1
|
Myo Min KK, Ffrench CB, McClure BJ, Ortiz M, Dorward EL, Samuel MS, Ebert LM, Mahoney MG, Bonder CS. Desmoglein-2 as a cancer modulator: friend or foe? Front Oncol 2023; 13:1327478. [PMID: 38188287 PMCID: PMC10766750 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1327478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Desmoglein-2 (DSG2) is a calcium-binding single pass transmembrane glycoprotein and a member of the large cadherin family. Until recently, DSG2 was thought to only function as a cell adhesion protein embedded within desmosome junctions designed to enable cells to better tolerate mechanical stress. However, additional roles for DSG2 outside of desmosomes are continuing to emerge, particularly in cancer. Herein, we review the current literature on DSG2 in cancer and detail its impact on biological functions such as cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, invasion, intracellular signaling, extracellular vesicle release and vasculogenic mimicry. An increased understanding of the diverse repertoire of the biological functions of DSG2 holds promise to exploit this cell surface protein as a potential prognostic biomarker and/or target for better patient outcomes. This review explores the canonical and non-canonical functions of DSG2, as well as the context-dependent impacts of DSG2 in the realm of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kay K. Myo Min
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Charlie B. Ffrench
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Barbara J. McClure
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Ortiz
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Emma L. Dorward
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael S. Samuel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Basil Hetzel Institute, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, SA, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lisa M. Ebert
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mỹ G. Mahoney
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Claudine S. Bonder
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Angelakis A, Soulioti I, Filippakis M. Diagnosis of acute myeloid leukaemia on microarray gene expression data using categorical gradient boosted trees. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20530. [PMID: 37860531 PMCID: PMC10582309 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We define an iterative method for dimensionality reduction using categorical gradient boosted trees and Shapley values and created four machine learning models which potentially could be used as diagnostic tests for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). For the final Catboost model we use a dataset of 2177 individuals using as features 16 probe sets and the age in order to classify if someone has AML or is healthy. The dataset is multicentric and consists of data from 27 organizations, 25 cities, 15 countries and 4 continents. The performance of our last model is specificity: 0.9909, sensitivity: 0.9985, F1-score: 0.9976 and its ROC-AUC: 0.9962 using ten fold cross validation. On an inference dataset the perormance is: specificity: 0.9909, sensitivity: 0.9969, F1-score: 0.9969 and its ROC-AUC: 0.9939. To the best of our knowledge the performance of our model is the best one in the literature, as regards the diagnosis of AML using similar or not data. Moreover, there has not been any bibliographic reference which associates AML or any other type of cancer with the 16 probe sets we used as features in our final model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Angelakis
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam Data Science Center, Netherlands
| | - Ioanna Soulioti
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ramirez-Velez I, Belardi B. Storming the gate: New approaches for targeting the dynamic tight junction for improved drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114905. [PMID: 37271282 PMCID: PMC10999255 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As biologics used in the clinic outpace the number of new small molecule drugs, an important challenge for their efficacy and widespread use has emerged, namely tissue penetrance. Macromolecular drugs - bulky, high-molecular weight, hydrophilic agents - exhibit low permeability across biological barriers. Epithelial and endothelial layers, for example within the gastrointestinal tract or at the blood-brain barrier, present the most significant obstacle to drug transport. Within epithelium, two subcellular structures are responsible for limiting absorption: cell membranes and intercellular tight junctions. Previously considered impenetrable to macromolecular drugs, tight junctions control paracellular flux and dictate drug transport between cells. Recent work, however, has shown tight junctions to be dynamic, anisotropic structures that can be targeted for delivery. This review aims to summarize new approaches for targeting tight junctions, both directly and indirectly, and to highlight how manipulation of tight junction interactions may help usher in a new era of precision drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Ramirez-Velez
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Brian Belardi
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
A Renaissance for Oncolytic Adenoviruses? Viruses 2023; 15:v15020358. [PMID: 36851572 PMCID: PMC9964350 DOI: 10.3390/v15020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the 1990s, adenovirus became one of the first virus types to be genetically engineered to selectively destroy cancer cells. In the intervening years, the field of "oncolytic viruses" has slowly progressed and culminated in 2015 with the FDA approval of Talimogene laherparepvec, a genetically engineered herpesvirus, for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Despite the slower progress in translating oncolytic adenovirus to the clinic, interest in the virus remains strong. Among all the clinical trials currently using viral oncolytic agents, the largest proportion of these are using recombinant adenovirus. Many trials are currently underway to use oncolytic virus in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and early results using oncolytic adenovirus in this manner are starting to show promise. Many of the existing strategies to engineer adenoviruses were designed to enhance selective tumor cell replication without much regard to interactions with the immune system. Adenovirus possesses a wide range of viral factors to attenuate both innate anti-viral pathways and immune cell killing. In this review, we summarize the strategies of oncolytic adenoviruses currently in clinical trials, and speculate how the mutational backgrounds of these viruses may impact upon the efficacy of these agents in oncolytic and immunotherapy. Despite decades of research on human adenoviruses, the interactions that these viruses have with the immune system remains one of the most understudied aspects of the virus and needs to be improved to rationally design the next generation of engineered viruses.
Collapse
|
5
|
Richter M, Wang H, Lieber A. Role of Fiber Shaft Length in Tumor Targeting with Ad5/3 Vectors. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:2056. [PMID: 36360292 PMCID: PMC9690795 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Desmoglein 2 (DSG2) is overexpressed in many epithelial cancers and therefore represents a target receptor for oncolytic viruses, including Ad5/3-based viruses. For most Ad serotypes, the receptor-binding fiber is composed of tail, shaft, and knob domains. Here, we investigated the role of the fiber shaft in Ad5/3 tumor transduction in vitro and in human DSG2-transgenic mice carrying human DSG2high tumors. DSG2tg mice express DSG2 in a pattern similar to humans. We constructed Ad5/3L (with the "long" Ad5 shaft) and Ad5/3S (with the "short" Ad3 shaft) expressing GFP or luciferase. In in vitro studies we found that coagulation factor X, which is known to mediate undesired hepatocyte transduction of Ad5, enhances the transduction of Ad5/3(L), but not the transduction of Ad5/3(S). We therefore hypothesized that Ad5/3(S) would target DSG2high tumors while sparing the liver after intravenous injection. In vivo imaging studies for luciferase and analysis of luciferase activity in isolated organs, showed that Ad5/3(L) vectors efficiently transduced DSG2high tumors and liver but not normal epithelial tissues after intravenous injection. Ad5/3(S) showed minimal liver transduction, however it failed to transduce DSG2high tumors. Further modifications of the Ad5/3(S) capsid are required to compensate for the lower infectivity of Ad5/3(S) vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - André Lieber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu YQ, Chu LY, Yang T, Zhang B, Zheng ZT, Xie JJ, Xu YW, Fang WK. Serum DSG2 as a potential biomarker for diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231196. [PMID: 35521959 PMCID: PMC9093696 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exploration of serum biomarkers for early detection of upper gastrointestinal cancer is required. Here, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic potential of serum desmoglein-2 (DSG2) in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma (EJA). METHODS Serum DSG2 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 459 participants including 151 patients with ESCC, 96 with EJA, and 212 healthy controls. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS Levels of serum DSG2 were significantly higher in patients with ESCC and EJA than those in healthy controls (P<0.001). Detection of serum DSG2 demonstrated an area under the ROC curve (AUC) value of 0.724, sensitivity of 38.1%, and specificity of 84.8% for the diagnosis of ESCC in the training cohort, and AUC 0.736, sensitivity 58.2%, and specificity 84.7% in the validation cohort. For diagnosis of EJA, measurement of DSG2 provided a sensitivity of 29.2%, a specificity of 90.2%, and AUC of 0.698. Similar results were observed for the diagnosis of early-stage ESCC (AUC 0.715 and 0.722, sensitivity 36.3 and 50%, and specificity 84.8 and 84.7%, for training and validation cohorts, respectively) and early-stage EJA (AUC 0.704, sensitivity 44.4%, and specificity 86.9%). Analysis of clinical data indicated that DSG2 levels were significantly associated with patient age and histological grade in ESCC (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Serum DSG2 may be a diagnostic biomarker for ESCC and EJA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Qiao Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ling-Yu Chu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zheng-Tan Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jian-Jun Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yi-Wei Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wang-Kai Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Proteolytic Landscapes in Gastric Pathology and Cancerogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052419. [PMID: 35269560 PMCID: PMC8910283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death, and a large proportion of cases are inseparably linked to infections with the bacterial pathogen and type I carcinogen Helicobacter pylori. The development of gastric cancer follows a cascade of transformative tissue events in an inflammatory environment. Proteases of host origin as well as H. pylori-derived proteases contribute to disease progression at every stage, from chronic gastritis to gastric cancer. In the present article, we discuss the importance of (metallo-)proteases in colonization, epithelial inflammation, and barrier disruption in tissue transformation, deregulation of cell proliferation and cell death, as well as tumor metastasis and neoangiogenesis. Proteases of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein (ADAM) families, caspases, calpain, and the H. pylori proteases HtrA, Hp1012, and Hp0169 cleave substrates including extracellular matrix molecules, chemokines, and cytokines, as well as their cognate receptors, and thus shape the pathogenic microenvironment. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of how proteases contribute to disease progression in the gastric compartment.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hegazy M, Perl AL, Svoboda SA, Green KJ. Desmosomal Cadherins in Health and Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 17:47-72. [PMID: 34425055 PMCID: PMC8792335 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-042320-092912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Desmosomal cadherins are a recent evolutionary innovation that make up the adhesive core of highly specialized intercellular junctions called desmosomes. Desmosomal cadherins, which are grouped into desmogleins and desmocollins, are related to the classical cadherins, but their cytoplasmic domains are tailored for anchoring intermediate filaments instead of actin to sites of cell-cell adhesion. The resulting junctions are critical for resisting mechanical stress in tissues such as the skin and heart. Desmosomal cadherins also act as signaling hubs that promote differentiation and facilitate morphogenesis, creating more complex and effective tissue barriers in vertebrate tissues. Interference with desmosomal cadherin adhesive and supra-adhesive functions leads to a variety of autoimmune, hereditary, toxin-mediated, and malignant diseases. We review our current understanding of how desmosomal cadherins contribute to human health and disease, highlight gaps in our knowledge about their regulation and function, and introduce promising new directions toward combatting desmosome-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marihan Hegazy
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Abbey L. Perl
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Sophia A. Svoboda
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Kathleen J. Green
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bernegger S, Vidmar R, Fonovic M, Posselt G, Turk B, Wessler S. Identification of Desmoglein-2 as a novel target of Helicobacter pylori HtrA in epithelial cells. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:108. [PMID: 34742300 PMCID: PMC8571890 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00788-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High temperature requirement A (HtrA) is an active serine protease secreted by the group-I carcinogen Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). The human cell adhesion protein and tumor suppressor E-cadherin (hCdh1) expressed on the surface of gastric epithelial cells was identified as the first HtrA substrate. HtrA-mediated hCdh1 cleavage and subsequent disruption of intercellular adhesions are considered as important steps in H. pylori pathogenesis. In this study, we performed a proteomic profiling of H. pylori HtrA (HpHtrA) to decipher the complex mechanism of H. pylori interference with the epithelial barrier integrity. RESULTS Using a proteomic approach we identified human desmoglein-2 (hDsg2), neuropilin-1, ephrin-B2, and semaphorin-4D as novel extracellular HpHtrA substrates and confirmed the well characterized target hCdh1. HpHtrA-mediated hDsg2 cleavage was further analyzed by in vitro cleavage assays using recombinant proteins. In infection experiments, we demonstrated hDsg2 shedding from H. pylori-colonized MKN28 and NCI-N87 cells independently of pathogen-induced matrix-metalloproteases or ADAM10 and ADAM17. CONCLUSIONS Characterizing the substrate specificity of HpHtrA revealed efficient hDsg2 cleavage underlining the importance of HpHtrA in opening intercellular junctions. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Bernegger
