1
|
Galas L, Bénard M, Lebon A, Komuro Y, Schapman D, Vaudry H, Vaudry D, Komuro H. Postnatal Migration of Cerebellar Interneurons. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7060062. [PMID: 28587295 PMCID: PMC5483635 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7060062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its continuing development after birth, the cerebellum represents a unique model for studying the postnatal orchestration of interneuron migration. The combination of fluorescent labeling and ex/in vivo imaging revealed a cellular highway network within cerebellar cortical layers (the external granular layer, the molecular layer, the Purkinje cell layer, and the internal granular layer). During the first two postnatal weeks, saltatory movements, transient stop phases, cell-cell interaction/contact, and degradation of the extracellular matrix mark out the route of cerebellar interneurons, notably granule cells and basket/stellate cells, to their final location. In addition, cortical-layer specific regulatory factors such as neuropeptides (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), somatostatin) or proteins (tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1)) have been shown to inhibit or stimulate the migratory process of interneurons. These factors show further complexity because somatostatin, PACAP, or tPA have opposite or no effect on interneuron migration depending on which layer or cell type they act upon. External factors originating from environmental conditions (light stimuli, pollutants), nutrients or drug of abuse (alcohol) also alter normal cell migration, leading to cerebellar disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Galas
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Magalie Bénard
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Alexis Lebon
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Yutaro Komuro
- Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands.
| | - Damien Schapman
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - David Vaudry
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Hitoshi Komuro
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bénard M, Lebon A, Komuro H, Vaudry D, Galas L. Ex vivo imaging of postnatal cerebellar granule cell migration using confocal macroscopy. J Vis Exp 2015:e52810. [PMID: 25992599 PMCID: PMC4542730 DOI: 10.3791/52810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During postnatal development, immature granule cells (excitatory interneurons) exhibit tangential migration in the external granular layer, and then radial migration in the molecular layer and the Purkinje cell layer to reach the internal granular layer of the cerebellar cortex. Default in migratory processes induces either cell death or misplacement of the neurons, leading to deficits in diverse cerebellar functions. Centripetal granule cell migration involves several mechanisms, such as chemotaxis and extracellular matrix degradation, to guide the cells towards their final position, but the factors that regulate cell migration in each cortical layer are only partially known. In our method, acute cerebellar slices are prepared from P10 rats, granule cells are labeled with a fluorescent cytoplasmic marker and tissues are cultured on membrane inserts from 4 to 10 hr before starting real-time monitoring of cell migration by confocal macroscopy at 37 °C in the presence of CO2. During their migration in the different cortical layers of the cerebellum, granule cells can be exposed to neuropeptide agonists or antagonists, protease inhibitors, blockers of intracellular effectors or even toxic substances such as alcohol or methylmercury to investigate their possible role in the regulation of neuronal migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magalie Bénard
- PRIMACEN, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Inserm, IRIB, University of Rouen
| | - Alexis Lebon
- PRIMACEN, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Inserm, IRIB, University of Rouen
| | - Hitoshi Komuro
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University
| | - David Vaudry
- PRIMACEN, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Inserm, IRIB, University of Rouen
| | - Ludovic Galas
- PRIMACEN, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Inserm, IRIB, University of Rouen;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Raoult E, Bénard M, Komuro H, Lebon A, Vivien D, Fournier A, Vaudry H, Vaudry D, Galas L. Cortical-layer-specific effects of PACAP and tPA on interneuron migration during post-natal development of the cerebellum. J Neurochem 2014; 130:241-54. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Raoult
- Inserm; PRIMACEN; Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- University of Rouen; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB); Rouen France
- Inserm, U982, DC2N; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- International Associated laboratory Samuel de Champlain; Inserm-INRS; France
| | - Magalie Bénard
- Inserm; PRIMACEN; Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- University of Rouen; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB); Rouen France
| | - Hitoshi Komuro
- Department of Neuroscience/NC30; Lerner Research Institute; The Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Alexis Lebon
- Inserm; PRIMACEN; Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- University of Rouen; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB); Rouen France
