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Sgualdino F, Mattolini L, Jimenez BD, Patrick K, Abdel Fattah AR, Ranga A. Mechanical Actuation of Organoids in Synthetic Microenvironments. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2764:225-245. [PMID: 38393598 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3674-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Organoids are a powerful model system to explore the role of mechanical forces in sculpting emergent tissue cytoarchitecture. The modulation of the mechanical microenvironment is most readily performed using synthetic extracellular matrices (ECM); however, such materials provide passive, rather than active force modulation. Actuation technologies enable the active tuning of mechanical forces in both time and magnitude. Using such instruments, our group has shown that extrinsically imposed stretching on human neural tube organoids (hNTOs) enhanced patterning of the floor plate domain. Here, we provide a detailed protocol on the implementation of mechanical actuation of organoids embedded in synthetic 3D microenvironments, with additional details on methods to characterize organoid fate and behavior. Our protocol is easy to reproduce and is expected to be broadly applicable to investigate the role of active mechanics with in vitro model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Sgualdino
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Morphogenesis, Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Mattolini
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Morphogenesis, Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brian Daza Jimenez
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Morphogenesis, Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kieran Patrick
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Morphogenesis, Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abdel Rahman Abdel Fattah
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Morphogenesis, Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Adrian Ranga
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Morphogenesis, Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Company V, Moreno-Cerdá A, Andreu-Cervera A, Murcia-Ramón R, Almagro-García F, Echevarría D, Martínez S, Puelles E. Wnt1 Role in the Development of the Habenula and the Fasciculus Retroflexus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:755729. [PMID: 34722541 PMCID: PMC8551717 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.755729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt1 is one of the morphogenes that controls the specification and differentiation of neuronal populations in the developing central nervous system. The habenula is a diencephalic neuronal complex located in the most dorsal aspect of the thalamic prosomere. This diencephalic neuronal population is involved in the limbic system and its malfunction is related with several psychiatric disorders. Our aim is to elucidate the Wnt1 role in the habenula and its main efferent tract, the fasciculus retroflexus, development. In order to achieve these objectives, we analyzed these structures development in a Wnt1 lack of function mouse model. The habenula was generated in our model, but it presented an enlarged volume. This alteration was due to an increment in habenular neuroblasts proliferation rate. The fasciculus retroflexus also presented a wider and disorganized distribution and a disturbed final trajectory toward its target. The mid-hindbrain territories that the tract must cross were miss-differentiated in our model. The specification of the habenula is Wnt1 independent. Nevertheless, it controls its precursors proliferation rate. Wnt1 expressed in the isthmic organizer is vital to induce the midbrain and rostral hindbrain territories. The alteration of these areas is responsible for the fasciculus retroflexus axons misroute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Company
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Ana Moreno-Cerdá
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Abraham Andreu-Cervera
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Raquel Murcia-Ramón
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Francisca Almagro-García
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Diego Echevarría
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Salvador Martínez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Eduardo Puelles
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
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Long D, Liu M, Li H, Song J, Jiang X, Wang G, Yang X. Dysbacteriosis induces abnormal neurogenesis via LPS in a pathway requiring NF-κB/IL-6. Pharmacol Res 2021; 167:105543. [PMID: 33711435 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we identified elevated levels of LPS and suppressed neurogenesis in a successfully established mouse model of gut microbiota dysbiosis. We mimicked these phenotypes using mouse and chicken embryos exposed to LPS and found that dramatic variation in gene expression was due to changes in the dorsal-ventral patterning of the neural tube. Cell survival and excess ROS were also involved in this process. Antioxidant administration alleviated LPS-activated NF-κB signaling, while directly blocking NF-κB signaling altered the LPS-induced inhibition of neurogenesis. Furthermore, IL-6 was proven to play a vital role in the expression of crucial neurogenesis-related genes and NF-κB. In summary, we found that the suppression of neurogenesis induced by dysbacteriosis-derived LPS was significantly reversed in mice with fecal microbiota transplantation. This study reveals that gut dysbacteriosis-derived LPS impairs embryonic neurogenesis, and that the NF-κB/IL-6 pathway could be one of the main factors triggering the downstream signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denglu Long
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jinhuan Song
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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4
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Zhao J, Tian Y, Zhang H, Qu L, Chen Y, Liu Q, Luo Y, Wu X. p53 Mutant p53 N236S Induces Neural Tube Defects in Female Embryos. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:2006-2015. [PMID: 31523200 PMCID: PMC6743294 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.31451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 is one of the most important tumor suppressors through surveillance of DNA damages and abnormal proliferation signals, and activation the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to stress. However, the mutation of p53 is known to be oncogenic by both loss of function in inhibiting cell cycle progress and gain of function in promoting abnormal proliferation. In the present study, we have established a knock in mouse model containing an Asn-to-Ser substitution at p53 amino acid 236 by homologous recombination (p53N236S). Other than tumorigenesis phenotype, we found that p53S/S mice displayed female-specific phenotype of open neural tube in brain (exencephaly) and spinal cord (spina bifida). The occurrence rate for embryonic exencephaly is 68.5% in female p53S/S mice, which is much more than that of in p53-/- mice (37.1%) in the same genetic background. Further study found that p53N236S mutation increased neuronal proliferation and decreased neuronal differentiation and apoptosis. To rescue the phenotype, we inhibited cell proliferation by crossing Wrn-/- mice with p53S/S mice. The occurrence of NTDs in p53S/S Wrn-/- mice was 35.2%, thus suggesting that the inhibition of cell proliferation through a Wrn defect partially rescued the exencephaly phenotype in p53S/S mice. We also report that p53S decreased expression of UTX at mRNA and protein level via increasing Xist transcript, result in high female-specific H3K27me3 expression and repressed Mash1 transcription, which facilitating abnormal proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, result in the mis-regulation of neurodevelopment and neural tube defects (NTDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhi Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging & Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yingbing Tian
