1
|
Liu S, Wen H, Li F, Xue X, Sun X, Li F, Hu R, Xi H, Boccellato F, Meyer TF, Mi Y, Zheng P. Revealing the pathogenesis of gastric intestinal metaplasia based on the mucosoid air-liquid interface. J Transl Med 2024; 22:468. [PMID: 38760813 PMCID: PMC11101349 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) is an essential precancerous lesion. Although the reversal of GIM is challenging, it potentially brings a state-to-art strategy for gastric cancer therapeutics (GC). The lack of the appropriate in vitro model limits studies of GIM pathogenesis, which is the issue this work aims to address for further studies. METHOD The air-liquid interface (ALI) model was adopted for the long-term culture of GIM cells in the present work. This study conducted Immunofluorescence (IF), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), transcriptomic sequencing, and mucoproteomic sequencing (MS) techniques to identify the pathways for differential expressed genes (DEGs) enrichment among different groups, furthermore, to verify novel biomarkers of GIM cells. RESULT Our study suggests that GIM-ALI model is analog to the innate GIM cells, which thus can be used for mucus collection and drug screening. We found genes MUC17, CDA, TRIM15, TBX3, FLVCR2, ONECUT2, ACY3, NMUR2, and MAL2 were highly expressed in GIM cells, while GLDN, SLC5A5, MAL, and MALAT1 showed down-regulated, which can be used as potential biomarkers for GIM cells. In parallel, these genes that highly expressed in GIM samples were mainly involved in cancer-related pathways, such as the MAPK signal pathway and oxidative phosphorylation signal pathway. CONCLUSION The ALI model is validated for the first time for the in vitro study of GIM. GIM-ALI model is a novel in vitro model that can mimic the tissue micro-environment in GIM patients and further provide an avenue for studying the characteristics of GIM mucus. Our study identified new markers of GIM as well as pathways associated with GIM, which provides outstanding insight for exploring GIM pathogenesis and potentially other related conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall Medical Research Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 3, Kangfuqian Street, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Huijuan Wen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall Medical Research Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 3, Kangfuqian Street, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Fazhan Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall Medical Research Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 3, Kangfuqian Street, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Xia Xue
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall Medical Research Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 3, Kangfuqian Street, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Xiangdong Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall Medical Research Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 3, Kangfuqian Street, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Fuhao Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall Medical Research Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 3, Kangfuqian Street, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Ruoyu Hu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall Medical Research Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 3, Kangfuqian Street, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 453000, China
| | - Huayuan Xi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall Medical Research Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 3, Kangfuqian Street, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 453000, China
| | - Francesco Boccellato
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, 11743, UK
| | - Thomas F Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory of Infection Oncology, Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrecht University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein - Campus Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin- Straße 12, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Yang Mi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall Medical Research Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 3, Kangfuqian Street, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China.
| | - Pengyuan Zheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall Medical Research Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 3, Kangfuqian Street, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 453000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vilarinho T, Pádua D, Pereira B, Mesquita P, Almeida R. MISP Is Overexpressed in Intestinal Metaplasia and Gastric Cancer. Curr Oncol 2024; 31:2769-2779. [PMID: 38785491 PMCID: PMC11120023 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol31050210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the fourth cause of global cancer mortality. The identification of new biomarkers and drug targets is crucial to allow the better prognosis and treatment of patients. The mitotic spindle positioning (MISP) protein has the function of correcting mitotic spindle positioning and centrosome clustering and has been implicated in the cytokinesis and migration of cancer cells. The goal of this work was to evaluate the expression and clinical relevance of MISP in gastric cancer. MISP expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in a single hospital series (n = 286) of gastric adenocarcinomas and compared with normal gastric mucosa and intestinal metaplasia, a preneoplastic lesion. MISP was detected on the membrane in 83% of the cases, being overexpressed in gastric cancer compared to normal gastric mucosa (n = 10). Its expression was negatively associated with diffuse and poorly cohesive types. On the other hand, it was strongly expressed in intestinal metaplasia where it was associated with MUC2 and CDX2 expression. Furthermore, when we silenced MISP in vitro, a significant decrease in the viability of gastric carcinoma cells was observed. In conclusion, MISP is overexpressed in gastric cancer, being associated with an intestinal phenotype in gastric carcinogenesis and having a role in cellular proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Vilarinho
- i3S—Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (T.V.); (D.P.); (B.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Diana Pádua
- i3S—Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (T.V.); (D.P.); (B.P.); (P.M.)
- IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Pereira
- i3S—Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (T.V.); (D.P.); (B.P.); (P.M.)
- IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Mesquita
- i3S—Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (T.V.); (D.P.); (B.P.); (P.M.)
- IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Almeida
- i3S—Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (T.V.); (D.P.); (B.P.); (P.M.)
- IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Triantafillidis JK, Konstadoulakis MM, Papalois AE. Immunotherapy of gastric cancer: Present status and future perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:779-793. [PMID: 38516237 PMCID: PMC10950642 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i8.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In this editorial, we comment on the article entitled "Advances and key focus areas in gastric cancer immunotherapy: A comprehensive scientometric and clinical trial review (1999-2023)," which was published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Gastroenterology. We focused on the results of the authors' bibliometric analysis concerning gastric cancer immunotherapy, which they analyzed in depth by compiling the relevant publications of the last 20 years. Before that, we briefly describe the most recent data concerning the epidemiological parameters of gastric cancer (GC) in different countries, attempting to give an interpretation based on the etiological factors involved in the etiopathogenesis of the neoplasm. We then briefly discuss the conservative treatment (chemotherapy) of the various forms of this malignant neoplasm. We describe the treatment of resectable tumors, locally advanced neoplasms, and unresectable (advanced) cases. Special attention is given to modern therapeutic approaches with emphasis on immunotherapy, which seems to be the future of GC treatment, especially in combination with chemotherapy. There is also a thorough analysis of the results of the study under review in terms of the number of scientific publications, the countries in which the studies were conducted, the authors, and the scientific centers of origin, as well as the clinical studies in progress. Finally, an attempt is made to draw some con-clusions and to point out possible future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John K Triantafillidis
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, “Metropolitan General” Hospital, Holargos 15562, Attica, Greece. Hellenic Society for Gastrointestinal Oncology, 354 Iera Odos, Chaidari 12461, Attica, Greece
| | - Manousos M Konstadoulakis
- Second Department of Surgery, University of Athens School of Medicine, Aretaieion Hospital, Athens 11528, Attica, Greece
| | - Apostolos E Papalois
- Unit of Surgical Research and Training, Second Department of Surgery, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Aretaieion Hospital, Athens 11528, Attica, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sugano K, Moss SF, Kuipers EJ. Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia: Real Culprit or Innocent Bystander as a Precancerous Condition for Gastric Cancer? Gastroenterology 2023; 165:1352-1366.e1. [PMID: 37652306 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM), which denotes conversion of gastric mucosa into an intestinal phenotype, can occur in all regions of the stomach, including cardiac, fundic, and pyloric mucosa. Since the earliest description of GIM, its association with gastric cancer of the differentiated (intestinal) type has been a well-recognized concern. Many epidemiologic studies have confirmed GIM to be significantly associated with subsequent gastric cancer development. Helicobacter pylori, the principal etiologic factor for gastric cancer, plays the most important role in predisposing to GIM. Although the role of GIM in the stepwise progression model of gastric carcinogenesis (the so-called "Correa cascade") has come into question recently, we review the scientific evidence that strongly supports this long-standing model and propose a new progression model that builds on the Correa cascade. Eradication of H pylori is the most important method for preventing gastric cancer globally, but the effect of eradication on established GIM, is limited, if any. Endoscopic surveillance for GIM may, therefore, be necessary, especially when there is extensive corpus GIM. Recent advances in image-enhanced endoscopy with integrated artificial intelligence have facilitated the identification of GIM and neoplastic lesions, which will impact preventive strategies in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven F Moss
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Ernst J Kuipers
- Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Minister, Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sport, Hague, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tsubosaka A, Komura D, Kakiuchi M, Katoh H, Onoyama T, Yamamoto A, Abe H, Seto Y, Ushiku T, Ishikawa S. Stomach encyclopedia: Combined single-cell and spatial transcriptomics reveal cell diversity and homeostatic regulation of human stomach. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113236. [PMID: 37819756 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The stomach is an important digestive organ with various biological functions. However, because of the complexity of its cellular and glandular composition, its precise cellular biology has yet to be elucidated. In this study, we conducted single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and subcellular-level spatial transcriptomics analysis of the human stomach and constructed the largest dataset to date: a stomach encyclopedia. This dataset consists of approximately 380,000 cells from scRNA-seq and the spatial transcriptome, enabling integrated analyses of transcriptional and spatial information of gastric and metaplastic cells. This analysis identified LEFTY1 as an uncharacterized stem cell marker, which was confirmed through lineage tracing analysis. A wide variety of cell-cell interactions between epithelial and stromal cells, including PDGFRA+BMP4+WNT5A+ fibroblasts, was highlighted in the developmental switch of intestinal metaplasia. Our extensive dataset will function as a fundamental resource in investigations of the stomach, including studies of development, aging, and carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Tsubosaka
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 1130033, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Komura
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 1130033, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miwako Kakiuchi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 1130033, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Katoh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 1130033, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Onoyama
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 1130033, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1, Nishicho, Yonago 683-8504, Tottori, Japan
| | - Asami Yamamoto
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 1130033, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Abe
- Dpartment of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 1130033, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Seto
