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Siroux J, Pereira B, Fillon A, Moore H, Dionnet C, Julian V, Finlayson GS, Duclos M, Boirie Y, Isacco L, Thivel D. Higher energy flux may improve short-term appetite control in adolescents with obesity: the NEXT study. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:359-368. [PMID: 37587692 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523001824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests better appetite control in states of high-energy flux (HEF) in adults and lean children. Nevertheless, it is unknown whether this extends to youth with obesity. This study compares the effects of low, moderate or HEF on short-term appetitive control in adolescents with obesity. Sixteen adolescents with obesity (12-16 years, Tanner stages 3-5, 11 females) randomly completed three conditions: (i) low-energy flux (LEF); (ii) moderate energy flux (MEF; + 250 kcal) and (iii) HEF (HEF; + 500 kcal). Energy flux was achieved in MEF and HEF through elevated energy intake (EI) and concomitant increase in energy expenditure using cycling exercise (65 % VO2peak). Ad libitum EI, macronutrient intake and relative EI were assessed at dinner, subjective appetite sensations taken at regular intervals and food reward measured before dinner. Ad libitum EI at dinner was greater in LEF compared with HEF (P = 0·008), and relative EI (REI) was higher in LEF compared with MEF (P = 0·003) and HEF (P < 0·001). The absolute consumption of carbohydrates was lower in LEF compared with MEF (P = 0·047) and HEF (P < 0·001). Total AUC for hunger and desire to eat was lower in HEF compared with LEF (P < 0·001) and MEF (P = 0·038). Total AUC for prospective food consumption was lower on HEF compared with LEF (P = 0·004). Food choice sweet bias was higher in HEF (P = 0·005) compared with LEF. To conclude, increasing energy flux may improve short-term appetite control in adolescents with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Siroux
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand63000, France
- International Research Chair Health in Motion, Clermont Auvergne University Foundation, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Unit of Biostatistics (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alicia Fillon
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand63000, France
- International Research Chair Health in Motion, Clermont Auvergne University Foundation, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Observatoire National de l'Activité Physique et de la Sédentarité (ONAPS), Faculty of Medicine, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Halim Moore
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand63000, France
| | - Céline Dionnet
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand63000, France
| | - Valérie Julian
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health Team, CRNH, INRA, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Graham S Finlayson
- Appetite Control & Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Martine Duclos
- International Research Chair Health in Motion, Clermont Auvergne University Foundation, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health Team, CRNH, INRA, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yves Boirie
- Department of Human Nutrition, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, G. Montpied Hospital, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health Team, CRNH, INRA, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurie Isacco
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand63000, France
- International Research Chair Health in Motion, Clermont Auvergne University Foundation, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Thivel
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand63000, France
- International Research Chair Health in Motion, Clermont Auvergne University Foundation, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Dolan E, Koehler K, Areta J, Longman DP, Pontzer H. Energy constraint and compensation: Insights from endurance athletes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 285:111500. [PMID: 37557979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The Constrained Model of Total Energy Expenditure predicts that increased physical activity may not influence total energy expenditure, but instead, induces compensatory energetic savings in other processes. Much remains unknown, however, about concepts of energy expenditure, constraint and compensation in different populations, and it is unclear whether this model applies to endurance athletes, who expend very large amounts of energy during training and competition. Furthermore, it is well-established that some endurance athletes consciously or unconsciously fail to meet their energy requirements via adequate food intake, thus exacerbating the extent of energetic stress that they experience. Within this review we A) Describe unique characteristics of endurance athletes that render them a useful model to investigate energy constraints and compensations, B) Consider the factors that may combine to constrain activity and total energy expenditure, and C) Describe compensations that occur when activity energy expenditure is high and unmet by adequate energy intake. Our main conclusions are as follows: A) Higher activity levels, as observed in endurance athletes, may indeed increase total energy expenditure, albeit to a lesser degree than may be predicted by an additive model, given that some compensation is likely to occur; B) That while a range of factors may combine to constrain sustained high activity levels, the ability to ingest, digest, absorb and deliver sufficient calories from food to the working muscle is likely the primary determinant in most situations and C) That energetic compensation that occurs in the face of high activity expenditure may be primarily driven by low energy availability i.e., the amount of energy available for all biological processes after the demands of exercise have been met, and not by activity expenditure per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group - Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Karsten Koehler
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jose Areta
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK. https://twitter.com/jlAreta
| | - Daniel P Longman
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. https://twitter.com/danny_longman
| | - Herman Pontzer
- Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. https://twitter.com/HermanPontzer