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biosciences, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Billroth Str. 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Robert Vidmar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Fonovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gernot Posselt
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biosciences, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Billroth Str. 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Silja Wessler
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biosciences, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Billroth Str. 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg and Allergy-Cancer-BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Oncolytic virotherapy: Challenges and solutions. Curr Probl Cancer 2021; 45:100639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2020.100639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
11
|
Proteomics Analysis of Gastric Cancer Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10030407. [PMID: 33494396 PMCID: PMC7866049 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomics is a powerful approach to study the molecular mechanisms of cancer. In this study, we aim to characterize the proteomic profile of gastric cancer (GC) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2. Forty GC tissue samples including 19 cases from diabetic patients and 21 cases from individuals without diabetes (control group) were selected for the proteomics analysis. Gastric tissues were processed following the single-pot, solid-phase-enhanced sample preparation approach-SP3 and enzymatic digestion with trypsin. The resulting peptides were analyzed by LC-MS Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). The comparison of protein expression levels between GC samples from diabetic and non-diabetic patients was performed by label-free quantification (LFQ). A total of 6599 protein groups were identified in the 40 samples. Thirty-seven proteins were differentially expressed among the two groups, with 16 upregulated and 21 downregulated in the diabetic cohort. Statistical overrepresentation tests were considered for different annotation sets including the Gene Ontology(GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Reactome, and Disease functional databases. Upregulated proteins in the GC samples from diabetic patients were particularly enriched in respiratory electron transport and alcohol metabolic biological processes, while downregulated proteins were associated with epithelial cancers, intestinal diseases, and cell-cell junction cellular components. Taken together, these results support the data already obtained by previous studies that associate diabetes with metabolic disorders and diabetes-associated diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, and also provide valuable insights into seven GC-associated protein targets, claudin-3, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor protein, cadherin-17, villin-1, transglutaminase-2, desmoglein-2, and mucin-13, which warrant further investigation.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang T, Gu X, Jia L, Guo J, Tang Q, Zhu J, Zhao W, Feng Z. DSG2 expression is low in colon cancer and correlates with poor survival. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:7. [PMID: 33407183 PMCID: PMC7789404 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Desmoglein2 (DSG2) is a transmembrane protein that helps regulate intercellular connections and contributes to desmosome assembly. Desmosome are associated with cell adhesion junctions, which play an important role in cancer progression specially cancer cell migration and invasion. However, DSG2 expression in colon cancer (CC) and its association with CC patients’ overall survival (OS) are still unclear. Methods We collected 587 CC samples, 41 colitis tissues and 114 pericarcinomatous tissues, as well as corresponding clinicopathological data about the patients who contributed them. All samples were tested immunohistochemically in tissue microarrays. Kaplan–Meier method was used for calculating patient survival. Univariate and multivariate analyses was used for investigating DGS2 link with CC patient’s clinicopathological factors. Bioinformatics analysis was also used in study. Results The results showed that DSG2 expression was lower in CC tissues than in pericarcinomatous tissues (P < 0.001). DSG2 expression was associated with differentiation (P = 0.033), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.045), distant metastasis (P = 0.006) and AJCC stage (P < 0.001). Univariate analysis indicated that poor OS in patients with CC was associated with low DSG2 expression (P < 0.001), tumor size (P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001), distant metastasis (P < 0.001), AJCC stage (P < 0.001) and venous invasion (P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, low DSG2 expression (P < 0.001), distant metastasis (P < 0.001), AJCC stage (P = 0.002), venous invasion (P < 0.001) were independent prognostic factors for CC patients. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that low DSG2 expression affects protein activation, regulates the P53-related pathway in CC, and activates the EGFR pathway. Conclusions The results suggest that low DSG2 expression is associated with poor survival for CC patients. DSG2 could be a prognostic biomarker for CC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xuan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Lizhou Jia
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jiaojiao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Qi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China.
| | - Zhenqing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China. .,Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab. of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Andreadis D, Poulopoulos A, Epivatianos A, Nomikos A, Parlitsis D, Christidis K, Barbatis C, Kavvadas D, Toskas A, Papamitsou T, Antoniades D. Cell adhesion molecules' altered profile in benign and malignant salivary gland tumors. The paradigm of beta4-integrin, desmoglein-2, ICAM-1 and CD44s. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:18. [PMID: 33372636 PMCID: PMC7720471 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-020-00130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Alterations in intercellular and cell-extracellular matrix connections contribute to tumour development. This study investigates the expression of specific cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) in salivary gland tumors (SGTs). Methods Formalin–fixed, paraffin– embedded tissue specimens of different types of 34 benign and 31 malignant SGTs and normal salivary glands were studied using Envision/HRP immunohistochemical technique for Desmoglein-2 (Dsg-2), beta4-integrin, CD44s and ICAM-1. Intensity of staining was evaluated in a semi-quantitative manner. Results were analyzed using Kendall’s τ and Spearman’s ρ as correlation criteria. Results Dsg-2 in intercellular space, beta4-integrin in cell-basal membrane, and CD44s in both types of contacts were strongly expressed in normal acinar and ductal cells, whereas ICAM-1 was expressed only at the endothelium and sparse stromal cells and monocytes. Strong correlation was found between Dsg-2 expression in adenomas and controls and between adenocarcinomas and controls. In adenomas, a distinct cytoplasmic presence of Dsg-2 was observed in addition to the usual membranous expression, with decreased expression in comparison with normal tissue. In malignant SGTs, Dsg-2 expression was absent. In most SGTs, beta4-integrin was expressed also with a distinct pattern, involving the cytoplasm and the unpolarised membrane, while CD44 was found only on the membrane. Strong correlation between beta4-integrin expression in adenomas and controls was noted, while CD44 expression was found to be correlated significantly between adenocarcinomas and controls (p < 0.001). Regarding ICAM-1, its expression was found increased in adenomas, with non-specific distribution in malignant SGTs and strong correlation between the histological subtypes and controls (p < 0.001). Conclusion The different expression profile of CAMs in SGTs could possibly suggest a role on their pathogenesis, representing a model of how neoplastic cells can take advantage of normal tissue architecture and cell-extracellular matrix interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Andreadis
- Department of Oral Medicine/Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Athanasios Poulopoulos
- Department of Oral Medicine/Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Apostolos Epivatianos
- Department of Oral Medicine/Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Alexandros Nomikos
- Department of Histopathology, Asklipion" Hospital of Athens, Athens, 10564, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Parlitsis
- Department of Oral Medicine/Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | | | - Calypso Barbatis
- Pathology, External Consultant, HISTO-BIO-DIAGNOSIS-HBD, Athens, 11526, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kavvadas
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros Toskas
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodora Papamitsou
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Antoniades
- Department of Oral Medicine/Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim J, Beidler P, Wang H, Li C, Quassab A, Coles C, Drescher C, Carter D, Lieber A. Desmoglein-2 as a prognostic and biomarker in ovarian cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2020; 21:1154-1162. [PMID: 33218274 PMCID: PMC7722792 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2020.1843323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Greater than 80% of all cancer cases are carcinomas, formed by the malignant transformation of epithelial cells. One of the key features of epithelial tumors is the presence of intercellular junctions, which link cells to one another and act as barriers to the penetration of molecules. This study assessed the expression of desmoglein-2, an epithelial junction protein, as a prognostic and diagnostic biomarker for ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer sections were stained for DSG2 and signal intensity was correlated to cancer type and grade. DSG2 immunohistochemistry signals and mRNA levels were analyzed in chemo-resistant and chemo-sensitive cases. Ovarian cancer patient serum levels of shed DSG2 were correlated to disease-free and overall survival. Primary ovarian cancer cells were used to study DSG2 levels as they changed in response to cisplatin treatment. DSG2 expression was found to be positively correlated with cancer grade. Ovarian cancer patients with high serum levels of shed DSG2 fared significantly worse in both progression-free survival (median survival of 16 months vs. 26 months, p = .0023) and general survival (median survival of 37 months vs. undefined, p < .0001). A subgroup of primary chemotherapy-resistant cases had stronger DSG2 IHC/Western signals and higher DSG2 mRNA levels. Furthermore, our in vitro studies indicate that non-cytotoxic doses of cisplatin can enhance DSG2 expression, which, in turn, can contribute to chemo-resistance. We suggest that DSG2 can be used in stratifying patients, deciding on where to use aggressive treatment strategies, predicting chemoresistance, and as a companion diagnostic for treatments targeting DSG2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Kim
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- R&D Department, PAI Life Sciences Inc, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter Beidler
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chang Li
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Abdullah Quassab
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cari Coles
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Charles Drescher
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Darrick Carter
- R&D Department, PAI Life Sciences Inc, Seattle, Washington, USA
- R&D Department, Onc Bio, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - André Lieber
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Weng CF, Huang CJ, Wu MH, Lee HHC, Ling TY. Co-Expression of Coxsackievirus/Adenovirus Receptors and Desmoglein 2 in Lung Adenocarcinoma: A Comprehensive Analysis of Bioinformatics and Tissue Microarrays. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113693. [PMID: 33217893 PMCID: PMC7698609 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Coxsackievirus/adenovirus receptors (CARs) and desmoglein-2 (DSG2) are similar molecules to adenovirus-based vectors in the cell membrane. They have been found to be associated with lung epithelial cell tumorigenesis and can be useful markers in predicting survival outcome in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Methods: A gene ontology enrichment analysis disclosed that DSG2 was highly correlated with CAR. Survival analysis was then performed on 262 samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas, forming “Stage 1A” or “Stage 1B”. We therefore analyzed a tissue microarray (TMA) comprised of 108 lung samples and an immunohistochemical assay. Computer counting software was used to calculate the H-score of the immune intensity. Cox regression and Kaplan–Meier analyses were used to determine the prognostic value. Results: CAR and DSG2 genes are highly co-expressed in early stage LUAD and associated with significantly poorer survival (p = 0.0046). TMA also showed that CAR/DSG2 expressions were altered in lung cancer tissue. CAR in the TMA was correlated with proliferation, apoptosis, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), while DSG2 was associated with proliferation only. The Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed that CAR, DSG2, or a co-expression of CAR/DSG2 was associated with poorer overall survival. Conclusions: The co-expression of CAR/DSG2 predicted a worse overall survival in LUAD. CAR combined with DSG2 expression can predict prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fu Weng
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hsinchu Cathay General Hospital, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Jung Huang
- Medical Research Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 242, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsuan Wu
- Teaching and Research Center, Hsinchu Cathay General Hospital, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Henry Hsin-Chung Lee
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 242, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Hsinchu Cathay General Hospital, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Translational and Interdisciplinary Medicine, College of Health Sciences and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.H.-C.L.); (T.-Y.L.); Tel.: +886-3-527-8999 (ext. 61346) (H.H.-C.L.); +886-2-2312-3456 (ext. 88322) (T.-Y.L.)