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-kyu 1130033, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ushiku
- Dpartment of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 1130033, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shumpei Ishikawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 1130033, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Pathology, National Cancer Center Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8577, Chiba, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gao X, Han W, Chen L, Li H, Zhou F, Bai B, Yan J, Guo Y, Liu K, Li W, Li R, Yuan Q, Zhang J, Lu Y, Zhao X, Ji G, Li M, Zhao Q, Wu K, Li Z, Nie Y. Association of CDX2 and mucin expression with chemotherapeutic benefits in patients with stage II/III gastric cancer. Cancer Med 2023; 12:17613-17631. [PMID: 37602699 PMCID: PMC10523976 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Better predictors of patients with stage II/III gastric cancer (GC) most likely to benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy are urgently needed. This study aimed to assess the ability of CDX2 and mucin markers to predict prognosis and fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy benefits. METHODS CDX2 and mucin protein expressions were examined by immunohistochemistry and compared with survival and adjuvant chemotherapy benefits in a prospective evaluation cohort of 782 stage II/III GC patients. Then, the main findings were validated in an independent validation cohort (n = 386) and an external mRNA sequencing dataset (ACRG cohort, n = 193). RESULTS In the evaluation cohort, CDX2, CD10, MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6 expressions were observed in 59.7%, 26.7%, 27.6%, 55.1%, and 57.7% of patients, respectively. However, only the expression of CDX2 was found to be associated with adjuvant chemotherapy benefits. Most importantly, CDX2-negative patients had a poorer prognosis when treated with surgery only, while the prognosis of CDX2-negative and CDX2-positive patients was similar when receiving postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. Further analysis revealed that patients with CDX2 negative tumors benefited from chemotherapy (5-year overall survival rates: 60.0% with chemotherapy vs. 23.2% with surgery-only, p < 0.001), whereas patients with CDX2 positive tumors did not (pinteraction = 0.004). Consistent results were obtained in the validation and ACRG cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Negative expression of CDX2 is an independent risk factor for survival in stage II/III GC, but subsequent adjuvant chemotherapy is able to compensate for this unfavorable effect. Therefore, active chemotherapy is more urgent for patients with negative CDX2 expression than for patients with positive CDX2 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianchun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive DiseasesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- Department of Health Statistics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Free Radical Biology and Medicine and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Preventive MedicineFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Weili Han
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive DiseasesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic MedicineFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Hongwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive DiseasesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Fenli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive DiseasesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Bin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive DiseasesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Junya Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive DiseasesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic MedicineFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive DiseasesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Wenjiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive DiseasesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Renlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive DiseasesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Qiangqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive DiseasesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jiehao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive DiseasesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive DiseasesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Xiaodi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive DiseasesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Gang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive DiseasesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Mengbin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive DiseasesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Qingchuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive DiseasesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Kaichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive DiseasesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Zengshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic MedicineFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive DiseasesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang D, Hao S, He H, Zhang J, You G, Wu X, Zhang R, Meng X, Cui X, Bai J, Fu S, Yu J. Contribution of PGAP3 co-amplified and co-overexpressed with ERBB2 at 17q12 involved poor prognosis in gastric cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:2424-2436. [PMID: 37386793 PMCID: PMC10424286 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The locus at 17q12 erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2) has been heavily amplificated and overexpressed in gastric cancer (GC), but it remains to be elucidated about the clinical significance of the co-amplification and co-overexpression of PGAP3 gene located around ERBB2 in GC. The profile of PGAP3 and ERBB2 in four GC cell lines and tissue microarrays containing 418 primary GC tissues was assessed to investigate the co-overexpression and clinical significance of the co-amplified genes, and to evaluate the impact of the co-amplified genes on the malignancy of GC. Co-amplification of PGAP3 and ERBB2 accompanied with co-overexpression was observed in a haploid chromosome 17 of NCI-N87 cells with double minutes (DMs). PGAP3 and ERBB2 were overexpressed and positively correlated in 418 GC patients. Co-overexpression of the PGAP3 and ERBB2 was correlated with T stage, TNM stage, tumour size, intestinal histological type and poor survival proportion in 141 GC patients. In vitro, knockdown of the endogenous PGAP3 or ERBB2 decreased cell proliferation and invasion, increased G1 phase accumulation and induced apoptosis in NCI-N87 cells. Furthermore, combined silencing of PGAP3 and ERBB2 showed an additive effect on resisting proliferation of NCI-N87 cells compared with targeting ERBB2 or PGAP3 alone. Taken together, the co-overexpression of PGAP3 and ERBB2 may be crucial due to its significant correlation with clinicopathological factors of GC. Haploid gain of PGAP3 co-amplified with ERBB2 is sufficient to facilitate the malignancy and progression of GC cells in a synergistic way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Scientific Research CentreThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Siyu Hao
- Scientific Research CentreThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Hongjie He
- Scientific Research CentreThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Jian Zhang
- Scientific Research CentreThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Ge You
- Scientific Research CentreThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Xin Wu
- Scientific Research CentreThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Rui Zhang
- Scientific Research CentreThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Xiangning Meng
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University)Ministry of EducationHarbinChina
| | - Xiaobo Cui
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University)Ministry of EducationHarbinChina
| | - Jing Bai
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University)Ministry of EducationHarbinChina
| | - Songbin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University)Ministry of EducationHarbinChina
| | - Jingcui Yu
- Scientific Research CentreThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University)Ministry of EducationHarbinChina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Singh J, Rajesh NG, Dubashi B, Maroju NK, Ganesan P, Matta KK, Charles I, Kayal S. Pattern of Expression of CDX2 in Colorectal Cancer and its Role in Prognosis: An Ambispective Observational Study. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1750207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction Caudal-type homeobox 2 (CDX2), a nuclear protein, is essential for the proliferation and development of intestinal epithelial cells and is frequently downregulated during tumorigenesis. CDX2 inhibits cell growth as well as stimulates differentiation by activating intestinal specific genes, thus lack of CDX2 favors tumor growth and aggressiveness.
Objectives We aimed to evaluate the pattern of CDX2 expression in all stages of colorectal cancer (CRC) and study its association with baseline characteristics and prognosis.
Materials and Methods Study was conducted as an ambispective observational study, enrolling cases of CRC retrospectively from January 2014 to July 2016 (30 months), and prospectively during next 18-month period till January 2018. We performed CDX2 staining by immunohistochemistry on the available biopsy blocks of CRC patients during the study period. Total 286 patients were registered during the study period, of which only 110 biopsy blocks were available for staining. CDX2 scoring was done by a semiquantitative method on whole tissue section for the intensity and percentage of the cells showing positivity. Correlation of CDX2 expression was done with baseline clinical and histopathologic characteristics, and survival.
Results Of 110 patients, 77 (70%) constituted colon cancer and 33 (30%) were rectal cancer. The median age was 54.2 years, 62 (56.4%) being male and 48 (43.6%) female with male-to-female ratio 1.3:1. In the study cohort, 33 (30%) patients had stage II disease, 30 (27.3%) stage III, and 47 (42.7%) were stage IV. Seventy-three (66.4%) were positive for CDX2 and 37 (33.4%) were negative. Loss of CDX2 expression was significantly associated with advanced stage, rectal site, poor grade of differentiation, and presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVSI). With median follow-up of 16 months, progression-free survival (PFS) at 2 years was 30% for CDX2 negative patients compared with 67% for CDX2 positive (p = 0.009), while overall survival (OS) at 2 years was 46% for CDX2 negative versus 77% for positive patients (p = 0.01).
Conclusion Loss of CDX2 expression is associated with advanced stage, higher tumor grade, presence of LVSI, and worse PFS and OS and thereby functions as a poor prognostic factor in CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jagdeep Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - N G. Rajesh
- Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Biswajit Dubashi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Nanda K. Maroju
- Department of General Surgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Prasanth Ganesan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Kiran K. Matta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - I Charles
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Smita Kayal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
SFRP4 and CDX1 Are Predictive Genes for Extragastric Recurrence of Early Gastric Cancer after Curative Resection. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11113072. [PMID: 35683460 PMCID: PMC9181378 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extragastric recurrence of early gastric cancer (EGC) after curative resection is rare, but prognosis has been poor in previous reports. Recently, single patient classifier (SPC) genes, such as secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (SFRP4) and caudal-type homeobox 1 (CDX1), were associated with prognosis and chemotherapy response in stage II–III gastric cancer. The aim of our study is, therefore, to elucidate predictive factors for extragastric recurrence of EGC after curative resection, including with the expression of SPC genes. We retrospectively reviewed electronic medical records of 1974 patients who underwent endoscopic or surgical curative resection for EGC. We analyzed clinicopathological characteristics to determine predictive factors for extragastric recurrence. Total RNA was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissue and amplified by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to evaluate expression of SPC genes. Overall incidences of extragastric recurrence were 0.9%. In multivariate analysis, submucosal invasion (odds ratio [OR] = 6.351, p = 0.032) and N3 staging (OR = 171.512, p = 0.012) were independent predictive factors for extragastric recurrence. Mean expression of SFRP4 in extragastric recurrence (−2.8 ± 1.3) was significantly higher than in the control group (−4.3 ± 1.6) (p = 0.047). Moreover, mean expression of CDX1 in extragastric recurrence (−4.6 ± 2.0) was significantly lower than in the control group (−2.4 ± 1.8) (p = 0.025). Submucosal invasion and metastasis of more than seven lymph nodes were independent predictive factors for extragastric recurrence. In addition, SFRP4 and CDX1 may be novel predictive markers for extragastric recurrence of EGC after curative resection.