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging & Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging & Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Lianhua Qu
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging & Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging & Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging & Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging & Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging & Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
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Bonnet F, Molina A, Roussat M, Azais M, Bel-Vialar S, Gautrais J, Pituello F, Agius E. Neurogenic decisions require a cell cycle independent function of the CDC25B phosphatase. eLife 2018; 7:32937. [PMID: 29969095 PMCID: PMC6051746 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental issue in developmental biology and in organ homeostasis is understanding the molecular mechanisms governing the balance between stem cell maintenance and differentiation into a specific lineage. Accumulating data suggest that cell cycle dynamics play a major role in the regulation of this balance. Here we show that the G2/M cell cycle regulator CDC25B phosphatase is required in mammals to finely tune neuronal production in the neural tube. We show that in chick neural progenitors, CDC25B activity favors fast nuclei departure from the apical surface in early G1, stimulates neurogenic divisions and promotes neuronal differentiation. We design a mathematical model showing that within a limited period of time, cell cycle length modifications cannot account for changes in the ratio of the mode of division. Using a CDC25B point mutation that cannot interact with CDK, we show that part of CDC25B activity is independent of its action on the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Bonnet
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Angie Molina
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Mélanie Roussat
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Manon Azais
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative., Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Bel-Vialar
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Gautrais
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative., Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabienne Pituello
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Agius
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Liu M, Wang G, Zhang SY, Zhong S, Qi GL, Wang CJ, Chuai M, Lee KKH, Lu DX, Yang X. From the Cover: Exposing Imidacloprid Interferes With Neurogenesis Through Impacting on Chick Neural Tube Cell Survival. Toxicol Sci 2016; 153:137-148. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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7
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Harris J, Tomassy GS, Arlotta P. Building blocks of the cerebral cortex: from development to the dish. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:529-44. [PMID: 25926310 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since Ramon y Cajal's examination of the cellular makeup of the cerebral cortex, it has been appreciated that this tissue exhibits some of the greatest degrees of cellular heterogeneity in the entire nervous system. This intricate structure emerges during a well-choreographed developmental process. Here, we review current classifications of the cellular constituents of the cerebral cortex and examine how these building blocks are forged during development. We also look at how basic developmental features underlying cortex formation in vivo have been applied to protocols aimed at generating cortical tissue in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Harris
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Giulio Srubek Tomassy
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paola Arlotta
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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8
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Hermann DM, Chopp M. Promoting Neurological Recovery in the Post-Acute Stroke Phase: Benefits and Challenges. Eur Neurol 2014; 72:317-25. [DOI: 10.1159/000365171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Li Y, Liu Z, Xin H, Chopp M. The role of astrocytes in mediating exogenous cell-based restorative therapy for stroke. Glia 2013; 62:1-16. [PMID: 24272702 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes have not been a major therapeutic target for the treatment of stroke, with most research emphasis on the neuron. Given the essential role that astrocytes play in maintaining physiological function of the central nervous system and the very rapid and sensitive reaction astrocytes have in response to cerebral injury or ischemic insult, we propose to replace the neurocentric view for treatment with a more nuanced astrocytic centered approach. In addition, after decades of effort in attempting to develop neuroprotective therapies, which target reduction of the ischemic lesion, there are no effective clinical treatments for stroke, aside from thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator, which is used in a small minority of patients. A more promising therapeutic approach, which may affect nearly all stroke patients, may be in promoting endogenous restorative mechanisms, which enhance neurological recovery. A focus of efforts in stimulating recovery post stroke is the use of exogenously administered cells. The present review focuses on the role of the astrocyte in mediating the brain network, brain plasticity, and neurological recovery post stroke. As a model to describe the interaction of a restorative cell-based therapy with astrocytes, which drives recovery from stroke, we specifically highlight the subacute treatment of stroke with multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
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10
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Wang G, Li Y, Wang XY, Han Z, Chuai M, Wang LJ, Ho Lee KK, Geng JG, Yang X. Slit/Robo1 signaling regulates neural tube development by balancing neuroepithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1083-93. [PMID: 23438940 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Formation of the neural tube is the morphological hallmark for development of the embryonic central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, neural tube development is a crucial step in the neurulation process. Slit/Robo signaling was initially identified as a chemo-repellent that regulated axon growth cone elongation, but its role in controlling neural tube development is currently unknown. To address this issue, we investigated Slit/Robo1 signaling in the development of chick neCollege of Life Sciences Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UKural tube and transgenic mice over-expressing Slit2. We disrupted Slit/Robo1 signaling by injecting R5 monoclonal antibodies into HH10 neural tubes to block the Robo1 receptor. This inhibited the normal development of the ventral body curvature and caused the spinal cord to curl up into a S-shape. Next, Slit/Robo1 signaling on one half-side of the chick embryo neural tube was disturbed by electroporation in ovo. We found that the morphology of the neural tube was dramatically abnormal after we interfered with Slit/Robo1 signaling. Furthermore, we established that silencing Robo1 inhibited cell proliferation while over-expressing Robo1 enhanced cell proliferation. We also investigated the effects of altering Slit/Robo1 expression on Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and Pax7 expression in the developing neural tube. We demonstrated that over-expressing Robo1 down-regulated Shh expression in the ventral neural tube and resulted in the production of fewer HNK-1(+) migrating neural crest cells (NCCs). In addition, Robo1 over-expression enhanced Pax7 expression in the dorsal neural tube and increased the number of Slug(+) pre-migratory NCCs. Conversely, silencing Robo1 expression resulted in an enhanced Shh expression and more HNK-1(+) migrating NCCs but reduced Pax7 expression and fewer Slug(+) pre-migratory NCCs were observed. In conclusion, we propose that Slit/Robo1 signaling is involved in regulating neural tube development by tightly coordinating cell proliferation and differentiation during neurulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of The Ministry of Education, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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11
