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Kanagasabai K, Palaniyappan L, Théberge J. Precision of metabolite-selective MRS measurements of glutamate, GABA and glutathione: A review of human brain studies. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 37:e5071. [PMID: 38050448 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SV 1 H-MRS) is an in vivo noninvasive imaging technique used to detect neurotransmitters and metabolites. It enables repeated measurements in living participants to build explanatory neurochemical models of psychiatric symptoms and testing of therapeutic approaches. Given the tight link among glutamate, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), glutathione and glutamine within the cellular machinery, MRS investigations of neurocognitive and psychiatric disorders must quantify a network of metabolites simultaneously to capture the pathophysiological states of interest. Metabolite-selective sequences typically provide improved metabolite isolation and spectral modelling simplification for a single metabolite at a time. Non-metabolite-selective sequences provide information on all detectable human brain metabolites, but feature many signal overlaps and require complicated spectral modelling. Although there are short-echo time (TE) MRS sequences that do not use spectral editing and are optimised to target either glutamate, GABA or glutathione, these approaches usually imply a precision tradeoff for the remaining two metabolites. Given the interest in assessing psychiatric and neurocognitive diseases that involve excitation-inhibition imbalances along with oxidative stress, there is a need to survey the literature on the quantification precision of current metabolite-selective MRS techniques. In this review, we locate and describe 17 studies that report on the quality of simultaneously acquired MRS metabolite data in the human brain. We note several factors that influence the data quality for single-shot acquisition of multiple metabolites of interest using metabolite-selective MRS: (1) internal in vivo references; (2) brain regions of interests; (3) field strength of scanner; and/or (4) optimised acquisition parameters. We also highlight the strengths and weaknesses of various SV spectroscopy techniques that were able to quantify in vivo glutamate, GABA and glutathione simultaneously. The insights from this review will assist in the development of new MRS pulse sequences for simultaneous, selective measurements of these metabolites and simplified spectral modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesavi Kanagasabai
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Imaging Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Imaging Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean Théberge
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Imaging Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Joseph's Health Care Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
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Savage K, Sarris J, Hughes M, Bousman CA, Rossell S, Scholey A, Stough C, Suo C. Neuroimaging Insights: Kava's ( Piper methysticum) Effect on Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex GABA in Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Nutrients 2023; 15:4586. [PMID: 37960239 PMCID: PMC10649338 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a prevalent, chronic mental health disorder. The measurement of regional brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) offers insight into its role in anxiety and is a potential biomarker for treatment response. Research literature suggests Piper methysticum (Kava) is efficacious as an anxiety treatment, but no study has assessed its effects on central GABA levels. This study investigated dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) GABA levels in 37 adult participants with GAD. GABA was measured using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) at baseline and following an eight-week administration of Kava (standardised to 120 mg kavalactones twice daily) (n = 20) or placebo (n = 17). This study was part of the Kava for the Treatment of GAD (KGAD; ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02219880), a 16-week intervention study. Compared with the placebo group, the Kava group had a significant reduction in dACC GABA (p = 0.049) at eight weeks. Baseline anxiety scores on the HAM-A were positively correlated with GABA levels but were not significantly related to treatment. Central GABA reductions following Kava treatment may signal an inhibitory effect, which, if considered efficacious, suggests that GABA levels are modulated by Kava, independent of reported anxiety symptoms. dACC GABA patterns suggest a functional role of higher levels in clinical anxiety but warrants further research for symptom benefit. Findings suggest that dACC GABA levels previously un-examined in GAD could serve as a biomarker for diagnosis and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Savage
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, 427-451 Burwood Road, Melbourne 3122, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne University, Melbourne 3121, Australia
| | - Jerome Sarris
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne University, Melbourne 3121, Australia
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney 2751, Australia
| | - Matthew Hughes
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia
| | - Chad A. Bousman
- Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, Physiology & Pharmacology, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Susan Rossell
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia
- Mental Health, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne 3065, Australia
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, 427-451 Burwood Road, Melbourne 3122, Australia
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne 3168, Australia
| | - Con Stough
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, 427-451 Burwood Road, Melbourne 3122, Australia
| | - Chao Suo
- Brain Park, Turner Institute of Brain and Mind, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