Collapse
|
10
|
Koide T, Koyanagi-Aoi M, Uehara K, Kakeji Y, Aoi T. CDX2-induced intestinal metaplasia in human gastric organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. iScience 2022; 25:104314. [PMID: 35602937 PMCID: PMC9118752 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal metaplasia is related to gastric carcinogenesis. Previous studies have suggested the important role of CDX2 in intestinal metaplasia, and several reports have shown that the overexpression of CDX2 in mouse gastric mucosa caused intestinal metaplasia. However, no study has examined the induction of intestinal metaplasia using human gastric mucosa. In the present study, to produce an intestinal metaplasia model in human gastric mucosa in vitro, we differentiated human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) to gastric organoids, followed by the overexpression of CDX2 using a tet-on system. The overexpression of CDX2 induced, although not completely, intestinal phenotypes and the enhanced expression of many, but not all, intestinal genes and previously reported intestinal metaplasia-related genes in the gastric organoids. This model can help clarify the mechanisms underlying intestinal metaplasia and carcinogenesis in human gastric mucosa and develop therapies to restitute precursor conditions of gastric cancer to normal mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Koide
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of iPS Cell Applications, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Michiyo Koyanagi-Aoi
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of iPS Cell Applications, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Center for Human Resource Development for Regenerative Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Uehara
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of iPS Cell Applications, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kakeji
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takashi Aoi
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of iPS Cell Applications, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Center for Human Resource Development for Regenerative Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang H, Yang WJ, Hu B. Gastric epithelial histology and precancerous conditions. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 14:396-412. [PMID: 35317321 PMCID: PMC8919001 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i2.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common histological type of gastric cancer (GC) is gastric adenocarcinoma arising from the gastric epithelium. Less common variants include mesenchymal, lymphoproliferative and neuroendocrine neoplasms. The Lauren scheme classifies GC into intestinal type, diffuse type and mixed type. The WHO classification includes papillary, tubular, mucinous, poorly cohesive and mixed GC. Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) and intestinal metaplasia are recommended as common precancerous conditions. No definite precancerous condition of diffuse/poorly/undifferentiated type is recommended. Chronic superficial inflammation and hyperplasia of foveolar cells may be the focus. Presently, the management of early GC and precancerous conditions mainly relies on endoscopy including diagnosis, treatment and surveillance. Management of precancerous conditions promotes the early detection and treatment of early GC, and even prevent the occurrence of GC. In the review, precancerous conditions including CAG, metaplasia, foveolar hyperplasia and gastric hyperplastic polyps derived from the gastric epithelium have been concluded, based on the overview of gastric epithelial histological organization and its renewal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wen-Juan Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim K, Noh S, Cheong JH, Kim H. CDX-1/CDX-2 Expression Is a Favorable Prognostic Factor in Epstein-Barr Virus-Negative, Mismatch Repair-Proficient Advanced Gastric Cancers. Gut Liver 2021; 15:694-704. [PMID: 34312322 PMCID: PMC8444103 DOI: 10.5009/gnl20203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Caudal type homeobox (CDX)-1 and -2 are reportedly involved in the development and progression of gastric cancer (GC). Although there are several reports on the prognostic significance of CDX-2 expression in GC, it remains controversial. In this study, we sought to validate the prognostic value of CDX-1 and -2 expression according to the histologic and molecular subtypes of GC. Methods In total, 1,158 cases of advanced GC were investigated using immunohistochemical staining and tissue microarrays for CDX-1 and -2 expression, and survival analysis was performed according to different histological and molecular subtypes. Results Of the 915 GCs with CDX-1 expression, 163 (17.8%) were Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive or mismatch repair deficient (MMR-d), and the remaining 752 (82.2%) were EBV-negative or MMR-proficient (MMR-p). Of the 1,008 GCs with CDX-2 expression, 177 (17.5%) were EBV-positive or MMR-d, and the remaining 831 (82.5%) were EBV-negative or MMR-p. In the EBV-positive and MMR-d groups, CDX expression had no relationship with patient outcomes. In the EBV-negative and MMR-p groups, 404 (53.7%) and 523 (62.9%) samples were positive for CDX-1 and CDX-2 expression, respectively. Survival analysis demonstrated that CDX-1 and CDX-2 expression in all patients was correlated with favorable outcomes in terms of overall survival (multivariate analysis; p=0.018 and p=0.028, respectively). In the subgroup analysis, CDX-1 expression and CDX-2 expression were associated with favorable outcomes in EBV-negative and MMR-p intestinal (p=0.015 and p=0.010), and mixed and diffuse-type (p=0.019 and p=0.042) GCs, respectively. Conclusions The expression of CDX-1 and CDX-2 is a favorable prognostic factor in EBV-negative, MMR-p advanced GC. (Gut Liver 2021;15-704)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongmin Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Songmi Noh
- Department of Pathology, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Cheong
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunki Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The Transition from Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia to Gastric Cancer Involves POPDC1 and POPDC3 Downregulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105359. [PMID: 34069715 PMCID: PMC8160799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is an intermediate step in the progression from premalignant to malignant stages of gastric cancer (GC). The Popeye domain containing (POPDC) gene family encodes three transmembrane proteins, POPDC1, POPDC2, and POPDC3, initially described in muscles and later in epithelial and other cells, where they function in cell–cell interaction, and cell migration. POPDC1 and POPDC3 downregulation was described in several tumors, including colon and gastric cancers. We questioned whether IM-to-GC transition involves POPDC gene dysregulation. Gastric endoscopic biopsies of normal, IM, and GC patients were examined for expression levels of POPDC1-3 and several suggested IM biomarkers, using immunohistochemistry and qPCR. Immunostaining indicated lower POPDC1 and POPDC3 labeling in IM compared with normal tissues. Significantly lower POPDC1 and POPDC3 mRNA levels were measured in IM and GC biopsies and in GC-derived cell lines. The reduction in focal IM was smaller than in extensive IM that resembled GC tissues. POPDC1 and POPDC3 transcript levels were highly correlated with each other and inversely correlated with LGR5, OLFM4, CDX2, and several mucin transcripts. The association of POPDC1 and POPDC3 downregulation with IM-to-GC transition implicates a role in tumor suppression and highlights them as potential biomarkers for GC progression and prospective treatment targets.
Collapse
|
14
|
Gong J, Fan Y, Lu H. Pulmonary enteric adenocarcinoma. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101123. [PMID: 34000642 PMCID: PMC8141771 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetically expounded the clinical characteristics of PEAC. Systematically described the differentiation of PEAC from primary lung adenocarcinoma and MCRC. Found patients with PEAC may have high frequencies of HER2 and MMR mutations. Proposed a new conjecture that patients with PEAC might benefit from anti-HER2 therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Pulmonary enteric adenocarcinoma (PEAC) is an exceptionally rare subtype of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It is characterized by pathological features similar to those of colorectal adenocarcinoma. Most patients with PEAC have almost no special clinical manifestations, and it is often difficult to differentiate from metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma (MCRC). As a special type of lung adenocarcinoma, PEAC has unique mutation expression and immune characteristics; its mutation profile shows higher Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS), human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) , DNA mismatch repair(MMR) mutation rates, and much lower epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) rate. So in the future, targeted therapy may tend to be a new light in the treatment of PEAC. As for immunohistochemistry (IHC), CDX-2, villin, and CK7 are significantly positive in PEAC. This review focuses on the pathologic features, immunohistochemical examination, mutation analysis, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of PEAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Gong
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis & Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (lung and esophagus), Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), 310022, PR China; Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), 310022, PR China; Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 310022, PR China
| | - Ying Fan
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis & Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (lung and esophagus), Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), 310022, PR China; Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), 310022, PR China; Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 310022, PR China; The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Hongyang Lu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis & Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (lung and esophagus), Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), 310022, PR China; Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), 310022, PR China; Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 310022, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Characterization of the regulatory 5'-flanking region of bovine mucin 2 (MUC2) gene. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2847-2856. [PMID: 33730299 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the intestinal epithelium surface there is an intricate polymer network composed by gel-forming mucins, which plays a protective role due to the formation of a physical, chemical and immunological barrier between the organism and the environment. Mucin 2 (MUC2) is the main mucin in the small and large intestine, and it is expressed specifically in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which makes its promoter region an important candidate for expression of heterologous genes of biotechnological interest in the GIT of bovine and other ruminants. In order to characterize the bovine MUC2 promoter we designed primers to amplify and isolate a candidate region for this promoter. The amplified sequence was confirmed by sequencing and cloned into a plasmid vector containing the luciferase (LUC) reporter gene. The regulatory sites of the MUC2 promoter already described in the literature were used to find the putative regulatory sites in the bovine MUC2 promoter region. With these data, some deletions were performed in order to find the promoter sequence with greatest expression capacity and specificity. The constructions were tested by transient transfection assays in LoVo cells (human colorectal adenocarcinoma) and bovine fibroblasts. The quantification of the relative expression of the promoter was measured using dual-luciferase assays. Real-time PCR was performed to analyze the expression of endogenous MUC2. The results presented herein prove that the isolated sequence corresponds to the promoter of bovine MUC2 gene, since it was able to induce expression of a reporter gene in an in vitro cell culture experimental platform.
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen HY, Hu Y, Lu NH, Zhu Y. Caudal type homeoboxes as a driving force in Helicobacter pylori infection-induced gastric intestinal metaplasia. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1-12. [PMID: 33031021 PMCID: PMC7553748 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1809331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
(H. pylori), a common pathogenic bacterium in the stomach, has been demonstrated to be a major cause of gastric cancer (GC). The typical pathological evolution of H. pylori infection-induced GC involves development from gastric atrophy, via intestinal metaplasia (IM) and dysplasia, to intestinal-type GC. During this process, IM is considered to be an "irreversible point" that significantly increases the risk for GC. Therefore, the elucidation of the mechanism underlying IM is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of gastric mucosal carcinogenesis associated with H. pylori infection. Caudal type homeoboxes (CDXs) are transcription factors involved in intestinal differentiation establishment and the maintenance of normal intestinal mucosa and IM. H. pylori infection increases the expression of CDXs through epigenetic regulation, the nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway and its downstream proinflammatory factors, and the transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway, leading to the progression from normal gastric mucosa to IM. However, the precise mechanisms of gastric intestinal metaplasia have not yet been fully elucidated. In this review, we focus on research progress revealing the functions of CDXs in H. pylori infection-induced IM, as well as the regulators modulating this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Nong-Hua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China,CONTACT Yin Zhu Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The Different Clinicopathological Features of Remnant Gastric Cancer Depending on Initial Disease of Partial Gastrectomy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102847. [PMID: 33023082 PMCID: PMC7601166 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The incidence of gastric cancer increases in the remnant stomach after partial gastrectomy; however, its pathogenesis remains controversial. The clinicopathological features and immunohistochemical subtype were evaluated in patients with remnant gastric cancer considering the initial cause of partial gastrectomy. Methods: We categorized 59 cases of remnant gastric cancer who underwent curative surgery between 2001 and 2016 according to initial pathologies of benign (n = 24) or malignant (n = 35). Histological changes including pyloric metaplasia and intestinal metaplasia in the mucosa around the anastomosis site and the background mucosa of carcinomas were compared between the groups. Results: In the malignant group, the proportion of male patients was substantially lower, with a shorter interval. In background mucosa around the carcinomas, incidence of high-grade pyloric metaplasia was significantly higher in the benign group (13/20, 65.0% vs. 10/28, 35.7%), while high-grade intestinal metaplasia was only observed in the malignant group (0/20, 0% vs. 7/28, 25.0%). Conclusions: The cancers in the initial benign disease are mainly associated with pyloric metaplasia at the anastomosis site, reflecting reflux, but not with intestinal metaplasia. On the other hand, in the initial malignant disease group, intestinal metaplasia has an equally important role as reflux-associated pyloric metaplasia.