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Richtsmeier JT, Flaherty K. Hand in glove: brain and skull in development and dysmorphogenesis. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 125:469-89. [PMID: 23525521 PMCID: PMC3652528 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1104-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The brain originates relatively early in development from differentiated ectoderm that forms a hollow tube and takes on an exceedingly complex shape with development. The skull is made up of individual bony elements that form from neural crest- and mesoderm-derived mesenchyme that unite to provide support and protection for soft tissues and spaces of the head. The meninges provide a protective and permeable membrane between brain and skull. Across evolutionary and developmental time, dynamic changes in brain and skull shape track one another so that their integration is evidenced in two structures that fit soundly regardless of changes in biomechanical and physiologic functions. Evidence for this tight correspondence is also seen in diseases of the craniofacial complex that are often classified as diseases of the skull (e.g., craniosynostosis) or diseases of the brain (e.g., holoprosencephaly) even when both tissues are affected. Our review suggests a model that links brain and skull morphogenesis through coordinated integration of signaling pathways (e.g., FGF, TGFβ, Wnt) via processes that are not currently understood, perhaps involving the meninges. Differences in the earliest signaling of biological structure establish divergent designs that will be enhanced during morphogenesis. Signaling systems that pattern the developing brain are also active in patterning required for growth and assembly of the skull and some members of these signaling families have been indicated as causal for craniofacial diseases. Because cells of early brain and skull are sensitive to similar signaling families, variation in the strength or timing of signals or shifts in patterning boundaries that affect one system (neural or skull) could also affect the other system and appropriate co-adjustments in development would be made. Interactions of these signaling systems and of the tissues that they pattern are fundamental to the consistent but labile functional and structural association of brain and skull conserved over evolutionary time obvious in the study of development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, 409 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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12
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Arai Y, Huttner WB, Calegari F. Neural Stem Cells. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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13
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Mukhopadhyay P, Brock G, Webb C, Pisano MM, Greene RM. Strain-specific modifier genes governing craniofacial phenotypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 94:162-75. [PMID: 22371338 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.22890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of strain-specific modifier genes is known to modulate the phenotype and pathophysiology of mice harboring genetically engineered mutations. Thus, identification of genetic modifier genes is requisite to understanding control of phenotypic expression. c-Ski is a transcriptional regulator. Ski(-/-) mice on a C57BL6J (B6) background exhibit facial clefting, while Ski(-/-) mice on a 129P3 (129) background present with exencephaly. METHODS In the present study, oligonucleotide-based gene expression profiling was used to identify potential strain-specific modifier gene candidates present in wild type mice of B6 and 129 genetic backgrounds. Changes in gene expression were verified by TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Steady-state levels of 89 genes demonstrated a significantly higher level of expression, and those of 68 genes demonstrated a significantly lower level of expression in the developing neural tubes from embryonic day (E) 8.5, B6 embryos when compared to expression levels in neural tubes derived from E 8.5, 129 embryos. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results from the current comparative microarray study, and taking into consideration a number of relevant published reports, several potential strain-specific gene candidates, likely to modify the craniofacial phenotypes in various knockout mouse models have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mukhopadhyay
- University of Louisville Birth Defects Center, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, ULSD, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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Pearson CA, Ohyama K, Manning L, Aghamohammadzadeh S, Sang H, Placzek M. FGF-dependent midline-derived progenitor cells in hypothalamic infundibular development. Development 2011; 138:2613-24. [PMID: 21610037 DOI: 10.1242/dev.062794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The infundibulum links the nervous and endocrine systems, serving as a crucial integrating centre for body homeostasis. Here we describe that the chick infundibulum derives from two subsets of anterior ventral midline cells. One set remains at the ventral midline and forms the posterior-ventral infundibulum. A second set migrates laterally, forming a collar around the midline. We show that collar cells are composed of Fgf3(+) SOX3(+) proliferating progenitors, the induction of which is SHH dependent, but the maintenance of which requires FGF signalling. Collar cells proliferate late into embryogenesis, can generate neurospheres that passage extensively, and differentiate to distinct fates, including hypothalamic neuronal fates and Fgf10(+) anterior-dorsal infundibular cells. Together, our study shows that a subset of anterior floor plate-like cells gives rise to Fgf3(+) SOX3(+) progenitor cells, demonstrates a dual origin of infundibular cells and reveals a crucial role for FGF signalling in governing extended infundibular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Alayne Pearson
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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15
