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Measurement of Microcystin and Nodularin Activity in Human Urine by Immunocapture-Protein Phosphatase 2A Assay. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120729. [PMID: 31847123 PMCID: PMC6950260 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MC) and nodularin (NOD) are toxins released by cyanobacteria during harmful algal blooms. They are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A) and cause a variety of adverse symptoms in humans and animals if ingested. More than 250 chemically diverse congeners of MCs have been identified, but certified reference materials are only available for a few. A diagnostic test that does not require each reference material for detection is necessary to identify human exposures. To address this need, our lab has developed a method that uses an antibody to specifically isolate MCs and NOD from urine prior to detection via a commercially available PP2A kit. This assay quantitates the summed inhibitory activity of nearly all MCs and NOD on PP2A relative to a common MC congener, microcystin-LR (MC-LR). The quantitation range for MC-LR using this method is from 0.050–0.500 ng/mL. No background responses were detected in a convenience set of 50 individual urines. Interday and intraday % accuracies ranged from 94%–118% and relative standard deviations were 15% or less, meeting FDA guidelines for receptor binding assays. The assay detected low levels of MCs in urines from three individuals living in close proximity to harmful algal blooms (HABs) in Florida.
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Srivastava A, Singh S, Ahn CY, Oh HM, Asthana RK. Monitoring approaches for a toxic cyanobacterial bloom. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:8999-9013. [PMID: 23865979 DOI: 10.1021/es401245k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms, dominated by Microcystis sp. and associated microcystin variants, have been implicated in illnesses of humans and animals. Little is known regarding the formation of blooms and the presence of cyanotoxin variants in water bodies. Furthermore, the role played by ecological parameters, in regulating Microcystis blooms is complicate and diverse. Local authorities responsible for water management are often faced with the challenging task of dealing with cyanobacterial blooms. Therefore, the development of suitable monitoring approaches to characterize cyanobacterial blooms is an important goal. Currently, various biological, biochemical and physicochemical methods/approaches are being used to monitor cyanobacterial blooms and detect microcystins in freshwater bodies. Because these methods can vary as to the information they provide, no single approach seemed to be sufficient to accurately monitor blooms. For example, immunosensors are more suited for monitoring the presence of toxins in clear water bodies while molecular methods are more suited to detect potentially toxic strains. Thus, monitoring approaches should be tailored for specific water bodies using methods based on economic feasibility, speed, sensitivity and field applicability. This review critically evaluates monitoring approaches that are applicable to cyanobacterial blooms, especially those that focus on the presence of Microcystis, in freshwater bodies. Further, they were characterized and ranked according to their cost, speed, sensitivity and selectivity. Suggested improvements were offered as well as future research endeavors to accommodate anticipated environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Srivastava
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi-221 005, India
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3
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Dixit RB, Suseela MR. Cyanobacteria: potential candidates for drug discovery. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2013; 103:947-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-013-9898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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del Campo FF, Ouahid Y. Identification of microcystins from three collection strains of Microcystis aeruginosa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:2906-2914. [PMID: 20619941 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are toxic cyclic heptapeptides produced by various cyanobacteria genera, especially Microcystis. We identified 10 out of 12 MCs produced by three Microcystis aeruginosa strains from cyanobacteria collections, UTEX 2666, UTEX 2670 and UAM 1303, by using two analytical methods: Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) and HPLC Photodiode Array Detector coupled to a hybrid Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-QTOF/MS). MALDI-TOF/MS failed to detect non-polar MCs, such as MC-LY and MC-LW. HPLC-QTOF/MS permitted the accurate identification of most MCs present in methanolic extracts. Besides, three new MCs, namely: [D-Glu(OCH3)6, D-Asp3] MC-LAba, MC-YL and MC-YM were detected by HPLC-QTOF/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca F del Campo
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain
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Tsutsumi T, Nagata S, Yoshida F, Ueno Y, Harada KI. Development and Application of Highly Sensitive Anti-immune Complex ELISAs for Microcystins in Tap Water. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100050140768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. Tsutsumi