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Detcheverry F, Senthil S, Narayanan S, Badhwar A. Changes in levels of the antioxidant glutathione in brain and blood across the age span of healthy adults: A systematic review. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 40:103503. [PMID: 37742519 PMCID: PMC10520675 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a gradual decline of the body's biological functions, which can lead to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidants neutralize ROS and maintain balance between oxidation and reduction. If ROS production exceeds the ability of antioxidant systems to neutralize, a damaging state of oxidative stress (OS) may exist. The reduced form of glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant antioxidant, and decline of GSH is considered a marker of OS. Our review summarizes the literature on GSH variations with age in healthy adults in brain (in vivo, ex vivo) and blood (plasma, serum), and reliability of in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measurement of GSH. A systematic PubMed search identified 35 studies. All in vivo MRS studies (N = 13) reported good to excellent reproducibility of GSH measures. In brain, 3 out of 4 MRS studies reported decreased GSH with age, measured in precuneus, cingulate, and occipital regions, while 1 study reported increased GSH with age in frontal and sensorimotor regions. In post-mortem brain, out of 3 studies, 2 reported decreased GSH with age in hippocampal and frontal regions, while 1 study reported increased GSH with age in a frontal region. Oxidized glutathione disulfide (GSSG) was reported to be increased in caudate with age in 1 study, suggesting OS. Although findings in the brain lacked a clear consensus, the majority of studies suggested a decline of GSH with age. The low number of studies (particularly ex vivo) and potential regional differences may have contributed to variability in the findings in brain. In blood, in contrast, GSH levels predominately were reported to decrease with advancing age (except in the oldest-old, who may represent a select group of particularly successful agers), while GSSG findings lacked consensus. The larger number of studies assessing age-specific GSH level changes in blood (N = 16) allowed for more robust consensus across studies than in brain. Overall, the literature suggests that aging is associated with increased OS in brain and body, but the timing and regional distribution of changes in the brain require further study. The contribution of brain OS to brain aging, and the effect of interventions to raise brain GSH levels on decline of brain function, remain understudied. Given that reliable tools to measure brain GSH exist, we hope this paper will serve as a catalyst to stimulate more work in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavie Detcheverry
- Multiomics Investigation of Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND) lab, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Institut de Génie Biomédical, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sneha Senthil
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sridar Narayanan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - AmanPreet Badhwar
- Multiomics Investigation of Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND) lab, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Institut de Génie Biomédical, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Lim S, Xin L. γ-aminobutyric acid measurement in the human brain at 7 T: Short echo-time or Mescher-Garwood editing. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 35:e4706. [PMID: 35102618 PMCID: PMC9285498 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The purposes of the current study were to introduce a Mescher-Garwood (MEGA) semi-adiabatic spin-echo full-intensity localization (MEGA-sSPECIAL) sequence with macromolecule (MM) subtraction and to compare the test-retest reproducibility of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) measurements at 7 T using the sSPECIAL and MEGA-sSPECIAL sequences. The MEGA-sSPECIAL editing scheme using asymmetric adiabatic and highly selective Gaussian pulses was used to compare its GABA measurement reproducibility with that of short echo-time (TE) sSPECIAL. Proton magnetic resonance spectra were acquired in the motor cortex (M1) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) using the sSPECIAL (TR/TE = 4000/16 ms) and MEGA-sSPECIAL sequences (TR/TE = 4000/80 ms). The metabolites were quantified using LCModel with unsuppressed water spectra. The concentrations are reported in institutional units. The test-retest reproducibility was evaluated by scanning each subject twice. Between-session reproducibility was assessed using coefficients of variation (CVs), Pearson's r correlation coefficients, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Intersequence agreement was evaluated using Pearson's r correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots. Regarding GABA measurements by sSPECIAL, the GABA concentrations were 0.92 ± 0.31 (IU) in the M1 and 1.56 ± 0.49 (IU) in the mPFC. This demonstrated strong between-session correlation across both regions (r = 0.81, p < 0.01; ICC = 0.82). The CVs between the two scans were 21.8% in the M1 and 10.2% in the mPFC. On the other hand, the GABA measurements by MEGA-sSPECIAL were 0.52 ± 0.04 (IU) in the M1 and 1.04 ± 0.24 (IU) in the mPFC. MEGA-sSPECIAL demonstrated strong between-session correlation across the two regions (r = 0.98, p < 0.001; ICC = 0.98) and lower CVs than sSPECIAL, providing 4.1% in the M1 and 5.8% in the mPFC. The MEGA-editing method showed better reproducibility of GABA measurements in both brain regions compared with the short-TE sSPECIAL method. Thus it is a more sensitive method with which to detect small changes in areas with low GABA concentrations. In GABA-rich brain regions, GABA measurements can be achieved reproducibly using both methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song‐I Lim
- Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic ImagingÉcole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
- Animal Imaging and TechnologyEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Lijing Xin
- CIBM Center for Biomedical ImagingSwitzerland
- Animal Imaging and TechnologyEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
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Sapey-Triomphe LA, Temmerman J, Puts NAJ, Wagemans J. Prediction learning in adults with autism and its molecular correlates. Mol Autism 2021; 12:64. [PMID: 34615532 PMCID: PMC8493731 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-021-00470-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background According to Bayesian hypotheses, individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have difficulties making accurate predictions about their environment. In particular, the mechanisms by which they assign precision to predictions or sensory inputs would be suboptimal in ASD. These mechanisms are thought to be mostly mediated by glutamate and GABA. Here, we aimed to shed light on prediction learning in ASD and on its neurobiological correlates. Methods Twenty-six neurotypical and 26 autistic adults participated in an associative learning task where they had to learn a probabilistic association between a tone and the rotation direction of two dots, in a volatile context. They also took part in magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measurements to quantify Glx (glutamate and glutamine), GABA + and glutathione in a low-level perceptual region (occipital cortex) and in a higher-level region involved in prediction learning (inferior frontal gyrus). Results Neurotypical and autistic adults had their percepts biased by their expectations, and this bias was smaller for individuals with a more atypical sensory sensitivity. Both groups were able to learn the association and to update their beliefs after a change in contingency. Interestingly, the percentage of correct predictions was correlated with the Glx/GABA + ratio in the occipital cortex (positive correlation) and in the right inferior frontal gyrus (negative correlation). In this region, MRS results also showed an increased concentration of Glx in the ASD group compared to the neurotypical group. Limitations We used a quite restrictive approach to select the MR spectra showing a good fit, which led to the exclusion of some MRS datasets and therefore to the reduction of the sample size for certain metabolites/regions. Conclusions Autistic adults appeared to have intact abilities to make predictions in this task, in contrast with the Bayesian hypotheses of ASD. Yet, higher ratios of Glx/GABA + in a frontal region were associated with decreased predictive abilities, and ASD individuals tended to have more Glx in this region. This neurobiological difference might contribute to suboptimal predictive mechanisms in ASD in certain contexts. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13229-021-00470-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie-Anne Sapey-Triomphe
- Department of Brain and Cognition, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Joke Temmerman
- Department of Brain and Cognition, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicolaas A J Puts
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Johan Wagemans
- Department of Brain and Cognition, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Jalbrzikowski M, Hayes RA, Scully KE, Franzen PL, Hasler BP, Siegle GJ, Buysse DJ, Dahl RE, Forbes EE, Ladouceur CD, McMakin DL, Ryan ND, Silk JS, Goldstein TR, Soehner AM. Associations between brain structure and sleep patterns across adolescent development. Sleep 2021; 44:6273224. [PMID: 33971013 PMCID: PMC8503824 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Structural brain maturation and sleep are complex processes that exhibit significant changes over adolescence and are linked to many physical and mental health outcomes. We investigated whether sleep-gray matter relationships are developmentally invariant (i.e. stable across age) or developmentally specific (i.e. only present during discrete time windows) from late childhood through young adulthood. METHODS We constructed the Neuroimaging and Pediatric Sleep Databank from eight research studies conducted at the University of Pittsburgh (2009-2020). Participants completed a T1-weighted structural MRI scan (sMRI) and 5-7 days of wrist actigraphy to assess naturalistic sleep. The final analytic sample consisted of 225 participants without current psychiatric diagnoses (9-25 years). We extracted cortical thickness and subcortical volumes from sMRI. Sleep patterns (duration, timing, continuity, regularity) were estimated from wrist actigraphy. Using regularized regression, we examined cross-sectional associations between sMRI measures and sleep patterns, as well as the effects of age, sex, and their interaction with sMRI measures on sleep. RESULTS Shorter sleep duration, later sleep timing, and poorer sleep continuity were associated with thinner cortex and altered subcortical volumes in diverse brain regions across adolescence. In a discrete subset of regions (e.g. posterior cingulate), thinner cortex was associated with these sleep patterns from late childhood through early-to-mid adolescence but not in late adolescence and young adulthood. CONCLUSIONS In childhood and adolescence, developmentally invariant and developmentally specific associations exist between sleep patterns and gray matter structure, across brain regions linked to sensory, cognitive, and emotional processes. Sleep intervention during specific developmental periods could potentially promote healthier neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jalbrzikowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Rebecca A Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kathleen E Scully
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Peter L Franzen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Brant P Hasler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Greg J Siegle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Daniel J Buysse
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ronald E Dahl
- Department of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Erika E Forbes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Cecile D Ladouceur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Dana L McMakin
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL
| | - Neal D Ryan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jennifer S Silk
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Tina R Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Adriane M Soehner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Corresponding author. Adriane Soehner, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Loeffler Building, Room 304, 121 Meyran Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Reduced excitatory neurotransmitter levels in anterior insulae are associated with abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Pain 2020; 160:2004-2012. [PMID: 31045748 PMCID: PMC6727903 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a visceral pain condition with psychological comorbidity. Brain imaging studies in IBS demonstrate altered function in anterior insula (aINS), a key hub for integration of interoceptive, affective, and cognitive processes. However, alterations in aINS excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission as putative biochemical underpinnings of these functional changes remain elusive. Using quantitative magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we compared women with IBS and healthy women (healthy controls [HC]) with respect to aINS glutamate + glutamine (Glx) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA+) concentrations and addressed possible associations with symptoms. Thirty-nine women with IBS and 21 HC underwent quantitative magnetic resonance spectroscopy of bilateral aINS to assess Glx and GABA+ concentrations. Questionnaire data from all participants and prospective symptom-diary data from patients were obtained for regression analyses of neurotransmitter concentrations with IBS-related and psychological parameters. Concentrations of Glx were lower in IBS compared with HC (left aINS P < 0.05, right aINS P < 0.001), whereas no group differences were detected for GABA+ concentrations. Lower right-lateralized Glx concentrations in patients were substantially predicted by longer pain duration, while less frequent use of adaptive pain-coping predicted lower Glx in left aINS. Our findings provide first evidence for reduced excitatory but unaltered inhibitory neurotransmitter levels in aINS in IBS. The results also indicate a functional lateralization of aINS with a stronger involvement of the right hemisphere in perception of abdominal pain and of the left aINS in cognitive pain regulation. Our findings suggest that glutaminergic deficiency may play a role in pain processing in IBS.