| | - Thai-Yen Ling
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.H.-C.L.); (T.-Y.L.); Tel.: +886-3-527-8999 (ext. 61346) (H.H.-C.L.); +886-2-2312-3456 (ext. 88322) (T.-Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Adenovirus Receptor Expression in Cancer and Its Multifaceted Role in Oncolytic Adenovirus Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186828. [PMID: 32957644 PMCID: PMC7554712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic adenovirus therapy is believed to be a promising way to treat cancer patients. To be able to target tumor cells with an oncolytic adenovirus, expression of the adenovirus receptor on the tumor cell is essential. Different adenovirus types bind to different receptors on the cell, of which the expression can vary between tumor types. Pre-existing neutralizing immunity to human adenovirus species C type 5 (HAdV-C5) has hampered its therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials, hence several adenoviral vectors from different species are currently being developed as a means to evade pre-existing immunity. Therefore, knowledge on the expression of appropriate adenovirus receptors on tumor cells is important. This could aid in determining which tumor types would benefit most from treatment with a certain oncolytic adenovirus type. This review provides an overview of the known receptors for human adenoviruses and how their expression on tumor cells might be differentially regulated compared to healthy tissue, before and after standardized anticancer treatments. Mechanisms behind the up- or downregulation of adenovirus receptor expression are discussed, which could be used to find new targets for combination therapy to enhance the efficacy of oncolytic adenovirus therapy. Additionally, the utility of the adenovirus receptors in oncolytic virotherapy is examined, including their role in viral spread, which might even surpass their function as primary entry receptors. Finally, future directions are offered regarding the selection of adenovirus types to be used in oncolytic adenovirus therapy in the fight against cancer.
Collapse
|
17
|
Kang S, Lee S, Park S. iRGD Peptide as a Tumor-Penetrating Enhancer for Tumor-Targeted Drug Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1906. [PMID: 32847045 PMCID: PMC7563641 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique structure and physiology of a tumor microenvironment impede intra-tumoral penetration of chemotherapeutic agents. A novel iRGD peptide that exploits the tumor microenvironment can activate integrin-dependent binding to tumor vasculatures and neuropilin-1 (NRP-1)-dependent transport to tumor tissues. Recent studies have focused on its dual-targeting ability to achieve enhanced penetration of chemotherapeutics for the efficient eradication of cancer cells. Both the covalent conjugation and the co-administration of iRGD with chemotherapeutic agents and engineered delivery vehicles have been explored. Interestingly, the iRGD-mediated drug delivery also enhances penetration through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Recent studies have shown its synergistic effect with BBB disruptive techniques. The efficacy of immunotherapy involving immune checkpoint blockades has also been amplified by using iRGD as a targeting moiety. In this review, we presented the recent advances in iRGD technology, focusing on cancer treatment modalities, including the current clinical trials using iRGD. The iRGD-mediated nano-carrier system could serve as a promising strategy in drug delivery to the deeper tumor regions, and be combined with various therapeutic interventions due to its novel targeting ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Soyeun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea; (S.K.); (S.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sabater-Molina M, Navarro-Peñalver M, Muñoz-Esparza C, Esteban-Gil Á, Santos-Mateo JJ, Gimeno JR. Genetic Factors Involved in Cardiomyopathies and in Cancer. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1702. [PMID: 32498335 PMCID: PMC7356401 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapy-induced cardiomyopathy (CCM) manifests as left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and heart failure (HF). It is associated withparticular pharmacological agents and it is typically dose dependent, but significant individual variability has been observed. History of prior cardiac disease, abuse of toxics, cardiac overload conditions, age, and genetic predisposing factors modulate the degree of the cardiac reserve and the response to the injury. Genetic/familial cardiomyopathies (CMY) are increasingly recognized in general populations with an estimated prevalence of 1:250. Association between cardiac and oncologic diseases regarding genetics involves not only the toxicity process, but pathogenicity. Genetic variants in germinal cells that cause CMY (LMNA, RAS/MAPK) can increase susceptibility for certain types of cancer. The study of mutations found in cancer cells (somatic) has revealed the implication of genes commonly associated with the development of CMY. In particular, desmosomal mutations have been related to increased undifferentiation and invasiveness of cancer. In this article, the authors review the knowledge on the relevance of environmental and genetic background in CCM and give insights into the shared genetic role in the pathogenicity of the cancer process and development of CMY.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Sabater-Molina
- Unidad de Cardiopatías Hereditarias, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen dela Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.S.-M.); (M.N.-P.); (C.M.-E.); (J.R.G.)
- Universidad de Murcia, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- European Reference Networks (Guard-Heart), European Commission, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Red de investigación Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Navarro-Peñalver
- Unidad de Cardiopatías Hereditarias, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen dela Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.S.-M.); (M.N.-P.); (C.M.-E.); (J.R.G.)
- Universidad de Murcia, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- European Reference Networks (Guard-Heart), European Commission, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Muñoz-Esparza
- Unidad de Cardiopatías Hereditarias, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen dela Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.S.-M.); (M.N.-P.); (C.M.-E.); (J.R.G.)
- Universidad de Murcia, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- European Reference Networks (Guard-Heart), European Commission, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Red de investigación Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Esteban-Gil
- Biomedical Informatics & Bioinformatics Platform, Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB)/Foundation for Healthcare Training & Research of the Region of Murcia (FFIS), 30003 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Juan Jose Santos-Mateo
- Unidad de Cardiopatías Hereditarias, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen dela Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.S.-M.); (M.N.-P.); (C.M.-E.); (J.R.G.)
- Universidad de Murcia, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- European Reference Networks (Guard-Heart), European Commission, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan R. Gimeno
- Unidad de Cardiopatías Hereditarias, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen dela Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.S.-M.); (M.N.-P.); (C.M.-E.); (J.R.G.)
