: recent advances in protein biomarkers and the clinical application. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:365-375. [PMID: 32713262 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1773806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early biomarker discovery studies have praised the value of their emerging results, predicting an unprecedented impact on health care. Biomarkers are expected to provide tests with increased specificity and sensitivity compared to existing measures, improve the decision-making process, and accelerate the development of therapies. For rare disorders, like Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) such biomarkers can assist the development of therapies, therefore also helping to find a cure for the disease. AREA COVERED State-of-the-art technologies have been used to identify blood biomarkers for DMD and efforts have been coordinated to develop and promote translation of biomarkers for clinical practice. Biomarker translation to clinical practice is however, adjoined by challenges related to the complexity of the disease, involving numerous biological processes, and the limited sample resources. This review highlights the current progress on the development of biomarkers, describing the proteomics technologies used, the most promising findings and the challenges encountered. EXPERT OPINION Strategies for effective use of samples combined with orthogonal proteomics methods for protein quantification are essential for translating biomarkers to the patient's bed side. Progress is achieved only if strong evidence is provided that the biomarker constitutes a reliable indicator of the patient's health status for a specific context of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Al-Khalili Szigyarto
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , Solna, Sweden.,School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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O. Mousa N, Osman A, Fahmy N, Abdellatif A, Zada S, El-Fawal H. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) Diagnosis: Past and Present Perspectives. Rare Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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13
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Blood Biomarkers of Recovery Efficiency in Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16183279. [PMID: 31500120 PMCID: PMC6765883 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise strongly affects human metabolism and causes biochemical changes. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between routine plasma biomarker levels and recovery efficiency in soccer players during an entire competitive match season. The players participating in the study were divided into a midfielder/defender group (seven midfielders and seven defenders) and a goalie/substitute group (six persons—goalkeepers and players with a short cumulative match-time). The fasting capillary blood samples were taken 17–24 h after each competitive match. The blood plasma was used to determine the creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, iron and magnesium levels of the athletes. The levels of (AST) (aspartate aminotransferase), (ALT) (alanine aminotransferase) and (Cr) creatinine were higher in the midfielder/defender group than in the control group, but only AST and Cr significantly varied over time (AST decreased, and Cr increased with time). The (LDH) (lactate dehydrogenase) activity and urea level were significantly lower in the midfielder/defender group than in the goalie/substitute group, and it significantly varied over time (LDH decreased, and urea increased with time). No differences in the (CK) creatine kinase and (ALP) alkaline phosphatase activities between the groups was found, although CK increased significantly with time in the midfielder/defender group (particularly midfielders in the spring round). In midfielders, the AST activity and the iron level were significantly lower in the spring than in the autumn round. On the contrary, ALT, CK, urea and magnesium levels were significantly higher in the spring than in autumn round. A long-term measurement of biochemical parameters in elite soccer players indicated that AST, CK, LDH and creatinine levels, when analyzed together, could constitute a useful set of markers for monitoring recovery periods.
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14
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Grassato L, Drudi D, Pinna S, Valentini S, Diana A, Spinella G. Shoulder Lameness in Dogs: Preliminary Investigation on Ultrasonography, Signalment and Hemato-Biochemical Findings Correlation. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:229. [PMID: 31338372 PMCID: PMC6629763 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Forelimb lameness in medium and large breed dogs is frequently caused by traumatic or degenerative injuries of the shoulder. Patient history, physical examination, x-rays, blood, and chemical work are routinely used to achieve diagnosis, and may be associated with ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrasonography is increasingly popular in small animal practice due to its low cost, ease of repetition, and the fact that it is non-invasive and can be performed in conscious patients. It is also widely accepted that muscular stress or injuries can induce detectable variations in blood and chemical work. The aim of this preliminary study is to search for correlation between measurements of selected hematobiochemical parameters and ultrasound diagnosis in dogs affected by shoulder injuries. A retrospective study was conducted on orthopedic clinical records of dogs presented to our Veterinary Teaching Hospital for lameness caused by shoulder problems over a period of 5 years. Dogs with both hematobiochemical and ultrasound examinations were selected. Patients were classified into 5 groups according to ultrasound diagnosis: (1) mild/moderate tendinopathy, (2) severe tendinopathy, (3) articular damage, (4) chronic myopathy, and (5) neoplastic injury. Statistical analysis was performed to detect possible correlations between group and hematobiochemical parameters. Forty-four dogs met the inclusion criteria and forty-nine shoulders were diagnosed as injured. Significant differences were found between the age, sex, body weight, neutrophil count, and AST levels. In particular, statistically significant increases were found for neutrophil count and AST concentration in case of ultrasonographically diagnosed severe tendinopathy, articular damage, and neoplastic pathology. Further and wider studies are suggested to determine whether these biomarkers can become a useful diagnostic aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Grassato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario Drudi