- a Research Institute for Biosciences and Department of Toxicology and Microbial Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Science University of Tokyo , Ichigaya Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo , 162-0826 , Japan
| | - S. Nagata
- a Research Institute for Biosciences and Department of Toxicology and Microbial Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Science University of Tokyo , Ichigaya Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo , 162-0826 , Japan
| | - F. Yoshida
- a Research Institute for Biosciences and Department of Toxicology and Microbial Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Science University of Tokyo , Ichigaya Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo , 162-0826 , Japan
| | - Y. Ueno
- a Research Institute for Biosciences and Department of Toxicology and Microbial Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Science University of Tokyo , Ichigaya Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo , 162-0826 , Japan
| | - K.-I. Harada
- b Faculty of Pharmacy , Meijo University , Tempaku , Nagoya , 4680077 , Japan
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Yu T, Xie P, Dai M, Liang G. Determinations of MC-LR and [Dha(7)] MC-LR concentrations and physicochemical properties by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2009; 83:757-760. [PMID: 19565170 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-009-9805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography electrospray mass spectrometry (LC/ESI/MS) method working in multiple reactions monitoring mode for the determination of trace amounts of microcystin variants (MC-LR and [Dha(7)] MC-LR) in waters was developed. The limit of quantification was 0.05 microg/L and the limit of detection was 0.015 microg/L for MC-LR and [Dha(7)] MC-LR, respectively. Recoveries for MCs were in the range of 68%-81%. MC-LR and [Dha(7)] MC-LR were chemically stable with similar physiochemical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
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Wu X, Xiao B, Li R, Wang Z, Chen X, Chen X. Rapid quantification of total microcystins in cyanobacterial samples by periodate-permanganate oxidation and reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 651:241-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Jaiswal P, Singh PK, Prasanna R. Cyanobacterial bioactive molecules — an overview of their toxic properties. Can J Microbiol 2008; 54:701-17. [DOI: 10.1139/w08-034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Allelopathic interactions involving cyanobacteria are being increasingly explored for the pharmaceutical and environmental significance of the bioactive molecules. Among the toxic compounds produced by cyanobacteria, the biosynthetic pathways, regulatory mechanisms, and genes involved are well understood, in relation to biotoxins, whereas the cytotoxins are less investigated. A range of laboratory methods have been developed to detect and identify biotoxins in water as well as the causal organisms; these methods vary greatly in their degree of sophistication and the information they provide. Direct molecular probes are also available to detect and (or) differentiate toxic and nontoxic species from environmental samples. This review collates the information available on the diverse types of toxic bioactive molecules produced by cyanobacteria and provides pointers for effective exploitation of these biologically and industrially significant prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranita Jaiswal
- Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Blue Green Algae (CCUBGA), Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012, India
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Singh
- Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Blue Green Algae (CCUBGA), Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012, India
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Radha Prasanna
- Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Blue Green Algae (CCUBGA), Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012, India
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Lawton LA, Edwards C. Conventional laboratory methods for cyanotoxins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 619:513-37. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-75865-7_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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10
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Sangolkar LN, Maske SS, Chakrabarti T. Methods for determining microcystins (peptide hepatotoxins) and microcystin-producing cyanobacteria. WATER RESEARCH 2006; 40:3485-96. [PMID: 17014889 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Episodes of cyanobacterial toxic blooms and fatalities to animals and humans due to cyanobacterial toxins (CBT) are known worldwide. The hepatotoxins and neurotoxins (cyanotoxins) produced by bloom-forming cyanobacteria have been the cause of human and animal health hazards and even death. Prevailing concentration of cell bound endotoxin, exotoxin and the toxin variants depend on developmental stages of the bloom and the cyanobacterial (CB) species involved. Toxic and non-toxic strains do not show any predictable morphological difference. The current instrumental, immunological and molecular methods applied for determining microcystins (peptide hepatotoxins) and microcystin-producing cyanobacteria are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita N Sangolkar
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India.