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Wang H, Lei Q, Oosterveen T, Ericson J, Matise MP. Tcf/Lef repressors differentially regulate Shh-Gli target gene activation thresholds to generate progenitor patterning in the developing CNS. Development 2011; 138:3711-21. [PMID: 21775418 DOI: 10.1242/dev.068270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During neural tube development, Shh signaling through Gli transcription factors is necessary to establish five distinct ventral progenitor domains that give rise to unique classes of neurons and glia that arise in specific positions along the dorsoventral axis. These cells are generated from progenitors that display distinct transcription factor gene expression profiles in specific domains in the ventricular zone. However, the molecular genetic mechanisms that control the differential spatiotemporal transcriptional responses of progenitor target genes to graded Shh-Gli signaling remain unclear. The current study demonstrates a role for Tcf/Lef repressor activity in this process. We show that Tcf3 and Tcf7L2 (Tcf4) are required for proper ventral patterning and function by independently regulating two Shh-Gli target genes, Nkx2.2 and Olig2, which are initially induced in a common pool of progenitors that ultimately segregate into unique territories giving rise to distinct progeny. Genetic and functional studies in vivo show that Tcf transcriptional repressors selectively elevate the strength and duration of Gli activity necessary to induce Nkx2.2, but have no effect on Olig2, and thereby contribute to the establishment of their distinct expression domains in cooperation with graded Shh signaling. Together, our data reveal a Shh-Gli-independent transcriptional input that is required to shape the precise spatial and temporal response to extracellular morphogen signaling information during lineage segregation in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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16
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Horner VL, Caspary T. Disrupted dorsal neural tube BMP signaling in the cilia mutant Arl13b hnn stems from abnormal Shh signaling. Dev Biol 2011; 355:43-54. [PMID: 21539826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the embryonic neural tube, multiple signaling pathways work in concert to create functional neuronal circuits in the adult spinal cord. In the ventral neural tube, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) acts as a graded morphogen to specify neurons necessary for movement. In the dorsal neural tube, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Wnt signals cooperate to specify neurons involved in sensation. Several signaling pathways, including Shh, rely on primary cilia in vertebrates. In this study, we used a mouse mutant with abnormal cilia, Arl13b(hnn), to study the relationship between cilia, cell signaling, and neural tube patterning. Arl13b(hnn) mutants have abnormal ventral neural tube patterning due to disrupted Shh signaling; in addition, dorsal patterning defects occur, but the cause of these is unknown. Here we show that the Arl13b(hnn) dorsal patterning defects result from abnormal BMP signaling. In addition, we find that Wnt ligands are abnormally expressed in Arl13b(hnn) mutants; surprisingly, however, downstream Wnt signaling is normal. We demonstrate that Arl13b is required non-autonomously for BMP signaling and Wnt ligand expression, indicating that the abnormal Shh signaling environment in Arl13b(hnn) embryos indirectly causes dorsal defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L Horner
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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17
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Kim NC, Marqués G. Identification of downstream targets of the bone morphogenetic protein pathway in the Drosophila nervous system. Dev Dyn 2011; 239:2413-25. [PMID: 20652954 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling mediated by the receptor Wishful thinking (Wit) is essential for nervous system development in Drosophila. Mutants lacking wit function show defects in neuromuscular junction development and function, specification of neurosecretory phenotypes, and eclosion behavior that result in lethality. The ligand is Glass bottom boat, the Drosophila ortholog of mammalian BMP-7, which acts as a retrograde signal through the Wit receptor. In order to identify transcriptional targets of the BMP pathway in the Drosophila nervous system, we have analyzed the gene expression profile of wit mutant larval central nervous system. Genes differentially expressed identified by microarray analysis have been verified by quantitative PCR and studied by in situ hybridization. Among the genes thus identified, we find solute transporters, neuropeptides, mitochondrial proteins, and novel genes. In addition, several genes are regulated by wit in an isoform-specific manner that suggest regulation of alternative splicing by BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Chul Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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18
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Tong J, Latzman JM, Rauch J, Zagzag DS, Huang JH, Samadani U. Sonic hedgehog agonist fails to induce neural stem cell precursors in a porcine model of experimental intracranial hemorrhage. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2011; 111:151-4. [PMID: 21725747 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0693-8_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of endogenous neural stem cell progenitors in recovery from intracranial hemorrhage remains to be elucidated. Proliferation of such stem cells in the subventricular zone has been described in rodent models of experimental intracranial hemorrhage. Administration of a sonic hedgehog agonist at the time of hemorrhage was hypothesized to increase the quantity of such precursor cells. METHODS Two groups of pigs were subjected to injection of autologous blood into the right frontal lobe. One group was also injected at the same site with a sonic hedgehog agonist at the time of the hemorrhage to stimulate cell growth, and the other was given a vehicle control. The pigs received intravenous BrdU for 5 days postoperatively to label replicating cells, and then were sacrificed at intervals up to 21 days. RESULTS Pigs in the hemorrhage only group demonstrated increased and more persistent BrdU staining in the subventricular zone relative to pigs in the group that received sonic hedgehog agonist. The latter group demonstrated increased BrdU activity in non-neural lineage cells in the area of the hemorrhage. CONCLUSION Sonic hedgehog agonist did not induce subventricular zone neural stem cell progenitor division after experimental intracranial hemorrhage in a pig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tong
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester, New York, NY 10010, USA
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19
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Neural Stem Cells. Regen Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9075-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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20
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Receptor tyrosine phosphatase PTPγ is a regulator of spinal cord neurogenesis. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 46:469-82. [PMID: 21112398 PMCID: PMC3038263 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During spinal cord development the proliferation, migration and survival of neural progenitors and precursors is tightly controlled, generating the fine spatial organisation of the cord. In order to understand better the control of these processes, we have examined the function of an orphan receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP) PTPγ, in the developing chick spinal cord. Widespread expression of PTPγ occurs post-embryonic day 3 in the early cord and is consistent with a potential role in either neurogenesis or neuronal maturation. Using gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches in ovo, we show that PTPγ perturbation significantly reduces progenitor proliferation rates and neuronal precursor numbers, resulting in hypoplasia of the neuroepithelium. PTPγ gain-of-function causes widespread suppression of Wnt/β-catenin-driven TCF signalling. One potential target of PTPγ may therefore be β-catenin itself, since PTPγ can dephosphorylate it in vitro, but alternative targets are also likely. PTPγ loss-of-function is not sufficient to alter TCF signalling. Instead, loss-of-function leads to increased apoptosis and defective cell–cell adhesion in progenitors and precursors. Furthermore, motor neuron precursor migration is specifically defective. PTPγ therefore regulates neurogenesis during a window of spinal cord development, with molecular targets most likely related to Wnt/β-catenin signalling, cell survival and cell adhesion.
