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Röcken C. Predictive biomarkers in gastric cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:467-481. [PMID: 36260159 PMCID: PMC9889517 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Predictive biomarkers are the mainstay of precision medicine. This review summarizes the advancements in tissue-based diagnostic biomarkers for gastric cancer, which is considered the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. A disease seen in the elderly, it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, thereby limiting therapeutic options. In Western countries, neoadjuvant/perioperative (radio-)chemotherapy is administered, and adjuvant chemotherapy is administered in the East. The morpho-molecular classification of gastric cancer has opened novel avenues identifying Epstein-Barr-Virus (EBV)-positive, microsatellite instable, genomically stable and chromosomal instable gastric cancers. In chromosomal instable tumors, receptor tyrosine kinases (RKTs) (e.g., EGFR, FGFR2, HER2, and MET) are frequently overexpressed. Gastric cancers such as microsatellite instable and EBV-positive types often express immune checkpoint molecules, such as PD-L1 and VISTA. Genomically stable tumors show alterations in claudin 18.2. Next-generation sequencing is increasingly being used to search for druggable targets in advanced palliative settings. However, most tissue-based biomarkers of gastric cancer carry the risk of a sampling error due to intratumoral heterogeneity, and adequate tissue sampling is of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Röcken
- Department of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus 14, Haus U33, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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2
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Ooki A, Yamaguchi K. The dawn of precision medicine in diffuse-type gastric cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2022; 14:17588359221083049. [PMID: 35281349 PMCID: PMC8908406 DOI: 10.1177/17588359221083049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. The histology- and morphology-based Lauren classification of GC has been widely used for over 50 years in clinical practice. The Lauren classification divides GC into intestinal and diffuse types, which have distinct etiology, molecular profiles, and clinicopathological features. Diffuse-type GC (DGC) accounts for approximately 30% of GCs. Tumor cells lack adhesion and infiltrate the stroma as single cells or small subgroups, leading to easy dissemination in the abdominal cavity. Clinically, DGC has aggressive traits with a high risk of recurrence and metastasis, which results in unfavorable prognosis. Although systemic chemotherapy is the main therapeutic approach for recurrent or metastatic GC patients, clinical benefits are limited for patients with DGC. Therefore, it is urgent to develop effective therapeutic strategies for DGC patients. Considerable research studies have characterized the molecular and genomic landscape of DGC, of which tight junction protein claudin-18 isoform 2 (CLDN18.2) and fibroblast growing factors receptor-2 isoform IIIb (FGFR2-IIIb) are the most attractive targets because of their close association with DGC. Recently, the impressive results of two phase II FAST and FIGHT trials demonstrate proof-of-concept, suggesting that anti-CLDN18.2 antibody (zolbetuximab) and FGFR2-IIIb antibody (bemarituzumab) are promising approaches for patients with CLDN18.2-positive and FGFR2-IIIb-positive GC, respectively. In this review, we summarize the clinicopathological features and molecular profiles of DGC and highlight a potential therapeutic target based on the findings of pivotal clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ooki
- Department of Gastroenterological Chemotherapy, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Kensei Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Chemotherapy, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Schrumpf T, Behrens HM, Haag J, Krüger S, Röcken C. FGFR2 overexpression and compromised survival in diffuse-type gastric cancer in a large central European cohort. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264011. [PMID: 35167603 PMCID: PMC8846517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) in gastric cancer (GC) has been studied predominantly in Asian patient cohorts. Data on White patients are scarce. Here, we aimed to independently validate the expression and putative tumor biological significance of FGFR2 in a large non-Asian GC cohort. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on large-area tissue sections from 493 patients with GC and evaluated using the HScore. GCs with moderate and strong FGFR2 expression were studied for Fgfr2 amplification using chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). Median overall survival was determined using the Kaplan–Meier method. The majority [240 (99.1%)] of FGFR2-positive GCs showed a variable combination of staining intensities with marked intratumoral heterogeneity, including weak [198 (40.2%) cases], moderate [145 (29.4%)], and strong [108 (21.9%)] staining in diverse combinations. 250 (50.9%) GCs expressed no FGFR2. Fgfr2 gene amplification was found in 40% of selected cases with high protein expression and was also heterogeneous at the cell level. FGFR2 protein expression did not correlate with patient survival in the entire cohort However, using different cutoff values, a negative correlation between FGFR2-expression and patient outcome was found for diffuse-type GC. FGFR2 expression was associated with a lower tumor grade and intestinal phenotype (p≤0.0001). FGFR2–positive diffuse-type GCs classify a small subset of patients with a poor tumor specific survival (5.29±1.3 vs. 14.67±1.9 months; p = 0.004).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Schrumpf
- Dept. of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Michael Behrens
- Dept. of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jochen Haag
- Dept. of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sandra Krüger
- Dept. of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Dept. of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Razavi ZS, Asgarpour K, Mahjoubin-Tehran M, Rasouli S, Khan H, Shahrzad MK, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H. Angiogenesis-related non-coding RNAs and gastrointestinal cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 21:220-241. [PMID: 34095461 PMCID: PMC8141508 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are among the main reasons for cancer death globally. The deadliest types of GI cancer include colon, stomach, and liver cancers. Multiple lines of evidence have shown that angiogenesis has a key role in the growth and metastasis of all GI tumors. Abnormal angiogenesis also has a critical role in many non-malignant diseases. Therefore, angiogenesis is considered to be an important target for improved cancer treatment. Despite much research, the mechanisms governing angiogenesis are not completely understood. Recently, it has been shown that angiogenesis-related non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) could affect the development of angiogenesis in cancer cells and tumors. The broad family of ncRNAs, which include long non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, and circular RNAs, are related to the development, promotion, and metastasis of GI cancers, especially in angiogenesis. This review discusses the role of ncRNAs in mediating angiogenesis in various types of GI cancers and looks forward to the introduction of mimetics and antagonists as possible therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kasra Asgarpour
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Maryam Mahjoubin-Tehran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Susan Rasouli
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Karim Shahrzad
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Shohadae Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Waldum HL, Fossmark R. Types of Gastric Carcinomas. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124109. [PMID: 30567376 PMCID: PMC6321162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer has reduced prevalence, but poor prognoses. To improve treatment, better knowledge of carcinogenesis and cells of origin should be sought. Stomach cancers are typically localized to one of the three mucosae; cardial, oxyntic and antral. Moreover, not only the stem cell, but the ECL cell may proliferate and give rise to tumours. According to Laurén, the classification of gastric carcinomas seems to reflect biological important differences and possible different cell of origin since the two subtypes, intestinal and diffuse, do not transform into the other and show different epidemiology. The stem cell probably gives rise to the intestinal type, whereas the ECL cell may be important in the diffuse type. Elevation of gastrin may be the carcinogenic factor for Helicobacter pylori as well as the recently described increased risk of gastric cancer due to proton pump inhibitor treatment. Therefore, it is essential to determine the role of the gastrin target cell, the ECL cell, in gastric carcinogenesis. Clinical trials with gastrin antagonists could improve prognoses in those with gastrin receptor positive tumours. However, further studies on gastric carcinomas applying relative available methods and with the highest sensitivity are warranted to improve our knowledge of gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge L Waldum
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7006 Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav's University Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Reidar Fossmark
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7006 Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav's University Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway.