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11
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Determination of trace amount of microcystins in water samples using liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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McElhiney J, Lawton LA. Detection of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxins microcystins. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 203:219-30. [PMID: 15737676 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 06/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Concern regarding the presence of microcystins in drinking water and their possible contamination in food (e.g., salad vegetables, fish, shellfish) has resulted in the need for reliable methods for the detection and accurate quantification of this class of toxins. Currently, routine analysis of microcystins is most commonly carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA), although more sensitive biological assays such as antibody-based ELISAs and protein phosphatase inhibition assays have also proven useful. However, many of these methods have been hindered by the availability of a wide range of purified microcystins. Although over 60 variants have now been reported, only a very small number are commercially available and calibrated standards are not yet obtainable. This has led to the common practice of reporting microcystin-LR equivalence regardless of which variant is present. The increased availability of HPLC with online mass spectral analysis (HPLC-MS) may facilitate more accurate detection of toxin variants but as several microcystins share the same molecular mass, definitive identification can be difficult. A further difficulty in analyzing microcystins is the requirement for sample processing before analysis. Solid phase extraction (SPE) is typically used to enrich environmental concentrations of microcystins, or to eliminate contaminants from complex samples such as animal and plant tissues. Recently, new technologies employing recombinant antibodies and molecularly imprinted polymers have been exploited to develop assays and biosensors for microcystins. These novel detection systems are highly sensitive, often do not require sample processing, and offer a simpler, less expensive alternative to analytical techniques. They have also been successfully employed in solid phase extraction formats for the concentration and clean up of environmental samples before HPLC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqui McElhiney
- School of Life Sciences, The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 1HG, UK.
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13
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Structural elucidation of cyanobacterial peptides encoded by peptide synthetase gene in Anabaena species. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00747-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Kondo F, Ito Y, Oka H, Yamada S, Tsuji K, Imokawa M, Niimi Y, Harada KI, Ueno Y, Miyazaki Y. Determination of microcystins in lake water using reusable immunoaffinity column. Toxicon 2002; 40:893-9. [PMID: 12076642 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(01)00287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A reusable immunoaffinity column for purification of microcystins in lake water was prepared by coupling anti-microcystin-LR monoclonal antibodies to immunoaffinity support. Thanks to spherical shape of the immunoaffinity support Formyl-Cellulofine used in this study, applied solutions passed the column smoothly even when used repeatedly. Reusability of the column was examined by determining the recoveries of spiked microcystins-RR, -YR and -LR (100ng each) from lake water. After extraction with a Sep-Pak PS2 cartridge containing styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer, the extract was purified with the immunoaffinity column. The immunoaffinity column was regenerated by washing with Tris-HCl buffer containing bovine serum albumin for repeated uses. Recoveries of spiked microcystins from the first use of the column were 87-88%, and 83-88% from the second and third uses, and the recoveries gradually dropped to 63-77% from the 4-5th uses, the results of which indicated that the column could be used repeatedly for three times. The present method was applied to determine microcystins in water collected from three different lakes in Japan in 1999. In a sample from Lake Suwa, microcystins-RR and -LR were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Kondo
- Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Tsuji-machi, Kita-ku, Nagoya 462-8576, Japan.
