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Faugaret D, Ben Amara A, Alingrin J, Daumas A, Delaby A, Lépolard C, Raoult D, Textoris J, Mège JL. Granulomatous response to Coxiella burnetii, the agent of Q fever: the lessons from gene expression analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:172. [PMID: 25566510 PMCID: PMC4266094 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of granulomas is associated with the resolution of Q fever, a zoonosis due to Coxiella burnetii; however the molecular mechanisms of granuloma formation remain poorly understood. We generated human granulomas with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and beads coated with C. burnetii, using BCG extracts as controls. A microarray analysis showed dramatic changes in gene expression in granuloma cells of which more than 50% were commonly modulated genes in response to C. burnetii and BCG. They included M1-related genes and genes related to chemotaxis. The inhibition of the chemokines, CCL2 and CCL5, directly interfered with granuloma formation. C. burnetii granulomas also expressed a specific transcriptional profile that was essentially enriched in genes associated with type I interferon response. Our results showed that granuloma formation is associated with a core of transcriptional response based on inflammatory genes. The specific granulomatous response to C. burnetii is characterized by the activation of type 1 interferon pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Faugaret
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095 Marseille, France ; AltraBio SAS Lyon, France
| | - Amira Ben Amara
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095 Marseille, France
| | - Julie Alingrin
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095 Marseille, France
| | - Aurélie Daumas
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095 Marseille, France
| | - Amélie Delaby
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095 Marseille, France ; Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Parc Scientifique et Technologique Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Lépolard
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095 Marseille, France
| | - Julien Textoris
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095 Marseille, France ; Unité Mixte BioMérieux-HCL, Hôpital Edouard Herriot - Pav P Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mège
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095 Marseille, France
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Castro PR, Marques SM, Viana CT, Campos PP, Ferreira MA, Barcelos LS, Andrade SP. Deletion of the chemokine receptor CCR2 attenuates foreign body reaction to implants in mice. Microvasc Res 2014; 95:37-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Chensue SW. Chemokines in innate and adaptive granuloma formation. Front Immunol 2013; 4:43. [PMID: 23444049 PMCID: PMC3580335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulomas are cellular inflammations that vary widely in histologic appearance depending upon the inciting agent and immunologic status of the responding host. Despite their heterogeneity, granulomas are at their core an ancient innate sequestration response characterized by the accumulation of mononuclear phagocytes. In fact, this innate cellular response was first observed by Metchnikov in simple invertebrates. Among higher vertebrates, environmental pressures have resulted in the evolution of more sophisticated adaptive immune responses which can be superimposed upon and modify the character of granulomatous inflammation. Compared to immune responses that rapidly neutralize and eliminate infectious agents, the granuloma represents a less desirable "fall back" response which still has value to the host but can be co-opted by certain infectious agents and contribute to bystander organ damage. Understanding granulomas requires an analysis of the complex interplay of innate and adaptive molecular signals that govern the focal accumulation and activity of their cellular components. Among these signals, small molecular weight chemoattractant proteins known as chemokines are potentially important contributors as they participate in both directing leukocyte migration and function. This tract will discuss the contribution of chemokines to the development of innate and adaptive granuloma formation, as well as describe their relationship to more recently evolved cytokines generated during adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Chensue
