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Mark Kim MK, Lawrence M, Quinonez D, Brooks C, Ramachandran R, Séguin CA. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 regulates extracellular matrix composition and mediates load-induced intervertebral disc degeneration in a mouse model. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2024; 32:881-894. [PMID: 38604493 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a multi-modally activated cation channel that mediates mechanotransduction pathways by which musculoskeletal tissues respond to mechanical load and regulate tissue health. Using conditional Trpv4 knockout mice, we investigated the role of Trpv4 in regulating intervertebral disc (IVD) health and injury-induced IVD degeneration. METHODS Col2-Cre;Trpv4fl/f (Trpv4 KO) mice were used to knockout Trpv4 in all type 2 collagen-expressing cells. Effects of gene targeting alone was assessed in lumbar spines, using vertebral bone length measurement, histological, immunohistochemistry and gene expression analyses, and mechanical testing. Disc puncture was performed on caudal IVDs of wild-type (WT) and Trpv4 KO mice at 2.5- and 6.5-months-of-age. Six weeks after puncture (4- and 8-months-of-age at sacrifice), caudal spines were assessed using histological analyses. RESULTS While loss of Trpv4 did not significantly alter vertebral bone length and tissue histomorphology compared to age-matched WT mice, Trpv4 KO mice showed decreased proteoglycan and PRG4 staining in the annulus fibrosus compared to WT. At the gene level, Trpv4 KO mice showed significantly increased expression of Acan, Bgn, and Prg4 compared to WT. Functionally, loss of Trpv4 was associated with significantly increased neutral zone length in lumbar IVDs. Following puncture, both Trpv4 KO and WT mice showed similar signs of degeneration at the site of injury. Interestingly, loss of Trpv4 prevented mechanically-induced degeneration in IVDs adjacent to sites of injury. CONCLUSION These studies suggest a role for Trpv4 in regulating extracellular matrix synthesis and mediating the response of IVD tissues to mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyu Mark Kim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Lawrence
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Quinonez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Courtney Brooks
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryle A Séguin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Tan Z, Chen P, Dong X, Guo S, Leung VYL, Cheung JPY, Chan D, Richardson SM, Hoyland JA, To MKT, Cheah KSE. Progenitor-like cells contributing to cellular heterogeneity in the nucleus pulposus are lost in intervertebral disc degeneration. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114342. [PMID: 38865240 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The nucleus pulposus (NP) in the intervertebral disc (IVD) arises from embryonic notochord. Loss of notochordal-like cells in humans correlates with onset of IVD degeneration, suggesting that they are critical for healthy NP homeostasis and function. Comparative transcriptomic analyses identified expression of progenitor-associated genes (GREM1, KRT18, and TAGLN) in the young mouse and non-degenerated human NP, with TAGLN expression reducing with aging. Lineage tracing using Tagln-CreERt2 mice identified peripherally located proliferative NP (PeriNP) cells in developing and postnatal NP that provide a continuous supply of cells to the entire NP. PeriNP cells were diminished in aged mice and absent in puncture-induced degenerated discs. Single-cell transcriptomes of postnatal Tagln-CreERt2 IVD cells indicate enrichment for TGF-β signaling in Tagln descendant NP sub-populations. Notochord-specific removal of TGF-β/BMP mediator Smad4 results in loss of Tagln+ cells and abnormal NP morphologies. We propose Tagln+ PeriNP cells are potential progenitors crucial for NP homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijia Tan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases, The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peikai Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases, The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China; Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Lab, The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaonan Dong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuang Guo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Victor Y L Leung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason P Y Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stephen M Richardson
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Judith A Hoyland
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Michael K T To
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases, The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kathryn S E Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Dong Z, Yang P, Ji Z, Fan C, Wang J, Zhu P, Zhou F, Gan M, Wu X, Geng D. MIF inhibition attenuates intervertebral disc degeneration by reducing nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis and inflammation. Exp Cell Res 2024; 439:114089. [PMID: 38740166 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) apoptosis and inflammation are the extremely critical factors of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). Nevertheless, the underlying procedure remains mysterious. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine that promotes inflammation and has been demonstrated to have a significant impact on apoptosis and inflammation. For this research, we employed a model of NPCs degeneration stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and a rat acupuncture IVDD model to examine the role of MIF in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Initially, we verified that there was a significant rise of MIF expression in the NP tissues of individuals with IVDD, as well as in rat models of IVDD. Furthermore, this augmented expression of MIF was similarly evident in degenerated NPCs. Afterwards, it was discovered that ISO-1, a MIF inhibitor, effectively decreased the quantity of cells undergoing apoptosis and inhibited the release of inflammatory molecules (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). Furthermore, it has been shown that the PI3K/Akt pathway plays a vital part in the regulation of NPCs degeneration by MIF. Ultimately, we showcased that the IVDD process was impacted by the MIF inhibitor in the rat model. In summary, our experimental results substantiate the significant involvement of MIF in the degeneration of NPCs, and inhibiting MIF activity can effectively mitigate IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchen Dong
- Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China; Wujin Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongwei Ji
- Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China; Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Pain Management, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunyang Fan
- Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiale Wang
- Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengfei Zhu
- Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Minfeng Gan
- Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiexing Wu
- Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Dechun Geng
- Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Guo J, Yang S, Zhai W, Xie Y, Shen Z, Zhang J, Jia Y. Network Pharmacology with Metabolomics Study to Reveal the Mechanisms of Bushen Huoxue Formula in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Treatment. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:493-512. [PMID: 38405577 PMCID: PMC10894601 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s451197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a pathophysiological process that leads to severe back pain or neurological deficits. The Bushen Huoxue Formula (BSHXF) is a traditional herbal remedy widely used to treat diseases related to IVDD. However, its pharmacological mechanism needs further exploration. Objective This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms through which BSHXF treats IVDD-related diseases by integrating metabolomics with network pharmacology. Methods Network pharmacology was utilized to identify potential targets of BSHXF against IVDD. Additionally, an animal model of needle puncture-induced disc degeneration was established to assess the effect of BSHXF. Mice were randomly assigned to the sham group, model group, and BSHXF group. Various techniques, including PCR, CCK-8 assay, MRI, histological examinations, and immunohistochemical analyses, were employed to evaluate degenerative and oxidative stress conditions in mouse disc tissue and cultured nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. UHPLC-HRMS/MS was used to differential distinct metabolites in the disc tissue from different groups, and MetaboAnalyst 5.0 was employed to enrich the metabolic pathways. Results Through network pharmacology, 15 core proteins were identified through protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction. Functional enrichment analysis highlighted the critical role of BSHXF in addressing IVDD by influencing the response to oxidative stress. Furthermore, experimental evidence demonstrated that BSHXF significantly improved the pathological progression of IVDD and increased oxidative stress markers SOD-1 and GPX1, both in the disc degeneration model and cultured NP cells. Metabolomics identified differential metabolites among the three groups, revealing 15 metabolic pathways between the sham and model groups, and 13 metabolic pathways enriched between the model and BSHXF groups. Conclusion This study, integrating network pharmacology and metabolomics, suggests that BSHXF can alleviate IVDD progression by modulating oxidative stress. Key metabolic pathways associated with BSHXF-mediated reduction of oxidative stress include the citrate cycle, cysteine and methionine metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism. While this research demonstrates the therapeutic potential of BSHXF in reducing oxidative stress levels in IVDD, further research is needed to thoroughly understand its underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Guo
- Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200052, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, 200052, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengqi Yang
- Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200052, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, 200052, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200052, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Zhai
- Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200052, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, 200052, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200052, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Xie
- Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200052, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, 200052, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200052, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhan Shen
- Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200052, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, 200052, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200052, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianpo Zhang
- Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200052, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, 200052, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongwei Jia
- Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200052, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, 200052, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200052, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, People’s Republic of China
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Ao X, Jiang T, Li Y, Lai W, Lian Z, Wang L, Huang M, Zhang Z. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids delay intervertebral disc degeneration by inhibiting nuclear receptor coactivator 4-mediated iron overload. iScience 2024; 27:108721. [PMID: 38303704 PMCID: PMC10830877 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are closely related to the progression of numerous chronic inflammatory diseases, but the role of n-3 PUFAs in the intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) remains unclear. In this study, male C57BL/6 wildtype mice (WT group, n = 30) and fat-1 transgenic mice (TG group, n = 30) were randomly selected to construct the IVDD model. The results demonstrated that the optimized composition of PUFAs in the TG mice had a significant impact on delaying IVDD and cellular senescence of intervertebral disc (IVD). Mechanismly, n-3 PUFAs inhibited IVD senescence by alleviating NCOA4-mediated iron overload. NCOA4 overexpression promoted iron overload and weakened the pro-proliferation and anti-senescence effect of DHA on the IVD cells. Furthermore, this study futher revealed n-3 PUFAs downregulated NCOA4 expression by inactiviting the LGR5/β-catenin signaling pathway. This study provides an important theoretical basis for preventing and treating IVDD and low back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ao
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Academy of Orthopaedics·Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Weiyi Lai
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Academy of Orthopaedics·Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhengnan Lian