- Clinica Veterinaria Nervianese, Nerviano, Italy
| | - Stefania Pinna
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Valentini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Diana
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spinella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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15
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Kanda K, Sakuma J, Akimoto T, Kawakami Y, Suzuki K. Detection of titin fragments in urine in response to exercise-induced muscle damage. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181623. [PMID: 28727760 PMCID: PMC5519174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have attempted to determine the associations between blood biomarkers and exercise-induced muscle damage. However, poor correlations between the changes in biomarker levels and the magnitude of muscle symptoms have been reported. Recent advances in proteomic tools offer a strategy for the comprehensive analysis of protein expression, which can be used to identify biomarkers. Here, we used a proteomic analysis to identify urinary proteins that appear in response to a calf-raise exercise, including repetitive eccentric muscle contractions, and found that a titin (also known as connectin) N-terminal fragment molecule appears in the urine after eccentric exercise. We measured the titin fragment in urine samples from nine individuals before and after eccentric exercise using a newly-established enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and found that the titin fragment excretion rate increased 96 h after the exercise (5.1 to 77.6 pg/min, p <0.01). The changes in the titin fragment excretion rate were correlated strongly with blood markers of muscle damage and with muscle symptoms. These findings suggest that the urinary titin fragment is potentially a noninvasive biomarker of muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Kanda
- Institute for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Waseda University, Shinjyuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Sakuma
- Department of Health Science, Musashigaoka Junior College, Yoshimityo, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Akimoto
- Division of Regenerative Medical Engineering, Centre for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawakami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Institute for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Waseda University, Shinjyuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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16
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Tvarijonaviciute A, Barranco T, Rubio M, Carrillo JM, Martinez-Subiela S, Tecles F, Carrillo JD, Cerón JJ. Measurement of Creatine kinase and Aspartate aminotransferase in saliva of dogs: a pilot study. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:168. [PMID: 28599668 PMCID: PMC5466776 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Muscle enzymes in saliva have been reported to be possible markers of heart and muscle damage in humans. The aim of this study was to assess if Creatine kinase (CK) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities could be measured in canine saliva, and to evaluate their possible changes in situations of muscle damage. Results The spectrophotometric assays for CK and AST measurement in saliva of dogs showed intra- and inter-assay imprecision lower than 1 and 16% and coefficients of correlation close to 1 in linearity under dilution tests. Healthy dogs showed activities in saliva of CK between 27 and 121 U/L and AST between 46 and 144 U/L, whereas in saliva of dogs with muscle damage CK ranged between 132 and 3862 U/L and AST between 154 and 4340 U/L. Positive moderate correlations were found between saliva and serum activities of the two enzymes (CK, r = 0.579; P = 0.001; AST, r = 0.674; P = 0.001). Conclusions CK and AST activities can be measured in canine saliva with commercially available spectrophotometric assays. In addition these enzymes show higher values in saliva of dogs with muscle damage and their values are moderately correlated with those of serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo s/n, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Tomas Barranco
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo s/n, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Monica Rubio
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Garcia Cugat Foundation CEU-UCH Chair of Medicine and Regenerative 3 Surgery, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Maria Carrillo
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Garcia Cugat Foundation CEU-UCH Chair of Medicine and Regenerative 3 Surgery, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Martinez-Subiela
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo s/n, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo s/n, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juana Dolores Carrillo
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo s/n, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - José J Cerón
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo s/n, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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17
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Moat SJ, Korpimäki T, Furu P, Hakala H, Polari H, Meriö L, Mäkinen P, Weeks I. Characterization of a Blood Spot Creatine Kinase Skeletal Muscle Isoform Immunoassay for High-Throughput Newborn Screening of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Clin Chem 2017; 63:908-914. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.268425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive, lethal X-linked neuromuscular disorder with an average worldwide incidence of 1:5000. Blood spot creatine kinase (CK) enzyme assays previously used in newborn screening programs for DMD are nonspecific because measured CK enzyme activity is attributable to 3 isoenzyme forms of CK (CK-MM, CK-MB, and CK-BB) and it is the CK-MM isoform that is found predominantly in skeletal muscle. CK-MM is increased in boys with DMD owing to muscle damage. We describe a sensitive and specific automated immunoassay for CK-MM to screen for DMD in blood spots.
METHODS
The prototype assay was developed on the PerkinElmer GSP® analyzer to enable high-throughput screening. CK-MM was assayed using a solid phase, 2-site immunofluorometric system. Purified human CK-MM was used to create calibrators and controls.