Collapse
|
18
|
Krishnan V, Lim DXE, Hoang PM, Srivastava S, Matsuo J, Huang KK, Zhu F, Ho KY, So JBY, Khor C, Tsao S, Teh M, Fock KM, Ang TL, Jeyasekharan AD, Tan P, Yeoh KG, Ito Y. DNA damage signalling as an anti-cancer barrier in gastric intestinal metaplasia. Gut 2020; 69:1738-1749. [PMID: 31937549 PMCID: PMC7497583 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is a premalignant stage that poses a greater risk for subsequent gastric cancer (GC). However, factors regulating IM to GC progression remain unclear. Previously, activated DNA damage response (DDR) signalling factors were shown to engage tumour-suppressive networks in premalignant lesions. Here, we interrogate the relationship of DDR signalling to mutational accumulation in IM lesions. DESIGN IM biopsies were procured from the gastric cancer epidemiology programme, an endoscopic surveillance programme where biopsies have been subjected to (epi)genomic characterisation. IM samples were classified as genome-stable or genome-unstable based on their mutational burden/somatic copy-number alteration (CNA) profiles. Samples were probed for DDR signalling and cell proliferation, using the markers γH2AX and MCM2, respectively. The expression of the gastric stem cell marker, CD44v9, was also assessed. Tissue microarrays representing the GC progression spectrum were included. RESULTS MCM2-positivity increased during GC progression, while γH2AX-positivity showed modest increase from normal to gastritis and IM stages, with further increase in GC. γH2AX levels correlated with the extent of chronic inflammation. Interestingly, genome-stable IM lesions had higher γH2AX levels underscoring a protective anti-cancer role for DDR signalling. In contrast, genome-unstable IM lesions with higher mutational burden/CNAs had lower γH2AX levels, elevated CD44v9 expression and modest promoter hypermethylation of DNA repair genes WRN, MLH1 and RAD52. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that IM lesions with active DDR will likely experience a longer latency at the premalignant state until additional hits that override DDR signalling clonally expand and promote progression. These observations provide insights on the factors governing IM progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaidehi Krishnan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Debbie Xiu En Lim
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Phuong Mai Hoang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Supriya Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Junichi Matsuo
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kie Kyon Huang
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Khek Yu Ho
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Jimmy Bok Yan So
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Singapore Gastric Cancer Consortium, Singapore
| | - Christopher Khor
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Stephen Tsao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Ming Teh
- Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kwong Ming Fock
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Tiing Leong Ang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Anand D Jeyasekharan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patrick Tan
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore,Singapore Gastric Cancer Consortium, Singapore
| | - Khay-Guan Yeoh
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore .,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Health System, Singapore.,Singapore Gastric Cancer Consortium, Singapore
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore .,Singapore Gastric Cancer Consortium, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Casein kinase 2 interacting protein 1 positively regulates caudal-related homeobox 1 in intestinal-type gastric cancer. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 133:154-164. [PMID: 31868807 PMCID: PMC7028172 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies, and intestinal-type GC is the main histopathologic type of GC in China. We previously reported that casein kinase 2 interacting protein 1 (CKIP-1) acts as a candidate tumor suppressor in intestinal-type GC. CKIP-1 participates in the regulation of multiple signaling pathways, including the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, of which caudal-related homeobox 1 (CDX1) may be a downstream target gene. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between CKIP-1 and CDX1 in intestinal-type GC. METHODS Sixty-seven gastroscopy biopsy specimens and surgically resected gastric specimens were divided into four groups: gastric mucosa group, intestinal metaplasia (IM) group, dysplasia group, and intestinal-type GC group. The expression levels of CKIP-1 and CDX1 were detected in these groups and GC cell lines, and the correlations between these expression levels were analyzed. SGC7901 and BGC823 cells were divided into CKIP-1 shRNA groups and CKIP-1 over-expression groups, and CDX1 expression was detected. β-Catenin expression was detected in intestinal-type GC tissue samples and CKIP-1 shRNA and CKIP-1 over-expression SGC7901 cells, and its correlation with CKIP-1 expression in intestinal-type GC tissue was analyzed. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor DKK-1 and activator LiCl were incubated with SGC7901 cells, BGC823 cells, and CKIP-1 shRNA and CKIP-1 over-expression SGC7901 and BGC823 cells, following which CDX1 and Ki-67 expression were detected. RESULTS The expression levels of CKIP-1 and CDX1 were lower in patients with intestinal-type GC than in patients with IM and dysplasia (both P < 0.05). CKIP-1 and CDX1 expression levels were positively correlated in IM, dysplasia, and intestinal-type GC tissue and cell lines (r = 0.771, P < 0.01; r = 0.597, P < 0.01; r = 0.654, P < 0.01; r = 0.811, P < 0.01, respectively). CDX1 expression was decreased in the CKIP-1 shRNA groups and increased in the CKIP-1 over-expression groups of SGC7901 and BGC823 cells compared to that in the corresponding control groups (both P < 0.05). CKIP-1 expression was negatively correlated with β-catenin expression in intestinal-type GC patients (r = -0.458, P < 0.01). Compared to the control group, β-catenin expression was increased in the CKIP-1 shRNA SGC7901 cell group and decreased in the CKIP-1 over-expression SGC7901 cell group (P < 0.05). CDX1 expression was increased in SGC7901 and BGC823 cells treated with DKK-1, DKK-1 increased CDX1 expression and decreased Ki-67 expression in the CKIP-1 shRNA group; the opposite result was observed in SGC7901 and BGC823 cells treated with LiCl, and LiCl decreased CDX1 expression and increased Ki-67 expression in the CKIP-1 over-expression group (both P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, CKIP-1 may positively regulate CDX1 in intestinal-type GC.
Collapse
|
20
|
A panel of intestinal differentiation markers (CDX2, GPA33, and LI-cadherin) identifies gastric cancer patients with favourable prognosis. Gastric Cancer 2020; 23:811-823. [PMID: 32215766 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-020-01064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the third cause of global cancer mortality. CDX2 is an intestinal differentiation marker with prognostic value in gastric cancer and transcriptionally regulates the expression of glycoprotein A33 (GPA33) and liver intestine cadherin (LI-cadherin). METHODS This study evaluated the clinical significance of the combined expression of CDX2 and its targets GPA33 and LI-cadherin in gastric cancer by fluorescence-based multiplex immunohistochemistry together with digital image analysis and chromogenic immunohistochemistry in 329 gastric cancer samples arranged in tissue microarrays. Additionally, publicly available RNA-seq expression data from 354 gastric cancer samples from the TCGA database were used to validate the immunohistochemistry results. RESULTS Expression of the three markers (CDX2, GPA33, and LI-cadherin) was strongly correlated, defining an intestinal differentiation panel. Low or negative protein expression of the intestinal differentiation panel identified patients with particularly poor overall survival, irrespective of the methodology used, and was validated in the independent series at the RNA-seq level. CONCLUSIONS Expression of the intestinal differentiation panel (CDX2, GPA33, and LI-cadherin) defines a set of biomarkers with a strong biological rationale and favourable impact for prognostication of gastric cancer patients.
Collapse
|
21
|
Expression patterns of seven key genes, including β-catenin, Notch1, GATA6, CDX2, miR-34a, miR-181a and miR-93 in gastric cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12342. [PMID: 32704077 PMCID: PMC7378835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most prevalent cancers and a major cause of cancer related mortality worldwide. Incidence of GC is affected by various factors, including genetic and environmental factors. Despite extensive research has been done for molecular characterization of GC, it remains largely unknown. Therefore, further studies specially conducted among various ethnicities in different geographic locations, are required to know the precise molecular mechanisms leading to tumorigenesis and progression of GC. The expression patterns of seven candidate genes, including β-catenin, Notch1, GATA6, CDX2, miR-34a, miR-181a, and miR-93 were determined in 24 paired GC tissues and corresponding non-cancerous tissues by quantitative Real-Time PCR. The association between the expression of these genes and clinicopathologic factors were also investigated. Our results demonstrated that overall mRNA levels of GATA6 were significantly decreased in the tumor samples in comparison with the non-cancerous tissues (median fold change (FC) = 0.3143; P = 0.0003). Overall miR-93 levels were significantly increased in the tumor samples relative to the non-cancerous gastric tissues (FC = 2.441; P = 0.0002). β-catenin mRNA expression showed a strong positive correlation with miR-34a (r = 0.5784; P = 0.0031), and miR-181a (r = 0.5652; P = 0.004) expression. miR-34a and miR-181a expression showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.4862; P = 0.016). Moreover, lower expression of Notch1 was related to distant metastasis in GC patients with a borderline statistical significance (p = 0.0549). These data may advance our understanding of the molecular biology that drives GC as well as provide potential targets for defining novel therapeutic strategies for GC treatment.
Collapse
|
22
|
Yoon K, Kim N. Significance of Helicobacter pylori Eradication on Atrophic Gastritis and Intestinal Metaplasia. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HELICOBACTER AND UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.7704/kjhugr.2020.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There has been an accumulation of data regarding the chemopreventive effects of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> (<i>H. pylori</i>) eradication. However, it remains unclear how <i>H. pylori</i> infection causes gastric cancer (GC) and how <i>H. pylori</i> eradication can prevent GC. Atrophic gastritis (AG) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) are known as precancerous lesions which mainly lead to intestinal-type GC but to some extent, can also lead to diffuse-type GC. The most important mechanism of AG/IM is <i>H. pylori</i>-induced chronic gastritis. Thus, the reversibility of AG and IM by <i>H. pylori</i> eradication therapy is very important in the prevention of GC. There have been many studies providing data supporting the improvement of AG by the eradication of <i>H. pylori</i> to some extent. In contrast, IM has been regarded as “the point of no return.” However, more recent studies have implied the improvement of IM after eradication, suggesting the importance of early eradication therapy in reversible histological status. In this review, we focused on the reversibility of AG and IM by <i>H. pylori</i> eradication and tried to investigate the predicting factors for the improvement of AG and IM including age, sex, smoking, and diet, as well as <i>H. pylori</i> infection.