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Bustamante C, Hoyos-Martínez A, Pirela D, Díaz A. In utero virilization secondary to a maternal Krukenberg tumor: case report and review of literature. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2017; 30:785-790. [PMID: 28682787 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2016-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Krukenberg tumors are ovarian metastatic adenocarcinomas with a primary origin usually located in the stomach, colon, gallbladder, pancreas, or breast. Occasionally, these tumors produce virilization in the affected individual due to androgen production by luteinization of the tumoral stroma. It is believed that during pregnancy these tumors are more likely to increase androgen production due to the elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). High maternal androgens can cross the placenta producing virilization of the female fetus. CASE PRESENTATION A 46,XX newborn female, whose mother was diagnosed with a metastatic ovarian tumor during her second trimester of gestation associated with worsening hirsutism and acne, was found to have ambiguous genitalia at birth. Testosterone levels in both the mother and infant were elevated. Follow-up laboratory tests showed progressive normalization of circulating androgens after delivery. CONCLUSIONS Krukenberg tumors are rare and may produce virilization of the mother and the female fetus when present during pregnancy.
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7
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Hwang J. Beyond HER2: recent advances and future directions in targeted therapies in esophagogastric cancers. J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 7:763-770. [PMID: 27747090 PMCID: PMC5056259 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2016.08.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophagogastric cancers (EGCa) are a leading cause of cancer related mortality worldwide. It has been recognized that they represent heterogenous diseases based on histology and anatomy. However, it is also increasingly evident that these are diverse malignancies based on genetic alterations, and this is increasingly making these diseases amenable to targeted therapies. While epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and mTOR inhibitors have failed to prove effective in the treatment of advanced EGCa, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inihibitor have now been demonstrated to improve survival, at least in the 2nd line setting of adenocarcinomas. Other promising approaches are being investigated, including targeted therapies such as MET and FGFR inhibitors, as well as immunotherapy and agents that may affect synthetic lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Hwang
- Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
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8
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Peptidomimetic suppresses proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells by fibroblast growth factor 2 signaling cascade blockage. Anticancer Drugs 2016; 27:164-72. [PMID: 26556626 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is closely involved in a variety of tumors, including gastric cancer (GC). FGF2 inhibitors exert good antitumor activity, but no FGF2 inhibitor has been employed for clinical use. To obtain a low-toxicity, stable peptidomimetic (called P29) target to FGF2, the affinity between P29 and FGF2 was detected by surface plasmon resonance. The stability of P29 was measured by high performance liquid chromatography. MTT assay and transwell assay were used to access the proliferative and invasive ability of GC cells, respectively. Western blot assay and flow cytometric analysis were applied to study the mechanism of P29. P29 possessed high affinity with FGF2 and a longer half-life in vitro. P29 suppressed the FGF2-induced proliferation of GC cells. It also inhibited the phosphorylation of FRS2, ERK1/2, and AKT triggered by FGF2 in GC. In addition, P29 blocked GC cell transformation from the G1/G0 phase to the S phase and weakened the invasive capability of GC cells. In this paper, we present a novel FGF2 inhibitor that could exert improved anticancer effect in GC in vitro.
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Endothelial Rictor is crucial for midgestational development and sustained and extensive FGF2-induced neovascularization in the adult. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17705. [PMID: 26635098 PMCID: PMC4669526 DOI: 10.1038/srep17705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the general requirement of endothelial mTORC2 during embryonic and
adolescent development, we knocked out the essential mTORC2 component Rictor
in the mouse endothelium in the embryo, during adolescence and in endothelial cells
in vitro. During embryonic development, Rictor knockout resulted
in growth retardation and lethality around embryonic day 12. We detected reduced
peripheral vascularization and delayed ossification of developing fingers, toes and
vertebrae during this confined midgestational period. Rictor knockout did not
affect viability, weight gain, and vascular development during further adolescence.
However during this period, Rictor knockout prevented skin capillaries to
gain larger and heterogeneously sized diameters and remodeling into tortuous vessels
in response to FGF2. Rictor knockout strongly reduced extensive FGF2-induced
neovascularization and prevented hemorrhage in FGF2-loaded matrigel plugs.
Rictor knockout also disabled the formation of capillary-like networks by
FGF2-stimulated mouse aortic endothelial cells in vitro. Low RICTOR
expression was detected in quiescent, confluent mouse aortic endothelial cells,
whereas high doses of FGF2 induced high RICTOR expression that was associated with
strong mTORC2-specific protein kinase Cα and AKT phosphorylation. We
demonstrate that the endothelial FGF-RICTOR axis is not required during endothelial
quiescence, but crucial for midgestational development and sustained and extensive
neovascularization in the adult.