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Section of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Toyoda T, Kamei Y, Kato H, Sugita S, Takeya M, Suganami T, Ogawa Y. Effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha ligands in the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages in obese adipose tissue. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:1199-207. [PMID: 18356826 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to examine the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) ligands on the inflammatory changes induced by the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages in obese adipose tissue. METHODS AND PROCEDURES PPAR-alpha ligands (Wy-14,643 and fenofibrate) were added to 3T3-L1 adipocytes, RAW264 macrophages, or co-culture of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW264 macrophages in vitro, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA expression and secretion were examined. PPAR-alpha ligands were administered to genetically obese ob/ob mice for 2 weeks. Moreover, the effect of PPAR-alpha ligands was also evaluated in the adipose tissue explants and peritoneal macrophages obtained from PPAR-alpha-deficient mice. RESULTS In the co-culture of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW264 macrophages, PPAR-alpha ligands reduced MCP-1 and TNF-alpha mRNA expression and secretion in vitro relative to vehicle-treated group. The anti-inflammatory effect of Wy-14,643 was observed in adipocytes treated with macrophage-conditioned media or mouse recombinant TNF-alpha and in macrophages treated with adipocyte-conditioned media or palmitate. Systemic administration of PPAR-alpha ligands inhibited the inflammatory changes in adipose tissue from ob/ob mice. Wy-14,643 also exerted an anti-inflammatory effect in the adipose tissue explants but not in peritoneal macrophages obtained from PPAR-alpha-deficient mice. DISCUSSION This study provides evidence for the anti-inflammatory effect of PPAR-alpha ligands in the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages in obese adipose tissue, thereby improving the dysregulation of adipocytokine production and obesity-related metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Toyoda
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Plasticity in tumor-promoting inflammation: impairment of macrophage recruitment evokes a compensatory neutrophil response. Neoplasia 2008; 10:329-40. [PMID: 18392134 DOI: 10.1593/neo.07871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in the K14-HPV/E(2) mouse model of cervical carcinogenesis demonstrated that infiltrating macrophages are the major source of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), a metalloprotease important for tumor angiogenesis and progression. We observed increased expression of the macrophage chemoattractant, CCL2, and its receptor, CCR2, concomitant with macrophage influx and MMP-9 expression. To study the role of CCL2-CCR2 signaling in cervical tumorigenesis, we generated CCR2-deficient K14-HPV/E(2) mice. Cervixes of CCR2-null mice contained significantly fewer macrophages. Surprisingly, there was only a modest delay in time to progression from dysplasia to carcinoma in the CCR2-deficient mice, and no difference in end-stage tumor incidence or burden. Moreover, there was an unexpected persistence of MMP-9 activity, associated with increased abundance of MMP-9(+) neutrophils in tumors from CCR2-null mice. In vitro bioassays revealed that macrophages produce soluble factor(s) that can suppress neutrophil dynamics, as evidenced by reduced chemotaxis in response to CXCL8, and impaired invasion into three-dimensional tumor masses grown in vitro. Our data suggest a mechanism whereby CCL2 attracts proangiogenic CCR2(+) macrophages with the ancillary capability to limit infiltration by neutrophils. If such tumor-promoting macrophages are suppressed, MMP-9(+) neutrophils are then recruited, providing alternative paracrine support for tumor angiogenesis and progression.
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Schäppi MG, Deffert C, Fiette L, Gavazzi G, Herrmann FR, Belli DC, Krause KH. Branched fungal β-glucan causes hyperinflammation and necrosis in phagocyte NADPH oxidase-deficient mice. J Pathol 2007; 214:434-44. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ito A, Suganami T, Miyamoto Y, Yoshimasa Y, Takeya M, Kamei Y, Ogawa Y. Role of MAPK Phosphatase-1 in the Induction of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 during the Course of Adipocyte Hypertrophy. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:25445-52. [PMID: 17611196 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701549200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), an important chemokine whose expression is increased during the course of obesity, plays a role in macrophage infiltration into obese adipose tissue. This study was designed to elucidate the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) in the induction of MCP-1 during the course of adipocyte hypertrophy. We examined the time course of MKP-1 and MCP-1 mRNA expression and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in the adipose tissue from mice rendered mildly obese by a short term high fat diet. We also studied the role of MKP-1 in the induction of MCP-1 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes during the course of adipocyte hypertrophy. MCP-1 mRNA expression was increased, followed by ERK activation and down-regulation of MKP-1, an inducible dual specificity phosphatase to inactivate ERK, in the adipose tissue at the early stage of obesity induced by a short term high fat diet, when macrophages are not infiltrated. Down-regulation of MKP-1 preceded ERK activation and increased production of MCP-1 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro during the course of adipocyte hypertrophy. Adenovirus-mediated restoration of MKP-1 in hypertrophied 3T3-L1 adipocytes reduced the otherwise increased ERK phosphorylation, thereby leading to the significant reduction of MCP-1 mRNA expression. This study provides evidence that the down-regulation of MKP-1 is critical for increased production of MCP-1 during the course of adipocyte hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Ito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, and Department of Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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8