Collapse
|
23
|
Koh I, Nosaka S, Sekine M, Sugimoto J, Hirata E, Kudo Y. Regulation of REG4 Expression and Prediction of 5-Fluorouracil Sensitivity by CDX2 in Ovarian Mucinous Carcinoma. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2020; 16:481-490. [PMID: 31659102 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The biological importance of the caudal-related homeobox transcription factor CDX2 in acquiring resistance to anticancer drugs has been studied in ovarian mucinous carcinoma. CDX2 promotes the expression of multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) and confers resistance to paclitaxel. The regenerating islet-derived family member 4 (REG4) gene is a potential target gene of CDX2. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the expression of CDX2 and Reg IV and the regulation of Reg IV expression and examined novel chemotherapeutic regimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS The regulation of Reg IV expression by CDX2 and sensitivity of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were evaluated using ovarian mucinous cancer cell lines. RESULTS The correlation of CDX2 with Reg IV expression was demonstrated in ovarian mucinous carcinoma. Reg IV expression was enhanced by transfection of CDX2 and was suppressed by inhibition of CDX2 expression. OMC-3 cells with ectopically overexpressed CDX2 showed enhanced apoptosis and sensitivity to 5-FU. CONCLUSION CDX2 promotes resistance to paclitaxel and sensitivity to 5-FU. Novel 5-FU-based chemotherapy based on CDX2 may be used in ovarian mucinous carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iemasa Koh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Suguru Nosaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masaki Sekine
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jun Sugimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Eiji Hirata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kudo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cdx2 Animal Models Reveal Developmental Origins of Cancers. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10110928. [PMID: 31739541 PMCID: PMC6895827 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cdx2 homeobox gene is important in assigning positional identity during the finely orchestrated process of embryogenesis. In adults, regenerative responses to tissues damage can require a replay of these same developmental pathways. Errors in reassigning positional identity during regeneration can cause metaplasias-normal tissue arising in an abnormal location-and this in turn, is a well-recognized cancer risk factor. In animal models, a gain of Cdx2 function can elicit a posterior shift in tissue identity, modeling intestinal-type metaplasias of the esophagus (Barrett's esophagus) and stomach. Conversely, loss of Cdx2 function can elicit an anterior shift in tissue identity, inducing serrated-type lesions expressing gastric markers in the colon. These metaplasias are major risk factors for the later development of esophageal, stomach and colon cancer. Leukemia, another cancer in which Cdx2 is ectopically expressed, may have mechanistic parallels with epithelial cancers in terms of stress-induced reprogramming. This review will address how animal models have refined our understanding of the role of Cdx2 in these common human cancers.
Collapse
|
25
|
Choi SI, Yoon C, Park MR, Lee D, Kook MC, Lin JX, Kang JH, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, Yoon SS, Cho SJ. CDX1 Expression Induced by CagA-Expressing Helicobacter pylori Promotes Gastric Tumorigenesis. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:2169-2183. [PMID: 31416838 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal-type gastric cancer often results from Helicobacter pylori infection through intestinal metaplasia, a transdifferentiated premalignant phenotype. Because H. pylori virulence factor CagA has been associated with aberrant expression of the transcription factor CDX1, which regulates intestinal differentiation, we explored its relationship with H. pylori infection and function during gastric carcinogenesis in normal gastric epithelial cells and gastric cancer cell lines. Infection of HFE 145 cells with CagA+ H. pylori increased expression of CDX1, as well as the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers Snail and Slug, increased invasion and migration, but those effects were not found in HFE 145 cells infected with CagA-deficient H. pylori. CDX1 overexpression increased expression of the intestinal markers Villin, sucrose isomaltase (SI), and MUC2, induced spheroid formation, and enhanced expression of the stem cell markers CD44, SOX2, Oct4, and Nanog, while CDX1 knockdown inhibited proliferation and intestinal stemness. Treatment of CDX1-expressing cells with metformin, an antidiabetic drug known to decrease the risk of gastric cancer, decreased expression of EMT and stemness markers, and reduced spheroid formation. In a murine xenograft model, combining metformin or shCDX1 with cisplatin reduced tumor growth, increased caspase-3 cleavage, and reduced expression of CD44 and MMP-9 to a greater degree than cisplatin alone. Patients with more advanced intestinal metaplasia staging exhibited higher CDX1 expression than those with earlier intestinal metaplasia staging (P = 0.039), and those with H. pylori tended to have more CDX1 expression than noninfected patients (P = 0.061). Finally, human tissue samples with higher CDX1 levels showed prominent CD44/SOX2 expression. Our findings indicate CagA+ H. pylori-induced CDX1 expression may enhance gastric cancer tumorigenesis and progression, and support therapeutic targeting of CDX1 in gastric cancer. IMPLICATIONS: This study shows that CDX1 contributes to the tumorigenesis and progression of gastric cancer and suggests the potential of targeting CDX1 to treat this malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Il Choi
- Center for Gastric Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhwan Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mi Ree Park
- Gastric Cancer Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - DaHyung Lee
- Gastric Cancer Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Cherl Kook
- Center for Gastric Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jian-Xian Lin
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Province, P.R. China
| | - Jun Hyuk Kang
- Center for Gastric Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Duane T Smoot
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C
| | - Sam S Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Soo-Jeong Cho
- Center for Gastric Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nishiguchi Y, Fujiwara-Tani R, Sasaki T, Luo Y, Ohmori H, Kishi S, Mori S, Goto K, Yasui W, Sho M, Kuniyasu H. Targeting claudin-4 enhances CDDP-chemosensitivity in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2189-2202. [PMID: 31040910 PMCID: PMC6481338 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins are major tight-junction proteins that mediate cellular polarity and differentiation. The present study investigated whether the 4D3 antibody to the human CLDN4 extracellular domain (that we previously established) is capable of modulating chemotherapeutic sensitivity in gastric cancer (GC). The results of the present study showed that CLDN4 was overexpressed in 137 of the 192 analyzed GC cases, and that CLDN4 expression was retained in tumors of a lower histological grade (more differentiated), and/or those that were caudal-type homeobox protein 2 (CDX2)-positive, but was reduced in more highly undifferentiated, and CDX2-negative GC cases. The study also compared the synergic effects of combining 4D3 with CDDP treatment and knocking down CLDN4 expression in MKN74 and TMK-1 human GC cells. Co-treatment with 4D3 increased anti-tumor effects of CDDP, whereas CLDN4 knockdown did not. In the TMK-1 cells, non-tight junction CLDN4 associated with integrin β1, increasing stem cell-associated proteins via FAK-c-SRC signals. The anti-tumoral effect of CDDP and 4D3 was examined in a nude mouse subcutaneous tumor model. In the two GC cell lines, concurrent treatment with 4D3 and CDDP synergistically inhibited cell proliferation and increased tumor necrosis and apoptosis to a greater degree than CDDP treatment alone. These findings suggest that 4D3 might increase chemotherapeutic sensitivity by evoking structural disintegration of tight-junction CLDN4 expressed in gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Nishiguchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Rina Fujiwara-Tani
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Hitoshi Ohmori
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Shingo Kishi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Shiori Mori
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kei Goto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Wataru Yasui
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Graduate School, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sho
- Department of Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kuniyasu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Multidisciplinary Diagnostic and Surgical Management of Adenocarcinoma Gingival Metastases. J Craniofac Surg 2019; 29:e531-e534. [PMID: 29877977 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000004632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide and colon cancer metastases in rare sites, such as the oral cavity, lead to a worse prognosis. Oral metastasis is a rare clinical condition and it represents only the 1% among all oral cavity neoplasms. A multidisciplinary approach is recommended to carry out a correct diagnostic procedure that allows distinguishing between metastatic and primitive lesions of the oral cavity. Quick diagnosis and management are fundamental to take an appropriate action as early as possible, as usually the prognosis in patients with oral metastases of colon carcinoma is poor. Aim of this brief clinical report is to underline how the quick diagnosis and management of gingival lesions can be crucial for the correct management of those uncommon oral diseases and for having a better prognosis of the primary cancer.