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Welker M, Fastner J, Erhard M, von Döhren H. Applications of MALDI-TOF MS analysis in cyanotoxin research. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2002; 17:367-374. [PMID: 12203959 DOI: 10.1002/tox.10073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in analytical chemistry have provided an array of techniques to analyze cyanotoxins in a variety of samples. Mass spectral analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has proven to be a reliable and rapid tool to detect and identify microcystin variants in very small samples such as single Microcystis colonies. Mass signals presumptive of microcystin variants can be characterized further and identified by postsource-decay fragmentation and comparison of observed fragment spectra with theoretical ones or with those of pure reference compounds. By analyzing Microcystis colonies from water blooms, the high metabolic diversity among individual colonies in the communities could be established. For monitoring microcystins in environmental samples, MALDI-TOF MS can provide considerable support to HPLC by identifying microcystin variants not available as purified standards, especially in Planktothrix-dominated blooms in which demethylated variants are predominant. A short description of the principles of MALDI-TOF MS is provided, followed by examples of its application and a discussion of its potential use in cyanotoxin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Welker
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklinstrasse 29, 10587 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Lawrence JF, Menard C. Determination of microcystins in blue-green algae, fish and water using liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection after sample clean-up employing immunoaffinity chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2001; 922:111-7. [PMID: 11486855 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00924-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anti-microcystin LR immunnoaffinity cartridges were evaluated for their ability to selectively remove microcystins from extracts of blue-green algae, fish and water samples for subsequent analysis by liquid chromatography with UV absorbance detection at 238 nm. Blue-green algae and fish samples were extracted with 75% methanol in water. A portion of the extract was diluted and passed through an immunoaffinity cartridge. Water samples were applied directly to the cartridge. The cartridge was rinsed with water and 25% methanol in water. The microcystins were eluted with 80% methanol in water containing 4% acetic acid. It was found that the cartridges were effective in isolating the microcystins from blue-green algae, fish and water samples, resulting in extracts that were clean enough to enable direct LC-UV detection down to approximately 0.03 microg/g in the blue-green algae and fish samples, and as low as 0.02 ng/ml for water samples. The cartridges were found to have a capacity of approximately 200 ng each for a mixture of microcystins RR, YR, LR and LA, or as much as 525-800 ng for individual compounds. Recoveries trough the complete analytical procedure ranged from 64 to 115% (all values) with an overall average of approximately 80% at spiking levels of 0.5-4.0 microg/g for the microcystins in blue-green algae. The average recoveries (n=8) from spiked (0.1-0.5 microg/g) fish samples were 73% for RR, 79% for YR, 81% for LR and 77% for LA, while from the spiked (2.0-0.04 ng/g) tap and river water samples (n=6), recoveries were 78% for RR, 86% for YR, 94% for LR and 89% for LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Lawrence
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Banting Research Centre, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
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18
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Kondo F, Matsumoto H, Yamada S, Tsuji K, Ueno Y, Harada K. Immunoaffinity purification method for detection and quantification of microcystins in lake water. Toxicon 2000; 38:813-23. [PMID: 10695967 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(99)00194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new clean-up method, which consisted of solid-phase extraction on a Sep-Pak PS-2 (styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer) or Excelpak SPE-GLF (polymethacrylate) cartridge instead of conventional ODS silica gel and silica gel together with following immunoaffinity purification using anti-microcystin-LR monoclonal antibodies. This newly developed method was demonstrated to eliminate co-existing substances and to concentrate microcystins in the lake water. The recoveries from lake water (1 liter) spiked with 100 ng each of microcystins-RR, -YR and -LR were 85.5, 89.2 and 92.2%, respectively, with coefficients of variation of 3.3-7.6%. Only 3 h were required to complete the total procedures starting from the microcystin extraction, the immunoaffinity purification, and the quantification using HPLC. The detection limits for all of the 3 microcystins in lake water were 0.005 microg/l. Applicability of this method has been demonstrated by measuring the concentrations of microcystins in water samples collected from lakes where water blooms occurred, which turned out to be 0.012-0.177 microg/l of total microcystins.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kondo
- Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public health, Kita, Nagoya, Japan.