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Oloris SCS, Mesnil M, Reis VNDS, Sakai M, Matsuzaki P, Fonseca EDSM, da Silva TC, Avanzo JL, Sinhorini IL, Guerra JL, Costa-Pinto FA, Maiorka PC, Dagli MLZ. Hepatic granulomas induced by Schistosoma mansoni in mice deficient for connexin 43 present lower cell proliferation and higher collagen content. Life Sci 2007; 80:1228-35. [PMID: 17289089 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Revised: 11/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Granuloma formation involves a coordinated interaction between monocytes and macrophages, epithelioid cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils and fibroblasts. It has been established that extracellular communication via cytokines is important for the assembly of granulomas. However, the importance of gap junctions and intercellular communication to granuloma formation and development had never been assessed. Connexins are proteins that form gap junctions, and connexin 43 (Cx43) is present in macrophages, lymphoid cells, myelogenous cells, fibroblasts and others. We analyzed the effect of heterologous deletion of Gja1 (Cx43 gene) on the formation and development of hepatic granulomas induced by Schistosoma mansoni eggs. Heterozygous (Cx43(+/-)) and wild-type (Cx43(+/+)) mice were infected subcutaneously with S. mansoni cercarie and evaluated after 6, 8 and 12 weeks. Granuloma cells express Cx43, as revealed by real-time PCR in isolated granulomas, and by immunohistochemistry. Cx43 expression was reduced in Cx43(+/-) mice, as expected. No differences in the average area of granulomas or number of cells per granuloma were observed between mice of different genotypes. However, granuloma cells from Cx43(+/-) mice displayed a reduced index of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling at 8 and 12 weeks post-infection. Moreover, Cx43(+/-) granulomas unexpectedly presented a higher degree of fibrosis, quantified by morphometric analysis in Sirius Red-stained slides. Our results indicate that the deletion of one allele of the Cx43 gene, and possibly the reduced gap junction intercellular communication capacity (GJIC), may impair the interactions between granuloma cells, reducing their proliferation and increasing their collagen content, thereby modifying the characteristics of S. mansoni granuloma in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Catarina Salgado Oloris
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Okuma T, Terasaki Y, Sakashita N, Kaikita K, Kobayashi H, Hayasaki T, Kuziel WA, Baba H, Takeya M. MCP-1/CCR2 signalling pathway regulates hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury via nitric oxide production. Int J Exp Pathol 2007; 87:475-83. [PMID: 17222215 PMCID: PMC2517387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2006.00502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To clarify the role of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)/C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) signalling pathway in hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury, CCR2-deficient (CCR2-/-) and wild-type (CCR2+/+) mice were exposed to 85% O(2) for up to 6 days. At day 3, body weight significantly decreased and total protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was higher in CCR2-/- mice compared with CCR2+/+ mice. Cumulative survivals were significantly lower in CCR2-/- mice than in CCR2+/+ mice. However, the two groups showed no significant differences in both histological changes and number of macrophages in BALF. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed increased mRNA levels of MCP-1, interleukin-1beta thioredoxin-1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lung tissues in CCR2-/- mice compared with CCR2+/+ mice. Increased iNOS mRNA levels in alveolar macrophages exposed to 85% O(2) for 48 h in vivo or in vitro were significantly higher in CCR2-/- mice than in CCR2+/+ mice. These results suggest that the MCP-1/CCR2 signalling pathway is protective against hyperoxia-induced tissue injury by suppressing induction of iNOS and consequent production of reactive oxygen species by activated alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Okuma
- Department of Cell Pathology, Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Naomi Sakashita
- Department of Cell Pathology, Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Kaikita
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Takanori Hayasaki
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto, Japan
| | - William A Kuziel
- Department of Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases, PDL BioPharmaFremont, CA, USA
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto, Japan