- Inserm, U982, DC2N; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- International Associated laboratory Samuel de Champlain; Inserm-INRS; France
| | | | - Alain Fournier
- International Associated laboratory Samuel de Champlain; Inserm-INRS; France
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Institut Armand-Frappier; Université du Québec; Laval Canada
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- Inserm; PRIMACEN; Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- University of Rouen; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB); Rouen France
- Inserm, U982, DC2N; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- International Associated laboratory Samuel de Champlain; Inserm-INRS; France
| | - David Vaudry
- Inserm; PRIMACEN; Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- University of Rouen; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB); Rouen France
- Inserm, U982, DC2N; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- International Associated laboratory Samuel de Champlain; Inserm-INRS; France
| | - Ludovic Galas
- Inserm; PRIMACEN; Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- University of Rouen; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB); Rouen France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mahmood A, Qu C, Ning R, Wu H, Goussev A, Xiong Y, Irtenkauf S, Li Y, Chopp M. Treatment of TBI with collagen scaffolds and human marrow stromal cells increases the expression of tissue plasminogen activator. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:1199-207. [PMID: 21355820 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the effects of combination therapy of collagen scaffolds and human marrow stromal cells (hMSCs) on the expression of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. Adult male Wistar rats (n=48) were injured with controlled cortical impact and treated either with scaffolds suffused with hMSCs (3×10(6)) or hMSCs (3×10(6)) alone transplanted into the lesion cavity 1 week after TBI. A control group was treated with saline. Neurological function was assessed using the Morris Water Maze test (MWM) and modified Neurological Severity Scores (mNSS). The rats were sacrificed 14 days after TBI and brain samples were processed for immunohistochemical analysis and quantitative Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) studies. Enhanced functional improvement was observed on both the mNSS and MWM tests in the scaffold+hMSC-treated group compared to the other two groups. Immunostaining with anti-human mitochondrial antibody (E5204) showed more hMSCs in the injury zone of the scaffold+hMSC group compared to the hMSC-alone group. Triple staining showed that more neurons were tPA-positive in the scaffold+hMSC group compared to the other two groups (p<0.05). Western blot analysis and qRT-PCR showed that scaffold+hMSC and hMSC-alone treatment enhanced the expression of tPA compared to controls (p<0.05), but tPA expression was significantly greater in the scaffold+hMSC group. The induction of tPA by hMSCs after TBI may be one of the mechanisms involved in promoting functional improvement after TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asim Mahmood
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nagai N, Matsuo O. Roles of fibrinolytic system components in the nervous system. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2010; 17:141-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|
6
|
Bahi A, Kusnecov AW, Dreyer JL. Effects of urokinase-type plasminogen activator in the acquisition, expression and reinstatement of cocaine-induced conditioned-place preference. Behav Brain Res 2008; 191:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
7
|
Frueh FW, Lesko LJ, Burckart GJ. Progress in the Direct Application of Pharmacogenomics to Patient Care: Sustaining innovation. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2007. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2007.15.1.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
8
|
Kim JW, Lee SY, Joo SH, Song MR, Shin CY. Beyond Clot Dissolution; Role of Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Central Nervous System. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2007. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2007.15.1.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
9
|
Bahi A, Boyer F, Kafri T, Dreyer JL. Silencing urokinase in the ventral tegmental area in vivo induces changes in cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion. J Neurochem 2006; 98:1619-31. [PMID: 16923171 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases in the nervous system have functional roles in neural plasticity. Among them, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) exerts a variety of functions during development, and is involved in learning and memory. Furthermore, psychostimulants strongly induce uPA expression in the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway. In this study, doxycycline-regulatable lentiviruses expressing either uPA, a dominant-negative form of uPA, or non-regulatable lentiviruses expressing small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeted against uPA have been prepared and injected into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of rat brains. Over-expression of uPA in the VTA induces doxycycline-dependent expression of its receptor, uPAR, but not its inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). uPAR expression in the VTA is repressed upon silencing of uPA with lentiviruses expressing siRNAs. In addition, over-expression of uPA in the VTA promotes a 15-fold increase in locomotion activity upon cocaine delivery. Animals expressing the dominant-negative form of uPA did not display such hyperlocomotor activity. These cocaine-induced behavioural changes, associated with uPA expression, could be suppressed in the presence of doxycycline or uPA-specific siRNAs expressing lentiviruses. These data strongly support the major role of urokinase in cocaine-mediated plasticity changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amine Bahi