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Seo HS, Jeong EK, Choi S, Kwon Y, Park HJ, Kim I. Changes of Neurotransmitters in Youth with Internet and Smartphone Addiction: A Comparison with Healthy Controls and Changes after Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020; 41:1293-1301. [PMID: 32616578 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neurotransmitter changes in youth addicted to the Internet and smartphone were compared with normal controls and in subjects after cognitive behavioral therapy. In addition, the correlations between neurotransmitters and affective factors were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nineteen young people with Internet and smartphone addiction and 19 sex- and age-matched healthy controls (male/female ratio, 9:10; mean age, 15.47 ± 3.06 years) were included. Twelve teenagers with Internet and smartphone addiction (male/female ratio, 8:4; mean age, 14.99 ± 1.95 years) participated in 9 weeks of cognitive behavioral therapy. Meshcher-Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy was used to measure γ-aminobutyric acid and Glx levels in the anterior cingulate cortex. The γ-aminobutyric acid and Glx levels in the addicted group were compared with those in controls and after cognitive behavioral therapy. The γ-aminobutyric acid and Glx levels correlated with clinical scales of Internet and smartphone addiction, impulsiveness, depression, anxiety, insomnia, and sleep quality. RESULTS Brain parenchymal and gray matter volume-adjusted γ-aminobutyric acid-to-creatine ratios were higher in subjects with Internet and smartphone addiction (P = .028 and .016). After therapy, brain parenchymal- and gray matter volume-adjusted γ-aminobutyric acid-to-creatine ratios were decreased (P = .034 and .026). The Glx level was not statistically significant in subjects with Internet and smartphone addiction compared with controls and posttherapy status. Brain parenchymal- and gray matter volume-adjusted γ-aminobutyric acid-to-creatine ratios correlated with clinical scales of Internet and smartphone addictions, depression, and anxiety. Glx/Cr was negatively correlated with insomnia and sleep quality scales. CONCLUSIONS The high γ-aminobutyric acid levels and disrupted balance of γ-aminobutyric acid-to-Glx including glutamate in the anterior cingulate cortex may contribute to understanding the pathophysiology and treatment of Internet and smartphone addiction and associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Seo
- From the Department of Radiology (H.S.S.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - E-K Jeong
- Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research (E.-K.J.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - S Choi
- Department of Psychology (S.C., Y.K.), Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y Kwon
- Department of Psychology (S.C., Y.K.), Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H-J Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine (H.-J.P.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - I Kim
- Siemens Healthcare (I.K.), Seoul, Korea
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Su Y, Bian S, Sawan M. Real-time in vivo detection techniques for neurotransmitters: a review. Analyst 2020; 145:6193-6210. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01175d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Functional synapses in the central nervous system depend on a chemical signal exchange process that involves neurotransmitter delivery between neurons and receptor cells in the neuro system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Su
- Zhejiang university
- Hangzhou, 310058
- China
- CENBRAIN Lab
- School of Engineering
| | - Sumin Bian
- CENBRAIN Lab
- School of Engineering
- Westlake University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Mohamad Sawan
- CENBRAIN Lab
- School of Engineering
- Westlake University
- Hangzhou
- China
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10
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Hong D, Rohani Rankouhi S, Thielen JW, van Asten JJA, Norris DG. A comparison of sLASER and MEGA-sLASER using simultaneous interleaved acquisition for measuring GABA in the human brain at 7T. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223702. [PMID: 31603925 PMCID: PMC6788718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, is challenging to measure using proton spectroscopy due to its relatively low concentration, J-coupling and overlapping signals from other metabolites. Currently, the prevalent methods for detecting GABA at ultrahigh field strengths (≥ 7 T) are GABA-editing and model fitting of non-editing single voxel spectra. These two acquisition approaches have their own advantages: the GABA editing approach directly measures the GABA resonance at 3 ppm, whereas the fitting approach on the non-editing spectrum allows the detection of multiple metabolites, and has an SNR advantage over longer echo time (TE) acquisitions. This study aims to compare these approaches for estimating GABA at 7 T. We use an interleaved sequence of semi-LASER (sLASER: TE = 38 ms) and MEGA-sLASER (TE = 80 ms). This simultaneous interleaved acquisition minimizes the differential effect of extraneous factors, and enables an accurate comparison of the two acquisition methods. Spectra were acquired with an 8 ml isotropic voxel at six different brain regions: anterior-cingulate cortex, dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex, motor cortex, occipital cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and precuneus. Spectral fitting with LCModel quantified the GABA to total Cr (tCr: Creatine + Phosphocreatine) concentration ratio. After correcting the T2 relaxation time variation, GABA/tCr ratios were similar between the two acquisition approaches. GABA editing showed smaller spectral fitting error according to Cramér-Rao lower bound than the sLASER approach for all regions examined. We conclude that both acquisition methods show similar accuracy but the precision of the MEGA-editing approach is higher for GABA measurement. In addition, the 2.28 ppm GABA resonance was found to be important for estimating GABA concentration without macromolecule contamination in the GABA-edited acquisition, when utilizing spectral fitting with LCModel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Hong
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Jan-Willem Thielen
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jack J. A. van Asten
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - David G. Norris
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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11
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Gao F, Yin X, Edden RAE, Evans AC, Xu J, Cao G, Li H, Li M, Zhao B, Wang J, Wang G. Altered hippocampal GABA and glutamate levels and uncoupling from functional connectivity in multiple sclerosis. Hippocampus 2019; 28:813-823. [PMID: 30069963 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence for dysfunctional glutamatergic excitation and/or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inhibition in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Cognitive impairment may occur during the early stages of MS and hippocampal abnormalities have been suggested as biomarkers. However, researchers have not clearly determined whether changes in hippocampal GABA and glutamate (Glu) levels are associated with cognitive impairment and aberrant neural activity in patients with MS. We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure GABA+ and Glu levels in the left hippocampal region of 29 patients with relapsing-remitting MS and 29 healthy controls (HCs). Resting-state functional connectivity (FC) with the hippocampus was also examined. Compared to HCs, patients exhibited significantly lower GABA+ and Glu levels, which were associated with verbal and visuospatial memory deficits, respectively. Patients also showed decreased FC strengths between the hippocampus and several cortical regions, which are located within the default mode network. Moreover, hippocampal GABA+ levels and Glu/GABA+ ratios correlated with the FC strengths in HCs but not in patients with MS. This study describes a novel method for investigating the complex relationships among excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmitters, brain connectivity and cognition in health and disease. Strategies that modulate Glu and GABA neurotransmission may represent new therapeutic treatments for patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuntao Yin