- Universidad de Murcia, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- European Reference Networks (Guard-Heart), European Commission, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Red de investigación Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sun R, Ma C, Wang W, Yang S. Upregulation of desmoglein 2 and its clinical value in lung adenocarcinoma: a comprehensive analysis by multiple bioinformatics methods. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8420. [PMID: 32095325 PMCID: PMC7024574 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Desmoglein-2 (DSG2), a desmosomal adhesion molecule, is found to be closely related to tumorigenesis in recent years. However, the clinical value of DSG2 in lung adenocarcinoma remains unclear. Methods Real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was utilized to detect the expression of DSG2 in 40 paired lung adenocarcinoma tissues and corresponding non-cancerous tissues. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Oncomine datasets were also downloaded and analyzed. The correlation between DSG2 and clinicopathological features was investigated. The expression of DSG2 protein by immunohistochemical was also detected from tissue microarray and the Human Protein Atlas database. Integrated meta-analysis combining the three sources (qRT-PCR data, TCGA data and Oncomine datasets) was performed to evaluate the clinical value of DSG2. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to explore the prognostic value of DSG2. Then, co-expressed genes were calculated by Pearson correlation analysis. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were used to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism. The expression level in lung adenocarcinoma and prognostic significance of the top ten co-expressed genes were searched from Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) online database. Results DSG2 was highly expressed in lung adenocarcinoma tissues based on qRT-PCR, TCGA and Oncomine datasets. The protein expression of DSG2 was also higher in lung adenocarcinoma. According to qRT-PCR and TCGA, high DSG2 expression was positively associated with tumor size (p = 0.027, p = 0.001), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.014, p < 0.001) and TNM stage (p = 0.023, p < 0.001). The combined standard mean difference values of DSG2 expression based on the three sources were 1.30 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08–1.52) using random effect model. The sensitivity and specificity were 0.73 (95% CI [0.69–0.76]) and 0.96 (95% CI [0.89–0.98]). The area under the curve based on summarized receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve was 0.79 (95% CI [0.75–0.82]). Survival analysis revealed that high DSG2 expression was associated with a short overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.638; 95% CI [1.214–2.209], p = 0.001) and poor progression-free survival (HR = 1.475; 95% CI [1.102–1.974], p < 0.001). A total of 215 co-expressed genes were identified. According to GO and KEGG analyses, these co-expressed genes may be involved in “cell division”, “cytosol”, “ATP binding” and “cell cycle”. Based on GEPIA database, seven of the top ten co-expressed genes were highly expressed in lung adenocarcinoma (DSC2, SLC2A1, ARNTL2, ERO1L, ECT2, ANLN and LAMC2). High expression of these genes had shorter overall survival. Conclusions The expression of DSG2 is related to the tumor size, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage. Also, DSG2 predicts poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xi'an Children Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuanying Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jayawardena N, Burga LN, Poirier JT, Bostina M. Virus-Receptor Interactions: Structural Insights For Oncolytic Virus Development. Oncolytic Virother 2019; 8:39-56. [PMID: 31754615 PMCID: PMC6825474 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s218494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in oncolytic virotherapy commend a special attention to developing new strategies for targeting cancer cells with oncolytic viruses (OVs). Modifications of the viral envelope or coat proteins serve as a logical mean of repurposing viruses for cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss how detailed structural knowledge of the interactions between OVs and their natural receptors provide valuable insights into tumor specificity of some viruses and re-targeting of alternate receptors for broad tumor tropism or improved tumor selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadishka Jayawardena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Laura N Burga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - John T Poirier
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mihnea Bostina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Otago Micro and Nano Imaging, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cervera-Carrascon V, Havunen R, Hemminki A. Oncolytic adenoviruses: a game changer approach in the battle between cancer and the immune system. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:443-455. [PMID: 30905206 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1595582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oncolytic adenoviruses are among the most studied oncolytic viruses because of their tumor selectivity, safety, and transgene-delivery capability. With a growing number of different immunotherapies against cancer, the extraordinary immunogenicity of the adenovirus has emerged as a differentiating strength. Enabling T-cell related therapies with oncolytic adenoviruses appears a promising approach due to its inherent ability to elicit responses from the adaptive immune compartment. AREAS COVERED These viruses have successfully enhanced both adoptive T-cell therapies and immune-checkpoint therapies. Oncolytic viruses induce several effects at the tumor and on the systemic level that help to circumvent current limitations of T-cells and related therapies, such as T-cell trafficking, tumor immune suppressivity and antigen spreading EXPERT OPINION Taking into account the multitude of possibilities of treating cancer with immunotherapies, learning to optimize the combinations and administration strategies of these drugs, could lead to durable responses in patients with currently incurable cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Cervera-Carrascon
- a Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,b TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Riikka Havunen
- a Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,b TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- a Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,b TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd , Helsinki , Finland.,c Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center , Helsinki University , Helsinki , Finland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lu CS, Lee YN, Wang SW, Wu YJ, Su CH, Hsieh CL, Tien TY, Wang BJ, Chen MC, Chen CW, Yeh HI. KC21 Peptide Inhibits Angiogenesis and Attenuates Hypoxia-Induced Retinopathy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2019; 12:366-377. [PMID: 30790141 PMCID: PMC6707963 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-019-09865-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Desmogleins (Dsg2) are the major components of desmosomes. Dsg2 has five extracellular tandem cadherin domains (EC1-EC5) for cell-cell interaction. We had previously confirmed the Dsg2 antibody and its epitope (named KC21) derived from EC2 domain suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion in human cancer cell lines. Here, we screened six peptide fragments derived from EC2 domain and found that KR20, the parental peptide of KC21, was the most potent one on suppressing endothelial colony-forming cell (ECFC) tube-like structure formation. KC21 peptide also attenuated migration but did not disrupt viability and proliferation of ECFCs, consistent with the function to inhibit VEGF-mediated activation of p38 MAPK but not AKT and ERK. Animal studies showed that KC21 peptides suppressed capillary growth in Matrigel implant assay and inhibited oxygen-induced retinal neovascularization. The effects were comparable to bevacizumab (Bev). In conclusion, KC21 peptide is an angiogenic inhibitor potentially useful for treating angiogenesis-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Sheng Lu
- Departments of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan.,Virginia Contract Research Organization Co., Ltd, Taipei, 11491, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Nan Lee
- Departments of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, 25245, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Jer Wu
- Departments of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, 25245, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Huang Su
- Departments of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Ling Hsieh
- Departments of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan
| | - Ting Yi Tien
- Departments of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Jeng Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, 25245, Taiwan
| | - Min-Che Chen
- Asclepiumm Taiwan Co., Ltd, New Taipei City, 25160, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Chen
- Asclepiumm Taiwan Co., Ltd, New Taipei City, 25160, Taiwan
| | - Hung-I Yeh
- Departments of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan. .,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, 25245, Taiwan. .,Departments of Medical Research and Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, No. 92, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd, Taipei City, 10449, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Castellana S, Mastroianno S, Palumbo P, Palumbo O, Biagini T, Leone MP, De Luca G, Potenza DR, Amico CM, Mazza T, Russo A, Di Stolfo G, Carella M. Sudden death in mild hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with compound DSG2/DSC2/MYH6 mutations: Revisiting phenotype after genetic assessment in a master runner athlete. J Electrocardiol 2019; 53:95-99. [PMID: 30716529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyopathies represent a well-known cause of heart failure and sudden death. Although cardiomyopathies are generally categorized in distinct nosographic entities, characterized by single gene-to-disease causal relationships, recently, oligogenic mutations have also been associated to relevant cardiac clinical features. We report the case of a master athlete carrying trigenic mutations in desmoglein-2 (DSG2), desmocollin-2 (DSC2) and heavy chain myosin 6 (MYH6), which determine a mild hypertrophic phenotype associated both to ventricular tachyarrhythmias and atrio-ventricular block. We discuss the differential diagnosis and prognostic approach in patient affected by complex cardiomyopathy phenotype, along with the importance of sport restriction and sudden death prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Castellana
- Bioinformatics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, (FG), Italy
| | - Sandra Mastroianno
- Cardiovascular Department, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, (FG), Italy
| | - Pietro Palumbo
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, (FG), Italy
| | - Orazio Palumbo
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, (FG), Italy
| | - Tommaso Biagini
- Bioinformatics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, (FG), Italy
| | - Maria Pia Leone
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, (FG), Italy
| | - Giovanni De Luca
- Cardiovascular Department, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, (FG), Italy
| | - Domenico Rosario Potenza
- Cardiovascular Department, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, (FG), Italy
| | - Cesare Maria Amico
- Cardiovascular Department, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, (FG), Italy
| | - Tommaso Mazza
- Bioinformatics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, (FG), Italy
| | - Aldo Russo
- Cardiovascular Department, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, (FG), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Stolfo
- Cardiovascular Department, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, (FG), Italy
| | - Massimo Carella
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, (FG), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Various adenovirus (AdV) vector systems have proven to be lucrative options for gene delivery. They can serve as potential vaccine candidates for prevention of several common infectious diseases and hold the promise for gene therapy, especially for cancer. Several AdV vector-based therapies are currently at various stages of clinical trials worldwide, which make an immense interest of both the clinicians and researchers. Since these vectors are easy to manipulate, have broad tropism, and have the capability to yield high titers, this delivery system has a wide range of applications for different clinical settings. This chapter emphasizes on some of the current usages of AdV vectors and their production methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekramy E Sayedahmed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Rashmi Kumari