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yepes M, Lawrence DA. New functions for an old enzyme: nonhemostatic roles for tissue-type plasminogen activator in the central nervous system. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2004; 229:1097-104. [PMID: 15564435 DOI: 10.1177/153537020422901103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a highly specific serine proteinase that activates the zymogen plasminogen to the broad-specificity proteinase plasmin. Tissue-type plasminogen activator is found not only in the blood, where its primary function is as a thrombolytic enzyme, but also in the central nervous system (CNS), where it promotes events associated with synaptic plasticity and acts as a regulator of the permeability of the neurovascular unit. Tissue-type plasminogen activator has also been associated with pathological events in the CNS such as cerebral ischemia and seizures. Neuroserpin is an inhibitory serpin that reacts preferentially with tPA and is located in regions of the brain where either tPA message or tPA protein are also found, indicating that neuroserpin is the selective inhibitor of tPA in the CNS. There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating the participation of tPA in a number of physiological and pathological events in the CNS, as well as the role of neuroserpin as the natural regulator of tPA's activity in these processes. This review will focus on nonhemostatic roles of tPA in the CNS with emphasis on its newly described function as a regulator of permeability of the neurovascular unit and on the regulatory role of neuroserpin in these events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Yepes
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 15601 Crabbs Branch Way, Rockville, MD 20855, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang X, Tsuji K, Lee SR, Ning M, Furie KL, Buchan AM, Lo EH. Mechanisms of hemorrhagic transformation after tissue plasminogen activator reperfusion therapy for ischemic stroke. Stroke 2004; 35:2726-30. [PMID: 15459442 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000143219.16695.af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reperfusion therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a rational therapy for acute ischemic stroke. Properly titrated use of tPA improves clinical outcomes. However, there is also an associated risk of hemorrhagic transformation after tPA therapy. Emerging data now suggest that some of these potentially neurotoxic side effects of tPA may be due to its signaling actions in the neurovascular unit. Besides its intended role in clot lysis, tPA is also an extracellular protease and signaling molecule in brain. tPA mediates matrix remodeling during brain development and plasticity. By interacting with the NMDA-type glutamate receptor, tPA may amplify potentially excitotoxic calcium currents. At selected concentrations, tPA may be vasoactive. Finally, by augmenting matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) dysregulation after stroke, tPA may degrade extracellular matrix integrity and increase risks of neurovascular cell death, blood-brain barrier leakage, edema, and hemorrhage. Understanding these pleiotropic actions of tPA may reveal new therapeutic opportunities for combination stroke therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yepes M, Lawrence DA. Tissue-type plasminogen activator and neuroserpin: a well-balanced act in the nervous system? Trends Cardiovasc Med 2004; 14:173-80. [PMID: 15261888 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2004.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-type plasmingen activator (tPA) is a highly specific serine proteinase that activates the zymogen plasminogen to the broad-specificity proteinase plasmin. tPA is found in the blood, where its primary function is as a thrombolytic enzyme, as well as in the central nervous system (CNS), where it promotes events associated with synaptic plasticity and cell death in a number of settings, such as cerebral ischemia and seizures. Neuroserpin is a fully inhibitory serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) that reacts preferentially with tPA, and is located in regions of the brain where either tPA message or tPA protein are also found, suggesting that neuroserpin is the selective inhibitor of tPA in the CNS. There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating the participation of tPA in a number of physiologic and pathologic events in the CNS, and the role of neuroserpin as the natural regulator of tPA's activity in these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Yepes