| | - Motohiro Takeya
- Department of Cell Pathology, Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto, Japan
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Zamara E, Galastri S, Aleffi S, Petrai I, Aragno M, Mastrocola R, Novo E, Bertolani C, Milani S, Vizzutti F, Vercelli A, Pinzani M, Laffi G, LaVilla G, Parola M, Marra F. Prevention of severe toxic liver injury and oxidative stress in MCP-1-deficient mice. J Hepatol 2007; 46:230-8. [PMID: 17125873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 09/16/2006] [Accepted: 09/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Administration of carbon tetrachloride determines liver injury, inflammation and oxidative stress, but the molecular mechanisms of damage are only partially understood. In this study, we investigated the development of acute toxic damage in mice lacking monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a chemokine which recruits monocytes and activated lymphocytes. METHODS Mice with targeted deletion of the MCP-1 gene and wild type controls were administered a single intragastric dose of carbon tetrachloride. Serum liver enzymes, histology, expression of different chemokines and cytokines, and intrahepatic levels of oxidative stress-related products were evaluated. RESULTS Compared to wild type mice, peak aminotransferase levels were significantly lower in MCP-1-deficient animals. This was paralleled by a delayed appearance of necrosis at histology. In addition, MCP-1-deficient mice showed a shift in the pattern of infiltrating inflammatory cells, with a predominance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Lack of MCP-1 was also accompanied by reduced intrahepatic expression of cytokines regulating inflammation and tissue repair. The increase in tissue levels of reactive oxygen species and 4-hydroxy-nonenal following administration of the hepatotoxin was also significantly lower in animals lacking MCP-1. CONCLUSIONS Lack of MCP-1 affords protection from damage and development of oxidative stress in a toxic model of severe acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zamara
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Oncologia Sperimentale, University of Turin, Italy
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Shireman PK, Contreras-Shannon V, Ochoa O, Karia BP, Michalek JE, McManus LM. MCP-1 deficiency causes altered inflammation with impaired skeletal muscle regeneration. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 81:775-85. [PMID: 17135576 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0506356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the role of MCP-1, a potent chemotactic and activating factor for macrophages, in perfusion, inflammation, and skeletal muscle regeneration post-ischemic injury. MCP-1-/- or C57Bl/6J control mice [wild-type (WT)] underwent femoral artery excision (FAE). Muscles were collected for histology, assessment of tissue chemokines, and activity measurements of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and myeloperoxidase. In MCP-1-/- mice, restoration of perfusion was delayed, and LDH and fiber size, indicators of muscle regeneration, were decreased. Altered inflammation was observed with increased neutrophil accumulation in MCP-1-/- versus WT mice at Days 1 and 3 (P< or =0.003), whereas fewer macrophages were present in MCP-1-/- mice at Day 3. As necrotic tissue was removed in WT mice, macrophages decreased (Day 7). In contrast, macrophage accumulation in MCP-1-/- was increased in association with residual necrotic tissue and impaired muscle regeneration. Consistent with altered inflammation, neutrophil chemotactic factors (keratinocyte-derived chemokine and macrophage inflammatory protein-2) were increased at Day 1 post-FAE. The macrophage chemotactic factor MCP-5 was increased significantly in WT mice at Day 3 compared with MCP-1-/- mice. However, at post-FAE Day 7, MCP-5 was significantly elevated in MCP-1-/- mice versus WT mice. Addition of exogenous MCP-1 did not induce proliferation in murine myoblasts (C2C12 cells) in vitro. MCP-1 is essential for reperfusion and the successful completion of normal skeletal muscle regeneration after ischemic tissue injury. Impaired muscle regeneration in MCP-1-/- mice suggests an important role for macrophages and MCP-1 in tissue reparative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula K Shireman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, MC 7741, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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Contreras-Shannon V, Ochoa O, Reyes-Reyna SM, Sun D, Michalek JE, Kuziel WA, McManus LM, Shireman PK. Fat accumulation with altered inflammation and regeneration in skeletal muscle of CCR2-/- mice following ischemic injury. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 292:C953-67. [PMID: 17020936 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00154.