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Suresh K Mittal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ungewiß H, Rötzer V, Meir M, Fey C, Diefenbacher M, Schlegel N, Waschke J. Dsg2 via Src-mediated transactivation shapes EGFR signaling towards cell adhesion. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:4251-4268. [PMID: 29980799 PMCID: PMC11105603 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly renewing epithelial tissues such as the intestinal epithelium require precise tuning of intercellular adhesion and proliferation to preserve barrier integrity. Here, we provide evidence that desmoglein 2 (Dsg2), an adhesion molecule of desmosomes, controls cell adhesion and proliferation via epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. Dsg2 is required for EGFR localization at intercellular junctions as well as for Src-mediated EGFR activation. Src binds to EGFR and is required for localization of EGFR and Dsg2 to cell-cell contacts. EGFR is critical for cell adhesion and barrier recovery. In line with this, Dsg2-deficient enterocytes display impaired barrier properties and increased cell proliferation. Mechanistically, Dsg2 directly interacts with EGFR and undergoes heterotypic-binding events on the surface of living enterocytes via its extracellular domain as revealed by atomic force microscopy. Thus, our study reveals a new mechanism by which Dsg2 via Src shapes EGFR function towards cell adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Ungewiß
- Department I, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Vera Rötzer
- Department I, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Meir
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christina Fey
- Department for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Diefenbacher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biochemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Department I, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Overmiller AM, McGuinn KP, Roberts BJ, Cooper F, Brennan-Crispi DM, Deguchi T, Peltonen S, Wahl JK, Mahoney MG. c-Src/Cav1-dependent activation of the EGFR by Dsg2. Oncotarget 2018; 7:37536-37555. [PMID: 26918609 PMCID: PMC5122330 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The desmosomal cadherin, desmoglein 2 (Dsg2), is deregulated in a variety of human cancers including those of the skin. When ectopically expressed in the epidermis of transgenic mice, Dsg2 activates multiple mitogenic signaling pathways and increases susceptibility to tumorigenesis. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for Dsg2-mediated cellular signaling is poorly understood. Here we show overexpression as well as co-localization of Dsg2 and EGFR in cutaneous SCCs in vivo. Using HaCaT keratinocytes, knockdown of Dsg2 decreases EGFR expression and abrogates the activation of EGFR, c-Src and Stat3, but not Erk1/2 or Akt, in response to EGF ligand stimulation. To determine whether Dsg2 mediates signaling through lipid microdomains, sucrose density fractionation illustrated that Dsg2 is recruited to and displaces Cav1, EGFR and c-Src from light density lipid raft fractions. STED imaging confirmed that the presence of Dsg2 disperses Cav1 from the cell-cell borders. Perturbation of lipid rafts with the cholesterol-chelating agent MβCD also shifts Cav1, c-Src and EGFR out of the rafts and activates signaling pathways. Functionally, overexpression of Dsg2 in human SCC A431 cells enhances EGFR activation and increases cell proliferation and migration through a c-Src and EGFR dependent manner. In summary, our data suggest that Dsg2 stimulates cell growth and migration by positively regulating EGFR level and signaling through a c-Src and Cav1-dependent mechanism using lipid rafts as signal modulatory platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Overmiller
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen P McGuinn
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brett J Roberts
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Felicia Cooper
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Donna M Brennan-Crispi
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Takahiro Deguchi
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirkku Peltonen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - James K Wahl
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Mỹ G Mahoney
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang CE, Yumul RC, Lin J, Cheng Y, Lieber A, Pun SH. Junction opener protein increases nanoparticle accumulation in solid tumors. J Control Release 2018; 272:9-16. [PMID: 29305923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carcinomas contain tight junctions that can limit the penetration and therefore therapeutic efficacy of anticancer agents, especially those delivered by nano-carrier systems. The junction opener (JO) protein is a virus-derived protein that can transiently open intercellular junctions in epithelial tumors by cleaving the junction protein desmoglein-2 (DSG2). Co-administration of JO was previously shown to significantly increase the efficacy of various monoclonal antibodies and chemotherapy drugs in murine tumor models by allowing for increased intratumoral penetration of the drugs. To investigate the size-dependent effect of JO on nanocarriers, we used PEGylated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of two different sizes as model drugs and investigated their biodistribution following JO protein treatment. By inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), JO was found to significantly increase bulk tumor accumulation of AuNPs of 35nm but not 120nm particles in both medium (200-300mm3) and large (500-600mm3) tumors. Image analysis of tumor sections corroborates this JO-mediated increase in tumor accumulation of AuNPs. Quantitative intratumoral distribution analyses show that most nanoparticles were found within 100μm of the vasculature, and that the penetration profiles of AuNPs are not significantly affected by JO treatment at the 6h timepoint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Roma C Yumul
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Jonathan Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Yilong Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - André Lieber
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Overmiller AM, Pierluissi JA, Wermuth PJ, Sauma S, Martinez-Outschoorn U, Tuluc M, Luginbuhl A, Curry J, Harshyne LA, Wahl JK, South AP, Mahoney MG. Desmoglein 2 modulates extracellular vesicle release from squamous cell carcinoma keratinocytes. FASEB J 2017; 31:3412-3424. [PMID: 28438789 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601138rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane-derived vesicles that serve as intercellular messengers carrying lipids, proteins, and genetic material. Substantial evidence has shown that cancer-derived EVs, secreted by tumor cells into the blood and other bodily fluids, play a critical role in modulating the tumor microenvironment and affecting the pathogenesis of cancer. Here we demonstrate for the first time that squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) EVs were enriched with the C-terminal fragment of desmoglein 2 (Dsg2), a desmosomal cadherin often overexpressed in malignancies. Overexpression of Dsg2 increased EV release and mitogenic content including epidermal growth factor receptor and c-Src. Inhibiting ectodomain shedding of Dsg2 with the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor GM6001 resulted in accumulation of full-length Dsg2 in EVs and reduced EV release. When cocultured with Dsg2/green fluorescence protein-expressing SCC cells, green fluorescence protein signal was detected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis in the CD90+ fibroblasts. Furthermore, SCC EVs activated Erk1/2 and Akt signaling and enhanced fibroblast cell proliferation. In vivo, Dsg2 was highly up-regulated in the head and neck SCCs, and EVs isolated from sera of patients with SCC were enriched in Dsg2 C-terminal fragment and epidermal growth factor receptor. This study defines a mechanism by which Dsg2 expression in cancer cells can modulate the tumor microenvironment, a step critical for tumor progression.-Overmiller, A. M., Pierluissi, J. A., Wermuth, P. J., Sauma, S., Martinez-Outschoorn, U., Tuluc, M., Luginbuhl, A., Curry, J., Harshyne, L. A., Wahl, J. K. III, South, A. P., Mahoney, M. G. Desmoglein 2 modulates extracellular vesicle release from squamous cell carcinoma keratinocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Overmiller
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer A Pierluissi
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter J Wermuth
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sami Sauma
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Madalina Tuluc
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam Luginbuhl
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph Curry
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Larry A Harshyne
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James K Wahl
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Andrew P South
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mỹ G Mahoney
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hütz K, Zeiler J, Sachs L, Ormanns S, Spindler V. Loss of desmoglein 2 promotes tumorigenic behavior in pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:1884-1895. [PMID: 28277619 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ability to maintain cell-cell adhesion is crucial for tissue integrity and organization. Accordingly, loss of cohesiveness plays a critical role in cancer invasion and metastasis. Desmosomes are cell junctions providing strong intercellular adhesive strength and dysregulation of desmosomal constituents contributes to cancer progression through altered cell signaling pathways. Here, we focused on the desmosomal adhesion molecules Desmoglein 2 (Dsg2) and Desmocollin 2 (Dsc2), and their contribution to migration and invasion in pancreatic cancer cells. Silencing of Dsg2 but not Dsc2 resulted in loss of cell cohesion and enhanced migration, and invasion of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. To identify potential pathways regulated by Dsg2, we performed kinase arrays and detected the activity of ERK and growth factor receptors to be significantly enhanced in Dsg2-deficient cells. Consequently, inhibition of ERK phosphorylation in Dsg2 knockdown cells normalized migration. Loss of Dsg2 resulted in reduced levels of the desmosomal adapter protein and transcriptional regulator Plakoglobin (PG) in an ERK-dependent manner, whereas other desmosomal molecules were not altered. Overexpression of PG rescued enhanced migration induced by silencing of Dsg2. These results identify a novel pro-migratory pathway of pancreatic cancer cells in which loss of Dsg2 reduces the levels of PG via deregulated MAPK signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hütz
- Department I, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julian Zeiler
- Department I, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lena Sachs
- Department I, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Ormanns
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Department I, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yumul R, Richter M, Lu ZZ, Saydaminova K, Wang H, Wang CHK, Carter D, Lieber A. Epithelial Junction Opener Improves Oncolytic Adenovirus Therapy in Mouse Tumor Models. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:325-37. [PMID: 26993072 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A central resistance mechanism in solid tumors is the maintenance of epithelial junctions between malignant cells that prevent drug penetration into the tumor. Human adenoviruses (Ads) have evolved mechanisms to breach epithelial barriers. For example, during Ad serotype 3 (Ad3) infection of epithelial tumor cells, massive amounts of subviral penton-dodecahedral particles (PtDd) are produced and released from infected cells to trigger the transient opening of epithelial junctions, thus facilitating lateral virus spread. We show here that an Ad3 mutant that is disabled for PtDd production is significantly less effective in killing of epithelial human xenograft tumors than the wild-type Ad3 virus. Intratumoral spread and therapeutic effect of the Ad3 mutant was enhanced by co-administration of a small recombinant protein (JO; produced in Escherichia coli) that incorporated the minimal junction opening domains of PtDd. We then demonstrated that co-administration of JO with replication-competent Ads that do not produce PtDd (Ad5, Ad35) resulted in greater attenuation of tumor growth than virus injection alone. Furthermore, we genetically modified a conditionally replicating Ad5-based oncolytic Ad (Ad5Δ24) to express a secreted form of JO upon replication in tumor cells. The JO-expressing virus had a significantly greater antitumor effect than the unmodified AdΔ24 version. Our findings indicate that epithelial junctions limit the efficacy of oncolytic Ads and that this problem can be address by co-injection or expression of JO. JO has also the potential for improving cancer therapy with other types of oncolytic viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roma Yumul
- 1 Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Maximilian Richter
- 1 Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Zhuo-Zhuang Lu
- 1 Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,2 National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, PR China
| | - Kamola Saydaminova
- 1 Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Hongjie Wang
- 1 Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Darrick Carter
- 4 Compliment Corp. , Seattle, Washington.,5 PAI Life Sciences Inc. , Seattle, Washington
| | - André Lieber