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Academy of Orthopaedics·Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Academy of Orthopaedics·Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Minjun Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Academy of Orthopaedics·Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhongmin Zhang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
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Xu H, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Yu C, Xia K, Cheng F, Shi K, Huang X, Li Y, Chen J, Shu J, Zhou X, Tao Y, Liang C, Li F, Chen Q. A novel rat model of annulus fibrosus injury for intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine J 2024; 24:373-386. [PMID: 37797841 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT In clinical practice, acute trauma and chronic degeneration of the annulus fibrosus (AF) can promote further degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD). Therefore, it is critical to understand the AF repair process and its consequences on IVD. However, the lack of cost-effective and reproducible in vivo animal models of AF injury has limited research development in this field. PURPOSES The purpose of this study was to establish and evaluate the utility of a novel animal model for full-thickness AF injury. Three foci were proposed: (1) whether this new modeling method can cause full-layer AF damage; (2) the repair processes and pathological changes in the damaged area after AF injury, and (3) the morphological and histological changes in the IVD are after AF injury. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING In vivo rat AF injury model with characterization of AF damage repair, IVD degeneration. METHODS A total of 72,300 g male rats were randomly assigned to one of the two groups: experimental or sham. Annulus fibrosus was separated layer by layer under the microscope with a #11 blade up to the AF- nucleus pulpous (NP) junction. The repair process of the horizontal AF and morphological changes in the sagittal IVD were evaluated with HE staining. Sirius red staining under polarized light. Immunofluorescence was conducted to analyze changes in the expression of COL1 and COL3 in the AF injury area and 8-OHdg, IL-6, MMP13, FSP1, and ACAN in the IVD. The disc height and structural changes after AF injury were measured using X-ray and contrast-enhanced micro-CT. Additionally, the resistance of the AF to stretching was analyzed using three-point bending. RESULTS Annulus fibrosus-nucleus pulpous border was identified to stably induce the full-thickness AF injury without causing immediate NP injury. The AF repair process after injury was slow and expressed inflammation factors continuously, with abundant amounts of type III collagen appearing in the inner part of the AF. The scar at the AF lesion had decreased resistance to small molecule penetration and weakened tensile strength. Full-thickness AF injury induced disc degeneration with loss of disc height, progressive unilateral vertebral collapse, and ossification of the subchondral bone. Inflammatory-induced degeneration and extracellular matrix catabolism gradually appeared in the NP and cartilage endplate (CEP). CONCLUSIONS We established a low-cost and reproducible small animal model of AF injury which accurately replicated the pathological state of the limited AF self-repair ability and demonstrated that injury to the AF alone could cause further degeneration of the IVD. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This in vivo rat model can be used to study the repair process of the AF defect and pathological changes in the gradual degeneration of IVD after AF damage. In addition, the model provides an experimental platform for in vivo experimental research of potential clinical therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Yuang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Kaishun Xia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Kesi Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Xianpeng Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Jiangjie Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Jiawei Shu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Yiqing Tao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Chengzhen Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, P.R. China.
| | - Fangcai Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, P.R. China.
| | - Qixin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China; Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, P.R. China.
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Lai A, Iliff D, Zaheer K, Gansau J, Laudier DM, Zachariou V, Iatridis JC. Annulus Fibrosus Injury Induces Acute Neuroinflammation and Chronic Glial Response in Dorsal Root Ganglion and Spinal Cord-An In Vivo Rat Discogenic Pain Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1762. [PMID: 38339040 PMCID: PMC10855200 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic painful intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (i.e., discogenic pain) is a major source of global disability needing improved knowledge on multiple-tissue interactions and how they progress in order improve treatment strategies. This study used an in vivo rat annulus fibrosus (AF) injury-driven discogenic pain model to investigate the acute and chronic changes in IVD degeneration and spinal inflammation, as well as sensitization, inflammation, and remodeling in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord (SC) dorsal horn. AF injury induced moderate IVD degeneration with acute and broad spinal inflammation that progressed to DRG to SC changes within days and weeks, respectively. Specifically, AF injury elevated macrophages in the spine (CD68) and DRGs (Iba1) that peaked at 3 days post-injury, and increased microglia (Iba1) in SC that peaked at 2 weeks post-injury. AF injury also triggered glial responses with elevated GFAP in DRGs and SC at least 8 weeks post-injury. Spinal CD68 and SC neuropeptide Substance P both remained elevated at 8 weeks, suggesting that slow and incomplete IVD healing provides a chronic source of inflammation with continued SC sensitization. We conclude that AF injury-driven IVD degeneration induces acute spinal, DRG, and SC inflammatory crosstalk with sustained glial responses in both DRGs and SC, leading to chronic SC sensitization and neural plasticity. The known association of these markers with neuropathic pain suggests that therapeutic strategies for discogenic pain need to target both spinal and nervous systems, with early strategies managing acute inflammatory processes, and late strategies targeting chronic IVD inflammation, SC sensitization, and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Lai
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (D.I.); (K.Z.); (J.G.); (D.M.L.); (J.C.I.)