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines recruit inflammatory cells to sites of injury, but the role of the CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) during regenerative processes following ischemia is poorly understood. We studied injury, inflammation, perfusion, capillary formation, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) levels, muscle regeneration, fat accumulation, and transcription factor activation in hindlimb muscles of CCR2-/- and wild-type (WT) mice following femoral artery excision (FAE). In both groups, muscle injury and restoration of vascular perfusion were similar. Nevertheless, edema and neutrophil accumulation were significantly elevated in CCR2-/- compared with WT mice at day 1 post-FAE and fewer macrophages were present at day 3. MCP-1 levels in post-ischemic calf muscle of CCR2-/- animals were significantly elevated over baseline through 14 days post-FAE and were higher than WT mice at days 1, 7, and 14. In addition, CCR2-/- mice exhibited impaired muscle regeneration, decreased muscle fiber size, and increased intermuscular adipocytes with similar capillaries/mm(2) postinjury. Finally, the transcription factors, MyoD and signal transducers of and activators of transcription-3 (STAT3), were significantly increased above baseline but did not differ significantly between groups at any time point post-FAE. These findings suggest that increases in MCP-1, and possibly, MyoD and STAT3, may modulate molecular signaling in CCR2-/- mice during inflammatory and regenerative events. Furthermore, alterations in neutrophil and macrophage recruitment in CCR2-/- mice may critically alter the normal progression of downstream regenerative events in injured skeletal muscle and may direct myogenic precursor cells in the regenerating milieu toward an adipogenic phenotype.
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Ohteki T, Tada H, Ishida K, Sato T, Maki C, Yamada T, Hamuro J, Koyasu S. Essential roles of DC-derived IL-15 as a mediator of inflammatory responses in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:2329-38. [PMID: 16966429 PMCID: PMC2118106 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 is expressed in a variety of inflammatory diseases. However, the contribution of dendritic cell (DC)–derived IL-15 to the development of diseases is uncertain. Using established models of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes)– and zymosan-induced liver inflammation, we observed granuloma formation in the livers of wild-type (WT) and RAG-2−/− mice but not in those of IL-15−/− mice. We demonstrate that this is likely caused by an impaired sequential induction of IL-12, IFN-γ, and chemokines necessary for monocyte migration. Likewise, lethal endotoxin shock was not induced in P. acnes– and zymosan-primed IL-15−/− mice or in WT mice treated with a new IL-15–neutralizing antibody. In both systems, proinflammatory cytokine production was impaired. Surprisingly, neither granuloma formation, lethal endotoxin shock, nor IL-15 production was induced in mice deficient for DCs, and adoptive transfer of WT but not IL-15−/− DCs restored the disease development in IL-15−/− mice. Collectively, these data indicate the importance of DC-derived IL-15 as a mediator of inflammatory responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Ohteki
- Department of Immunology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
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Zhu XW, Friedland JS. Multinucleate giant cells and the control of chemokine secretion in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Immunol 2006; 120:10-20. [PMID: 16504587 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2006.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Multinucleate giant cells (MGC) are characteristic of tuberculous granulomas, but their function is not well understood. In a comparative study, we investigated regulation of chemokine secretion by MGC generated using 5 microg/ml ConA and 1000 IU/ml IFN-gamma. After 72-h differentiation of MGC cultures, CXCL8, CCL2 and CCL3 concentrations were 9540+/-110 pg/ml, 11190+/-2210 pg/ml and 19440+/-440 pg/ml respectively all significantly higher than in MDM (P<0.01). There was associated increased chemokine gene expression. M.tb stimulation of MGC, MDM and monocytes increased CXCL8 secretion. M.tb increased monocyte CCL2 secretion, whereas MGC and MDM secreted CCL2 constitutively. CXCL10 secretion was induced in M.tb-stimulated MDM and constitutive in MGC. All cell types responded to M.tb with CCL3 secretion. Monocyte chemokine secretion was associated with increased gene expression, whereas M.tb-stimulated MGC principally upregulated CCL3 gene expression. In summary, differentiating MGC express genes for and secrete chemokines which regulate cell influx to sites of infection. Established MGC will contribute to cell recruitment to granuloma, but this may not depend on exposure to the pathogen.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/immunology
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/immunology
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Giant Cells/cytology
- Giant Cells/immunology
- Giant Cells/microbiology
- Humans
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/microbiology
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Tuberculosis/immunology
- Tuberculosis/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wu Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