- 1 Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,4 Compliment Corp. , Seattle, Washington.,6 Department of Pathology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Brennan-Crispi DM, Hossain C, Sahu J, Brady M, Riobo NA, Mahoney MG. Crosstalk between Desmoglein 2 and Patched 1 accelerates chemical-induced skin tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:8593-605. [PMID: 25871385 PMCID: PMC4496169 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is causative of BCCs and has been associated with a fraction of SCCs. Desmoglein 2 (Dsg2) is an adhesion protein that is upregulated in many cancers and overexpression of Dsg2 in the epidermis renders mice more susceptible to squamous-derived neoplasia. Here we examined a potential crosstalk between Dsg2 and Hh signaling in skin tumorigenesis. Our findings show that Dsg2 modulates Gli1 expression, in vitro and in vivo. Ectopic expression of Dsg2 on Ptc1(+/lacZ) background enhanced epidermal proliferation and interfollicular activation of the Hh pathway. Furthermore, in response to DMBA/TPA, the Dsg2/Ptc1+/lacZ mice developed squamous lessons earlier than the WT, Ptc1(+/lacZ), and Inv-Dsg2 littermates. Additionally, DMBA/TPA induced BCC formation in all mice harboring the Ptc1(+/lacZ) gene and the presence of Dsg2 in Dsg2/Ptc1(+/lacZ) mice doubled the BCC tumor burden. Reporter analysis revealed activation of the Hh pathway in the BCC tumors. However, in the SCCs we observed Hh activity only in the underlying dermis of the tumors. Furthermore, Dsg2/Ptc1(+/lacZ) mice demonstrated enhanced MEK/Erk1/2 activation within the tumors and expression of Shh in the dermis. In summary, our results demonstrate that Dsg2 modulates Hh signaling, and this synergy may accelerate skin tumor development by different mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Brennan-Crispi
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Claudia Hossain
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joya Sahu
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mary Brady
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Natalia A Riobo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mỹ G Mahoney
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ormanns S, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Jackstadt R, Horst D, Assmann G, Zhao Y, Bruns C, Kirchner T, Knösel T. Desmogleins as prognostic biomarkers in resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:1460-6. [PMID: 26469831 PMCID: PMC4815888 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Frequent disease relapse and a lack of effective therapies result in a very poor outcome in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients. Thus, identification of prognostic biomarkers and possible therapeutic targets is essential. Besides their function in cell–cell adhesion, desmogleins may play a role in tumour progression and invasion that has not been investigated in PDAC to date. This study evaluated desmoglein expression as a biomarker in PDAC. Methods: Using immunohistochemistry, we examined desmoglein 1 (DSG1), desmoglein 2 (DSG2) and desmoglein 3 (DSG3) expression in the tumour tissue of 165 resected PDAC cases. Expression levels were correlated to the patients' clinicopathological parameters and postoperative survival times. We confirmed these results in two independent gene expression data sets. Results: A total of 36% of the tumours showed high DSG3 expression that correlated significantly with shorter patient survival (P=0.011) and poor tumour differentiation (P<0.001), whereas no such association was detected for DSG1 or DSG2. In RNA-Seq data and in microarray expression data, high DSG3 expression correlated significantly with poor survival (P=0.000356 and P=0.00499). Conclusions: We identify DSG3 as a negative prognostic biomarker in resected PDAC, as high DSG3 expression is associated with poor overall survival and poor tumour-specific survival. These findings suggest DSG3 and its downstream signalling pathways as possible therapeutic targets in DSG3-expressing PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Ormanns
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Thalkirchner Strasse 36, Munich 80337, Germany
| | - Annelore Altendorf-Hofmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Rene Jackstadt
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - David Horst
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Thalkirchner Strasse 36, Munich 80337, Germany
| | - Gerald Assmann
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Thalkirchner Strasse 36, Munich 80337, Germany
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Christiane Bruns
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Thalkirchner Strasse 36, Munich 80337, Germany
| | - Thomas Knösel
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Thalkirchner Strasse 36, Munich 80337, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Intracellular Signaling and Desmoglein 2 Shedding Triggered by Human Adenoviruses Ad3, Ad14, and Ad14P1. J Virol 2015; 89:10841-59. [PMID: 26292319 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01425-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We recently discovered that desmoglein 2 (DSG2) is a receptor for human adenovirus species B serotypes Ad3, Ad7, Ad11, and Ad14. Ad3 is considered to be a widely distributed human pathogen. Ad3 binding to DSG2 triggers the transient opening of epithelial junctions. Here, we further delineate the mechanism that leads to DSG2-mediated epithelial junction opening in cells exposed to Ad3 and recombinant Ad3 fiber proteins. We identified an Ad3 fiber knob-dependent pathway that involves the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases triggering the activation of the matrix-metalloproteinase ADAM17. ADAM17, in turn, cleaves the extracellular domain of DSG2 that links epithelial cells together. The shed DSG2 domain can be detected in cell culture supernatant and also in serum of mice with established human xenograft tumors. We then extended our studies to Ad14 and Ad14P1. Ad14 is an important research and clinical object because of the recent appearance of a new, more pathogenic strain (Ad14P1). In a human epithelial cancer xenograft model, Ad14P1 showed more efficient viral spread and oncolysis than Ad14. Here, we tested the hypothesis that a mutation in the Ad14P1 fiber knob could account for the differences between the two strains. While our X-ray crystallography studies suggested an altered three-dimensional (3D) structure of the Ad14P1 fiber knob in the F-G loop region, this did not significantly change the fiber knob affinity to DSG2 or the intracellular signaling and DSG2 shedding in epithelial cancer cells. IMPORTANCE A number of widely distributed adenoviruses use the epithelial junction protein DSG2 as a receptor for infection and lateral spread. Interaction with DSG2 allows the virus not only to enter cells but also to open epithelial junctions which form a physical barrier to virus spread. Our study elucidates the mechanism beyond virus-triggered junction opening with a focus on adenovirus serotype 3. Ad3 binds to DSG2 with its fiber knob domain and triggers intracellular signaling that culminates in the cleavage of the extracellular domain of DSG2, thereby disrupting DSG2 homodimers between epithelial cells. We confirmed this pathway with a second DSG2-interacting serotype, Ad14, and its recently emerged strain Ad14P1. These new insights in basic adenovirus biology can be employed to develop novel drugs to treat adenovirus infection as well as be used as tools for gene delivery into epithelial tissues or epithelial tumors.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Desmosomes represent adhesive, spot-like intercellular junctions that in association with intermediate filaments mechanically link neighboring cells and stabilize tissue architecture. In addition to this structural function, desmosomes also act as signaling platforms involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, morphogenesis, and apoptosis. Thus, deregulation of desmosomal proteins has to be considered to contribute to tumorigenesis. Proteolytic fragmentation and downregulation of desmosomal cadherins and plaque proteins by transcriptional or epigenetic mechanisms were observed in different cancer entities suggesting a tumor-suppressive role. However, discrepant data in the literature indicate that context-dependent differences based on alternative intracellular, signal transduction lead to altered outcome. Here, modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by plakoglobin or desmoplakin and of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling appears to be of special relevance. This review summarizes current evidence on how desmosomal proteins participate in carcinogenesis, and depicts the molecular mechanisms involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Otmar Huber
- a Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , Nonnenplan 2-4, 07743 Jena , Germany.,b Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital , Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena , Germany
| | - Iver Petersen
- c Institute of Pathology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , Ziegelmühlenweg 1, 07743 Jena , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Desmosomes are cell-cell junctions that mediate adhesion and couple the intermediate filament cytoskeleton to sites of cell-cell contact. This architectural arrangement integrates adhesion and cytoskeletal elements of adjacent cells. The importance of this robust adhesion system is evident in numerous human diseases, both inherited and acquired, which occur when desmosome function is compromised. This review focuses on autoimmune and infectious diseases that impair desmosome function. In addition, we discuss emerging evidence that desmosomal genes are often misregulated in cancer. The emphasis of our discussion is placed on the way in which human diseases can inform our understanding of basic desmosome biology and in turn, the means by which fundamental advances in the cell biology of desmosomes might lead to new treatments for acquired diseases of the desmosome.
Collapse
|
36
|
Gupta A, Nitoiu D, Brennan-Crispi D, Addya S, Riobo NA, Kelsell DP, Mahoney MG. Cell cycle- and cancer-associated gene networks activated by Dsg2: evidence of cystatin A deregulation and a potential role in cell-cell adhesion. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120091. [PMID: 25785582 PMCID: PMC4364902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell adhesion is paramount in providing and maintaining multicellular structure and signal transmission between cells. In the skin, disruption to desmosomal regulated intercellular connectivity may lead to disorders of keratinization and hyperproliferative disease including cancer. Recently we showed transgenic mice overexpressing desmoglein 2 (Dsg2) in the epidermis develop hyperplasia. Following microarray and gene network analysis, we demonstrate that Dsg2 caused a profound change in the transcriptome of keratinocytes in vivo and altered a number of genes important in epithelial dysplasia including: calcium-binding proteins (S100A8 and S100A9), members of the cyclin protein family, and the cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin A (CSTA). CSTA is deregulated in several skin cancers, including squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and loss of function mutations lead to recessive skin fragility disorders. The microarray results were confirmed by qPCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. CSTA was detected at high level throughout the newborn mouse epidermis but dramatically decreased with development and was detected predominantly in the differentiated layers. In human keratinocytes, knockdown of Dsg2 by siRNA or shRNA reduced CSTA expression. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of CSTA resulted in cytoplasmic localization of Dsg2, perturbed cytokeratin 14 staining and reduced levels of desmoplakin in response to mechanical stretching. Both knockdown of either Dsg2 or CSTA induced loss of cell adhesion in a dispase-based assay and the effect was synergistic. Our findings here offer a novel pathway of CSTA regulation involving Dsg2 and a potential crosstalk between Dsg2 and CSTA that modulates cell adhesion. These results further support the recent human genetic findings that loss of function mutations in the CSTA gene result in skin fragility due to impaired cell-cell adhesion: autosomal-recessive exfoliative ichthyosis or acral peeling skin syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhilasha Gupta
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniela Nitoiu
- Center for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School or Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Donna Brennan-Crispi
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sankar Addya
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Natalia A. Riobo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David P. Kelsell
- Center for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School or Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mỹ G. Mahoney
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Preclinical safety and efficacy studies with an affinity-enhanced epithelial junction opener and PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2015; 2:15005. [PMID: 26029716 PMCID: PMC4445001 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2015.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A central treatment resistance mechanism in solid tumors is the maintenance of epithelial junctions between malignant cells that prevent drug penetration into the tumor. We have developed a small recombinant protein (JO-1) that triggers the transient opening of intercellular junctions and thus increases the efficacy of monoclonal antibodies and chemotherapeutic drugs without causing toxicity in mouse tumor models. Here, we provide data toward the clinical translation of an affinity-enhanced version of JO-1, which we call JO-4, in combination with PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD)/Doxil for ovarian cancer therapy. We have presented X-ray crystallography data suggesting a structural basis for the higher affinity of JO-4 to DSG2. We also confirmed JO-4 efficacy in a xenograft model with primary ovarian cancer cells showing that JO-4 can salvage Doxil therapy when given at a dose that was threefold lower than the therapeutic dose. Furthermore, we tested the safety of intravenous JO-4 alone and in combination with Doxil in Macaca fascicularis, an adequate animal model for predicting toxicity in humans. Our studies did not show critical JO-4-related toxicity or an increase of Doxil-related side effects. Our efficacy and safety data will help to support an Investigational new drug-filing for a JO-4/Doxil combination treatment.