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,FM Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan C Evans
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Junhai Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guanmei Cao
- Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Honghao Li
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Muwei Li
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bin Zhao
- Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Guangbin Wang
- Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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12
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Lee HH, Kim H. Intact metabolite spectrum mining by deep learning in proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain. Magn Reson Med 2019; 82:33-48. [PMID: 30860291 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a robust method for brain metabolite quantification in proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS) using a convolutional neural network (CNN) that maps in vivo brain spectra that are typically degraded by low SNR, line broadening, and spectral baseline into noise-free, line-narrowed, baseline-removed intact metabolite spectra. METHODS A CNN was trained (n = 40 000) and tested (n = 5000) on simulated brain spectra with wide ranges of SNR (6.90-20.74) and linewidth (10-20 Hz). The CNN was further tested on in vivo spectra (n = 40) from five healthy volunteers with substantially different SNR, and the results were compared with those from the LCModel analysis. A Student t test was performed for the comparison. RESULTS Using the proposed method the mean-absolute-percent-errors (MAPEs) in the estimated metabolite concentrations were 12.49% ± 4.35% for aspartate, creatine (Cr), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glucose, glutamine, glutamate, glutathione (GSH), myo-Inositol (mI), N-acetylaspartate, phosphocreatine (PCr), phosphorylethanolamine, and taurine over the whole simulated spectra in the test set. The metabolite concentrations estimated from in vivo spectra were close to the reported ranges for the proposed method and the LCModel analysis except mI, GSH, and especially Cr/PCr for the LCModel analysis, and phosphorylcholine to glycerophosphorylcholine ratio (PC/GPC) for both methods. The metabolite concentrations estimated across the in vivo spectra with different SNR were less variable with the proposed method (~10% or less) than with the LCModel analysis. CONCLUSION The robust performance of the proposed method against low SNR may allow a subminute 1 H-MRS of human brain, which is an important technical development for clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Hun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeonjin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Rohani Rankouhi S, Hong D, Dyvorne H, Balchandani P, Norris DG. MASE-sLASER, a short-TE, matched chemical shift displacement error sequence for single-voxel spectroscopy at ultrahigh field. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31:e3940. [PMID: 29856517 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
B1 inhomogeneity and chemical shift displacement error (CSDE) increase with the main magnetic field strength and are therefore deleterious for magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at ultrahigh field. A solution is to use adiabatic pulses which operate over a broad range of B1 and thus are insensitive to B1 inhomogeneity. Moreover, adiabatic pulses usually have a relatively higher bandwidth, which makes CSDE low to negligible. The use of exclusively adiabatic pulses for single-voxel spectroscopy (SVS) typically brings the disadvantage of a long echo time (TE), but the advantage of a low and matched CSDE. Herein, we took advantage of short-duration, low-power, matched-phase adiabatic spin echo (MASE) pulses to implement a matched CSDE semi-localized by adiabatic selective refocusing (sLASER) sequence capable of attaining short TEs, while CSDE is matched and still comparatively low. We also demonstrate here the feasibility of the direct measurement of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) resonance at 2.28 ppm well separated from the neighboring glutamate resonance at 7 T using the implemented MASE-sLASER sequence at TEs of 68 and 136 ms. The shorter duration of MASE pulses also made it possible to implement a Mescher-Garwood-semi-localized by adiabatic selective refocusing (MEGA-sLASER) (with MASE) sequence with TE = 68 ms for editing GABA at 7 T, the results for which are also shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedmorteza Rohani Rankouhi
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Donghyun Hong
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hadrien Dyvorne
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Priti Balchandani
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - David G Norris
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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14
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Tiwari V, An Z, Wang Y, Choi C. Distinction of the GABA 2.29 ppm resonance using triple refocusing at 3 T in vivo. Magn Reson Med 2018; 80:1307-1319. [PMID: 29446149 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop 1 H MR spectroscopy that provides distinction of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signal at 3 T in vivo. METHODS Triple-refocusing was tailored at 3 T, with numerical simulations and phantom validation, for distinction of the GABA 2.29-ppm resonance from the neighboring glutamate resonance. The optimization was performed on the inter-RF pulse time delays and the duration and carrier frequency of a non-slice-selective RF pulse. The optimized triple refocusing was tested in multiple regions in 6 healthy subjects, including hippocampus. The in vivo spectra were analyzed with the LCModel using in-house basis spectra. After normalization of the metabolite signal estimates to water, the metabolite concentrations were quantified with reference to medial-occipital creatine at 8 mM. RESULTS A triple-refocusing scheme with optimized inter-RF pulse time delays (TE = 74 ms) was obtained for GABA detection. With optimized duration (14 ms) and carrier frequency (4.5 ppm) of the non-slice-selective RF pulse, the triple refocusing gave rise to distinction between the GABA 2.29-ppm and glutamate 2.35-ppm signals. The GABA 2.29-ppm signal was clearly discernible in spectra in vivo (voxel size 4 to 12 mL; scan times 4.3 to 17 minutes). With a total of 24 spectra from 6 gray or white matter-dominant regions, the GABA concentration was measured to be 0.62 to 1.15 mM (Cramer-Rao lower bound of 8 to 14%), and the glutamate level 5.8 to 11.2 mM (Cramer-Rao lower bound of 3 to 6%). CONCLUSION The optimized triple refocusing provided distinction between GABA and glutamate signals and permitted direct codetection of these metabolites in the human brain at 3 T in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Tiwari
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Zhongxu An