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Fujii K, Sivonen K, Naganawa E, Harada KI. Non-Toxic Peptides from Toxic Cyanobacteria, Oscillatoria agardhii. Tetrahedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)01017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Chapter 11B Toxins of freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(00)80063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Ells B, Froese K, Hrudey SE, Purves RW, Guevremont R, Barnett DA. Detection of microcystins using electrospray ionization high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2000; 14:1538-1542. [PMID: 10931550 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0231(20000830)14:16<1538::aid-rcm61>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A combination of electrospray ionization, high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (ESI-FAIMS/MS) was used to analyze standard solutions of microcystins-LR, -RR, and -YR. The ability of FAIMS to separate ions in the gas phase reduced the amount of background in the mass spectrum without compromising the absolute signal for these microcystins. This reduction in background resulted in a ten-fold improvement in the signal-to-background ratio over conventional ESI-MS. Detection limits, using direct infusion, were determined to be 4, 2, and 1 nM for microcystins-LR, -RR, and -YR, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ells
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G3
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Fujii K, Sivonen K, Kashiwagi T, Hirayama K, Harada KI. Nostophycin, a Novel Cyclic Peptide from the Toxic Cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. 152. J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jo982306i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyonaga Fujii
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan, Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, P.O. Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, and Central Research Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
| | - Kaarina Sivonen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan, Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, P.O. Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, and Central Research Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Kashiwagi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan, Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, P.O. Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, and Central Research Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hirayama
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan, Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, P.O. Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, and Central Research Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Harada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan, Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, P.O. Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, and Central Research Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
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Lee HS, Jeong CK, Lee HM, Choi SJ, Do KS, Kim K, Kim YH. On-line trace enrichment for the simultaneous determination of microcystins in aqueous samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. J Chromatogr A 1999; 848:179-84. [PMID: 10427757 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00499-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The need for a rapid, sensitive and reliable analytical method for cyanobacterial toxins, microcystins, has been emphasized by the awareness of toxic cyanobacteria as a human-health risk through drinking water. A new high-performance liquid chromatographic method with column switching was developed for the determination of microcystin-LR, -RR and -YR from water samples without pre-purification. The filtered water sample was passed through a Zorbax CN precolumn at a flow-rate of 3 ml/min for on-line trace enrichment. After valve switching, concentrated analytes were eluted in back-flush mode and separated on a Luna C18 column with a gradient of acetonitrile -20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.5). The method showed excellent precision, accuracy and speed with detection limits of 0.02 microgram/ml from 100 ml of surface water. The total analysis time per sample was about 90 min. This method improves reliability, sensitivity and sample throughput, and shortens the analysis time compared to analysis methods using off-line solid-phase extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea.
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Meriluoto J, Kincaid B, Smyth MR, Wasberg W. Electrochemical detection of microcystins, cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins, following high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1998; 810:226-30. [PMID: 9691298 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel amperometric HPLC detection method for the cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) peptide toxins microcystin-LR, -YR and -RR was developed. Purified microcystins and cyanobacterial extracts were chromatographed using an internal surface reversed-phase column with acetate- and phosphate-based mobile phase systems. Electrochemical oxidation reactions at 1.20 V vs. Ag/AgCl (glassy carbon working electrode) were show to originate in arginine and tyrosine residues of microcystins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Meriluoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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Ito E, Kondo F, Terao K, Harada K. Neoplastic nodular formation in mouse liver induced by repeated intraperitoneal injections of microcystin-LR. Toxicon 1997; 35:1453-7. [PMID: 9403968 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(97)00026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neoplastic nodules were observed in mice liver treated with microcystin-LR (MCLR) by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route over 28 weeks. After 100 i.p. injections of a sublethal dose (20 micrograms/kg) of MCLR, neoplastic nodules were observed without the use of an initiator. Multiple neoplastic nodules up to 5 mm in diameter were observed in the liver of mice in both groups, i.e. those injected 100 times i.p. and those injected 100 times with a 2 month withdrawal. The cysteine conjugate of MCLR was detected mainly in the affected livers. In contrast, when 80 micrograms/kg was orally administered 100 times, characteristic chronic injuries such as fibrous changes and nodule formation were not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ito
- Research Center for Pathogenic Fungi and Microbial Toxicoses, Chiba University, Japan