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21
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Cadigan KM, Peifer M. Wnt signaling from development to disease: insights from model systems. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010; 1:a002881. [PMID: 20066091 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a002881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the early surprises in the study of cell adhesion was the discovery that beta-catenin plays dual roles, serving as an essential component of cadherin-based cell-cell adherens junctions and also serving as the key regulated effector of the Wnt signaling pathway. Here, we review our current model of Wnt signaling and discuss how recent work using model organisms has advanced our understanding of the roles Wnt signaling plays in both normal development and in disease. These data help flesh out the mechanisms of signaling from the membrane to the nucleus, revealing new protein players and providing novel information about known components of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken M Cadigan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048, USA
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22
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Miller RK, McCrea PD. Wnt to build a tube: contributions of Wnt signaling to epithelial tubulogenesis. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:77-93. [PMID: 19681164 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tubes are crucial to the function of organ systems including the cardiovascular system, pulmonary system, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive organ systems, excretory system, and auditory system. Using a variety of animal model systems, recent studies have substantiated the role of Wnt signaling via the canonical/beta-catenin-mediated trajectory, the non-canonical Wnt trajectories, or both, in forming epithelial tubular tissues. This review focuses on the involvement of the Wnt pathways in the induction, specification, proliferation, and morphogenesis involved in tubulogenesis within tissues including the lungs, kidneys, ears, mammary glands, gut, and heart. The ultimate goal is to describe the developmental processes forming the various tubulogenic organ systems to determine the relationships between these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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23
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Cardozo A, Ielpi M, Gómez D, Argibay P. Differential expression of Shh and BMP signaling in the potential conversion of human adipose tissue stem cells into neuron-like cells in vitro. Gene Expr 2010; 14:307-19. [PMID: 20635573 PMCID: PMC6042023 DOI: 10.3727/105221610x12717040569866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nervous system (NS) has a limited self-repair capability and adult neurogenesis is limited to certain regions of the brain. This generates a great interest in using stem cells to repair the NS. Previous reports have shown the differentiation of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) in neuron-like cells when cultures are enriched with growth factors participating in embryonic and adult neurogenesis. Therefore, it could be thought that there exists a functional parallelism between neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation of ASCs. For this reason, the goal of this work was to study the differential gene expression of Shh and BMP genetic pathways involved in cell fate determination and proliferation. In this study we demonstrated that hASCs are endowed with active Hedgehog and BMP signaling pathways through the expression of genes of both cascades and that their expressions are downregulated after neuronal induction. This idea is in accordance with the facts that Shh and BMP signaling is involved in the maintenance of cells with stem cells properties and that proliferation decreases during the process of differentiation. Furthermore, Noggin expression was detected in induced hASCs whereas there was no expression in noninduced cells, which indicates that these cells are probably adopting a neuronal fate because noggin diverts neural stem cells from glial to neuronal fate. We also detected FM1-43 and synaptophisin staining, which is evidence of the presence of putative functional presynaptic terminals, a neuron-specific property. These results could partially contribute to the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involved in neuronal differentiation of adult human nonneural tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Cardozo
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas y Medicina Experimental, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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24
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Hryciw T, MacDonald JIS, Phillips R, Seah C, Pasternak S, Meakin SO. The fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 3 adapter is a developmentally regulated microtubule-associated protein expressed in migrating and differentiated neurons. J Neurochem 2009; 112:924-39. [PMID: 19943849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) mediated signaling is essential to many aspects of neural development. Activated FGF receptors signal primarily through the FGF receptor substrate (Frs) adapters, which include Frs2/Frs2alpha and Frs3/Frs2beta. While some studies suggest that Frs3 can compensate for the loss of Frs2 in transfected cells, the lack of an effective Frs3 specific antibody has prevented efforts to determine the role(s) of the endogenous protein. To this end, we have generated a Frs3 specific antibody and have characterized the pattern of Frs3 expression in the developing nervous system, its subcellular localization as well as its biochemical properties. We demonstrate that Frs3 is expressed at low levels in the ventricular zone of developing cortex, between E12 and E15, and it co-localizes with nestin and acetylated alpha-tubulin in radial processes in the ventricular/subventricular zones as well as with betaIII tubulin in differentiated cortical neurons. Subcellular fractionation studies demonstrate that endogenous Frs3 is both soluble and plasma membrane associated while Frs3 expressed in 293T cells associates exclusively with lipid rafts. Lastly, we demonstrate that neuronal Frs3 binds microtubules comparable to the microtubule-associated protein, MAP2, while Frs2 does not. Collectively, these data suggest that neuronal Frs3 functions as a novel microtubule binding protein and they provide the first biochemical evidence that neuronal Frs3 is functionally distinct from Frs2/Frs2alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Hryciw