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10
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Waldum HL, Hauso Ø, Fossmark R. The regulation of gastric acid secretion - clinical perspectives. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:239-56. [PMID: 24279703 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review, based upon 40 years of research, is to clear old controversies. The gastric juice is a strong acid with active enzymes (pepsin and lipase); ideal for killing swallowed microorganisms. Totally isolated rat stomach and histamine determination. Human gastric carcinomas were examined for ECL cell differentiation because tumours found in rodents after dosing with inhibitors of acid secretion were reclassified to be of ECL cell origin. The gastrin receptor is localized to the ECL cell only, where gastrin stimulates the function and growth. Drug-induced hypo-acidity induces hypergastrinaemia and ECL cell hyperplasia responsible for rebound acid hypersecretion. Every condition with long-term hypergastrinaemia disposes to ECL cell neoplasia. In man, both atrophic gastritis and gastrinoma lead to ECL cell carcinoids. Proton pump inhibitors induce hypergastrinaemia with ECL cell hyperplasia and ECL cell carcinoids that disappear when stopping treatment. The gastrin antagonist netazepide induces regression of ECL cell carcinoids due to atrophic gastritis. Human gastric carcinomas of diffuse type, particularly the signet-ring subtype, show ECL cell differentiation, suggesting involvement of gastrin in the carcinogenesis. Helicobacter pylori (Hp) causes gastritis and peptic ulcer, and when infecting the antrum only gives a slight hypergastrinaemia with acid hypersecretion predisposing to duodenal ulcer, but protecting from gastric cancer. When Hp infection spreads to oxyntic mucosa, it induces atrophy, reduced acid secretion and marked hypergastrinaemia and cancer.It is remarkable that the interaction between Hp and gastrin may explain the pathogenesis of most diseases in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. L. Waldum
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; St. Olavs Hospital; Trondheim Norway
| | - Ø. Hauso
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; St. Olavs Hospital; Trondheim Norway
| | - R. Fossmark
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; St. Olavs Hospital; Trondheim Norway
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11
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Abstract
The development of gastric adenocarcinoma is a complex multistep process involving multiple genetic alterations. Based on pathology, four different macroscopic types and at least two major histological types, intestinal and diffuse, have been described. Most gastric cancer (GC) show genetic instability, either microsatellite instability or chromosomal instability, which is considered an early event in gastric carcinogenesis. Molecular studies of alterations of single genes have provided evidence that intestinal and diffuse type GC evolve via different genetic pathways. Recent results from high-throughput whole-genome expression or copy number studies have demonstrated extensive genetic diversity between cases and within individual GC. Sets of commonly up- or downregulated microRNAs have been identified in GC and might be useful in the near future to identify pathways of GC progression. Results from detailed molecular and/or pathological GC studies, although promising, still have limited clinical utility in predicting survival and stratifying GC patients for appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike I Grabsch
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
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12
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Jung EJ, Jung EJ, Min SY, Kim MA, Kim WH. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene amplification status and its clinicopathologic significance in gastric carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2012; 43:1559-66. [PMID: 22440694 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 is a member of receptor tyrosine kinase family, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene amplification or missense mutation has been observed in various human cancers, including gastric carcinoma. Recent studies have shown that anti-fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 agents inhibit tumor progression in various human cancers, such as endometrial carcinoma and gastric carcinoma, which remains one of the most frequent causes of cancer-related death worldwide. We considered that knowledge of the status of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene amplification in gastric carcinoma might aid in targeted cancer therapy. In this study, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 amplification status was evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization in 313 surgically resected gastric carcinoma tissues, and the results were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. In addition, potential associations between clinicopathologic parameters and the presence of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 amplification were investigated, and survival analysis was performed. Of the 313 cases, 14 (4.5%) showed fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 amplification was found to be associated with a higher pT stage (P = .023), higher pN stage (P = .038), and distant metastasis (P = .009) and to be significantly associated with lower cancer-specific survival by univariate analysis (P = .012). Gastric carcinoma with fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 amplification was found to be associated with advanced disease and a poor prognosis. We believe that the determination of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 amplification status could allow the identification of a subset of cancers sensitive to targeted fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 inhibitor-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Jung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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Koga A, Aoyagi K, Imaizumi T, Miyagi M, Shirouzu K. Comparison between the gastric cancer cell line MKN-45 and the high-potential peritoneal dissemination gastric cancer cell line MKN-45P. Kurume Med J 2012; 58:73-9. [PMID: 22531121 DOI: 10.2739/kurumemedj.58.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal metastasis is the most common form of recurrence in gastric cancer, and is associated with a poor prognosis. It is clear that many agents are involved at the various stages of this process, however, many aspects of the progression remain unclear. In the present study we compared the gastric cancer cell line MKN-45 with the high-potential peritoneal dissemination gastric cancer cell line MKN-45P, established from MKN-45. The supernatant of culture medium of MKN-45 cells or MKN-45P cells was collected, and the concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), Transforming growth factor beta-β1 (TGF-β1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) proteins were measured using an enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) method. Invasion, wound healing and adhesion assays were performed in vitro to examine interstitial invasion, migration and adhesion in the gastric cancer cell lines. Moreover, Western blotting was performed to determine the expression of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 proteins in the culture media of the cell lines. The concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, VEGF and MMP-2 protein in the culture supernatant of MKN-45P were significantly higher than those of MKN-45. Percent adhesion of MKN-45P was significantly higher than that of MKN-45 in the fibronectin-coated group. There was no significant difference in invasion or migration between MKN-45 and MKN-45P. COX-1 and COX-2 proteins were observed in both cell lines. These results suggested that secretion of IL-6, IL-8, VEGF and MMP-2 from cancer cells, and adhesion of cancer cells to fibronectin, were related to the establishment of peritoneal dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiko Koga
- Department of Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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14
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Bornschein J, Weigt J, Selgrad M, Malfertheiner P. Molecular aspects in the diagnosis of gastric cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 3:585-96. [PMID: 23495987 DOI: 10.1517/17530050902862175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) represents the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The prognosis remains poor, with limited treatment options. A better understanding of the initiation and progression of GC would enable the development of general screening strategies and individualized treatment modalities. OBJECTIVE The assessment of tools and molecular markers for the early detection and diagnosis of GC. METHODS Human clinical studies published within the past 5 years are reviewed. Also, significant previous data on markers in clinical use or on relevant animal or cell culture experiments are considered. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Serum-based screening strategies are not ready for routine application but represent an opportunity for the identification of individuals at high risk with the need for primary gastroscopy and further surveillance, which would ultimately improve survival and prognosis of GC. Infection with Helicobacter pylori represents the principal risk factor for gastric carcinogenesis. Bacterial virulence and host genetic factors contribute to individual susceptibility. Key molecular alterations in gastric carcinogenesis are related to intra- and extracellular cascades that regulate cell proliferation, tumor invasion and metastastic spread. For the development of effective prevention and treatment modalities, it is essential to unravel the basic mechanisms of gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bornschein
- Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany +0049 391 6713100 ; +0049 391 6713105 ;
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15
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Sentani K, Oue N, Sakamoto N, Arihiro K, Aoyagi K, Sasaki H, Yasui W. Gene expression profiling with microarray and SAGE identifies PLUNC as a marker for hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Mod Pathol 2008; 21:464-75. [PMID: 18204429 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3801050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. In this study, we screened for genes upregulated in gastric cancer by comparing gene expression profiles from serial analysis of gene expression and microarray and identified the palate, lung, and nasal epithelium carcinoma-associated protein (PLUNC) gene. Immunostaining for PLUNC in 140 gastric cancer cases revealed strong and extensive staining of PLUNC in hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the stomach, whereas 7% of conventional gastric cancer cases showed focal immunostaining of PLUNC. Gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma is an extrahepatic tumor characterized by morphologic similarities to hepatocellular carcinoma. To investigate the utility of PLUNC immunostaining in the diagnosis of gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma, six cases of gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma (six primary tumors and two associated liver metastases) were studied further. PLUNC staining was observed in all six primary hepatoid adenocarcinomas. PLUNC staining was observed in both the hepatoid adenocarcinoma and tubular/papillary adenocarcinoma components of primary tumors, although PLUNC staining was preferentially localized in tubular/papillary adenocarcinoma components. Staining of PLUNC was also detected in both liver metastases. PLUNC staining was not observed in 52 cases of primary hepatocellular carcinoma or in normal adult or fetal liver. These results indicate that PLUNC is a novel marker that distinguishes gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma from primary hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Sentani
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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16
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Whipple C, Korc M. Targeting angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer: rationale and pitfalls. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2008; 393:901-10. [PMID: 18210149 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-008-0280-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive cancer responsible for over 20% of deaths due to gastrointestinal malignancies. PDAC is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage which, in part, helps to explain its high resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In addition, the cancer cells in PDAC have a high propensity to metastasize and to aberrantly express several key regulators of angiogenesis and invasion. Chemotherapy has only provided a modest impact on mean survival and often induces side effects. Targeting angiogenesis alone or in combination with other modalities should be investigated to determine if it may provide for increased survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review summarizes the alterations in PDAC that play a critical role in angiogenesis and provides an overview of current and therapeutic strategies that may be useful for targeting angiogenesis in this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chery Whipple
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA
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17
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Stomach. Oncology 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/0-387-31056-8_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Gan Y, Wientjes MG, Au JLS. Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor correlates with resistance to paclitaxel in human patient tumors. Pharm Res 2006; 23:1324-31. [PMID: 16741658 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-0136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical results indicate acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) and basic FGF (bFGF) present in solid tumors as a cause of broad-spectrum chemoresistance, whereas earlier clinical studies suggest that bFGF expression is associated with opposing outcomes in patients. We investigated the relationship between FGF expression and paclitaxel activity in tumors from bladder, breast, head and neck, ovarian, and prostate cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tumors (n = 96) were maintained in three-dimensional histocultures, retaining tumor-stromal interaction. Bladder tumors were treated with paclitaxel for 2 h, and the other tumors for 24 h. Antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of paclitaxel were quantified and correlated with expression of aFGF, bFGF, P-glycoprotein (Pgp), p53, and bcl-2. RESULTS Fifty-one percent (49/96) and 63% (61/96) of tumors showed aFGF and bFGF staining, respectively. aFGF expression was positively correlated with tumor stage (p < 0.01), and bFGF expression with tumor grade and Pgp expression (p < 0.05). Paclitaxel inhibited antiproliferation in 86% of tumors (83/96), with an average inhibition of 46 +/- 19% (mean +/- SD) in the responding tumors. Paclitaxel also induced apoptosis in 96% of tumors (92/96), with an average apoptotic index of 12 +/- 7% in the responding tumors. aFGF expression did not correlate with tumor sensitivity to paclitaxel, whereas bFGF expression showed an inverse correlation (p < 0.01). bFGF expression was a stronger predictor of paclitaxel resistance compared to Pgp, p53, or Bcl-2. CONCLUSION These results support a role of bFGF in paclitaxel resistance in human patient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuebo Gan
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Yanagihara K, Takigahira M, Tanaka H, Komatsu T, Fukumoto H, Koizumi F, Nishio K, Ochiya T, Ino Y, Hirohashi S. Development and biological analysis of peritoneal metastasis mouse models for human scirrhous stomach cancer. Cancer Sci 2005; 96:323-32. [PMID: 15958054 PMCID: PMC11158165 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of published studies on peritoneal dissemination of scirrhous gastric carcinoma is very small as a result of the unavailability of highly reproducible animal models. Orthotopic implantation of HSC-44PE and HSC-58 (scirrhous gastric carcinoma-derived cell lines) cells into nude mice led to dissemination of the tumor cells to the greater omentum, mesenterium, peritoneum and so on, and caused ascites in a small number of animals. Cycles of isolation of the ascitic tumor cells and orthotopic inoculation of these cells were repeated in turn to animals. This was to isolate highly metastatic cell lines with a strong capability of inducing the formation of ascites (44As3 from HSC-44PE; 58As1 and 58As9 from HSC-58). All three cell lines induced tumor formation at the site of orthotopic injection, and caused fatal cancerous peritonitis and bloody ascites in 90-100% of the animals approximately 3-5 weeks after the inoculation. When the parent cells were implanted, the animals became moribund in approximately 12-18 weeks, however, none of the animals developed ascites. Complementary DNA microarray and immunohistochemical analyses revealed differences in the expression levels of genes coding for the matrix proteinase, cell adhesion, motility, angiogenesis and proliferation between the highly metastatic- and parent-cell lines. The usefulness of this model for the evaluation of drugs was assessed by analyzing the stability of the metastatic potential of the cells and the reproducibility. Animals intravenously treated with CPT-11 and GEM showed suppressed tumor growth and significantly prolonged survival. The metastatic cell lines and the in vivo model established in the present study are expected to serve as a model of cancerous peritonitis developing from primary lesions, and as a useful means of clarifying the pathophysiology of peritoneal dissemination of scirrhous gastric carcinoma and the development of drugs for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Yanagihara
- Central Animal Laboratory, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
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20
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Yanagihara K, Tanaka H, Takigahira M, Ino Y, Yamaguchi Y, Toge T, Sugano K, Hirohashi S. Establishment of two cell lines from human gastric scirrhous carcinoma that possess the potential to metastasize spontaneously in nude mice. Cancer Sci 2004; 95:575-82. [PMID: 15245593 PMCID: PMC11159459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb02489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2004] [Revised: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Few experimental studies have been conducted to clarify the mechanism of development of metastasis in scirrhous carcinoma of the stomach. In the present study, we attempted to establish gastric carcinoma cell lines by incubation of cancer cells collected from the body fluids of patients with gastric cancer. At the same time, xenografting of these cells to nude mice was performed. It was found that, of the gastric carcinoma cell lines thus established, two cell lines, designated as HSC-44PE and HSC-58, formed s.c. tumors with a high infiltrative potential (often invading the lymphatics around the cancer tissue) when implanted. Metastasis to the lymph nodes and lungs was observed in 20-40% of all the animals, indicating that the two cell lines are also capable of metastasizing spontaneously. Through repeated selection, i.e., repeated cycles of removal, culture, and implantation of the HSC cancer cells from metastatic lesions, we obtained 5 subclones of HSC-44PE and HSC-58 (designated as m2509, m2615, m2792, m2917, and m2691), which, when implanted orthotopically, exhibited the following characteristics as compared to the parent cells: (1) a higher percentage take (survival), similar frequency of metastasis, shorter time to metastasis (less than 100 days), and consistent metastasizing potential; (2) a relatively high frequency of metastasis to lymph nodes, including distant metastasis to axillary lymph nodes; (3) the potential to cause occasional bloody ascites; (4) enhanced expression of dysadherin, CD44, and other molecules. This is the first report of cultured scirrhous gastric carcinoma cells showing the potential for spontaneous metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Yanagihara