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yiming Wang
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Changho Choi
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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15
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Dobberthien BJ, Tessier AG, Yahya A. Improved resolution of glutamate, glutamine and γ-aminobutyric acid with optimized point-resolved spectroscopy sequence timings for their simultaneous quantification at 9.4 T. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31:e3851. [PMID: 29105187 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine (Gln), glutamate (Glu) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are relevant brain metabolites that can be measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). This work optimizes the point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) sequence echo times, TE1 and TE2 , for improved simultaneous quantification of the three metabolites at 9.4 T. Quantification was based on the proton resonances of Gln, Glu and GABA at ≈2.45, ≈2.35 and ≈2.28 ppm, respectively. Glu exhibits overlap with both Gln and GABA; in addition, the Gln peak is contaminated by signal from the strongly coupled protons of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), which resonate at about 2.49 ppm. J-coupling evolution of the protons was characterized numerically and verified experimentally. A {TE1 , TE2 } combination of {106 ms, 16 ms} minimized the NAA signal in the Gln spectral region, whilst retaining Gln, Glu and GABA peaks. The efficacy of the technique was verified on phantom solutions and on rat brain in vivo. LCModel was employed to analyze the in vivo spectra. The average T2 -corrected Gln, Glu and GABA concentrations were found to be 3.39, 11.43 and 2.20 mM, respectively, assuming a total creatine concentration of 8.5 mM. LCModel Cramér-Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) for Gln, Glu and GABA were in the ranges 14-17%, 4-6% and 16-19%, respectively. The optimal TE resulted in concentrations for Gln and GABA that agreed more closely with literature concentrations compared with concentrations obtained from short-TE spectra acquired with a {TE1 , TE2 } combination of {12 ms, 9 ms}. LCModel estimations were also evaluated with short-TE PRESS and with the optimized long TE of {106 ms, 16 ms}, using phantom solutions of known metabolite concentrations. It was shown that concentrations estimated with LCModel can be inaccurate when combined with short-TE PRESS, where there is peak overlap, even when low (<20%) CRLBs are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony G Tessier
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Physics, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Atiyah Yahya
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Physics, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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16
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Assessment of intra- and inter-regional interrelations between GABA+, Glx and BOLD during pain perception in the human brain – A combined 1H fMRS and fMRI study. Neuroscience 2017; 365:125-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Tiwari V, An Z, Ganji SK, Baxter J, Patel TR, Pan E, Mickey BE, Maher EA, Pinho MC, Choi C. Measurement of glycine in healthy and tumorous brain by triple-refocusing MRS at 3 T in vivo. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:10.1002/nbm.3747. [PMID: 28548710 PMCID: PMC5557683 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Glycine (Gly) has been implicated in several neurological disorders, including malignant brain tumors. The precise measurement of Gly is challenging largely as a result of the spectral overlap with myo-inositol (mI). We report a new triple-refocusing sequence for the reliable co-detection of Gly and mI at 3 T and for the evaluation of Gly in healthy and tumorous brain. The sequence parameters were optimized with density-matrix simulations and phantom validation. With a total TE of 134 ms, the sequence gave complete suppression of the mI signal between 3.5 and 3.6 ppm and, consequently, well-defined Gly (3.55 ppm) and mI (3.64 ppm) peaks. In vivo 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) data were acquired from the gray matter (GM)-dominant medial occipital and white matter (WM)-dominant left parietal regions in six healthy subjects, and analyzed with LCModel using in-house-calculated basis spectra. Tissue segmentation was performed to obtain the GM and WM contents within the MRS voxels. Metabolites were quantified with reference to GM-rich medial occipital total creatine at 8 mM. The Gly and mI concentrations were estimated to be 0.63 ± 0.05 and 8.6 ± 0.6 mM for the medial occipital and 0.34 ± 0.05 and 5.3 ± 0.8 mM for the left parietal regions, respectively. From linear regression of the metabolite estimates versus fractional GM content, the concentration ratios between pure GM and pure WM were estimated to be 2.6 and 2.1 for Gly and mI, respectively. Clinical application of the optimized sequence was performed in four subjects with brain tumor. The Gly levels in tumors were higher than those of healthy brain. Gly elevation was more extensive in a post-contrast enhancing region than in a non-enhancing region. The data indicate that the optimized triple-refocusing sequence may provide reliable co-detection of Gly and mI, and alterations of Gly in brain tumors can be precisely evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Tiwari
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Zhongxu An
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sandeep K. Ganji
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jeannie Baxter
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Toral R. Patel
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Edward Pan
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bruce E. Mickey
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Annette Strauss Center for Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Maher
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Annette Strauss Center for Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Marco C. Pinho
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Changho Choi
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Correspondence to: Changho Choi, PhD, Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390-8542,
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18
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Nantes JC, Proulx S, Zhong J, Holmes SA, Narayanan S, Brown RA, Hoge RD, Koski L. GABA and glutamate levels correlate with MTR and clinical disability: Insights from multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage 2017; 157:705-715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Henning A. Proton and multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the human brain at ultra-high field strength: A review. Neuroimage 2017; 168:181-198. [PMID: 28712992 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) allows for a non-invasive and non-ionizing determination of in vivo tissue concentrations and metabolic turn-over rates of more than 20 metabolites and compounds in the central nervous system of humans. The aim of this review is to give a comprehensive overview about the advantages, challenges and advances of ultra-high field MRS with regard to methodological development, discoveries and applications from its beginnings around 15 years ago up to the current state. The review is limited to human brain and spinal cord application at field strength of 7T and 9.4T and includes all relevant nuclei (1H, 31P, 13C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Henning
- Max Plank Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Physics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany.