| | - Denise Iliff
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (D.I.); (K.Z.); (J.G.); (D.M.L.); (J.C.I.)
| | - Kashaf Zaheer
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (D.I.); (K.Z.); (J.G.); (D.M.L.); (J.C.I.)
| | - Jennifer Gansau
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (D.I.); (K.Z.); (J.G.); (D.M.L.); (J.C.I.)
| | - Damien M. Laudier
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (D.I.); (K.Z.); (J.G.); (D.M.L.); (J.C.I.)
| | - Venetia Zachariou
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Biophysics, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine at Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - James C. Iatridis
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (D.I.); (K.Z.); (J.G.); (D.M.L.); (J.C.I.)
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8
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Li Y, Zhang H, Zhu D, Yang F, Wang Z, Wei Z, Yang Z, Jia J, Kang X. Notochordal cells: A potential therapeutic option for intervertebral disc degeneration. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13541. [PMID: 37697480 PMCID: PMC10849793 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a prevalent musculoskeletal degenerative disorder worldwide, and ~40% of chronic low back pain cases are associated with IDD. Although the pathogenesis of IDD remains unclear, the reduction in nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) and degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are critical factors contributing to IDD. Notochordal cells (NCs), derived from the notochord, which rapidly degrades after birth and is eventually replaced by NPCs, play a crucial role in maintaining ECM homeostasis and preventing NPCs apoptosis. Current treatments for IDD only provide symptomatic relief, while lacking the ability to inhibit or reverse its progression. However, NCs and their secretions possess anti-inflammatory properties and promote NPCs proliferation, leading to ECM formation. Therefore, in recent years, NCs therapy targeting the underlying cause of IDD has emerged as a novel treatment strategy. This article provides a comprehensive review of the latest research progress on NCs for IDD, covering their biological characteristics, specific markers, possible mechanisms involved in IDD and therapeutic effects. It also highlights significant future directions in this field to facilitate further exploration of the pathogenesis of IDD and the development of new therapies based on NCs strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhu Li
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- The Second People's Hospital of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Daxue Zhu
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Fengguang Yang
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoheng Wang
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ziyan Wei
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhili Yang
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Jia
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xuewen Kang
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
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9
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Li ZL, Lu Q, Honiball JR, Wan SHT, Yeung KWK, Cheung KMC. Mechanical characterization and design of biomaterials for nucleus pulposus replacement and regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:1888-1902. [PMID: 37555381 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials for nucleus pulposus (NP) replacement and regeneration have great potential to restore normal biomechanics in degenerated intervertebral discs following nucleotomy. Mechanical characterizations are essential for assessing the efficacy of biomaterial implants for clinical applications. While traditional compression tests are crucial to quantify various modulus values, relaxation behaviors and fatigue resistance, rheological measurements should also be conducted to investigate the viscoelastic properties, injectability, and overall stability upon deformation. To recapitulate the physiological in vivo environment, the use of spinal models is necessary to evaluate the risk of implant extrusion and the restoration of biomechanics under different loading conditions. When designing devices for NP replacement, injectable materials are ideal to fully fill the nucleus cavity and prevent implant migration. In addition to achieving biocompatibility and desirable mechanical characteristics, biomaterial implants should be optimized to avoid implant extrusion or re-herniation post-operatively. This review discusses the most commonly used testing protocols for assessing mechanical properties of biomaterial implants and serves as reference material for enabling researchers to characterize NP implants through a unified approach whereby newly developed biomaterials may be compared and contrasted to existing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoqi Lucas Li
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiuji Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - John Robert Honiball
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sandra Hiu-Tung Wan
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin Wai-Kwok Yeung
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Innovative Technology in Orthopaedic Trauma, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kenneth Man-Chee Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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10
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Ao X, Li Y, Jiang T, Li C, Lian Z, Wang L, Zhang Z, Huang M. Angiopoietin-2 Promotes Mechanical Stress-induced Extracellular Matrix Degradation in Annulus Fibrosus Via the HIF-1α/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Orthop Surg 2023; 15:2410-2422. [PMID: 37475697 PMCID: PMC10475680 DOI: 10.1111/os.13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mechanical stress is an important risk factor for intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). Angiopoietin-2 (ANG-2) is regulated by mechanical stress and is widely involved in the regulation of extracellular matrix metabolism. In addition, the signaling cascade between HIF-1α and NF-κB is critical in matrix degradation. This study aims to investigate the role and molecular mechanism of ANG-2 in regulating the degeneration of annulus fibrosus (AF) through the HIF-1α/NF-κB signaling pathway. METHODS The bipedal standing mice IVDD model was constructed, and