RESULTS
The limit of blank (LOB), detection (LOD), and quantification (LOQ) values were <1, 3, and 8 ng/mL, respectively. The analytical measurement range was 4–8840 ng/mL. Interassay (n = 40) imprecision was <7% across the analytical range. Cross-reactivity was <5% for CK-MB and 0% for CK-BB. The mean recovery of CK-MM was 101% (range 87%–111%). Blood spots from newborn infants (n = 277) had a mean CK-MM concentration of 155 ng/mL and a 99th centile of 563 ng/mL. The mean blood spot CK-MM concentration from 10 cases of DMD was 5458 ng/mL (range 1217–9917 ng/mL).
CONCLUSIONS
CK-MM can be reliably quantified in blood spots. The development of this CK-MM assay on a commercial immunoassay analyzer would enable standardized and high-throughput newborn blood spot screening of DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Moat
- Wales Newborn Screening Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Immunology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ian Weeks
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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18
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Effect of grapeseed oil on diazinon-induced physiological and histopathological alterations in rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2014; 22:284-92. [PMID: 25972749 PMCID: PMC4423718 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The pollution of environment by toxic chemicals is a global and chronic problem. Human health risk due to exposure to chemical pollutants is constantly increasing. Pesticides form major toxic chemicals in environment. Scientifically, there is an obviously correlation between the exposure to pesticides and appearance of many diseases. Currently, the significance of natural products for health and medicine has been formidable. The present study investigated the effect of grapeseed oil in male rats exposed to diazinon. The experimental rats were divided into five groups. The rats of the first group were served as control. The experimental animals of the second group were exposed to diazinon (DZN). The animals of the third group were supplemented with grapeseed oil and treated with DZN. The rats of the fourth group were supplemented with grapeseed oil. The experimental rats of the fifth group were supplemented with corn oil. Hematobiochemical and histopathological evaluations were chosen as indicators of DZN toxicity and protective role of grapeseed oil. In rats exposed only to DZN, the levels of serum glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, creatinine, urea nitrogen, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase were statistically increased, while the level of serum total protein was significantly decreased. Moreover, the histopathological evaluations of the liver, kidney and testis showed that DZN causes several severe alterations. Pretreatment with grapeseed oil exhibited a protective role against DZN toxicity which confirmed by the inhibition of hematobiochemical and histopathological changes due to DZN exposure. Additionally, the present study suggests that the effect of grapeseed oil supplementation against DZN toxicity may be attributed to the antioxidant role of its constituents.
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19
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Muscle and heart function restoration in a limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2I (LGMD2I) mouse model by systemic FKRP gene delivery. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1890-9. [PMID: 25048216 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in fukutin-related protein (FKRP) gene cause a wide spectrum of disease phenotypes including the mild limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2I (LGMD2I), the severe Walker-Warburg syndrome, and muscle-eye-brain disease. FKRP deficiency results in α-dystroglycan (α-DG) hypoglycosylation in the muscle and heart, which is a biochemical hallmark of dystroglycanopathies. To study gene replacement therapy, we generated and characterized a new mouse model of LGMD2I harboring the human mutation leucine 276 to isoleucine (L276I) in the mouse alleles. The homozygous knock-in mice (L276I(KI)) mimic the classic late onset phenotype of LGMD2I in both skeletal and cardiac muscles. Systemic delivery of human FKRP gene by AAV9 vector in the L276I(KI) mice, at either neonatal age or at the age of 9 months, rendered body wide FKRP expression and restored glycosylation of α-DG in both skeletal and cardiac muscles. FKRP gene therapy ameliorated dystrophic pathology and cardiomyopathy such as muscle degeneration, fibrosis, and myofiber membrane leakage, resulting in restoration of muscle and heart contractile functions. Thus, these results demonstrated that the treatment based on FKRP gene replacement was effective.