Collapse
|
28
|
Nakayama C, Yamamichi N, Tomida S, Takahashi Y, Kageyama-Yahara N, Sakurai K, Takeuchi C, Inada KI, Shiogama K, Nagae G, Ono S, Tsuji Y, Niimi K, Fujishiro M, Aburatani H, Tsutsumi Y, Koike K. Transduced caudal-type homeobox (CDX) 2/CDX1 can induce growth inhibition on CDX-deficient gastric cancer by rapid intestinal differentiation. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:3853-3864. [PMID: 30289576 PMCID: PMC6272106 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal metaplasia induced by ectopic expression of caudal‐type homeobox (CDX)2 and/or CDX1 (CDX) is frequently observed around gastric cancer (GC). Abnormal expression of CDX is also observed in GC and suggests that inappropriate gastrointestinal differentiation plays essential roles in gastric tumorigenesis, but their roles on tumorigenesis remain unelucidated. Publicly available databases show that GC patients with higher CDX expression have significantly better clinical outcomes. We introduced CDX2 and CDX1 genes separately into GC‐originated MKN7 and TMK1 cells deficient in CDX. Marked suppression of cell growth and dramatic morphological change into spindle‐shaped flat form were observed along with induction of intestinal marker genes. G0‐G1 growth arrest was accompanied by changed expression of cell cycle‐related genes but not with apoptosis or senescence. Microarray analyses additionally showed decreased expression of gastric marker genes and increased expression of stemness‐associated genes. Hierarchical clustering of 111 GC tissues and 21 non‐cancerous gastric tissues by selected 18 signature genes based on our transcriptome analyses clearly categorized the 132 tissues into non‐cancer, “CDX signature”‐positive GC, and “CDX signature”‐negative GC. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that “CDX signature”‐positive GC has lower malignant features. Immunohistochemistry of 89 GC specimens showed that 50.6% were CDX2‐deficient, 66.3% were CDX1‐deficient, and 44.9% were concomitant CDX2/CDX1‐deficient, suggesting that potentially targetable GC cases by induced intestinal differentiation are quite common. In conclusion, exogenous expression of CDX2/CDX1 can lead to efficient growth inhibition of CDX‐deficient GC cells. It is based on rapidly induced intestinal differentiation, which may be a future therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiemi Nakayama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutake Yamamichi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuta Tomida
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kageyama-Yahara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouhei Sakurai
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology II, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Chihiro Takeuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Inada
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology II, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shiogama
- 1st Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Genta Nagae
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ono
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tsuji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Niimi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Fujishiro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tsutsumi
- 1st Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yamashita MSDA, Melo EO. Mucin 2 (MUC2) promoter characterization: an overview. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:455-463. [PMID: 30218241 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2916-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic livestock have been studied with a well-known interest in improving quantitative and qualitative traits. In order to direct heterologous gene expression, it is indispensable to identify and characterize a promoter suitable for directing the expression of the gene of interest (GOI) in a tissue-specific way. The gastrointestinal tract is a desirable target for gene expression in several mammalian models. Throughout the surface of the intestinal epithelium, there is an intricate polymer network, formed by gel-forming mucins (especially MUC2 and MUC5AC, of which MUC2 is the major one), which plays a protective role due to the formation of a physical, chemical and immunological barrier between the organism and the environment. The characterization of the gel-forming mucins is difficult because of their large size and repetitive DNA sequences and domains. The main mucin in the small and large intestine, mucin 2 (MUC2), is expressed specifically in goblet cells. MUC2 plays an important role in intestinal homeostasis and its disruption is associated with several diseases and carcinomas. This mucin is also an important marker for elucidating mechanisms that regulate differentiation of the secretory cell lineage. This review presents the state of the art of MUC2 promoter structure and functional characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo O Melo
- EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Av W5 Norte, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Chronic injury and inflammation in the esophagus can cause a change in cellular differentiation known as metaplasia. Most commonly, the differentiation changes manifest as Barrett's esophagus (BE), characterized by the normal stratified squamous epithelium converting into a cuboidal-columnar, glandular morphology. BE cells can phenotypically resemble specific normal cell types of the stomach or intestine, or they can have overlapping phenotypes in disorganized admixtures. The stomach can also undergo metaplasia characterized by aberrant gastric or intestinal differentiation patterns. In both organs, it has been argued that metaplasia may represent a recapitulation of the embryonic or juvenile gastrointestinal tract, as cells access a developmental progenitor genetic program that can help repair damaged tissue. Here, we review the normal development of esophagus and stomach, and describe how BE represents an intermixing of cells resembling gastric pseudopyloric (SPEM) and intestinal metaplasia. We discuss a cellular process recently termed "paligenosis" that governs how mature, differentiated cells can revert to a proliferating progenitor state in metaplasia. We discuss the "Cyclical Hit" theory in which paligenosis might be involved in the increased risk of metaplasia for progression to cancer. However, somatic mutations might occur in proliferative phases and then be warehoused upon redifferentiation. Through years of chronic injury and many rounds of paligenosis and dedifferentiation, eventually a cell with a mutation that prevents dedifferentiation may arise and clonally expand fueling stable metaplasia and potentially thereafter acquiring additional mutations and progressing to dysplasia and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon U Jin
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jason C Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tang H, Wang Z, Lv W, Meng X. The expression and clinicopathological role of CDX2 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2018; 7:106-111. [PMID: 29862152 PMCID: PMC5982617 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2018.01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the expression and clinicopathological role of caudal homeobox 2 (CDX2) in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). CDX2 expression was determined immunohistochemically in 93 patients with ICC. The association between CDX2 expression and clinicopathological features of ICC was also examined in patients with ICC. Immunohistochemical staining for CDX2 was noted in 27 patients (29.03%); patients with CDX2-positive tumors had significant survival advantages over those with CDX2- negative tumors (median survival was 40 months for patients with CDX2-positive tumors and 13 months for patients with CDX2-negative tumors; the hazard ratio was 0.36, the 95% confidence interval was 0.22-0.59, and p < 0.001). The rate of CDX2 expression was 13.46% in patients with lymphatic invasion and 48.78% in patients without lymphatic invasion (χ2 = 13.88, p < 0.01); positivity for CDX2 expression was significantly higher in patients with well-differentiated or moderately differentiated tumors than that in patients with poorly differentiated tumors (41.7% in patients with well-differentiated tumors, 47.6% in patients with moderately differentiated tumors, and 20.0% in patients with poorly differentiated tumors; Mann-Whitney U test, p = 0.01). In addition, CDX2 expression differed significantly in patients with ICC due to hepatolithiasis and patients with ICC not due to hepatolithiasis (36.51% and 13.33%, respectively, χ2 = 5.30, p = 0.02). Positivity for CDX2 expression resulted in significant survival advantages for patients with ICC. CDX2 might be used as a prognostic marker in patients with ICC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanbo Wang
- Department of Pathology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Address correspondence to:Dr. Zhanbo Wang, Department of Pathology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China. E-mail:
| | - Wenping Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Meng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Address correspondence to:Dr. Zhanbo Wang, Department of Pathology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yoon K, Kim N. Reversibility of Atrophic Gastritis and Intestinal Metaplasia by Eradication of Helicobacter pylori. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2018; 72:104-115. [DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2018.72.3.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kichul Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University Sanbon Hospital, Gunpo, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Halder A, Kundu M, Das RN, Chatterjee U, Datta C, Choudhuri MK, Chatterjee B. CDX2 Expression in Gastric Carcinoma: A Clinicopathological Study. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_49_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Gastric cancer accounts for 7.8% of cancers worldwide and adenocarcinoma is the commonest histological type. Both gastric and intestinal phenotypic cell markers are expressed in gastric carcinomas. CDX2 is an intestinal transcription factor, which can be demonstrated in intestinal metaplasia and gastric carcinomas of the intestinal type. Unlike colorectal carcinomas, the role of CDX2 in gastric carcinomas as a prognostic variable is yet to be established. Ki-67 is a transcription factor expressed in the growth and synthetic phases of the cell cycle. Aims and Objectives: The aims of the study were to analyze CDX2 expression and Ki-67 labeling index in different histological types of gastric carcinomas and their relationship with the patients' clinicopathological parameters. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 gastric carcinoma cases were evaluated histologically and phenotypically, along with assessment of CDX2 expression and Ki-67 labeling index. Gastric carcinomas were grouped into intestinal and diffuse types, according to Lauren classification. A semiquantitative microscopic evaluation of CDX2 expression and Ki-67 labeling index was performed and correlated with the patients' clinicopathological parameters. Results: Increased CDX2 expression correlated with higher proportion of intestinal type gastric carcinomas and a lower proportion of lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular and perineural invasion. On the other hand, high Ki-67 labeling index was found in high grade tumors with lymphovascular invasion. Conclusions: The results of our study suggest that CDX2 might be a useful marker in predicting the prognosis of patients with gastric carcinoma. Accordingly, Ki-67 index seems to be useful in identifying a group of patients with aggressive tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Halder
- Department of GI-Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mousumi Kundu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ram Narayan Das
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Uttara Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Chhanda Datta
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Manoj Kr Choudhuri
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Bitan Chatterjee
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Reggiani Bonetti L, Lionti S, Vitarelli E, Barresi V. Prognostic significance of CDX2 immunoexpression in poorly differentiated clusters of colorectal carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2017; 471:731-741. [PMID: 28819729 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CDX2 is a transcription factor that acts as a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer (CRC). Its loss triggers metastatic process and tumor progression; however, its prognostic role in patients with CRC is still controversial. Poorly differentiated clusters (PDCs) are aggregates of neoplastic cells which likely have high metastatic potential in CRC. In this study, we analyzed and compared CDX2 expression in PDC (CDX2-PDC) and corresponding main tumor (CDX2 main tumor) in 42 CRCs showing at least 10 PDC (PDC G3). Five of 42 CRCs (12%) were classified as CDX2 main tumor negative (4/5 were also PDC-CDX2 negative); all had tumor recurrence and died of CRC. Twenty nine of 42 cases were CDX2-PDC negative. Among CRC CDX2 main tumor positive, 15 had recurrences and 13 died from CRC; 13 and 11 of them, respectively, were CDX2-PDC negative. By assigning one point to CDX2 main tumor or CDX2-PDC positivity, we assessed CDX2-staining score for each case. Twelve cases had CDX2-staining score 2 (CDX2 positive in main tumor and PDC); 26 had score 1 (CDX2 positive in main tumor or PDC), and 4 had CDX2 score 0 (CDX2 negative in main tumor and PDC). In our patients, CDX2-staining score had higher prognostic value compared to CDX2 main tumor or CDX2-PDC alone. In addition, it represented a significant and independent prognostic variable for disease-free survival (DFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). Our findings suggest that, although loss of CDX2 in the main tumor identifies high-risk patients with high specificity, CDX2-PDC should also be considered in CDX2 main tumor positive cases to predict prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Reggiani Bonetti