- Central Animal Laboratory, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
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21
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Garcea G, Lloyd TD, Gescher A, Dennison AR, Steward WP, Berry DP. Angiogenesis of gastrointestinal tumours and their metastases – a target for intervention? Eur J Cancer 2004; 40:1302-13. [PMID: 15177488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2004] [Accepted: 02/13/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an obligatory event for the growth of tumours beyond 2 mm in diameter, above which simple oxygen diffusion can no longer support the rapid proliferation of malignant cells. Angiogenesis is a fine balance between inhibitory and stimulatory factors, the knowledge of which offers novel targets for the treatment of gastrointestinal neoplasia. A literature search of Pubmed and Medline databases was undertaken, using the keywords colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis therapy. It was found that angiogenesis in primary tumours is a sequential and highly complex cascade of molecular events resulting in the rapid exponential growth of the tumour. Hepatic metastases of primary tumours may be less reliant on traditional angiogenic pathways, by co-opting pre-existing hepatic vasculature. Research into angiogenesis has revealed many different sites that can be targeted by agents such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Many anti-angiogenic agents are undergoing preclinical evaluation, with only a few entering phase I and phase III clinical trials. However, early results suggest that anti-angiogenic therapy could be an important adjunct to conventional chemotherapy treatment of gastrointestinal neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Garcea
- Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, 5th Floor, The Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, The Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK.
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22
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Agazie YM, Movilla N, Ischenko I, Hayman MJ. The phosphotyrosine phosphatase SHP2 is a critical mediator of transformation induced by the oncogenic fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. Oncogene 2003; 22:6909-18. [PMID: 14534538 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) such as the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and the epidermal growth factor receptor are overexpressed in a variety of cancers. In addition to overexpression, the FGFRs are found mutated in some cancers. The Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase (SHP2) is a critical mediator of RTK signaling, but its role in oncogenic RTK-induced cell transformation and cancer development is largely unknown. In the current report, we demonstrate that constitutively activated FGFR3 (K/E-FR3) transforms NIH-3T3 cells, and that SHP2 is a critical mediator of this transformation. Infection of K/E-FR3-transformed 3T3 cells with a retrovirus carrying a dominant-negative mutant of SHP2 (C/S-SHP2) retarded cell growth, reversed the transformation phenotype and inhibited focus-forming ability. Furthermore, treatment of K/E-FR3-transformed NIH-3T3 cells with PD98059 or LY294002, specific inhibitors of MEK and PI3K, respectively, inhibited focus formation. Biochemical analysis showed that K/E-FR3 activates the Ras-ERK and the PI3K signaling pathways, and that the C/S SHP2 mutant suppressed this effect via competitive displacement of interaction of the endogenous SHP2 with FRS2. However, the C/S SHP2 protein did not show any effect on receptor autophosphorylation, FRS2 tyrosine phosphorylation or interaction of Grb2 with K/E-FR3 or FRS2. Together, the results show that K/E-FR3 is transforming and that the Ras-ERK and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathways, which are positively regulated by SHP2, are important for K/E-FR3-induced transformation.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- COS Cells
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Cells, Cultured
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Chromones/pharmacology
- Enzyme Activation
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/metabolism
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- ras Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehenew M Agazie
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5222, USA
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23
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Aguayo A, Kantarjian HM, Estey EH, Giles FJ, Verstovsek S, Manshouri T, Gidel C, O'Brien S, Keating MJ, Albitar M. Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor levels have prognostic significance in patients with acute myeloid leukemia but not in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Cancer 2002; 95:1923-30. [PMID: 12404286 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.10900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) are positive regulators of angiogenesis. Increased levels in urine, serum, plasma, or malignant tissue have been associated with an adverse prognosis in patients with solid tumors. METHODS The authors used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure VEGF and bFGF levels in plasma samples from 99 patients with previously untreated myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) (n = 41 patients; 42%) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (n = 58 patients; 58%) and compared the results with the results from a group of normal control participants. RESULTS Increased expression levels of VEGF and bFGF were found in the plasma from patients with AML and MDS (P < 0.01) compared with the levels found in the control group. Plasma levels of VEGF in patients with AML or MDS were similar (median, 30.63 pg/mL and 34.41 pg/mL, respectively). There was no significant difference in bFGF levels between patients with AML and patients with MDS (median, 6.38 pg/mL and 6.98 pg/mL, respectively). Elevated levels of VEGF were associated with reduced survival (P = 0.02) in patients with AML as well as lower complete remission (CR) rates (P = 0.004). Elevated VEGF levels were not associated with reduced remission duration (CRD) in patients with AML. There was no correlation between VEGF levels and survival, CRD, or CR rates in patients with MDS. There was no correlation between bFGF levels and CR rates or survival in patients with either AML or MDS. CONCLUSIONS Plasma VEGF levels have prognostic significance in patients with AML. The lack of clinical relevance of VEGF levels in patients with MDS suggests some biologic difference between AML and MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Aguayo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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Glenjen N, Mosevoll KA, Bruserud Ø. Serum levels of angiogenin, basic fibroblast growth factor and endostatin in patients receiving intensive chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia. Int J Cancer 2002; 101:86-94. [PMID: 12209593 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis seems to be important both in the pathogenesis of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and for the susceptibility of AML blasts to chemotherapy. Recent clinical studies even suggest that antiangiogenic therapy can induce disease control in patients with AML relapse. In this context we have investigated the profile of the systemic component of angiogenic regulation in AML by characterizing the serum levels of (i) the angiogenic regulators angiogenin, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and endostatin; (ii) the endothelial cell marker soluble (s) E-selectin. Patients with untreated AML had increased levels of angiogenin, endostatin and sE-selectin, whereas the levels of bFGF were not significantly altered. The systemic levels of the proangiogenic bFGF, the antiangiogenic endostatin and the endothelial cell marker sE-selectin showed significant correlations, whereas angiogenin and sE-selectin levels were not correlated. Furthermore, intensive chemotherapy resulted in decreased systemic levels of the 2 proangiogenic mediators angiogenin and bFGF, whereas endostatin levels remained high after treatment. Although angiogenin normally is a part of the acute phase reaction, its systemic levels were not altered when patients with chemotherapy-induced cytopenia developed complicating bacterial infections. Our results suggest that intensive chemotherapy can modulate the systemic component of angiogenic regulation in AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Glenjen
- Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital and the University of Bergen, Norway.