histological experiments were used to evaluate the degree of IVDD and the expression of ANG-2 in the AF. Mouse primary AF cells were extracted in vitro and subjected to mechanical stretching experiments. Western blot assay was used to detect the effect of mechanical stress on ANG-2, and the role of the ANG-2-mediated HIF-1α/NF-κB pathway in matrix degradation. In addition, the effect of inhibiting ANG-2 expression by siRNA or monoclonal antibody on delaying IVDD was investigated at in vitro and in vivo levels. One-way ANOVA with the least significant difference method was used for pairwise comparison of the groups with homogeneous variance, and Dunnett's method was used to compare the groups with heterogeneous variance. RESULTS In IVDD, the expressions of catabolic biomarkers (mmp-13, ADAMTS-4) and ANG-2 were significantly increased in AF. In addition, p65 expression was increased while HIF-1α expression was significantly decreased. The results of western blot assay showed mechanical stress significantly up-regulated the expression of ANG-2 in AF cells, and promoted matrix degradation by regulating the activity of HIF-1α/NF-κB pathway. Exogenous addition of Bay117082 and CoCl2 inhibited matrix degradation caused by mechanical stress. Moreover, injection of neutralizing antibody or treatment with siRNA to inhibit the expression of ANG-2 improved the matrix metabolism of AF and inhibited IVDD progression by regulating the HIF-1α/NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSION In IVDD, mechanical stress could regulate the HIF-1α/NF-κB signaling pathway and matrix degradation by mediating ANG-2 expression in AF degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ao
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of OrthopaedicsNanfang Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center for Orthopedic SurgeryThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Academy of Orthopaedics·Guangdong ProvinceGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Tao Jiang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of OrthopaedicsNanfang Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Chenglong Li
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of OrthopaedicsNanfang Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Zhengnan Lian
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center for Orthopedic SurgeryThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Academy of Orthopaedics·Guangdong ProvinceGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center for Orthopedic SurgeryThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Academy of Orthopaedics·Guangdong ProvinceGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Zhongmin Zhang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of OrthopaedicsNanfang Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Minjun Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center for Orthopedic SurgeryThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Academy of Orthopaedics·Guangdong ProvinceGuangzhouGuangdongChina
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11
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He S, Zhou X, Yang G, Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Shao X, Liang T, Lv N, Chen J, Qian Z. Proteomic comparison between physiological degeneration and needle puncture model of disc generation disease. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2022; 31:2920-2934. [PMID: 35842490 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-022-07284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The completeness of the intervertebral disc proteome is fundamental to the integrity and functionality of the intervertebral disc. METHODS The 20 experimental rats were placed into two groups randomly, normal group (NG) and acupuncture pathological degeneration group-2 weeks (APDG-2w). The ten 24-month-old rats were grouped into physiological degeneration group (PDG). Magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray examination, histological staining (hematoxylin & eosin, safranin-O cartilage, and alcian blue staining), and immunohistochemical examination were carried out for assessing the degree of disc degradation. Intervertebral disc was collected, and protein composition was determined by LC- MS, followed by bioinformatic analysis including significance analysis, subcellular localization prediction, protein domain prediction, GO function and KEGG pathway analysis, and protein interaction network construction. LC-PRM was done for protein quantification. RESULTS Physiological degeneration and especially needle puncture decreased T2 signal intensity and intervertebral disc height. Results from hematoxylin & eosin, safranin-O, and alcian blue staining revealed that the annulus fibrosus apparently showed the wavy and collapsed fibrocartilage lamellas in APDG-2w and PDG groups. The contents of the nucleus pulposus were decreased in physiological degeneration group and APDG-2w group compared with NG. Results from immunohistochemical analysis suggested the degeneration of intervertebral disc and inflammation in APDG-2w and PDG groups. The protein composition and expression between needle puncture rat models and the physiological degeneration group showed significant difference. CONCLUSIONS Our studies produced point-reference datasets of normal rats, physiological degeneration rats, and needle puncture rat models, which is beneficial to subsequent pathological studies. There is differential expression of protein expression in degenerative discs with aging and acupuncture, which may be used as a potential discriminating index for different intervertebral degenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjun He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Danyang Hospital of Nantong University, The People's Hospital of Danyang, Xinmin Road 2, Danyang, Zhenjiang, 212300, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinfeng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guotao Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Danyang Hospital of Nantong University, The People's Hospital of Danyang, Xinmin Road 2, Danyang, Zhenjiang, 212300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhangzhe Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yijian Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nanning Lv