- Molecular Brain Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Garcia-Morales C, Liu CH, Abu-Elmagd M, Hajihosseini MK, Wheeler GN. Frizzled-10 promotes sensory neuron development in Xenopus embryos. Dev Biol 2009; 335:143-55. [PMID: 19716814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Formation of the vertebrate nervous system requires coordinated cell-cell interactions, intracellular signalling events, gene transcription, and morphogenetic cell movements. Wnt signalling has been involved in regulating a wide variety of biological processes such as embryonic patterning, cell proliferation, cell polarity, motility, and the specification of cell fate. Wnt ligands associate with their receptors, members of the frizzled family (Fz). In Xenopus, five members of the frizzled family are expressed in the early nervous system. We have investigated the role of Xenopus frizzled-10 (Fz10) in neural development. We show that Fz10 is expressed in the dorsal neural ectoderm and neural folds in the region where primary sensory neurons develop. Fz10 mediates canonical Wnt signalling and interacts with Wnt1 and Wnt8 but not Wnt3a as shown in synergy assays. We find that Fz10 is required for the late stages of sensory neuron differentiation. Overexpression of Fz10 in Xenopus leads to an increase in the number of sensory neurons. Loss of Fz10 function using morpholinos inhibits the development of sensory neurons in Xenopus at later stages of neurogenesis and this can be rescued by co-injection of modified Fz10B and beta-catenin. In mouse P19 cells induced by retinoic acid to undergo neural differentiation, overexpression of Xenopus Fz10 leads to an increase in the number of neurons generated while siRNA knockdown of endogenous mouse Fz10 inhibits neurogenesis. Thus we propose Fz10 mediates Wnt1 signalling to determine sensory neural differentiation in Xenopus in vivo and in mouse cell culture.
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26
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Perez-Balaguer A, Puelles E, Wurst W, Martinez S. Shh dependent and independent maintenance of basal midbrain. Mech Dev 2009; 126:301-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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Pierani A, Wassef M. Cerebral cortex development: From progenitors patterning to neocortical size during evolution. Dev Growth Differ 2009; 51:325-42. [PMID: 19298550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2009.01095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system is composed of thousands of distinct neurons that are assembled in a highly organized structure. In order to form functional neuronal networks, distinct classes of cells have to be generated in a precise number, in a spatial and temporal hierarchy and to be positioned at specific coordinates. An exquisite coordination of appropriate growth of competent territories and their patterning is required for regionalization and neurogenesis along both the anterior-posterior and dorso-ventral axis of the developing nervous system. The neocortex represents the brain territory that has undergone a major increase in its relative size during the course of mammalian evolution. In this review we will discuss how the fine tuning of growth and cell fate patterning plays a crucial role in the achievement of the final size of central nervous system structures and how divergence might have contributed to the surface increase of the cerebral cortex in mammals. In particular, we will describe how lack of precision might have been instrumental to neocortical evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pierani
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Diderot et UPMC, 2 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
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28
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Zhao L, Rooker SM, Morrell N, Leucht P, Simanovskii D, Helms JA. Controlling the in vivo activity of Wnt liposomes. Methods Enzymol 2009; 465:331-47. [PMID: 19913175 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)65017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes offer a method of delivering small molecules, nucleic acids, and proteins to sites within the body. Typically, bioactive materials are encapsulated within the liposomal aqueous core and liposomal phase transition is elicited by pH or temperature changes. We developed a new class of liposomes for the in vivo delivery of lipid-modified proteins. First, we show that the inclusion of a chromophore into the liposomal or vesosomal membrane renders these lipid vesicles extremely sensitive to very small (muJ) changes in energy. Next, we demonstrate that the lipid-modified Wnt protein is not encapsulated within a liposome but rather is tethered to the exoliposomal surface in an active configuration. When applied to intact skin, chromophore-modified liposomes do not penetrate past the corneal layer of the epidermis, but remain localized to the site of application. Injury to the epidermis allows rapid penetration of liposomes into the dermis, which suggests that mild forms of dermabrasion will greatly enhance transdermal delivery of liposome-packaged molecules. Finally, we demonstrate that topical application of Wnt3a liposomes rapidly stimulates proliferation of cells in the corneal layer, resulting in a thicker, more fibrillous epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhao
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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29