- Department of Vascular Biology, American Red Cross Holland Laboratory, Rockville, Maryland 20855, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yu H, Schleuning WD, Michl M, Liberatore G, Tan SS, Medcalf RL. Control elements between -9.5 and -3.0 kb in the human tissue-type plasminogen activator gene promoter direct spatial and inducible expression to the murine brain. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 14:799-808. [PMID: 11576184 DOI: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) participates in the control of synaptic plasticity and memory formation in the central nervous system (CNS). Transgenic mice harbouring either 9.5, 3.0 or 1.4 kb of the human t-PA promoter fused to the LacZ reporter gene were used to assess t-PA promoter-directed expression in vivo. The 9.5 kb t-PA promoter directed expression to the brain, most notably to the dentate gyrus, superior colliculus, hippocampus, thalamus and piriform cortex. Staining was also observed in the retrosplenial and somatosensory cortex. The 3.0 kb t-PA promoter directed generalized and poorly defined expression to the cortex and hippocampus, while the 1.4 kb t-PA promoter directed expression selectively to the medial habenula. Intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide into mice harbouring the 9.5 kb t-PA promoter resulted in an increase in reporter gene activity in the lateral orbital cortex and thalamus. Results of in vitro transfection experiments of NT2 cells with a series of t-PA promoter deletion constructs confirmed the presence of regulatory elements throughout the 9.5 kb promoter region. Finally, we describe a cis-acting element related to the NFAT recognition site that provides a protein-binding site and which may play a role in the selective expression of the 1.4 t-PA promoter in the medial habenula. These results indicate that elements between -3.0 and -9.5 kb of the t-PA promoter confer constitutive and inducible expression to specific regions of the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Yu
- Monash University Department of Medicine, Box Hill Hospital, Arnold Street, Box Hill 3128, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hoover-Plow J, Skomorovska-Prokvolit O, Welsh S. Selective behaviors altered in plasminogen-deficient mice are reconstituted with intracerebroventricular injection of plasminogen. Brain Res 2001; 898:256-64. [PMID: 11306011 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies demonstrate a role for the plasminogen (Plg) system in neurological function and recently in vivo studies show a role of the Plg system in neurodegeneration after the injection of an excitotoxic agent. Differences in the development of neurological function, however, have not been demonstrated in the Plg-deficient (Plg-/-) mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice. The role of Plg system in neurological function may relate to remodeling which occurs in response to various environmental challenges. In this study, behaviors (open field, grooming, hind-leg gait, water maze, and acoustic startle reflex) were tested in the Plg-deficient and WT mice at 6-8 weeks of age. Grooming, a response to the stress of an open field or fur moistening, was increased in the Plg-/--deficient mice compared to WT mice, and the acoustic startle reflex (ASR) was markedly decreased in the Plg-/- mice. The reduced ASR in Plg-/- mice occurred in mice with a mixed C57BL:129 background or in mice with a C57BL background. Plg was required for the ASR, since a deficiency of the Plg activators, urokinase (uPA) or tissue Plg activator (tPA), did not cause a reduction in the ASR compared to their WT control. Infusion of Plg directly into the brain was effective in restoring the ASR in the Plg-/- mice, but had no effect on the ASR of WT mice. Peripheral bolus injections of Plg or infusion into the jugular vein were ineffective in restoring the ASR in the Plg-/- mice. These results indicate that Plg is required for the appropriate response to the environmental challenge of a sudden loud sound, and that the response can be restored in Plg-/- mice by directly infusing Plg into the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Hoover-Plow
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44196, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Plasmin is converted from its zymogen plasminogen by tissue type or urokinase type plasminogen activator (PA) and degrades many components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). To explore the possibility that the PA-plasmin system regulates synaptic plasticity, we investigated the effect of plasmin on degradation of ECM and synaptic plasticity by using organotypic hippocampal cultures. High-frequency stimulation produced long-term potentiation (LTP) in control slices, whereas the potentiation was induced but not maintained in slices pretreated with 100 nM plasmin for 6 hr. The baseline synaptic responses were not affected by pretreatment with plasmin. The impairment of LTP maintenance was not observed in slices pretreated with 100 nM plasmin for 6 hr, washed, and then cultured for 24-48 hr in the absence of plasmin. To identify substrates of plasmin, the expression of three major components of ECM, laminin, fibronectin, and type IV collagen, was investigated by immunofluorescence imaging. The three ECM components were widely distributed in the hippocampus, and only laminin was degraded by plasmin pretreatment. The expression level of laminin returned to normal levels when the slices were cultured for 24-48 hr after washout of plasmin. Furthermore, preincubation with anti-laminin antibodies prevented both the degradation of laminin and the impairment of LTP maintenance by plasmin. These results suggest that the laminin-mediated cell-ECM interaction may be necessary for the maintenance of LTP.