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, 41 Hailian Street, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jianhong Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Danyang Hospital of Nantong University, The People's Hospital of Danyang, Xinmin Road 2, Danyang, Zhenjiang, 212300, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhonglai Qian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
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12
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Li XC, Luo SJ, Fan W, Zhou TL, Huang CM, Wang MS. M2 macrophage-conditioned medium inhibits intervertebral disc degeneration in a tumor necrosis factor-α-rich environment. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:2488-2501. [PMID: 35170802 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is the primary pathological phenomenon associated with disc degeneration; the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) plays a crucial role in this pathology. The anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects of M2 macrophages on nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) in intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) progression remain unknown. Here, M2 conditioned medium (M2CM) was harvested and purified from human acute monocytic leukaemia cell line (THP-1) cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages, respectively; it was used for culturing human NPCs and a mouse intervertebral disc (IVD) organ culture model. NPCs and IVD organ models were divided into three groups: group 1 treated with 10% fetal bovine serum (control); group 2 treated with 10 ng/ml TNF-α; and group 3 treated with 10 ng/ml TNF-α and M2CM (coculture group). After 2-14 days, cell proliferation, extracellular matrix synthesis, apoptosis, and NPC senescence were assessed. Cell proliferation was reduced in TNF-α-treated NPCs and inhibited in the M2CM co-culture treatment. Moreover, TNF-α treatment enhanced apoptosis, senescence, and expression of inflammatory factor-related genes, including interleukin-6, MMP-13, ADAMTS-4, and ADAMTS-5, whereas M2CM coculture significantly reversed these effects. In addition, co-culture with M2CM promoted aggrecan and collagen II synthesis, but reduced collagen Iα1 levels in TNF-α treatment groups. Using our established three-dimensional murine IVD organ culture model, we show that M2CM suppressed the inhibitory effect of TNF-α-rich environment. Therefore, co-culture with M2CM promotes cell proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis and inhibits inflammation, apoptosis, and NPC senescence. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of M2CM for IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Chuan Li
- Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base of Gaozhou People's Hospital, Gaozhou People's Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong, China.,Department of Cell Biology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gaozhou People's Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao-Jian Luo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gaozhou People's Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Wu Fan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gaozhou People's Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Tian-Li Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gaozhou People's Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base of Gaozhou People's Hospital, Gaozhou People's Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gaozhou People's Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Mao-Sheng Wang
- Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base of Gaozhou People's Hospital, Gaozhou People's Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong, China.,Department of Cell Biology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Du J, Garcia JP, Bach FC, Tellegen AR, Grad S, Li Z, Castelein RM, Meij BP, Tryfonidou MA, Creemers LB. Intradiscal injection of human recombinant BMP-4 does not reverse intervertebral disc degeneration induced by nuclectomy in sheep. J Orthop Translat 2022; 37:23-36. [PMID: 36196149 PMCID: PMC9513727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Results Conclusion The Translational Potential of This Article
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Contrast-enhanced microCT evaluation of degeneration following partial and full width injuries to the mouse lumbar intervertebral disc. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15555. [PMID: 36114343 PMCID: PMC9481554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19487-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A targeted injury to the mouse intervertebral disc (IVD) is often used to recapitulate the degenerative cascade of the human pathology. Since injuries can vary in magnitude and localization, it is critical to examine the effects of different injuries on IVD degeneration. We thus evaluated the degenerative progression resulting from either a partial- or full-width injury to the mouse lumbar IVD using contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography and histological analyses. A lateral-retroperitoneal surgical approach was used to access the lumbar IVD, and the injuries to the IVD were produced by either incising one side of the annulus fibrosus or puncturing both sides of the annulus fibrosus. Female C57BL/6J mice of 3–4 months age were used in this study. They were divided into three groups to undergo partial-width, full-width, or sham injuries. The L5/6 and L6/S1 lumbar IVDs were surgically exposed, and then the L6/S1 IVDs were injured using either a surgical scalpel (partial-width) or a 33G needle (full-width), with the L5/6 serving as an internal control. These animals recovered and then euthanized at either 2-, 4-, or 8-weeks after surgery for evaluation. The IVDs were assessed for degeneration using contrast-enhanced microCT (CEµCT) and histological analysis. The high-resolution 3D CEµCT evaluation of the IVD confirmed that the respective injuries were localized within one side of the annulus fibrosus or spanned the full width of the IVD. The full-width injury caused significant deteriorations in the nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrous and at the interfaces after 2 weeks, which was sustained through the 8 weeks, while the partial width injury caused localized disruptions that remained limited to the annulus fibrosus. The use of CEµCT revealed distinct IVD degeneration profiles resulting from partial- and full-width injuries. The partial width injury may serve as an alternative model for IVD degeneration resulting from localized annulus fibrosus injuries.