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Yoneyama H, Ichida T. Recruitment of dendritic cells to pathological niches in inflamed liver. Med Mol Morphol 2005; 38:136-41. [PMID: 16170461 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-005-0289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a specialized organ for host defense and immunity. Recruitment of dendritic cells (DCs) is crucial to host defense in a granulomatous liver disease in mice. In response to danger signals, DC precursors are mobilized de novo into the circulation. Myeloid DC (mDC) precursors are recruited to perisinusoidal spaces and activated to form granulomas. Recruited mDCs subsequently extravasate into Disse's space and migrate to the portal area to induce portal tract-associated lymphoid tissue (PALT). Some mDCs are remobilized into draining hepatic lymph nodes (LNs) to prime antigen-specific CD4+ helper T cells. Kupffer cell-derived CCL3/MIP-1alpha attracts mDC precursors to the sinusoidal granulomas, whereas PALT composed cell-derived CCL21/SLC attracts activated mDCs to the T-cell zone of PALT. Inflammatory cytokines modulate this sinusoid-portal migration through IL-1R/TLR signaling. Recruited mDCs themselves also produce several chemokines and cytokines that modulate T-cell responses. A unique trafficking of circulating mDC precursors within the inflammation-associated, newly formed compartments ("pathological niches") is strictly regulated by both homeostatic and inducible chemokines and determines the final efficiency of the immunity in this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yoneyama
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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Okuma T, Terasaki Y, Kaikita K, Kobayashi H, Kuziel WA, Kawasuji M, Takeya M. C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) deficiency improves bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by attenuation of both macrophage infiltration and production of macrophage-derived matrix metalloproteinases. J Pathol 2005; 204:594-604. [PMID: 15538737 DOI: 10.1002/path.1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage infiltration is implicated in various types of pulmonary fibrosis. One important pathogenetic process associated with pulmonary fibrosis is injury to basement membranes by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that are produced mainly by macrophages. In this study, C-C chemokine receptor 2-deficient (CCR2-/-) mice were used to explore the relationship between macrophage infiltration and MMP activity in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, using the bleomycin-induced model of this disease process. CCR2 is the main (if not only) receptor for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/C-C chemokine ligand 2 (MCP-1/CCL2), which is a critical mediator of macrophage trafficking, and CCR2 -/- mice demonstrate defective macrophage migration. Pulmonary fibrosis was induced in CCR2-/- and wild-type (CCR2+/+) mice by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin. No significant differences in the total protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, or in the degree of histological lung inflammation, were observed in the two groups until day 7. Between days 3 and 21, however, BAL fluid from CCR2-/- mice contained fewer macrophages than BAL fluid from CCR2+/+ mice. Gelatin zymography of BAL fluid and in situ zymography revealed reduced gelatinolytic activity in CCR2-/- mice. Immunocytochemical staining showed weaker expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in macrophages in BAL fluid from CCR2-/- mice at day 3. Gelatin zymography of protein extracted from alveolar macrophages showed reduced gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in CCR2-/- mice. At days 14 and 21, lung remodelling and the hydroxyproline content of lung tissues were significantly reduced in CCR2-/- mice. These results suggest that the CCL2/CCR2 functional pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and that CCR2 deficiency may improve the outcome of this disease by regulating macrophage infiltration and macrophage-derived MMP-2 and MMP-9 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Okuma
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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17
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van de Vijver KK, Hokke CH, van Remoortere A, Jacobs W, Deelder AM, Van Marck EA. Glycans of Schistosoma mansoni and keyhole limpet haemocyanin induce hepatic granulomas in vivo. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34:951-61. [PMID: 15217734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2004] [Revised: 03/26/2004] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni eggs trapped in the liver of an infected host cause the major pathological manifestations of schistosomiasis. Miracidia within the deposited eggs secrete soluble egg antigens (SEA) that induce periovular granuloma formation, which may lead to severe hepatic fibrosis. Several reports have highlighted the immunomodulatory capacities of carbohydrate determinants present in the glycoproteins of SEA. These glycans contain among others the immunogenic Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc (LewisX) and GalNAcbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-2Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc (LDN-DF) elements. Due to cross-reactivity with schistosomal glycan antigens, keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) has been used extensively for diagnostic and therapeutic studies on schistosomiasis. In the present study, a granulomatous response with numerous eosinophils towards SEA- and KLH-coated beads implanted in the liver by mesenteric injection was observed. Immunophenotyping of these experimentally induced granulomas for cellular recruitment, chemokines, adhesion and extracellular matrix proteins revealed very close resemblance with hepatic lesions evoked by native schistosome eggs, hence demonstrating the usefulness of the bead model, in general, as well as of KLH as a model antigen to study the immunopathological mechanisms of schistosome infections. While trypsin digestion of KLH did not alter its antigenic characteristics, beads coated with SEA or KLH treated with sodium periodate to destroy the immunological properties of their carbohydrate chains, yielded only a monolayer of macrophages similar to negative control beads. Up-regulation of ICAM-1, LFA-1 and fibronectin in SEA-induced granulomas and in native and trypsinised KLH-induced granulomas indicates a major role of the carbohydrate elements of SEA and KLH in the initiation and homeostasis of the inflammatory response. These data provide new insights in the complex and multifactorial carbohydrate-dependent host-parasite immunological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen K van de Vijver
- Department of Pathology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
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Fahy OL, Townley SL, Coates NJ, Clark-Lewis I, McColl SR. Control of Salmonella dissemination in vivo by macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3alpha/CCL20. J Transl Med 2004; 84:1501-11. [PMID: 15448707 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
While chemokines are clearly important in the generation of protective immunity, the role of individual chemokines in the control of bacterial infection is still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3alpha/CCL20, a chemokine that attracts activated T and B lymphocytes and immature dendritic cells, in host responses to bacterial infection. CCL20 production was induced in subcutaneous tissue in the BALB/c mouse in response to Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus and zymosan, with S. enteritidis being the most potent. S. enteritidis induced CCL20 production in the spleen following either oral administration or injection into the peritoneal cavity. In contrast, no increase was observed in the Peyer's patches. In this model, following intraperitoneal injection, dose-dependent colonization of the spleen and Peyer's patches by S. enteritidis, expression of IFNgamma and IL-4, and production of antibodies against the S. enteritidis surface antigen SefA were observed. Prior treatment with neutralizing antibodies against CCL20 enhanced bacterial dissemination to the spleen and Peyer's patches and strongly biased the IFNgamma/IL-4 ratio towards a type 2 profile in the spleen, while the humoral response was unaffected. In contrast, treatment with neutralizing anti-MIP-1alpha/CCL3 antibodies enhanced the bacterial burden in the Peyer's patches but not in the spleen, had no significant effect on the cytokine ratio, but significantly inhibited anti-SefA production. Together, these results demonstrate an important role for CCL20 in the control of bacterial infection and more specifically in the regulation of cell-mediated immunity against intracellular bacteria such as S. enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier L Fahy
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Co DO, Hogan LH, Il-Kim S, Sandor M. T cell contributions to the different phases of granuloma formation. Immunol Lett 2004; 92:135-42. [PMID: 15081537 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2003.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2003] [Accepted: 11/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Granulomatous inflammation is a form of delayed type hypersensitivity reaction that is involved in protection against chronic infections. Granulomatous inflammation can also occur without any clear inciting stimulus such as in sarcoidosis. An in depth knowledge of granuloma formation is essential to our understanding of protection against chronic infection as well as the dysregulation which occurs in granulomatous diseases of unknown origin. Granuloma formation is a complex and dynamic process involving the recruitment and coordination of diverse cell types. This review is focused on the important roles that T cells play in initiating and building the granuloma as well as in mediating effector functions and eventually resolving granulomatous inflammation. CD4(+) T cells emerge as the central mediators of this process, with T cells from other subsets also participating in the later phases of granuloma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic O Co
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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