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25
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Maruta F, Parker AL, Fisher KD, Hallissey MT, Ismail T, Rowlands DC, Chandler LA, Kerr DJ, Seymour LW. Identification of FGF receptor-binding peptides for cancer gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2002; 9:543-52. [PMID: 12032665 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Linear FGF receptor-binding heptapeptides were identified by phage display using sequential rounds of biopanning against cells with displacement of phage by FGF2. The consensus motif MXXP was iterated after four to five rounds and the peptide MQLPLAT was studied in depth. Phage bearing MQLPLAT showed high levels of binding to FGF receptor positive cells, with over 90% of phage bound being eluted competitively by adding free FGF2. MQLPLAT phage showed only limited binding to Cos7 cells deficient in receptors for FGF. MQLPLAT phage bound to SKOV3 cells with a K(d) of 2.51 x 10(-10) M. Although binding could be blocked by preincubation with free FGF2, heparin could not displace the phage. Use of MQLPLAT to target polyelectrolyte gene delivery vectors in vitro in the presence of serum achieved up to 40-fold greater transgene transduction than nontargeted vectors. MQLPLAT phage were administered into gastric carcinomas via the tumor-feeding artery immediately following resection from patients. The phage showed up to 9-fold more accumulation in the tumor than in adjacent regions of normal tissue, whereas control phage showed less than 2-fold. These peptides should provide useful ligands for specific delivery of gene therapy vectors to clinically relevant targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fukuto Maruta
- Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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26
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el-Rifai W, Powell SM. Molecular and biologic basis of upper gastrointestinal malignancy. Gastric carcinoma. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2002; 11:273-91, viii. [PMID: 12424850 DOI: 10.1016/s1055-3207(02)00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the world's most common cancers and is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Neoplasia of the stomach is mainly composed of adenocarcinomas, which for more than 95% of cases. Although mesenchymal tumors (i.e., stromal tumors, leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas, and schwannomas), primary lymphomas, and carcinoid tumors can also arise in the stomach, malignant tumors of these types occur much less often.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wa'el el-Rifai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia, Box 800798, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0708, USA
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27
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Shou Y, Hirano T, Gong Y, Kato Y, Yoshida K, Ohira T, Ikeda N, Konaka C, Ebihara Y, Zhao F, Kato H. Influence of angiogenetic factors and matrix metalloproteinases upon tumour progression in non-small-cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2001; 85:1706-12. [PMID: 11742492 PMCID: PMC2363988 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.2137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We attempted to investigate immunohistochemical expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PD-ECGF), c-erbB-2, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and MMP-9 using surgical specimens of 119 non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cases and to evaluate the relationship between the expression levels of each molecule and clinicopathological factors or prognosis. VEGF expression levels were significantly associated with the local invasion (P = 0.0001), lymph node involvement (pN-factor) (P = 0.0019), pathological stage (p-stage) (P = 0.0027) and lymphatic permeation (P = 0.0389). PD-ECGF expression levels were associated with pN-factor (P = 0.0347). MMP-2 expression levels were associated with pN-factor (P = 0.004) and lymphatic permeation (P = 0.0056). Also, MMP-9 expression levels showed a significant correlation to local invasion (P = 0.0012), pN-factor (P = 0.0093) and p-stage (P = 0.0142). Multivariate analysis showed VEGF to be the most related to local invasion (P = 0.0084), and MMP-2 was the only factor with significant independent impact on lymphatic permeation (P = 0.0228). Furthermore, log-rank analysis showed significant association with poor survival by VEGF, bFGF, MMP-2 and MMP-9. Especially, combined overexpression of VEGF and MMP-2 revealed poor prognosis, our study might provide a basis for the better evaluation of biological characteristics and a new therapeutic strategy based on chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shou
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
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28
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Poon RT, Fan ST, Wong J. Clinical implications of circulating angiogenic factors in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:1207-25. [PMID: 11181687 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2001.19.4.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Angiogenesis, a process fundamental to tumor growth, is regulated by angiogenic factors. This article reviews prognostic and other clinical implications of circulating angiogenic factors in cancer patients. METHODS A MEDLINE search of literature was performed using the names of various angiogenic factors as the key words. Studies pertaining to circulating angiogenic factors in cancer patients were reviewed. Pertinent literature regarding tumor expression of common angiogenic factors and their prognostic relevance in human cancers were also examined. RESULTS A substantial number of studies have demonstrated a strong association between elevated tumor expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and advanced disease or poor prognosis in various cancers. This supports the pivotal role of VEGF in regulating tumor angiogenesis. More recently, there is mounting evidence that the level of circulating VEGF in patients with different types of cancer may be predictive of tumor status and prognosis. Preliminary data also suggest that circulating VEGF may be useful in predicting and monitoring tumor response to anticancer therapies and in follow-up surveillance for tumor relapse. There are reports supporting the prognostic value of other circulating angiogenic factors such as basic fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, and angiogenin, but their clinical significance is less conclusive because of limited data. CONCLUSION Circulating VEGF seems to be a reliable surrogate marker of angiogenic activity and tumor progression in cancer patients. Evaluation of circulating angiogenic factors is a promising novel approach of prognostication in cancer patients that has the advantages of being convenient and noninvasive, and it may provide new prognostic information that is not afforded by conventional clinicopathologic prognostic indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Poon
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong Medical Center, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
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29