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Tsuji K, Watanuki T, Kondo F, Watanabe MF, Nakazawa H, Suzuki M, Uchida H, Harada K. Stability of microcystins from cyanobacteria--IV. Effect of chlorination on decomposition. Toxicon 1997; 35:1033-41. [PMID: 9248002 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(96)00223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins, the cyclic heptapeptide toxins produced by cyanobacteria such as Microcystis, show tumor-promoting activity through inhibition of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. They potentially threaten human health, and are increasing the world-wide interest in the health risk associated with cyanobacterial toxins. In this study, the effect of chlorination on the decomposition of microcystins-LR and -RR was examined. The toxins were easily decomposed by chlorination with sodium hypochlorite, and the decomposition depended on the free chlorine dose. In this operation, many reaction products were formed, one of which was determined to be dihydroxymicrocystin formed through the chloronium ion at the conjugated diene of Adda [3-amino-9-methoxy-10-phenyl-2,6,8-trimethyl-deca-4(E), 6(E)-dienoic acid], followed by hydrolysis. Other products may be its stereoisomers and/or regioismers. No noxious products were detected from the chlorination process of microcystin-LR. Although these results suggested that chlorination at an adequate chlorine dose is very effective for the removal of microcystin in raw water, preoxidation of the cell itself with chlorine must be avoided, because it frequently causes toxin release from algae and produce trihalomethanes during water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsuji
- Kanagawa Prefectural Public Health Laboratories, Yokohama, Japan
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Abstract
Aged mice (32 weeks) were orally administered microcystin-LR at 500 micrograms/kg, and injuries of the liver were estimated by microscopy 2 hr after treatment. Sixty-two per cent of aged mice proved to be sensitive to microcystin-LR, whereas such changes in the liver were not found in young mice (5 weeks). Uptake of the toxin into the liver was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography and frit-fast atom bombardment liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometry after clean-up with an immunoaffinity column. To verify the difference in sensitivity to microcystin-LR between aged and young mice, non-treated mice were examined, and among them aged mice were confirmed to have a rough surface of the stomach and small intestinal mucosa. These results suggested that the hepatotoxicity by oral administration of microcystin-LR is deeply related to aging, and particularly to conditions in the small intestine such as the permeability of capillaries in the villi.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ito
- Research Center for Pathogenic Fungi and Microbial Toxicoses, Chiba University, Japan
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Tsuji K, Setsuda S, Watanuki T, Kondo F, Nakazawa H, Suzuki M, Harada K. Microcystin levels during 1992-95 for Lakes Sagami and Tsukui-Japan. NATURAL TOXINS 1996; 4:189-94. [PMID: 8887950 DOI: 10.1002/19960404nt7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacterial blooms have been frequently observed in Lakes Sagami and Tsukui, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, which are used as drinking and recreational water sources. As the first step toward the control and removal of cyanobacterial toxins, the present study evaluated the microcystin level in these lakes. Our established method using HPLC and LC/MS to pursue trace amounts of microcystins was applied to the determination of microcystins within cyanobacteria cells and in water. We could determine precisely the intracellular and extracellular microcystin level in the water environment during 1992-95. Microcystins RR, LR, and YR were detected at 0.02-2.64 micrograms/L in cell-free water and at 0.02-378 micrograms/L in the cells. Although there were many cases in which microcystin concentrations in the cells exceeded the proposed guideline level (1 microgram/L), there was only one example of this happening in cell-free water samples. Because the present monitoring indicated that the amount of microcystins detected in water was much less than that estimated in cells, the release of microcystins from the cells and their stability in lake water were examined in the dark. The resulting toxins persisted at the same concentration level for 14 days and the microcystin concentrations steadily declined, showing that biodegradation using aquatic natural bacterial flora is an effective detoxification process under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsuji
- Kanagawa Prefectural Public Health Laboratories, Yokohama, Japan
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Harada K, Murata H, Qiang Z, Suzuki M, Kondo F. Mass spectrometric screening method for microcystins in cyanobacteria. Toxicon 1996; 34:701-10. [PMID: 8817814 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(95)00163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A screening method for microcystins in cyanobacteria, which consists of the formation of 3-methoxy-2-methyl-4-phenylbutyric acid as an oxidation product of microcystins by ozonolysis, and detection of 3-methoxy-2-methyl-4-phenylbutyric acid by thermospray-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry or electron ionization-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry using selected ion monitoring, was developed. The ozonolysis made it possible to significantly reduce the formation times of 3-methoxy-2-methyl-4-phenylbutyric acid because the previously required extraction, clean-up and other procedures could be entirely eliminated. The resulting intact 2-methyl-4-phenylbutyric acid was directly analyzed by thermospray-liquid or electron ionization-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and the procedures from ozonolysis to analysis of microcystins at the pmole levels were performed within only 30 min. The calibration curves obtained by thermospray-liquid or electron ionization-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis showed a linear relationship from 14 to 830 pmole and from 2.5 to 100 pmole of microcystin-LR, respectively. The method was applied to the detection and determination of the total amount of microcystins in bloom and cultured samples, showing that it provided a means of not only screening for microcystins but of their accurate quantitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Harada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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