Collapse
|
38
|
Barber AG, Castillo-Martin M, Bonal DM, Rybicki BA, Christiano AM, Cordon-Cardo C. Characterization of desmoglein expression in the normal prostatic gland. Desmoglein 2 is an independent prognostic factor for aggressive prostate cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98786. [PMID: 24896103 PMCID: PMC4045811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The expression of desmogleins (DSGs), which are known to be crucial for establishing and maintaining the cell-cell adhesion required for tissue integrity, has been well characterized in the epidermis and hair follicle; however, their expression in other epithelial tissues such as prostate is poorly understood. Although downregulation of classical cadherins, such as E-cadherin, has been described in prostate cancer tissue samples, the expression of desmogleins has only been previously reported in prostate cancer cell lines. In this study we characterized desmoglein expression in normal prostate tissues, and further investigated whether Desmoglein 2 (DSG2) expression specifically can serve as a potential clinical prognostic factor for patients diagnosed with primary prostate cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We utilized immunofluorescence to examine DSG2 expression in normal prostate (n = 50) and in a clinically well-characterized cohort of prostate cancer patients (n = 414). Correlation of DSG2 expression with clinico-pathological characteristics and biochemical recurrence was analyzed to assess its clinical significance. RESULTS These studies revealed that DSG2 and DSG4 were specifically expressed in prostatic luminal cells, whereas basal cells lack their expression. In contrast, DSG1 and DSG3 were not expressed in normal prostate epithelium. Further analyses of DSG2 expression in prostate cancer revealed that reduced levels of this biomarker were a significant independent marker of poor clinical outcome. CONCLUSION Here we report for the first time that a low DSG2 expression phenotype is a useful prognostic biomarker of tumor aggressiveness and may serve as an aid in identifying patients with clinically significant prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison G. Barber
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mireia Castillo-Martin
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MCM); (CCC)
| | - Dennis M. Bonal
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Benjamin A. Rybicki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Christiano
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MCM); (CCC)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Aberrant expression and altered cellular localization of desmosomal and hemidesmosomal proteins are associated with aggressive clinicopathological features of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2014; 465:35-47. [PMID: 24849508 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1594-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of cell adhesion plays a central role in dedifferentiation, invasion, and metastasis of various cancers. The desmosome and hemidesmosome are anchoring junctions that control cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, respectively. To clarify their contributions in mediating the biological properties of oral cancer, we immunohistochemically examined the expression of desmoglein 1 (DSG1), DSG2, DSG3, desmocollin 2 (DSC2), integrin beta 4 (ITGB4), laminin gamma chain 2 (LAMC2), and collagen type 17 alpha 1 (COL17A1) in 51 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma. On normal oral epithelial cells, DSG1, DSG3, DSC2, and COL17A1 were expressed on the plasma membrane, while ITGB4 and mature LAMC2 were present at the basement membrane. In cancer, the expression of DSG1, DSG3, DSC2, and COL17A1 decreased and internalized to the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic expression of DSG2, ITGB4, and LAMC2 was induced in the cancer cells facing to the stroma. We scored immunohistochemical expression and correlated this to clinicopathological parameters including histologic differentiation, pattern of invasion, and presence of lymph node metastasis. Decrease of DSG3 and DSC2 expression correlated with a more aggressive cancer phenotype: less differentiated and more invasive histologic features and a higher incidence of nodal metastasis. Lower COL17A1 and higher LAMC2 expression were also associated with a more aggressive phenotype. The present study demonstrates that aberrant expression and altered cellular localization of desmosomal and hemidesmosomal proteins are associated with aggressive clinicopathological features of oral cancer. This reinforces the notion that disturbance of the keratin-associated anchoring junctions confers aggressive features to cancer cells.
Collapse
|
40
|
Beyer I, van Rensburg R, Lieber A. Overcoming physical barriers in cancer therapy. Tissue Barriers 2014; 1:e23647. [PMID: 24665377 PMCID: PMC3875641 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.23647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Most solid tumors are of epithelial origin and, although malignant cells are de-differentiated, they maintain intercellular junctions, a key feature of epithelial cells, both in the primary tumor as well as in metastatic lesions. These intercellular junctions represent a protective mechanism against attacks by the host’s immune system and pose as physical barriers that prevent intratumoral penetration and dissemination of cancer therapeutics. A key protein of epithelial junctions is desmoglein 2 (DSG2). DSG2 is consistently upregulated in all cancers analyzed. Recently, we demonstrated that a group of human adenoviruses (Ad serotypes 3, 7, 11 and 14) use DSG2 as a primary attachment receptor for the infection of cells. We subsequently created a small recombinant protein derived from Ad serotype 3, which binds to DSG2 and triggers transient opening of epithelial intercellular junctions. We named the protein “JO-1” (“junction opener -1”). JO-1 is a small protein that can easily be produced in E. coli. JO-1 binding to and clustering of DSG2 triggers an epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition that results in transient opening of epithelial junctions. We have shown in over 25 xenograft tumor models that the intravenous injection of JO-1 increased the efficacy of monoclonal and chemotherapy, subsequently reducing the required treatment dose and concomitantly reducing the toxic side effect of these treatments. The application of JO-1 has not been associated with toxicities in safety studies performed in human DSG2-transgenic mice and monkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Beyer
- University of Washington; Department of Medicine; Division of Medical Genetics; Seattle, WA USA ; University of Duesseldorf; Department of OB/GYN; Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Ruan van Rensburg
- University of Washington; Department of Medicine; Division of Medical Genetics; Seattle, WA USA ; Leibnitz Institute for Age Research; Jena, Germany
| | - André Lieber
- University of Washington; Department of Medicine; Division of Medical Genetics; Seattle, WA USA ; University of Washington; Department of Pathology; Seattle, WA USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Peitsch WK, Doerflinger Y, Fischer-Colbrie R, Huck V, Bauer AT, Utikal J, Goerdt S, Schneider SW. Desmoglein 2 depletion leads to increased migration and upregulation of the chemoattractant secretoneurin in melanoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89491. [PMID: 24558503 PMCID: PMC3928442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During development and progression of malignant melanoma, an important role has been attributed to alterations of cell-cell adhesions, in particular, to a “cadherin switch” from E- to N-cadherin. We have previously shown that a subtype of melanoma cells express the desmosomal cadherin desmoglein 2 as non-junction-bound cell surface protein in addition to classical cadherins. To study the role of desmoglein 2 in melanoma cells, melanoma lines containing high endogenous amounts of desmoglein 2 were depleted of the protein by RNA interference. Transwell migration and scratch wounding assays showed markedly increased migration upon desmoglein 2 suppression whereas proliferation and viability remained unaltered. In gene expression profiles, desmoglein 2 depletion was associated with overexpression of migration-related genes. Strongest overexpression was found for secretogranin II which has not been reported in melanoma cells before. The bioactive peptide derived from secretogranin II, secretoneurin, is known to exert chemoattractive functions and was demonstrated here to stimulate melanoma cell migration. In summary, we show that desmoglein 2 expression attenuates migration of melanoma cells. The mechanism of desmoglein 2 impaired cell migration is mediated by downregulation of secretogranin II. Loss of desmoglein 2 increases expression of secretogranin II, followed by an enhanced migratory activity of melanoma cells. Our data add a new pathway of regulating melanoma cell migration related to a desmoglein 2 – secretogranin II axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke K. Peitsch
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Helmholtz Group for Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Yvette Doerflinger
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Helmholtz Group for Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Volker Huck
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander T. Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sergij Goerdt
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan W. Schneider
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kamekura R, Kolegraff KN, Nava P, Hilgarth RS, Feng M, Parkos CA, Nusrat A. Loss of the desmosomal cadherin desmoglein-2 suppresses colon cancer cell proliferation through EGFR signaling. Oncogene 2013; 33:4531-6. [PMID: 24166502 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Desmosomal cadherins mediate cell-cell adhesion in epithelial tissues and have been known to be altered in cancer. We have previously shown that one of the two intestinal epithelial desmosomal cadherins, desmocollin-2 (Dsc2) loss promotes colonic epithelial carcinoma cell proliferation and tumor formation. In this study we show that loss of the other intestinal desmosomal cadherin, desmoglein-2 (Dsg2) that pairs with Dsc2, results in decreased epithelial cell proliferation and suppressed xenograft tumor growth in mice. Dsg2-deficient cells demonstrated a compensatory increase in Dsc2 expression, and small interfering RNA-mediated loss of Dsc2 restored proliferation in Dsg2-deficient cells. Dsg2 downregulation inhibited epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and cell proliferation through altered phosphorylation of EGFR and downstream extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation in parallel with inhibited EGFR receptor internalization. Additionally, we demonstrated a central role of Dsc2 in controlling EGFR signaling and cell proliferation in intestinal epithelial cells. Consistent with these findings, analyses of human colon cancers demonstrated increased Dsg2 protein expression. Taken together, these data demonstrate that partner desmosomal cadherins Dsg2 and Dsc2 play opposing roles in controlling colonic carcinoma cell proliferation through differential effects on EGFR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Kamekura
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - K N Kolegraff
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - P Nava
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - R S Hilgarth
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M Feng
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C A Parkos
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A Nusrat