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Claffey KP, Abrams K, Shih SC, Brown LF, Mullen A, Keough M. Fibroblast growth factor 2 activation of stromal cell vascular endothelial growth factor expression and angiogenesis. J Transl Med 2001; 81:61-75. [PMID: 11204275 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a key component of human cancer progression and metastasis. In an effort to recapitulate early events in tumor-induced angiogenesis, we have employed a subcutaneous Matrigel implant model using immunodeficient mice as hosts. Matrigel-containing fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2; 1.2 microg/ml) induced stromal cell infiltration into the Matrigel/skin interface within 4 days and maximal neovascularization at 7 days. Cells staining positive for the endothelial cell marker, platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1), were present in neovessels and in isolated cells within the Matrigel matrix. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) deposited in the stromal interface present only in the FGF-2-containing but not in control Matrigel implants. VEGF expression was confirmed with in situ hybridization. High VEGF mRNA levels were observed in the infiltrating stromal cells but not in endothelial or endothelial precursors as defined by PECAM-1 staining. In vitro analysis of FGF-2-treated embryonic fibroblasts, Balb/c 3T3 cells, showed an induction of VEGF transcription, mRNA synthesis, and protein secretion as defined by transcriptional reporter, Northern blot, and ELISA assays. The FGF-2-induced VEGF expression was not dependent on select matrix adherence or signaling components because VEGF mRNA expression induced by FGF-2 was equally activated on serum, basement membrane, and fibronectin matrix substrates. Systemic application of anti-VEGF antibodies significantly repressed FGF-2-induced angiogenesis over control antibody by 88% (p < 0.001). These data support an FGF-2 angiogenic model that is dependent on endothelial cell activation, stromal cell infiltration, and VEGF expression by the infiltrating stromal cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Claffey
- Department of Physiology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030, USA.
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30
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Kumar-Singh S, Weyler J, Martin MJ, Vermeulen PB, Van Marck E. Angiogenic cytokines in mesothelioma: a study of VEGF, FGF-1 and -2, and TGF beta expression. J Pathol 1999; 189:72-8. [PMID: 10451491 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199909)189:1<72::aid-path401>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (FGF-1 and -2), and transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) are potent angiogenic cytokines. Malignant mesothelioma of the pleura presents with a high intra-tumoural microvascular density (IMD) which also has prognostic relevance. This study was designed to verify the immunohistochemical expression of the angiogenic cytokines in mesothelioma as well as in non-neoplastic human mesothelial cells and to study the individual as well as the combined expression of these cytokines in mesothelioma in relation to both IMD and prognosis. In addition, four mesothelioma cell lines were studied by ELISA for the secretion of VEGF and FGF-2 in their supernatants and were shown to contain high levels of both of these cytokines. Immunohistochemically, VEGF, FGF-1 and -2, and TGFbeta immunoreactivity was present in 81, 67, 92 and 96 per cent of mesotheliomas, and in 20, 50, 40, and 10 per cent of samples of the non-neoplastic mesothelium, respectively. Co-ordinate expression of the cytokines was observed whereby mesotheliomas expressed more than one cytokine. The combined immunohistochemical expression levels for all four cytokines correlated significantly with both IMD (p=0.01) and prognosis (p=0. 0013). When studied individually, high FGF-2 expression correlated best with more tumour aggressiveness and worse prognosis for mesothelioma (p=0.0011). There was no significant correlation between prognosis and immunoexpression of VEGF (p=0.07), FGF-1 (p=0.3), or TGFbeta (p=0.1), or between IMD and any of the cytokines studied individually. These data support the assertion that selective angiogenic cytokines might contribute to the progressive changes of mesothelioma by tumour angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kumar-Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Antwerp (UIA), Wilrijk B-2610, Belgium
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31
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Kajiyama K, Maeda T, Takenaka K, Sugimachi K, Tsuneyoshi M. The significance of stromal desmoplasia in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a special reference of 'scirrhous-type' and 'nonscirrhous-type' growth. Am J Surg Pathol 1999; 23:892-902. [PMID: 10435558 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-199908000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fifty-eight surgically resected cases of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) were examined grossly and microscopically. We microscopically categorized the ICC into two groups, "scirrhous-type" ICC (SICC) and "nonscirrhous-type" ICC (NSICC), according to the degree of the stromal desmoplasia in the tumor. We next assessed the histologic characteristics including proliferative activities and prognoses. Additionally, the prognostic factors of ICC were examined by univariate and multivariate analyses. Histologically, the incidences of lymphatic permeation and perineural invasion in SICC (85.7% and 100.0%, respectively) were significantly higher than those in NSICC (47.7% and 45.6%, respectively). The mean MIB-1 labeling index of SICC (mean+/-standard deviation, 29.9%+/-14.3%) was significantly higher than that of NSICC (mean+/-standard deviation, 19.1%+/-14.3%). Additionally, the 1- and 3-year survival rates of the SICC were 64.3% and 22.0%, respectively, and those of NSICC were 72.8% and 55.8%, respectively. The survival rate of SICC was significantly lower than that of NSICC. Overall, lymphatic permeation, intrahepatic metastasis, and lymph node metastasis were all considered to be independent prognostic factors for a worse prognosis based on the multivariate analyses, whereas our new category based on stromal desmoplasia or other variables were not. Our study thus indicates that lymphatic permeation, perineural invasion, and a higher proliferative activity of tumor cells carry a poorer prognosis in SICCs than in NSICCs. Although the overall independent prognostic factors were lymphatic permeation, intrahepatic permeation, and lymph node metastasis based on a multivariate analysis, a detailed histologic examination related to the stromal desmoplasia in the tumor is also considered to be useful for evaluating the biologic behavior of the ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kajiyama
- Second Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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32
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Abstract
FGFs, especially FGF7, are thought to play an important role in the stroma-epithelium interactions that take place in several tissues, including the prostate and mammary glands. Using an immunohistochemistry approach, FGF7 protein expression was measured in a series of 80 human breast carcinomas. FGF7 was found to be expressed in two-thirds of cases studied, either in the stroma or in the tumour cells. Although it did not reach significance level, a tendency was noted for FGF7 expression to be associated with the most differentiated and least aggressive tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jacquemier