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20
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Sanchis-Gomar F, Pareja-Galeano H, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Candel J, Lippi G, Salvagno GL, Mann GE, Viña J. Allopurinol prevents cardiac and skeletal muscle damage in professional soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 25:e110-5. [PMID: 24690021 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO), a free radical-generating enzyme, is involved in tissue damage produced during exhaustive exercise. Our aim was to test whether allopurinol, a powerful inhibitor of XO, may be effective in preventing exercise-induced tissue damage in soccer players. Twelve soccer players were randomized into two experimental groups. One received allopurinol, before a match of the premier Spanish Football League, and the other placebo. Allopurinol prevented the exercise-induced increase in all the markers of skeletal muscle damage analyzed: creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and myoglobin. Creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme and highly sensitive troponin T, specific biomarkers of myocardial injury, increased significantly in the placebo but not in the allopurinol-treated group after the football match. We also found that the exercise-induced lipid peroxidation, as reflected by malondialdehyde measurements, was prevented after allopurinol administration. However, inhibition of XO did not prevent the increment in the activity of alanine aminotransferase found after the match. No changes in the serum gamma glutamyltransferase activity was found after the match on either the placebo and the allopurinol groups. These two enzymes were determined as biomarkers of liver injury. Allopurinol represents an effective and inexpensive pharmacological agent to prevent tissue damage in soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sanchis-Gomar
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Fundacion Investigacion Hospital Clinico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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21
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Abstract
Muscle tissue may be damaged following intense prolonged training as a consequence of both metabolic and mechanical factors. Serum levels of skeletal muscle enzymes or proteins are markers of the functional status of muscle tissue, and vary widely in both pathological and physiological conditions. Creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aldolase, myoglobin, troponin, aspartate aminotransferase, and carbonic anhydrase CAIII are the most useful serum markers of muscle injury, but apoptosis in muscle tissues subsequent to strenuous exercise may be also triggered by increased oxidative stress. Therefore, total antioxidant status can be used to evaluate the level of stress in muscle by other markers, such as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, malondialdehyde, sulfhydril groups, reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase and others. As the various markers provide a composite picture of muscle status, we recommend using more than one to provide a better estimation of muscle stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Brancaccio
- Servizio di Medicina dello Sport, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
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22
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Gayraud-Morel B, Chrétien F, Tajbakhsh S. Skeletal muscle as a paradigm for regenerative biology and medicine. Regen Med 2009; 4:293-319. [PMID: 19317647 DOI: 10.2217/17460751.4.2.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue development and regeneration share common features, since modules of regulatory pathways and transcription factors that are crucial for prenatal development are redeployed for tissue reconstruction after trauma. Regenerative medicine has therefore gained important insights through the study of developmental and regenerative biology. Moreover, diverse experimental models have been used to investigate the regeneration process in different tissues and organs. Paradoxically, little is known regarding the relative contribution of stem cells with respect to the supporting tissue during tissue regeneration. Particular attention will be given to mouse models using distinct injury paradigms to investigate the regenerative biology of skeletal muscle. An understanding of the response of stem and parenchymal cells is crucial for the development of clinical strategies to combat the normal decline in tissue performance during aging or its reconstitution after trauma and during disease. This review addresses these issues, focusing on muscle regeneration and how different factors, including genes, cells and the environment, impinge on this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gayraud-Morel
- Stem Cells & Development, Department of Developmental Biology, Pasteur Institute, CNRS URA 2578, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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23
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Yan J, Barnes BM, Kohl F, Marr TG. Modulation of gene expression in hibernating arctic ground squirrels. Physiol Genomics 2008; 32:170-81. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00075.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a broadscale screening of differential gene expression using both high-throughput bead-array technology and real-time PCR assay in brown adipose tissue, liver, heart, hypothalamus, and skeletal muscle in hibernating arctic ground squirrels, comparing animals sampled after two durations of steady-state torpor, during two stages of spontaneous arousal episodes, and in animals after they ended hibernation. Significant seasonal and torpor-arousal cycle differences of gene expression were detected in genes involved in glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, gluconeogenesis, amino acid metabolism, molecular transport, detoxification, cardiac contractility, circadian rhythm, cell growth and apoptosis, muscle dystrophy, and RNA and protein protection. We observed, for the first time, complex modulation of gene expression during multiple stages of torpor-arousal cycles. The mRNA levels of certain metabolic genes drop significantly during the transition from late torpor to early arousal, perhaps due to the rapid turnover of mRNA transcripts resulting from the translational demands during thermogenesis in early arousal, whereas the mRNA levels of genes related to circadian rhythm, cell growth, and apoptosis rise significantly in the early or late arousal phases during torpor-arousal cycle, suggesting the resumption of circadian rhythm and cell cycle during arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska
- CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Brian M. Barnes
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska
| | - Franziska Kohl
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska
| | - Thomas G. Marr
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska
- Hiberna Corporation, Boulder, Colorado
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24
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Brancaccio P, Maffulli N, Buonauro R, Limongelli FM. Serum Enzyme Monitoring in Sports Medicine. Clin Sports Med 2008; 27:1-18, vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Creatine kinase (CK) is the single most important biochemical test in the evaluation of patients with myopathies. In health, serum CK concentration is higher in men, blacks, muscular individuals, and athletes. Idiopathic hyperCKemia is an entity restricted to asymptomatic patients with a negative family history for a neuromuscular disease acid normal neurological, electrodiagnostic. and histologic examinations. Serum CK concentration in myopathy correlates with seventy of illness, course of disease, available muscle mass, and myofiber necrosis. CK may be elevated in neurogenic disorders, particularly in Kennedy's disease and type III spinal muscular atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Katiriji
- Neuromuscular Division, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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26
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