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yu J, Fu B, Zhao Q. Family history of malignant neoplasm and its relation with clinicopathologic features of gastric cancer patients. World J Surg Oncol 2013; 11:201. [PMID: 23953708 PMCID: PMC3751760 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-11-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies to date have evaluated gastric cancer(GC)-related malignant neoplasm family history (MN-FH), and their findings have been largely inconsistent. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of MN-FH and its relation to the clinicopathologic features of GC. Methods A total of 104 hospitalized patients with primary gastric adenocarcinoma was prospectively analyzed from 2008 to 2009. Positive MN-FH was defined as MN-affected first- and second-degree relatives of the current GC cases. The relation between prevalence of positive MN-FH and clinicopathologic features in the current GC patients was assessed using the Chi-square test with Cramer’s V coefficient. Results Thirty-seven (35.6%) of the GC patients had positive MN-FH, with 42 associated tumors in first- and second-degree relatives. Twenty-six (61.9%) of the associated tumors were located in the digestive system, including the esophagus (26.2%), stomach (23.8%), liver (9.5%) and colon (2.4%). Lung cancers were the most prevalent non-digestive system-associated tumors (9.5%). Correlation analysis revealed no significant relations with prevalence of MN-FH and any of the clinicopathologic features (all, P > 0.05), including sex (V = 0.044), age (V = 0.060) and histological subtypes (V = 0.109). Conclusions More than one-third of the GC patients in our hospital had positive MN-FH. The most frequent forms of MN-FH were esophageal cancer and GC. The prevalence of positive MN-FH was not correlated to any of the clinicopathologic features, including sex, age and histological subtypes in the study population of GC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junxiu Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng Clinical School of Taishan Medical University, 67 West Dongchang Road, Liaocheng, Shandong Province 252000, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Al-Jassar C, Bikker H, Overduin M, Chidgey M. Mechanistic basis of desmosome-targeted diseases. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:4006-22. [PMID: 23911551 PMCID: PMC3807649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Desmosomes are dynamic junctions between cells that maintain the structural integrity of skin and heart tissues by withstanding shear forces. Mutations in component genes cause life-threatening conditions including arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, and desmosomal proteins are targeted by pathogenic autoantibodies in skin blistering diseases such as pemphigus. Here, we review a set of newly discovered pathogenic alterations and discuss the structural repercussions of debilitating mutations on desmosomal proteins. The architectures of native desmosomal assemblies have been visualized by cryo-electron microscopy and cryo-electron tomography, and the network of protein domain interactions is becoming apparent. Plakophilin and desmoplakin mutations have been discovered to alter binding interfaces, structures, and stabilities of folded domains that have been resolved by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. The flexibility within desmoplakin has been revealed by small-angle X-ray scattering and fluorescence assays, explaining how mechanical stresses are accommodated. These studies have shown that the structural and functional consequences of desmosomal mutations can now begin to be understood at multiple levels of spatial and temporal resolution. This review discusses the recent structural insights and raises the possibility of using modeling for mechanism-based diagnosis of how deleterious mutations alter the integrity of solid tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caezar Al-Jassar
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Choi IK, Strauss R, Richter M, Yun CO, Lieber A. Strategies to increase drug penetration in solid tumors. Front Oncol 2013; 3:193. [PMID: 23898462 PMCID: PMC3724174 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant improvement in modalities for treatment of cancer that led to a longer survival period, the death rate of patients with solid tumors has not changed during the last decades. Emerging studies have identified several physical barriers that limit the therapeutic efficacy of cancer therapeutic agents such as monoclonal antibodies, chemotherapeutic agents, anti-tumor immune cells, and gene therapeutics. Most solid tumors are of epithelial origin and, although malignant cells are de-differentiated, they maintain intercellular junctions, a key feature of epithelial cells, both in the primary tumor as well as in metastatic lesions. Furthermore, nests of malignant epithelial tumor cells are shielded by layers of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectin, laminin) whereby tumor vasculature rarely penetrates into the tumor nests. In this chapter, we will review potential strategies to modulate the ECM and epithelial junctions to enhance the intratumoral diffusion and/or to remove physical masking of target receptors on malignant cells. We will focus on peptides that bind to the junction protein desmoglein 2 and trigger intracellular signaling, resulting in the transient opening of intercellular junctions. Intravenous injection of these junction openers increased the efficacy and safety of therapies with monoclonal antibodies, chemotherapeutics, and T cells in mouse tumor models and was safe in non-human primates. Furthermore, we will summarize approaches to transiently degrade ECM proteins or downregulate their expression. Among these approaches is the intratumoral expression of relaxin or decorin after adenovirus- or stem cell-mediated gene transfer. We will provide examples that relaxin-based approaches increase the anti-tumor efficacy of oncolytic viruses, monoclonal antibodies, and T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Il-Kyu Choi
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen YJ, Lee LY, Chao YK, Chang JT, Lu YC, Li HF, Chiu CC, Li YC, Li YL, Chiou JF, Cheng AJ. DSG3 facilitates cancer cell growth and invasion through the DSG3-plakoglobin-TCF/LEF-Myc/cyclin D1/MMP signaling pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64088. [PMID: 23737966 PMCID: PMC3667790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmoglein 3 (DSG3) is a component of the desmosome, which confers strong cell-cell adhesion. Previously, an oncogenic function of DSG3 has been found in head neck cancer (HNC). Here, we investigated how this molecule contributes to the malignant phenotype. Because DSG3 is associated with plakoglobin, we examined whether these phenotypic alterations were mediated through the plakoglobin molecule. Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence staining revealed that DSG3 silencing disrupted its interaction with plakoglobin and induced plakoglobin translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Knockdown of DSG3 significantly increased the interaction of plakoglobin with the transcriptional factor TCF and suppressed the TCF/LEF transcriptional activity. These effects further conferred to reduced expression of the TCF/LEF downstream target genes, including c-myc, cyclin D1, and MMP-7. Functional analyses showed that DSG3 silencing reduced cell growth and arrested cells at G0/G1 phase. Besides, cell migration and invasion abilities were also decreased. These cellular results were confirmed using tumor xenografts in mice, as DSG3 silencing led to the suppressed tumor growth, plakoglobin translocation and reduced expression of TCF/LEF target genes in tumors. Therefore, our study shows that the desmosomal protein DSG3 additionally functions to regulate malignant phenotypes via nuclear signaling. In conclusion, we found that DSG3 functions as an oncogene and facilitates cancer growth and invasion in HNC cells through the DSG3-plakoglobin-TCF/LEF pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ju Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Translational Research Laboratory, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Ka Chao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Joseph T. Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ching Lu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Fang Li
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chi Chiu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Li
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Liang Li
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Fong Chiou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Translational Research Laboratory, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Joy Cheng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Insights into the role of cell-cell junctions in physiology and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 306:187-221. [PMID: 24016526 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407694-5.00005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Contacting cells establish different classes of intricate structures at the cell-cell junctions. These structures are of increasing research interest as they regulate a broad variety of processes in development and disease. Further, in vitro studies are revealing that various cell-cell interaction proteins are involved not only in cell-cell processes but also in many additional aspects of physiology, such as migration and apoptosis. This chapter reviews the basic classification of cell-cell junctional structures and some of their representative proteins. Their roles in development and disease are briefly outlined, followed by a section on contemporary methods for probing cell-cell interactions and some recent developments. This chapter concludes with a few suggestions for potential research directions to further develop this promising area of study.
Collapse
|
48
|
Assessment of desmosomal components (desmoglein 1-3, plakoglobin) in cardia mucosa in relation to gastroesophageal reflux disease and Helicobacter pylori infection. Hum Pathol 2012; 43:1745-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
49
|
Cui T, Chen Y, Yang L, Knösel T, Huber O, Pacyna-Gengelbach M, Petersen I. The p53 target gene desmocollin 3 acts as a novel tumor suppressor through inhibiting EGFR/ERK pathway in human lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:2326-33. [PMID: 22941060 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are intercellular junctions that confer strong cell-cell adhesion. Altered expression of desmocollin 3 (DSC3), a member of the desmosomal cadherin family, was found in various cancers; however, its functional involvement in carcinogenesis has not yet been elucidated. Expression/localization of DSC3 was analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-PCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Methylation status of DSC3 was examined by demethylation tests, methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing. It turned out that downregulation of DSC3 in lung cancer cells was associated with DNA hypermethylation. In primary lung tumors, DSC3 was a potential diagnostic marker for lung squamous cell carcinoma, and DSC3 DNA hypermethylation was correlated with poor clinical outcome. To investigate the effect of the tumor suppressor gene p53 on DSC3, transient transfection with a wild-type p53-expression vector was performed. Overexpression of p53 resulted in an increased expression of DSC3 in a DSC3-unmethylated lung cancer cell line H2170, but not in H1299, a DSC3-methylated cell line. However, combination of p53 transfection with demethylation agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment led to increased expression of DSC3 in H1299 cells. Furthermore, functional studies after stable transfection of a DSC3 expression vector showed that ectopic expression of DSC3 inhibited cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, migration, as well as invasion, and most interestingly led to reduced phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2. Taken together, our data suggested that DSC3 acts as a novel tumor suppressor gene through inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in lung cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Cui
- Institute of Pathology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Ziegelmühlenweg 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wang H, Beyer I, Persson J, Song H, Li Z, Richter M, Cao H, van Rensburg R, Yao X, Hudkins K, Yumul R, Zhang XB, Yu M, Fender P, Hemminki A, Lieber A. A new human DSG2-transgenic mouse model for studying the tropism and pathology of human adenoviruses. J Virol 2012; 86:6286-302. [PMID: 22457526 PMCID: PMC3372198 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00205-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported that a group of human adenoviruses (HAdVs) uses desmoglein 2 (DSG2) as a receptor for infection. Among these are the widely distributed serotypes HAdV-B3 and HAdV-B7, as well as a newly emerged strain derived from HAdV-B14. These serotypes do not infect rodent cells and could not up until now be studied in small-animal models. We therefore generated transgenic mice containing the human DSG2 locus. These mice expressed human DSG2 (hDSG2) at a level and in a pattern similar to those found for humans and nonhuman primates. As an initial application of hDSG2-transgenic mice, we used a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing HAdV-B3 vector (Ad3-GFP) and studied GFP transgene expression by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry subsequent to intranasal and intravenous virus application. After intranasal application, we found efficient transduction of bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells in hDSG2-transgenic mice. Intravenous Ad3-GFP injection into hDSG2-transgenic mice resulted in hDSG2-dependent transduction of epithelial cells in the intestinal and colon mucosa. Our findings give an explanation for clinical symptoms associated with infection by DSG2-interacting HAdVs and provide a rationale for using Ad3-derived vectors in gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hua Cao
- Division of Medical Genetics
| | | | | | - Kelly Hudkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- Loma Linda University, Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Mujun Yu
- Medical Laboratory Associates, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Pascal Fender
- Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions, UMI3265, CNRS/EMBL/UJF, Grenoble, France
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Research Program, Transplantation Laboratory & Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - André Lieber
- Division of Medical Genetics
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|