- Department of Laboratory Integrated Activities, Anatomic Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Simona Lionti
- Department of Pathology in Evolutive Age and Adulthood "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Polyclinic G. Martino, Pad D, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Enrica Vitarelli
- Department of Pathology in Evolutive Age and Adulthood "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Polyclinic G. Martino, Pad D, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Valeria Barresi
- Department of Pathology in Evolutive Age and Adulthood "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Polyclinic G. Martino, Pad D, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pinkaew D, Fujise K. Fortilin: A Potential Target for the Prevention and Treatment of Human Diseases. Adv Clin Chem 2017; 82:265-300. [PMID: 28939212 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fortilin is a highly conserved 172-amino-acid polypeptide found in the cytosol, nucleus, mitochondria, extracellular space, and circulating blood. It is a multifunctional protein that protects cells against apoptosis, promotes cell growth and cell cycle progression, binds calcium (Ca2+) and has antipathogen activities. Its role in the pathogenesis of human and animal diseases is also diverse. Fortilin facilitates the development of atherosclerosis, contributes to both systemic and pulmonary arterial hypertension, participates in the development of cancers, and worsens diabetic nephropathy. It is important for the adaptive expansion of pancreatic β-cells in response to obesity and increased insulin requirement, for the regeneration of liver after hepatectomy, and for protection of the liver against alcohol- and ER stress-induced injury. Fortilin is a viable surrogate marker for in vivo apoptosis, and it plays a key role in embryo and organ development in vertebrates. In fish and shrimp, fortilin participates in host defense against bacterial and viral pathogens. Further translational research could prove fortilin to be a viable molecular target for treatment of various human diseases including and not limited to atherosclerosis, hypertension, certain tumors, diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy, hepatic injury, and aberrant immunity and host defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Decha Pinkaew
- University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Ken Fujise
- University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States; The Institute of Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Li Q, Zhu Y, Liu J, Yu X, Chen M, Dong N, Gong Y, Yuan Y. HpSlyD inducing CDX2 and VIL1 expression mediated through TCTP protein may contribute to intestinal metaplasia in the stomach. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2278. [PMID: 28536478 PMCID: PMC5442128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02642-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is the most important risk factor for gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM). Our previous study demonstrated that infection with H. pylori HpslyD-positive strains associated with IM. To further investigate the signalling pathway involved in HpSlyD-induced IM, CDX2 and VIL1 expressions were determined before and after HpSlyD application. TCTP was knocked down by siRNA or overexpressed by plasmid transfection. An HpSlyD binding protein was used to block HpSlyD's enzymatic activity. The expression of CDX2 and TCTP in gastric diseases was measured by immunohistochemistry. Our results showed HpSlyD induced CDX2 and VIL1 expressions. TCTP protein expression was markedly increased after application of HpSlyD and in an HpSlyD-expressing stable cell line. Downregulation of TCTP protein led to decreased HpSlyD-induced CDX2 and VIL1. Overexpression of TCTP protein improved the expression of CDX2 and VIL1. Co-application of HpSlyD and FK506 led to significant reductions in CDX2, VIL1, and TCTP expression. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that CDX2 and TCTP expression was higher in HpslyD-positive specimens compared with HpslyD-negative ones. Expression of CDX2 was positively correlated with TCTP in HpslyD-positive cells. Our study is the first to show that HpSlyD induction of CDX2 and VIL1 expression mediated through TCTP may contribute to IM in the stomach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Li
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yanmei Zhu
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University; Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA
| | - Xiuwen Yu
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Department of Pathology, Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Moye Chen
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Nannan Dong
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yuehua Gong
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The approvals and provisions of the Management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht V/ Florence Consensus Report and those of the Kyoto Global Consensus Conference on H. pylori-associated gastritis, concerning with the primary and secondary prevention of gastric cancer (GC), unambiguously suggest that H. pylori infection is the most important risk factor of GC. Accordingly, the basis for the primary and secondary prevention of GC is the optimization of H. pylori eradication therapy. The clear direct relationship of the risk of GC to the severity and extent of atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia and no reversal of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia in the presence of H. pylori eradication presume that gastroprotective agents should be used for primary and secondary prevention. Experimental and clinical findings can lead to the conclusion that rebamipide is a highly effective and safe agent for the primary and secondary prevention of GC in patients with and without H. pylori infection, by optimizing anti-Helicobacter therapy, its anti-inflammatory effect and ability to restore the cellular structure of the gastric epithelium.
Collapse
|
38
|
Wong NACS, Adamczyk LA, Evans S, Cullen J, Oniscu A, Oien KA. A33 shows similar sensitivity to but is more specific than CDX2 as an immunomarker of colorectal carcinoma. Histopathology 2017; 71:34-41. [DOI: 10.1111/his.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shanna Evans
- Department of Cellular Pathology; Southmead Hospital; Bristol UK
| | - Jayne Cullen
- Department of Cellular Pathology; Southmead Hospital; Bristol UK
| | - Anca Oniscu
- Department of Pathology; Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Karin A Oien
- Institute of Cancer Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hayakawa M, Nishikura K, Ajioka Y, Aoyagi Y, Terai S. Re-evaluation of Phenotypic Expression in Differentiated-type Early Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach. Pathol Int 2017; 67:131-140. [PMID: 28088838 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A total of 313 cases of differentiated-type early gastric adenocarcinomas, including 113 cases of small-sized carcinoma (5< × ≤10 mm) and 121 cases of microcarcinoma (0< × ≤5 mm), were examined immunohistochemically to clarify the phenotypic expressions. They were classified into four categories (gastric phenotype (G-type), intestinal phenotype, gastrointestinal phenotype, and null phenotype) by a two-step process: the phenotype based on an immunoprofile of mucin core proteins (MUCs) with CDX2 (w/.CDX2-assessment); and the phenotype of MUCs only (w/o.CDX2-assessment). CDX2 expression was observed in 89.1% (279/313); it was highly expressed in 87.6% (106/121) of microcarcinomas. MUC2 expression increased as tumor size increased (P < 0.05). Compared with w/o.CDX2-assessment, w/.CDX2-assessment showed significantly fewer G-type carcinomas (P < 0.05). Each phenotype marker was less expressed in the submucosal part than in the mucosal part. In conclusion, CDX2 was a sensitive marker for assessing intestinal phenotype. A large portion of the early differentiated-type adenocarcinomas expressed CDX2 from the very early stage of carcinogenesis, and the proportion of G-type was unexpectedly low. Lower expression of each phenotype marker was considered the cause of phenotype alteration during submucosal invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Hayakawa
- Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Niigata Medical Center, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ken Nishikura
- Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Saiseikai Niigata Daini Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ajioka
- Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yutaka Aoyagi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Niigata Medical Center, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dynamics of SOX2 and CDX2 Expression in Barrett's Mucosa. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:1532791. [PMID: 27766003 PMCID: PMC5059566 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1532791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is the replacement of the normal esophageal squamous epithelium by a columnar lining epithelium. It is a premalignant condition for the development of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction. BE is associated with gastroesophageal reflux which might change the expression profile of key transcription factors involved in the establishment of tissue differentiation, namely, SOX2 (associated with esophageal and gastric differentiation) and CDX2 (associated with intestinal differentiation). Here, we sought to characterize the expression profile of SOX2 and CDX2 in the sequential alterations of the esophageal mucosa towards adenocarcinoma and compare it with the well-established gastric and intestinal mucin profiles (MUC5AC, MUC6, and MUC2). We observed that SOX2 and CDX2 expression correlates with gastric and intestinal differentiation in BE, defined by morphological parameters and mucin expression. We show the presence of a complete intestinal profile in BE, without gastric mucins and without SOX2, and we observed an evolutionary modulation of the metaplastic phenotype by SOX2 and CDX2. We observed that adenocarcinomas harbor more frequently a mixed gastric and intestinal phenotype. In conclusion, our study establishes a role for transcription factors SOX2 and CDX2 in the progression from gastric to gastrointestinal differentiation in Barrett's metaplasia.
Collapse
|
41
|
Follow-Up Study on CDX1 and CDX2 mRNA Expression in Noncancerous Gastric Mucosae After Helicobacter pylori Eradication. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:1051-9. [PMID: 26841784 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in CDX1/CDX2 in gastric mucosae following Helicobacter pylori eradication have not been clarified yet. AIMS To evaluate the changes in CDX1/CDX2 expression after H. pylori eradication, in relation to the reversibility of intestinal metaplasia (IM). METHODS Time course of CDX1/CDX2 expressions was investigated in 176 subjects with various gastroduodenal disorders. Among them, 132 patients were H. pylori positives; H. pylori were eradicated in 107 of them; 13 failed to eradicate; and 12 did not receive H. pylori eradication therapy. Forty-four subjects were H. pylori negatives. Expression levels in CDX1 and CDX2 from noncancerous gastric mucosae of the corpus, as well as the histologic findings of gastric mucosae, were evaluated during the follow-up. RESULTS Average follow-up duration was 33.7 months (range 2-97 months). Expression levels in both CDX1 and CDX2 mRNAs were correlated with IM grade in the corpus (ρ = 0.633 and 0.554, respectively, all P < 0.001). Changes in CDX1/CDX2 mRNA expressions following H. pylori eradication showed only insignificant results; IM grade at the antrum and corpus showed a tendency to decrease after H. pylori eradication without statistical significance (P > 0.05). However, histologic improvement of IM at the corpus was associated with a decrease in CDX2 mRNA expression during the follow-up (linear mixed model, P for slope = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS In this study, eradication of H. pylori did not show any beneficial effects on aberrant CDX1/CDX2 expressions or IM. Reversibility of IM may be associated with a decrease in CDX2 mRNA expression.
Collapse
|
42
|
Choi E, Hendley AM, Bailey JM, Leach SD, Goldenring JR. Expression of Activated Ras in Gastric Chief Cells of Mice Leads to the Full Spectrum of Metaplastic Lineage Transitions. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:918-30.e13. [PMID: 26677984 PMCID: PMC4808451 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gastric cancer develops in the context of parietal cell loss, spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM), and intestinal metaplasia (IM). We investigated whether expression of the activated form of Ras in gastric chief cells of mice leads to the development of SPEM, as well as progression of metaplasia. METHODS We studied Mist1-CreERT2Tg/+;LSL-K-Ras(G12D)Tg/+ (Mist1-Kras) mice, which express the active form of Kras in chief cells on tamoxifen exposure. We studied Mist1-CreERT2Tg/+;LSL-KRas (G12D)Tg/+;R26RmTmG/+ (Mist1-Kras-mTmG) mice to examine whether chief cells that express active Kras give rise to SPEM and IM. Some mice received intraperitoneal injections of the Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor, selumetinib, for 14 consecutive days. Gastric tissues were collected and analyzed by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Mist1-Kras mice developed metaplastic glands, which completely replaced normal fundic lineages and progressed to IM within 3-4 months after tamoxifen injection. The metaplastic glands expressed markers of SPEM and IM, and were infiltrated by macrophages. Lineage tracing studies confirmed that the metaplasia developed directly from Kras (G12D)-induced chief cells. Selumetinib induced persistent regression of SPEM and IM, and re-established normal mucosal cells, which were derived from normal gastric progenitor cells. CONCLUSIONS Expression of activated Ras in chief cells of Mist1-Kras mice led to the full range of metaplastic lineage transitions, including SPEM and IM. Inhibition of Ras signaling by inhibition of MEK might reverse preneoplastic metaplasia in the stomach.