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20
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Mikkelsen M, Singh KD, Brealy JA, Linden DEJ, Evans CJ. Quantification of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in 1 H MRS volumes composed heterogeneously of grey and white matter. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:1644-1655. [PMID: 27687518 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The quantification of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration using localised MRS suffers from partial volume effects related to differences in the intrinsic concentration of GABA in grey (GM) and white (WM) matter. These differences can be represented as a ratio between intrinsic GABA in GM and WM: rM . Individual differences in GM tissue volume can therefore potentially drive apparent concentration differences. Here, a quantification method that corrects for these effects is formulated and empirically validated. Quantification using tissue water as an internal concentration reference has been described previously. Partial volume effects attributed to rM can be accounted for by incorporating into this established method an additional multiplicative correction factor based on measured or literature values of rM weighted by the proportion of GM and WM within tissue-segmented MRS volumes. Simulations were performed to test the sensitivity of this correction using different assumptions of rM taken from previous studies. The tissue correction method was then validated by applying it to an independent dataset of in vivo GABA measurements using an empirically measured value of rM . It was shown that incorrect assumptions of rM can lead to overcorrection and inflation of GABA concentration measurements quantified in volumes composed predominantly of WM. For the independent dataset, GABA concentration was linearly related to GM tissue volume when only the water signal was corrected for partial volume effects. Performing a full correction that additionally accounts for partial volume effects ascribed to rM successfully removed this dependence. With an appropriate assumption of the ratio of intrinsic GABA concentration in GM and WM, GABA measurements can be corrected for partial volume effects, potentially leading to a reduction in between-participant variance, increased power in statistical tests and better discriminability of true effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mikkelsen
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Krish D Singh
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jennifer A Brealy
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David E J Linden
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - C John Evans
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Abstract
Metabolic imaging enhances understanding of disease metabolisms and holds great potential as a measurement tool for evaluating disease prognosis and treatment effectiveness. Advancement of techniques, such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy, positron emission tomography, and mass spectrometry, allows for improved accuracy for quantification of metabolites and present unique possibilities for use in clinic. This article reviews and discusses literature reports of metabolic imaging in humans published since 2010 according to disease type, including cancer, degenerative disorders, psychiatric disorders, and others, as well as the current application of the various related techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. Fuss
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114 USA
| | - Leo L. Cheng
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114 USA
- Corresponding Author: Leo L. Cheng, PhD, 149 13 Street, CNY-6, Charlestown, MA 02129, Ph.617-724-6593, Fax.617-726-5684,
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22
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An Z, Ganji SK, Tiwari V, Pinho MC, Patel T, Barnett S, Pan E, Mickey BE, Maher EA, Choi C. Detection of 2-hydroxyglutarate in brain tumors by triple-refocusing MR spectroscopy at 3T in vivo. Magn Reson Med 2016; 78:40-48. [PMID: 27454352 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the efficacy of triple-refocusing MR spectroscopy (MRS) for improved detection of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) in brain tumors at 3T in vivo. METHODS The triple-refocusing sequence parameters were tailored at 3T, with density-matrix simulations and phantom validation, for enhancing the 2HG 2.25-ppm signal selectivity with respect to the adjacent resonances of glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In vivo MRS data were acquired from 15 glioma patients and analyzed with LCModel using calculated basis spectra. Metabolites were quantified with reference to water. RESULTS A triple-refocusing sequence (echo time = 137 ms) was obtained for 2HG detection. The 2HG 2.25-ppm signal was large and narrow while the Glu and Gln signals between 2.2 and 2.3 ppm were minimal. The optimized triple refocusing offered improved separation of 2HG from Glu, Gln and GABA when compared with published MRS methods. 2HG was detected in all 15 patients, the estimated 2HG concentrations ranging from 2.4 to 15.0 mM, with Cramer-Rao lower bounds of 2%-11%. The 2HG estimates did not show significant correlation with total choline. CONCLUSION The optimized triple refocusing provides excellent 2HG signal discrimination from adjacent resonances and may confer reliable in vivo measurement of 2HG at relatively low concentrations. Magn Reson Med 78:40-48, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxu An
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sandeep K Ganji
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Vivek Tiwari
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Marco C Pinho
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Toral Patel
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Samuel Barnett
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Edward Pan
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bruce E Mickey
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Annette Strauss Center for Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Maher
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Annette Strauss Center for Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Changho Choi
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Bao L, Si L, Wang Y, Wuyun G, Bo A. Effect of two GABA-ergic drugs on the cognitive functions of rapid eye movement in sleep-deprived and recovered rats. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:1075-1084. [PMID: 27446323 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is closely associated with nervous functions. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of gabazine and tiagabine on the cognitive functions (CF) of REM sleep-deprived and sleep recovered rats. Rats were divided into REM sleep deprivation, blank control (CC) and environmental groups. The REM sleep deprivation group was further divided into non-operation (nonOP), sham-operated (Sham), gabazine (SR) and tiagabine groups. Each group was evaluated over five time points: Sleep deprived for 1 day (SD 1 day), SD 3 day, SD 5 day, sleep recovery 6 h (RS 6 h) and RS 12 h. A rat model of REM sleep deprivation was established by a modified multi-platform water method, with CF assessed by Morris water maze. Hypothalamic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamic acid contents were measured via high performance liquid chromatography. The number and morphology of hypocretin (Hcrt) neurons and Fos in the hypothalamus, and GABAARα1-induced integral optical density were detected by immunofluorescence. Compared to the CC group, the nonOP and Sham group rats CF were significantly diminished, Fos-positive and Fos-Hcrt double positive cells were significantly increased, and GABA content and GABAARα1 expression levels were significantly elevated (P<0.05). The tiagabine and CC groups exhibited similar results at three time points. The CF of rats in the SR group were diminished and the number of Fos-positive and Fos-Hcrt double positive cells were significantly increased (P<0.05) at RS 6 h and RS l2 h. GABA content and GABAARα1 expression levels were significantly increased in the SR group at all time points (P<0.05), whereas only GABAARα1 expression levels were significantly increased in the tiagabine group at SD 5 day (P<0.05). The results of the present study indicated that REM sleep deprivation diminished CF, increased the number of Hcrt neurons, GABA content and GABAARα1 expression. Furthermore, all alterations were positively correlated with deprivation time and corrected by sleep recovery, as demonstrated by single-factor multi-level variance analysis at the various time points in each group. Therefore, the Hcrt nervous system may be an eligible therapeutic target for the treatment of insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidao Bao