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Tang SN, Walter BA, Heimann MK, Gantt CC, Khan SN, Kokiko-Cochran ON, Askwith CC, Purmessur D. In vivo Mouse Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Models and Their Utility as Translational Models of Clinical Discogenic Back Pain: A Comparative Review. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:894651. [PMID: 35812017 PMCID: PMC9261914 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.894651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain is a leading cause of disability worldwide and studies have demonstrated intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration as a major risk factor. While many in vitro models have been developed and used to study IVD pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies, the etiology of IVD degeneration is a complex multifactorial process involving crosstalk of nearby tissues and systemic effects. Thus, the use of appropriate in vivo models is necessary to fully understand the associated molecular, structural, and functional changes and how they relate to pain. Mouse models have been widely adopted due to accessibility and ease of genetic manipulation compared to other animal models. Despite their small size, mice lumbar discs demonstrate significant similarities to the human IVD in terms of geometry, structure, and mechanical properties. While several different mouse models of IVD degeneration exist, greater standardization of the methods for inducing degeneration and the development of a consistent set of output measurements could allow mouse models to become a stronger tool for clinical translation. This article reviews current mouse models of IVD degeneration in the context of clinical translation and highlights a critical set of output measurements for studying disease pathology or screening regenerative therapies with an emphasis on pain phenotyping. First, we summarized and categorized these models into genetic, age-related, and mechanically induced. Then, the outcome parameters assessed in these models are compared including, molecular, cellular, functional/structural, and pain assessments for both evoked and spontaneous pain. These comparisons highlight a set of potential key parameters that can be used to validate the model and inform its utility to screen potential therapies for IVD degeneration and their translation to the human condition. As treatment of symptomatic pain is important, this review provides an emphasis on critical pain-like behavior assessments in mice and explores current behavioral assessments relevant to discogenic back pain. Overall, the specific research question was determined to be essential to identify the relevant model with histological staining, imaging, extracellular matrix composition, mechanics, and pain as critical parameters for assessing degeneration and regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley N. Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Walter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mary K. Heimann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Connor C. Gantt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Safdar N. Khan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Olga N. Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Candice C. Askwith
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Devina Purmessur
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Devina Purmessur ;
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Bergmann W, de Lest CV, Plomp S, Vernooij JCM, Wijnberg ID, Back W, Gröne A, Delany MW, Caliskan N, Tryfonidou MA, Grinwis GCM. Intervertebral disc degeneration in warmblood horses: Histological and biochemical characterization. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:284-298. [PMID: 35291907 PMCID: PMC8928235 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211067463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gross morphology of healthy and degenerated intervertebral discs (IVDs) is largely similar in horses as in dogs and humans. For further comparison, the biochemical composition and the histological and biochemical changes with age and degeneration were analyzed in 41 warmblood horses. From 33 horses, 139 discs and 2 fetal vertebral columns were evaluated and scored histologically. From 13 horses, 73 IVDs were assessed for hydration, DNA, glycosaminoglycans, total collagen, hydroxyl-lysyl-pyridinoline, hydroxylysine, and advanced glycation end-product (AGE) content. From 7 horses, 20 discs were assessed for aggrecan, fibronectin, and collagen type 1 and 2 content. Histologically, tearing of the nucleus pulposus (NP) and cervical annulus fibrosus (AF), and total histological score (tearing and vascular proliferation of the AF, and chondroid metaplasia, chondrocyte-like cell proliferation, presence of notochordal cells, matrix staining, and tearing of the NP) correlated with gross degeneration. Notochordal cells were not seen in IVDs of horses. Age and gross degeneration were positively correlated with AGEs and a fibrotic phenotype, explaining gross degenerative changes. In contrast to dogs and humans, there was no consistent difference in glycosaminoglycan content and hydration between AF and NP, nor decrease of these variables with age or degeneration. Hydroxylysine decrease and collagen 1 and AGEs increase were most prominent in the NP, suggesting degeneration started in the AP. In caudal cervical NPs, AGE deposition was significantly increased in grossly normal IVDs and total collagen significantly increased with age, suggesting increased biomechanical stress and likelihood for spinal disease in this part of the vertebral column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelmina Bergmann
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris van de Lest
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Plomp
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes C. M. Vernooij
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge D. Wijnberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Back
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Andrea Gröne
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark W. Delany
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nermin Caliskan
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Current address: Diergezondheidszorg Vlaanderen (DGZ), Torhout, Belgium