Collapse
|
16
|
Dietzmann K, von Bossanyi P, Krause D, Wittig H, Mawrin C, Kirches E. Expression of the plasminogen activator system and the inhibitors PAI-1 and PAI-2 in posttraumatic lesions of the CNS and brain injuries following dramatic circulatory arrests: an immunohistochemical study. Pathol Res Pract 2000; 196:15-21. [PMID: 10674268 DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(00)80017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activators as inducible extracellular serine proteases are involved in a variety of processes, such as the degradation of brain structures. In regions of brain degradation, an increase in the expression of genes encoding cytokines and proteinases has recently been demonstrated. We tested the hypothesis, whether the plasminogen activator system as well as the plasminogen activator inhibitors are expressed and possibly involved in a proteolytic cascade that breaks down the extracellular matrix as a result of ischemic or posttraumatic brain destructions. To study this supposition, we investigated immunohistochemically the expression of tPA, uPA and its receptor, the plasminogen activator inhibitors PAI-1 and PAI-2, tetranectin as well as the laminin breakdown as an event of secondary brain injury. Brain tissue from 21 autopsy cases with severe brain injuries, material from 14 ischemic infarcts and 11 controls with acute hypoxia were used. All components of the plasminogen activator system studied were over-expressed immunohistochemically in reactive astrocytes, microglia and endothelial cells around the lesion zone. Tetranectin showed an analogous distribution to the plasminogen activator system. A reduced immunoreactivity of laminin within the identical region of destruction was detected concomitant with laminin remnants in perivascular macrophages, so that a remarkable role of the plasmin cascade in the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins in the brain is taken into consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Dietzmann
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical School, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Seeds NW, Basham ME, Haffke SP. Neuronal migration is retarded in mice lacking the tissue plasminogen activator gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:14118-23. [PMID: 10570208 PMCID: PMC24200 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.24.14118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is a critical phase of brain development, where defects can lead to severe ataxia, mental retardation, and seizures. In the developing cerebellum, granule neurons turn on the gene for tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) as they begin their migration into the cerebellar molecular layer. Granule neurons both secrete tPA, an extracellular serine protease that converts the proenzyme plasminogen into the active protease plasmin, and bind tPA to their cell surface. In the nervous system, tPA activity is correlated with neurite outgrowth, neuronal migration, learning, and excitotoxic death. Here we show that compared with their normal counterparts, mice lacking the tPA gene (tPA(-/-)) have greater than 2-fold more migrating granule neurons in the cerebellar molecular layer during the most active phase of granule cell migration. A real-time analysis of granule cell migration in cerebellar slices of tPA(-/-) mice shows that granule neurons are migrating 51% as fast as granule neurons in slices from wild-type mice. These findings establish a direct role for tPA in facilitating neuronal migration, and they raise the possibility that late arriving neurons may have altered synaptic interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N W Seeds
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ripley TL, Rocha BA, Oglesby MW, Stephens DN. Increased sensitivity to cocaine, and over-responding during cocaine self-administration in tPA knockout mice. Brain Res 1999; 826:117-27. [PMID: 10216203 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator, tPA, is induced in the brain by electrical activity leading to synaptic remodeling. It is also induced in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) by acute cocaine. We investigated cocaine-induced locomotor activity, the development of sensitisation to cocaine and cocaine self-administration in mice lacking the gene encoding tPA. Mice lacking tPA (tPA knockout mice, tPA-/-) showed normal spontaneous activity, exhibited cocaine-induced locomotor activity at lower doses than wild-type (WT) control mice and showed a greater degree of cocaine-induced locomotor activity following repeated administration. tPA-/- and WT mice did not differ significantly in the time to acquire self-administration of cocaine (20 microg/i.v. infusion) under an FR2 schedule. Following acquisition of this behavior, these groups also did not differ significantly in the rate of cocaine self-administration across the next three sessions. However, WT mice decreased responses on the active lever during signaled periods when reinforcer was not available; in contrast, tPA-/- mice did not. The emission of non-reinforced responses was most marked at the beginning of each 90 min daily session. This pattern of responding was not seen in tPA-/- mice pressing for food under an FR2 schedule of reinforcement. These results suggest that tPA may play a specific role either in retention of information between sessions or in behavioural inhibition in cocaine self-administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T L Ripley
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Murase SI, Hayashi Y. Concomitant expression of genes encoding integrin ?v?5 heterodimer and vitronectin in growing parallel fibers of postnatal rat cerebellum: A possible role as mediators of parallel fiber elongation. J Comp Neurol 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980727)397:2<199::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
20
|
Proba K, Gschwend TP, Sonderegger P. Cloning and sequencing of the cDNA encoding human neurotrypsin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1396:143-7. [PMID: 9540828 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(97)00205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
cDNA clones encoding human neurotrypsin have been isolated from a human fetal brain cDNA library using a PCR-amplified probe. The assembled cDNA sequence contains a 2625 bp open reading frame encoding a multidomain serine protease with an overall sequence identity of 82.5% to murine neurotrypsin. Surprisingly, the human neurotrypsin exhibits an additional scavenger receptor cysteine-rich repeat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Proba
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|