- College of Traditional Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010110, P.R. China; Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010059, P.R. China
| | - Lengge Si
- College of Traditional Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010110, P.R. China
| | - Yuehong Wang
- College of Traditional Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010110, P.R. China
| | - Gerile Wuyun
- College of Traditional Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010110, P.R. China
| | - Agula Bo
- College of Traditional Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010110, P.R. China
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Ganji SK, An Z, Tiwari V, McNeil S, Pinho MC, Pan E, Mickey BE, Maher EA, Choi C. In vivo detection of 2-hydroxyglutarate in brain tumors by optimized point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) at 7T. Magn Reson Med 2016; 77:936-944. [PMID: 26991680 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the efficacy of 7T MRS for in vivo detection of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) in brain tumors. METHODS The subecho times of point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) were optimized at 7T with density-matrix simulations and phantom validation to improve the 2HG signal selectivity with respect to the neighboring resonances of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate (Glu), and glutamine (Gln). MRS data were acquired from 12 subjects with gliomas in vivo and analyzed with LCModel using calculated basis spectra. Metabolite levels were quantified using unsuppressed short echo time (TE) water as a reference. RESULTS The PRESS TE was optimized as TE = 78 ms (TE1 = 58 ms and TE2 = 20 ms), at which the 2HG 2.25 ppm resonance appeared as a temporally maximum inverted narrow peak and the GABA, Glu, and Gln resonances between 2.2 and 2.5 ppm were all positive peaks. The PRESS TE = 78 ms method offered improved discrimination of 2HG from Glu, Gln, and GABA when compared with short-TE MRS. 2HG was detected in all patients enrolled in the study, the estimated 2HG concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 6.2 mM, with percentage standard deviation of 2%-7%. CONCLUSION Data indicate that the optimized MRS provides good selectivity of 2HG from other metabolite signals and may confer reliable in vivo detection of 2HG at relatively low concentrations. Magn Reson Med 77:936-944, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Ganji
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Zhongxu An
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Vivek Tiwari
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sarah McNeil
- Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Annette Strauss Center for Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Marco C Pinho
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Edward Pan
- Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bruce E Mickey
- Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Annette Strauss Center for Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Maher
- Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Annette Strauss Center for Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Changho Choi
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Larochelle C, Uphaus T, Prat A, Zipp F. Secondary Progression in Multiple Sclerosis: Neuronal Exhaustion or Distinct Pathology? Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:325-339. [PMID: 26987259 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prevention of progression in neurological diseases, particularly in multiple sclerosis (MS) but also in neurodegenerative diseases, remains a significant challenge. MS patients switch from a relapsing-remitting to a progressive disease course, but it is not understood why and how this conversion occurs and why some patients never experience disease progression. Do aging and accumulation of neuronal damage induce progression, or do cognitive symptoms and accelerated grey matter (GM) atrophy point to distinct processes affecting networks? This review weighs accepted dogma against real data on the secondary progressive phase of the disease, highlighting current challenges in this important field and directions towards development of treatment strategies to slow or prevent progression of disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Larochelle
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn(2)), University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Timo Uphaus
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn(2)), University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn(2)), University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.
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Ganji SK, Maher EA, Choi C. In vivo (1)H MRSI of glycine in brain tumors at 3T. Magn Reson Med 2015; 75:52-62. [PMID: 25651788 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE MR spectroscopic imaging (SI) of glycine (Gly) in the human brain is challenging due to the interference of the abundant neighboring J-coupled resonances. Our aim is to accomplish reliable imaging of Gly in healthy brain and brain tumors using an optimized MR sequence scheme at 3 tesla. METHODS Two-dimensional (1)H SI was performed with a point-resolved spectroscopy scheme. An echo time of 160 ms was used for separation between Gly and myo-inositol signals. Data were collected from eight healthy volunteers and 14 subjects with gliomas. Spectra were analyzed with the linear combination model using numerically calculated basis spectra. Metabolite concentrations were estimated with reference to creatine in white matter (WM) regions at 6.4 molar concentrations (mM). RESULTS From a linear regression analysis with respect to the fractional gray matter (GM) content, the Gly concentrations in pure GM and WM in healthy brains were estimated to be 1.1 and 0.3 mM, respectively. Gly was significantly elevated in tumors. The tumor-to-contralateral Gly concentration ratio was more extensive with higher grades, showing ∼ 10-fold elevation of Gly in glioblastomas. CONCLUSION The Gly level is significantly different between GM and WM in healthy brains. Our data indicate that SI of Gly may provide a biomarker of brain tumor malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Ganji
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Maher
- Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Annette Strauss Center for Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Changho Choi
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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