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Li HY, Zhou XF. Potential conversion of adult clavicle-derived chondrocytes into neural lineage cells in vitro. J Cell Physiol 2008; 214:630-44. [PMID: 17786944 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSC) can be isolated from a variety of adult tissues and become a valuable cell source for the repair of peripheral and central nervous diseases. However, their origin and identity remain controversial because of possible de-differentiation/trans-differentiation or contaminations by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We hypothesize that the commonly used NSC culture medium can induce committed cartilage chondrocytes to de-differentiate and/or trans-differentiate into neural cell lineages. Using a biological isolation and purification method with explants culture, we here show that adult rat clavicle cartilage chondrocytes migrate out from tissue blocks, form sphere-like structures, possess the capability of self-renewal, express nestin and p75NTR, markers for neural crest progenitors, and differentiate into neurons, glia, and smooth muscle cells. Comparing with adult cartilage, the spherical-forming neural crest cell-like cells downregulate the chondrocytic marker genes, including collagen II, collagen X, and sox9, as well as neural-lineage repressors/silencers REST and coREST, but upregulate a set of well-defined genes related to neural crest cells and pro-neural potential. Nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial growth factor (GGF) increase glial and neuronal differentiation, respectively. These results suggest that chondrocytes derived from adult clavicle cartilage can become neural crest stem-like cells and acquire neuronal phenotypes in vitro. The possible de-differentiation/trans-differentiation mechanisms underlying the conversion were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yun Li
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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30
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Alvarez-Medina R, Cayuso J, Okubo T, Takada S, Martí E. Wnt canonical pathway restricts graded Shh/Gli patterning activity through the regulation of Gli3 expression. Development 2007; 135:237-47. [PMID: 18057099 DOI: 10.1242/dev.012054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Dorsoventral patterning of the vertebrate nervous system is achieved by the combined activity of morphogenetic signals secreted from dorsal and ventral signalling centres. The Shh/Gli pathway plays a major role in patterning the ventral neural tube; however, the molecular mechanisms that limit target gene responses to specific progenitor domains remain unclear. Here, we show that Wnt1/Wnt3a, by signalling through the canonical beta-catenin/Tcf pathway, control expression of dorsal genes and suppression of the ventral programme, and that this role in DV patterning depends on Gli activity. Additionally, we show that Gli3 expression is controlled by Wnt activity. Identification and characterization of highly conserved non-coding DNA regions around the human Gli3 gene revealed the presence of transcriptionally active Tcf-binding sequences. These indicated that dorsal Gli3 expression might be directly regulated by canonical Wnt activity. In turn, Gli3, by acting as a transcriptional repressor, restricted graded Shh/Gli ventral activity to properly pattern the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Alvarez-Medina
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, C/Josep Samitier 1-5, Barcelona 08028, Spain
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31
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The Hedgehog gene family of the cnidarian, Nematostella vectensis, and implications for understanding metazoan Hedgehog pathway evolution. Dev Biol 2007; 313:501-18. [PMID: 18068698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling is an important component of cell-cell communication during bilaterian development, and abnormal Hedgehog signaling contributes to disease and birth defects. Hedgehog genes are composed of a ligand ("hedge") domain and an autocatalytic intein ("hog") domain. Hedgehog (hh) ligands bind to a conserved set of receptors and activate downstream signal transduction pathways terminating with Gli/Ci transcription factors. We have identified five intein-containing genes in the anthozoan cnidarian Nematostella vectensis, two of which (NvHh1 and NvHh2) contain definitive hedgehog ligand domains, suggesting that to date, cnidarians are the earliest branching metazoan phylum to possess definitive Hh orthologs. Expression analysis of NvHh1 and NvHh2, the receptor NvPatched, and a downstream transcription factor NvGli (a Gli3/Ci ortholog) indicate that these genes may have conserved roles in planar and trans-epithelial signaling during gut and germline development, while the three remaining intein-containing genes (NvHint1,2,3) are expressed in a cell-type-specific manner in putative neural precursors. Metazoan intein-containing genes that lack a hh ligand domain have previously only been identified within nematodes. However, we have identified intein-containing genes from both Nematostella and in two newly annotated lophotrochozoan genomes. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that while nematode inteins may be derived from an ancestral true hedgehog gene, the newly identified cnidarian and lophotrochozoan inteins may be orthologous, suggesting that both true hedgehog and hint genes may have been present in the cnidarian-bilaterian ancestor. Genomic surveys of N. vectensis suggest that most of the components of both protostome and deuterostome Hh signaling pathways are present in anthozoans and that some appear to have been lost in ecdysozoan lineages. Cnidarians possess many bilaterian cell-cell signaling pathways (Wnt, TGFbeta, FGF, and Hh) that appear to act in concert to pattern tissues along the oral-aboral axis of the polyp. Cnidarians represent a diverse group of animals with a predominantly epithelial body plan, and perhaps selective pressures to pattern epithelia resulted in the ontogeny of the hedgehog pathway in the common ancestor of the Cnidaria and Bilateria.