- Département de Pathologie, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
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33
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Galzie Z, Kinsella AR, Smith JA. Fibroblast growth factors and their receptors. Biochem Cell Biol 1998. [PMID: 9599656 DOI: 10.1139/o97-091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) represent a group of polypeptide mitogens eliciting a wide variety of responses depending upon the target cell type. The knowledge of the cell surface receptors mediating the effects of FGFs has recently expanded remarkably. The complexity of the FGF family and the FGF-induced responses is reflected in the diversity and redundancy of the FGF receptors. In this review, a number of biochemical characteristics and biological properties of the FGF family and its receptors are described and their expression both in normal tissues and in tumours is discussed. Finally we speculate on the targetting of growth inhibition agents to tumours through FGF receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Galzie
- Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, U.K
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Noda M, Hattori T, Kimura T, Naitoh H, Kodama T, Kashima K, Pignatelli M. Expression of fibroblast growth factor 2 mRNA in early and advanced gastric cancer. Acta Oncol 1998; 36:695-700. [PMID: 9490085 DOI: 10.3109/02841869709001339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We examined the expression of FGF-2 mRNA in 16 early and 14 advanced gastric cancer by in situ hybridisation to elucidate its role in cancer progression. Anti-sense RNA probes were synthesized by transcribing the subcloned vector with T7 RNA polymerase in the presence of digoxigenin-labeled UTP. FGF-2 mRNA was located mainly in the cytoplasm around the nuclei of endothelial cells, fibroblasts and carcinoma cells. The expression was more frequently in the diffuse type carcinomas (4/7, 57%) than in the intestinal type tumours (5/23, 22%). The survival rates of advanced gastric cancers with FGF-2 mRNA expression were significantly lower than those without FGF-2 mRNA expression (p < 0.01). No significant correlation was seen with other clinicopathological factors. These results suggest that FGF-2 may play an important role for the growth of diffuse type gastric cancers, particularly at their advanced stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Noda
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Japan.
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35
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el-Hariry I, Pignatelli M, Lemoine N. Fibroblast growth factor 1 and fibroblast growth factor 2 immunoreactivity in gastrointestinal tumours. J Pathol 1997; 181:39-45. [PMID: 9072001 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199701)181:1<39::aid-path711>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (FGF-1 and FGF-2) are mitogenic polypeptides that may play a role in autocrine and paracrine growth control of malignant tumours. We have examined the expression of FGF-1 and FGF-2 in a series of 41 colorectal tumours (24 adenomas, 17 adenocarcinomas) and 50 gastric adenocarcinomas (23 intestinal, 27 diffuse), using immunohistochemistry. Whereas the FGF-1 distribution was cytoplasmic, FGF-2 was restricted to the nuclei of the epithelial cells. FGF-1 immunoreactivity was detected in all samples (100 per cent), whereas FGF-2 immunoreactivity was seen in 17 adenomas (71 per cent), 13 colorectal carcinomas (76 per cent), and 29 gastric carcinomas (58 per cent). Compared with the normal mucosa, FGF-1 was overexpressed in 42 per cent of colorectal adenomas, 76 per cent of colorectal cancers, and 54 per cent of gastric cancers. Conversely, FGF-2 expression was reduced in 16 (66 per cent), 8 (47 per cent), and 40 (80 per cent) adenomas and colorectal and gastric samples, respectively. We found a significant correlation only between reduced FGF-2 and gastric tumour grade. These data indicate that FGF-1 overexpression occurs in a large proportion of human colorectal and gastric cancers. This may play a role in the progression of these tumours. The topographic variation in FGF-2 expression between normal (nuclear) and tumour (cytoplasmic) cells implies a corresponding functional change that may in turn facilitate tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- I el-Hariry
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School (RPMS), Hammersmith Hospital, London, U.K
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Vermeulen PB, Libura M, Libura J, O'Neill PJ, van Dam P, Van Marck E, Van Oosterom AT, Dirix LY. Influence of investigator experience and microscopic field size on microvessel density in node-negative breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1997; 42:165-72. [PMID: 9138605 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005737524541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study on the determination of intratumoral microvessel density (MVD) in breast cancer, we have investigated the influence of the observer experience and the microscopic field size. We have used the sample set reported on earlier in the J Natl Cancer Inst 87: 1797-1798, 1995. This case-control study has shown a positive association of high MVD and unfavorable outcome when comparing node-negative pT1-2 breast carcinoma (NNBC) patients with a disease-free period of over ten years with those with an early distant relapse. Tumor sections of both outcome groups (favorable: n = 19; unfavorable: n = 19) were immunostained for factor VIII related-antigen (FVIII r-Ag). Microvessels were counted in the areas of most intense vascularization ('hot spots'), both at magnification x 200 (field size of 0.61 square mm) and x 400 (field size of 0.15 square mm), by one inexperienced and three experienced observers. Microphotographs of individual vascular hot spots were analyzed using overlays resembling the two field sizes. The main results obtained are: i) a confirmation of the prognostic value of microvessel density in the case-control sample set (n = 38) was established by all experienced but not by the unexperienced investigator; ii) both at x 200 and x 400 magnification, angiogenesis quantification in vascular hot spots contained prognostic information. The results of this study indicate that the selection of vascular hot spots in tumor sections immunostained for an antigen expressed on endothelial cells is more prone to inter-observer variability and more dependent on training than the counting of the microvessels within predefined hot spots itself. The microscopic magnification and resulting field size do not influence the prognostic significance of MVD in NNBC. This information validates the development of more objective methods of measuring the amount of angiogenesis within malignant tissue. This will allow more accurate implementation of the angiogenesis parameter in multiparametric and prospective prognostic factor studies in NNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Vermeulen
- Angiogenesis Group (Lab. Cancer Res. & Clin. Onc.), University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
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