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Wang X, Mao D, Xu Z, Wang Y, Yang X, Zhuo Q, Tian Y, Huan Y, Li Y. Predictive Equation for Basal Metabolic Rate in Normal-Weight Chinese Adults. Nutrients 2023; 15:4185. [PMID: 37836469 PMCID: PMC10574416 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a predictive equation for basal metabolic rate (BMR) in normal-weight Chinese adults and provide a reference for establishing the national recommended dietary energy intake. A new equation for BMR was derived from a sample of 516 normal-weight Chinese adults (men = 253, women = 263), and this sample was collected from two previous studies. Furthermore, the accuracy of this new equation and eight other previous predictive equations was reviewed. The agreement and reliability were compared in terms of bias, accuracy, the intraclass correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman plots between predictive equations. In addition, the newly developed equation was further verified using a small independent sample, which contained 41 healthy Chinese adults (men = 21, women = 20). The measured BMR (mBMR) of all participants, measured using indirect calorimetry, was 1346.2 ± 358.0 kcal/d. Thirty participants were excluded based on Cook's distance criteria (Cook's distance of ≥0.008). Previous equations developed by Henry, Schofield, Harris-Benedict (H-B), Yang, and Hong overestimated the BMR of healthy Chinese adults. The present equation displayed the smallest average bias (0.2 kcal/d) between the mBMR and predicted basal metabolic rate (pBMR). The limits of agreement of the present equation from Bland-Altman plots were -514.3 kcal/d and 513.9 kcal/d, which is the most narrow and balanced limit of agreement. Moreover, in the verification of the testing database, the pBMR of the new equation was not significantly different from the mBMR, and the accuracy was 75.6%. Compared with pre-existing equations, the present equation is more applicable to the prediction of BMR in healthy Chinese adults. However, further studies are required to verify the accuracy of this new equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission (NHC), National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (X.W.); (D.M.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Deqian Mao
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission (NHC), National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (X.W.); (D.M.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Zechao Xu
- Beijing Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China;
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission (NHC), National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (X.W.); (D.M.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.)
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission (NHC), National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (X.W.); (D.M.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.)
- China-DRIs Expert Committee on Macronutrients, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qin Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission (NHC), National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (X.W.); (D.M.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.)
- China-DRIs Expert Committee on Macronutrients, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Yuping Huan
- Department of Cuisine and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China;
| | - Yajie Li
- Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, China;
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Archer E, Hill JO. Body and Fat mass are not Regulated, Controlled, or Defended: An introduction to the Invisible Hand' and 'Competition' Models of Metabolism. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 79:56-64. [PMID: 36283496 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents two inter-dependent frameworks for understanding the etiology of obesity and the regain of body and fat mass after weight loss. The 'Invisible Hand of Metabolism' illustrates how physiologic states such as body and fat mass and blood glucose levels arise from the unregulated, uncontrolled, yet competitive behavior of trillions of semi-autonomous cells. The 'Competition Model of Metabolism' is an explanatory (mechanistic) framework that details how organismal and cell-specific behaviors generate the apparent stability of physiologic states despite metabolic perturbations (e.g., weight-loss and exercise). Together, these frameworks show that body and fat mass and blood glucose levels are not regulated, controlled, or defended but emerge from the complexity and functional plasticity of competitive cellular relations. Therefore, we argue that the use of abstract constructs such as 'regulation', 'control', 'glucostats', 'adipostats', and 'set-/settling-points' hinders the understanding of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases in human and nonhuman mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James O Hill
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Archer E, Lavie CJ. Obesity Subtyping: The Etiology, Prevention, and Management of Acquired versus Inherited Obese Phenotypes. Nutrients 2022; 14:2286. [PMID: 35684086 PMCID: PMC9183045 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of obesity is complex and idiosyncratic-with inherited, behavioral, and environmental factors determining the age and rate at which excessive adiposity develops. Moreover, the etiologic status of an obese phenotype (how and when it developed initially) strongly influences both the short-term response to intervention and long-term health trajectories. Nevertheless, current management strategies tend to be 'one-size-fits-all' protocols that fail to anticipate the heterogeneity of response generated by the etiologic status of each individual's phenotype. As a result, the efficacy of current lifestyle approaches varies from ineffective and potentially detrimental, to clinically successful; therefore, we posit that effective management strategies necessitate a personalized approach that incorporates the subtyping of obese phenotypes. Research shows that there are two broad etiologic subtypes: 'acquired' and 'inherited'. Acquired obesity denotes the development of excessive adiposity after puberty-and because the genesis of this subtype is behavioral, it is amenable to interventions based on diet and exercise. Conversely, inherited obesity subsumes all forms of excessive adiposity that are present at birth and develop prior to pubescence (pediatric and childhood). As the inherited phenotype is engendered in utero, this subtype has irreversible structural (anatomic) and physiologic (metabolic) perturbations that are not susceptible to intervention. As such, the most realizable outcome for many individuals with an inherited subtype will be a 'fit but fat' phenotype. Given that etiologic subtype strongly influences the effects of intervention and successful health management, the purpose of this 'perspective' article is to provide a concise overview of the differential development of acquired versus inherited obesity and offer insight into subtype-specific management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Archer
- Research & Development, EvolvingFX, LLC., Fort Wayne, IN 46835, USA
| | - Carl J. Lavie
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, John Ochsner Heart & Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA;
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Being a scientist. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022:10.1038/s41430-022-01079-5. [PMID: 35105944 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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