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Shafer J, Davis AR, Gannon FH, Fouletier-Dilling CM, Lazard Z, Moran K, Gugala Z, Ozen M, Ittmann M, Heggeness MH, Olmsted-Davis E. Oxygen Tension Directs Chondrogenic Differentiation of Myelo-Monocytic Progenitors During Endochondral Bone Formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:2011-9. [PMID: 17518751 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of bone requires both essential progenitors to form the various structures and the correct microenvironment for their differentiation. To identify these factors, we have used a system that exploits bone morphogenetic protein's ability to induce endochondral bone formation rapidly. One of the earliest events observed was the influx and proliferation of fibroblastic cells that express both vascular smooth muscle cell markers, alpha smooth muscle actin (alpha SMA), smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, and the monocytic marker CD68. The expression of these factors was lost by days 4 to 5, coincident with the up-regulation of Sox9 and the appearance of chondrocytes. Studies with a cyclization recombination (Cre)/lox system, in which a myeloid-specific promoter driving Cre recombinase can irreversibly unblock expression of beta-galactosidase only in cells of myeloid origin, showed specific activity in the newly formed chondrocytes. These results suggest that early chondrocyte progenitors are of myeloid origin. Simultaneous with this recruitment, we determined that a numbers of these cells were in a hypoxic state, indicative of a low-oxygen environment. The cells in the hypoxic regions were undergoing chondrogenesis, whereas cells in adjacent normoxic regions appeared to be assembling into new vessels, suggesting that the oxygen microenvironment is critical for establishment of the cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Shafer
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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33
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Ruzhynsky VA, McClellan KA, Vanderluit JL, Jeong Y, Furimsky M, Park DS, Epstein DJ, Wallace VA, Slack RS. Cell cycle regulator E2F4 is essential for the development of the ventral telencephalon. J Neurosci 2007; 27:5926-35. [PMID: 17537963 PMCID: PMC6672261 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1538-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early forebrain development is characterized by extensive proliferation of neural precursors coupled with complex structural transformations; however, little is known regarding the mechanisms by which these processes are integrated. Here, we show that deficiency of the cell cycle regulatory protein, E2F4, results in the loss of ventral telencephalic structures and impaired self-renewal of neural precursor cells. The mechanism underlying aberrant ventral patterning lies in a dramatic loss of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression specifically in this region. The E2F4-deficient phenotype can be recapitulated by interbreeding mice heterozygous for E2F4 with those lacking one allele of Shh, suggesting a genetic interaction between these pathways. Treatment of E2F4-deficient cells with a Hh agonist rescues stem cell self-renewal and cells expressing the homeodomain proteins that specify the ventral telencephalic structures. Finally, we show that E2F4 deficiency results in impaired activity of Shh forebrain-specific enhancers. In conclusion, these studies establish a novel requirement for the cell cycle regulatory protein, E2F4, in the development of the ventral telencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Ruzhynsky
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, and
| | - Kelly A. McClellan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, and
| | - Jacqueline L. Vanderluit
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, and
| | - Yongsu Jeong
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Marosh Furimsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
- Molecular Medicine Program and Vision Program, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6, and
| | - David S. Park
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, and
| | - Douglas J. Epstein
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Valerie A. Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
- Molecular Medicine Program and Vision Program, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6, and
| | - Ruth S. Slack
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, and
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Fogarty MP, Emmenegger BA, Grasfeder LL, Oliver TG, Wechsler-Reya RJ. Fibroblast growth factor blocks Sonic hedgehog signaling in neuronal precursors and tumor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:2973-8. [PMID: 17299056 PMCID: PMC1815291 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605770104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and FGF signaling pathways regulate growth and differentiation in many regions of the nervous system, but interactions between these pathways have not been studied extensively. Here, we examine the relationship between Shh and FGF signaling in granule cell precursors (GCPs), which are the most abundant neural progenitors in the cerebellum and the putative cell of origin for the childhood brain tumor medulloblastoma. In these cells, Shh induces a potent proliferative response that is abolished by coincubation with basic FGF. FGF also inhibits transcription of Shh target genes and prevents activation of a Gli-responsive promoter in fibroblasts, which suggests that it blocks Shh signaling upstream of Gli-mediated transcription. FGF-mediated inhibition of Shh responses requires activation of FGF receptors and of ERK and JNK kinases, because it can be blocked by inhibitors of these enzymes. Finally, FGF promotes differentiation of GCPs in vitro and in vivo and halts proliferation of tumor cells from patched (ptc) mutant mice, a model for medulloblastoma. These findings suggest that FGF is a potent inhibitor of Shh signaling and may be a useful therapy for tumors involving activation of the hedgehog pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie P. Fogarty
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Brian A. Emmenegger
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Linda L. Grasfeder
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Trudy G. Oliver
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Robert J. Wechsler-Reya
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3813, Durham, NC 27710. E-mail:
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Wilson PG, Stice SS. Development and differentiation of neural rosettes derived from human embryonic stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:67-77. [PMID: 17142889 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-006-0011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurons and glia are important targets of human embryonic stem cell research, promising a renewable source of these differentiated cells for biomedical research and regenerative medicine. Neurons and glia are derived in vivo from the neuroepithelium of the neural tube. Concomitant to development along the anterior to posterior axis, gradients of morphogens across the dorsal and ventral axis of the neural tube establish positional codes that generate distinct progenitor domains and ultimately specify subtype identity. The neural rosette is the developmental signature of neuroprogenitors in cultures of differentiating embryonic stem cells; rosettes are radial arrangements of columnar cells that express many of the proteins expressed in neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube. In addition to similar morphology, neuroprogenitors within neural rosettes differentiate into the main classes of progeny of neuroepithelial cells in vivo: neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Despite these similarities, important differences exist and the extent to which neural rosettes can model neurogenesis in vivo is not yet clear. Here, the authors review the recent studies on the development and differentiation of neural rosettes from human embryonic stem cells. The authors focus on efforts to generate motor neurons and oligodendrocytes in vitro as representative of the challenges to obtaining the progeny of a single progenitor domain with in vitro methods. Opportunities for further progress are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Wilson
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA. pgwilson@@uga.edu
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