Collapse
|
43
|
Yoon JH, Choi SS, Kim O, Choi WS, Park YK, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. Inactivation of NKX6.3 in the stomach leads to abnormal expression of CDX2 and SOX2 required for gastric-to-intestinal transdifferentiation. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:194-208. [PMID: 26743476 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2015.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal metaplasia in gastric mucosa is considered a preneoplastic lesion that progresses to gastric cancer. However, the molecular networks underlying this lesion formation are largely unknown. NKX6.3 is known to be an important regulator in gastric mucosal epithelial differentiation. In this study, we characterized the effects of NKX6.3 that may contribute to gastric intestinal metaplasia. NKX6.3 expression was significantly reduced in gastric mucosae with intestinal metaplasia. The mRNA expression levels of both NKX6.3 and CDX2 predicted the intestinal metaplasia risk, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value of 0.9414 and 0.9971, respectively. Notably, the NKX6.3 expression level was positively and inversely correlated with SOX2 and CDX2, respectively. In stable AGS(NKX6.3) and MKN1(NKX6.3) cells, NKX6.3 regulated the expression of CDX2 and SOX2 by directly binding to the promoter regions of both genes. Nuclear NKX6.3 expression was detected only in gastric epithelial cells without intestinal metaplasia. Furthermore, NKX6.3-induced TWSG1 bound to BMP4 and inhibited BMP4-binding activity to BMPR-II. These data suggest that NKX6.3 might function as a master regulator of gastric differentiation by affecting SOX2 and CDX2 expression and the NKX6.3 inactivation may result in intestinal metaplasia in gastric epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung H Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung S Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Olga Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won S Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong K Park
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suk W Nam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Y Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won S Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Amorim I, Taulescu MA, Day MJ, Catoi C, Reis CA, Carneiro F, Gärtner F. Canine Gastric Pathology: A Review. J Comp Pathol 2016; 154:9-37. [PMID: 26774560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.10.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastric disorders are common in dogs and are a major reason for veterinary consultation. In human medicine, the classification of gastric diseases based on histological features, genotypes and molecular phenotypes helps to better understand the characteristics of each subtype, and to improve early diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Canine gastric lesions often show strong histological similarities to their human counterparts. However, such conditions in the canine stomach are poorly studied and their cellular and molecular features are largely unknown. This article reviews the histopathological classification of inflammatory and neoplastic lesions of the canine stomach and provides an update on the application of molecular techniques within the field of canine gastric pathology. The canine disorders are compared with current knowledge of the equivalent human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Amorim
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidadedo Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho nr. 45, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nr. 228, Porto, Portugal
| | - M A Taulescu
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - M J Day
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, UK
| | - C Catoi
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - C A Reis
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidadedo Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho nr. 45, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nr. 228, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Carneiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidadedo Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nr. 228, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Gärtner
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidadedo Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho nr. 45, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nr. 228, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Li F, Du X, Zhang J. CDX2 inhibits pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell proliferation via promoting tumor suppressor miR-615-5p. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:1041-9. [PMID: 26269116 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CDX2 has recently been identified as a prognostic marker for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. However, the role and mechanism of CDX2 in progression of pancreatic adenocarcinoma are still elusive. In this study, we observed that CDX2 expression was much lower in mouse pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissues and pancreatic cancer cells. A network integrated by ChIPBase platform hinted that miR-615-5p, a most newly discovered tumor suppressor, was probably bound by CDX2 in the promoter region. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR assay showed that CDX2 exhibited a high capacity of binding to miR-615-5p promoter region compared to the negative control. Real-time PCR and western blotting analyses revealed that CDX2 overexpression caused inflation of miR-615-5p and depression of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), a direct target of miR-615-5p. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and EdU approaches showed that CDX2 overexpression markedly suppressed pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell proliferation. CDX2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection showed an opposite effect on gene expression and cell proliferation to that of CDX2 overexpression. Collectively, CDX2 inhibited pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell proliferation via promoting tumor suppressor miR-615-5p. Our findings suggested a potential molecular target for pancreatic adenocarcinoma therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuqing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinping Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Eastern Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Tan P, Yeoh KG. Genetics and Molecular Pathogenesis of Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:1153-1162.e3. [PMID: 26073375 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is globally the fifth most common cancer and third leading cause of cancer death. A complex disease arising from the interaction of environmental and host-associated factors, key contributors to GC's high mortality include its silent nature, late clinical presentation, and underlying biological and genetic heterogeneity. Achieving a detailed molecular understanding of the various genomic aberrations associated with GC will be critical to improving patient outcomes. The recent years has seen considerable progress in deciphering the genomic landscape of GC, identifying new molecular components such as ARID1A and RHOA, cellular pathways, and tissue populations associated with gastric malignancy and progression. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project is a landmark in the molecular characterization of GC. Key challenges for the future will involve the translation of these molecular findings to clinical utility, by enabling novel strategies for early GC detection, and precision therapies for individual GC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Tan
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Gastric Cancer Consortium, Singapore.
| | - Khay-Guan Yeoh
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Health System, Singapore; Singapore Gastric Cancer Consortium, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Effect of Rebamipide on the Premalignant Progression of Chronic Gastritis: A Randomized Controlled Study. Clin Drug Investig 2015; 35:665-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s40261-015-0329-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
48
|
Abstract
Gastric cancer is associated with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. To reduce the socioeconomic burden related to gastric cancer, it is very important to identify and manage high risk group for gastric cancer. In this review, we describe the general risk factors for gastric cancer and define high risk group for gastric cancer. We discuss strategies for the effective management of patients for the prevention and early detection of gastric cancer. Atrophic gastritis (AG) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) are the most significant risk factors for gastric cancer. Therefore, the accurate selection of individuals with AG and IM may be a key strategy for the prevention and/or early detection of gastric cancer. Although endoscopic evaluation using enhanced technologies such as narrow band imaging-magnification, the serum pepsinogen test, Helicobacter pylori serology, and trefoil factor 3 have been evaluated, a gold standard method to accurately select individuals with AG and IM has not emerged. In terms of managing patients at high risk of gastric cancer, it remains uncertain whether H. pylori eradication reverses and/or prevents the progression of AG and IM. Although endoscopic surveillance in high risk patients is expected to be beneficial, further prospective studies in large populations are needed to determine the optimal surveillance interval.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Pinto R, Barros R, Pereira-Castro I, Mesquita P, da Costa LT, Bennett EP, Almeida R, David L. CDX2 homeoprotein is involved in the regulation of ST6GalNAc-I gene in intestinal metaplasia. J Transl Med 2015; 95:718-27. [PMID: 25867765 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo expression of Sialyl-Tn (STn) antigen is one of the most common features of intestinal metaplasia (IM) and gastric carcinomas, and its biosynthesis has been mostly attributed to ST6GalNAc-I activity. However, the regulation of this glycosyltransferase expression is not elucidated. In IM lesions and in the intestine, CDX2 homeobox transcription factor is co-expressed with STn and ST6GalNAc-I. We therefore hypothesized that CDX2 might induce STn expression by positive regulation of ST6GalNAc-I. We showed that ST6GalNAc-I transcript levels and CDX2 have a coordinated expression upon Caco-2 in vitro differentiation, and overexpression of CDX2 in MKN45 gastric cells increases ST6GalNAc-I transcript levels. Nine putative CDX-binding sites in the ST6GalNAc-I-regulatory sequence were identified and analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation in Caco-2 cells and in IM. The results showed that CDX2 protein is recruited to all regions, being the most proximal sites preferentially occupied in vivo. Luciferase assays demonstrated that CDX2 is able to transactivate ST6GalNac-I-regulatory region. The induction was stronger for the regions mapped in the neighbourhood of ATG start codon and site-directed mutagenesis of these sites confirmed their importance. In conclusion, we show that CDX2 transcriptionally regulates ST6GalNAc-I gene expression, specifically in the preneoplastic IM lesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Pinto
- 1] Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal [2] Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal [3] Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Barros
- 1] Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal [2] Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pereira-Castro
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patricia Mesquita
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta da Fonte Boa, Vale de Santarém, Portugal
| | | | - Eric P Bennett
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raquel Almeida
- 1] Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal [2] Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal [3] Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal [4] Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Leonor David
- 1] Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal [2] Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal [3] Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Jang BG, Lee BL, Kim WH. Intestinal Stem Cell Markers in the Intestinal Metaplasia of Stomach and Barrett's Esophagus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127300. [PMID: 25996368 PMCID: PMC4440782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM) is a highly prevalent preneoplastic lesion; however, the molecular mechanisms regulating its development remain unclear. We have previously shown that a population of cells expressing the intestinal stem cell (ISC) marker LGR5 increases remarkably in IM. In this study, we further investigated the molecular characteristics of these LGR5+ cells in IM by examining the expression profile of several ISC markers. Notably, we found that ISC markers—including OLFM4 and EPHB2—are positively associated with the CDX2 expression in non-tumorous gastric tissues. This finding was confirmed in stomach lesions with or without metaplasia, which demonstrated that OLFM4 and EPHB2 expression gradually increased with metaplastic progression. Moreover, RNA in situ hybridization revealed that LGR5+ cells coexpress several ISC markers and remained confined to the base of metaplastic glands, reminiscent to that of normal intestinal crypts, whereas those in normal antral glands expressed none of these markers. Furthermore, a large number of ISC marker-expressing cells were diffusely distributed in gastric adenomas, suggesting that these markers may facilitate gastric tumorigenesis. In addition, Barrett’s esophagus (BE)—which is histologically similar to intestinal metaplasia—exhibited a similar distribution of ISC markers, indicating the presence of a stem cell population with intestinal differentiation potential. In conclusion, we identified that LGR5+ cells in gastric IM and BE coexpress ISC markers, and exhibit the same expression profile as those found in normal intestinal crypts. Taken together, these results implicate an intestinal-like stem cell population in the pathogenesis of IM, and provide an important basis for understanding the development and maintenance of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gun Jang
- Department of Pathology, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Byung Lan Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|