| | - Marianna A. Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guy C. M. Grinwis
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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The Upregulation of COX2 in Human Degenerated Nucleus Pulposus: The Association of Inflammation with Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:2933199. [PMID: 34707460 PMCID: PMC8545564 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2933199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is an important risk factor of low back pain. We previously found upregulated markers of fibrosis, the late stage of chronic inflammation, in degenerated IVD with a small number of clinical specimens. Here, we aimed to study on a larger scale the association of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), an inflammation and/or pain marker, with IVDD. This study involved 107 LBP participants. The IVD degeneration level was graded on a 1–5 scale according to the Pfirrmann classification system. Discs at grades 1-3 were further grouped as white discs with grades 4-5 as black discs. We recorded baseline information about age, gender, body mass index (BMI), diabetes history, smoking history, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Their association with IVDD was statistically analyzed. The expression level of COX2 was investigated by immunohistochemistry. The total integrated COX2 optical density (IOD), number of COX2-positive cells, and total cell number of each image were counted and analyzed by Image-Pro Plus software. The IOD and number of COX2-positive cells were divided by the total cell number to obtain COX2 expression density (IOD/cell) and COX2 positivity (cell+/cell). As a result, among the baseline information investigated, only age was found to have a significant association with IVDD. The IOD/cell was found to be significantly increased from grade 2 to grade 5, as well as in black discs compared to white discs. The cell+/cell displayed the same trend that it increased in highly degenerative discs compared to their counterparts. In conclusion, the expression of COX2 is associated with IVDD, which highlights COX2 as a biomarker for IVD degeneration and indicates the involvement of inflammation and pain signaling in IVDD.
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18
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Panebianco CJ, Dave A, Charytonowicz D, Sebra R, Iatridis JC. Single-cell RNA-sequencing atlas of bovine caudal intervertebral discs: Discovery of heterogeneous cell populations with distinct roles in homeostasis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21919. [PMID: 34591994 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101149r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Back and neck pain are significant healthcare burdens that are commonly associated with pathologies of the intervertebral disc (IVD). The poor understanding of the cellular heterogeneity within the IVD makes it difficult to develop regenerative IVD therapies. To address this gap, we developed an atlas of bovine (Bos taurus) caudal IVDs using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq). Unsupervised clustering resolved 15 unique clusters, which we grouped into the following annotated partitions: nucleus pulposus (NP), outer annulus fibrosus (oAF), inner AF (iAF), notochord, muscle, endothelial, and immune cells. Analyzing the pooled gene expression profiles of the NP, oAF, and iAF partitions allowed us to identify novel markers for NP (CP, S100B, H2AC18, SNORC, CRELD2, PDIA4, DNAJC3, CHCHD7, and RCN2), oAF (IGFBP6, CTSK, LGALS1, and CCN3), and iAF (MGP, COMP, SPP1, GSN, SOD2, DCN, FN1, TIMP3, WDR73, and GAL) cells. Network analysis on subpopulations of NP and oAF cells determined that clusters NP1, NP2, NP4, and oAF1 displayed gene expression profiles consistent with cell survival, suggesting these clusters may uniquely support viability under the physiological stresses of the IVD. Clusters NP3, NP5, oAF2, and oAF3 expressed various extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated genes, suggesting their role in maintaining IVD structure. Lastly, transcriptional entropy and pseudotime analyses found that clusters NP3 and NP1 had the most stem-like gene expression signatures of the NP partition, implying these clusters may contain IVD progenitor cells. Overall, results highlight cell type diversity within the IVD, and these novel cell phenotypes may enhance our understanding of IVD development, homeostasis, degeneration, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Panebianco
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Arpit Dave
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Charytonowicz
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomics Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture, Stamford, Connecticut, USA
| | - James C Iatridis
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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MicroRNA-338-3p as a novel therapeutic target for intervertebral disc degeneration. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1356-1365. [PMID: 34531509 PMCID: PMC8492655 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the pivotal role played by microRNAs (miRNAs) in the etiopathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). The study of miRNA intervention in IDD models may promote the advancement of miRNA-based therapeutic strategies. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether intradiscal delivery of miRNA can attenuate IDD development. Our results showed that miR-338-3p expression was significantly increased in the nucleus pulposus (NP) of patients with IDD. Moreover, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the expression level of miR-338-3p and the severity of IDD. Our functional studies showed that miR-338-3p significantly influenced the expression of extracellular matrix synthesis genes, as well as the proliferation and apoptosis of NP cells. Mechanistically, miR-338-3p aggravated IDD progression by directly targeting SIRT6, a negative regulator of the MAPK/ERK pathway. Intradiscal injection of antagomir-338-3p significantly decelerated IDD development in mouse models. Our study is the first to identify miR-338-3p as a mediator of IDD and thus may be a promising target for rescuing IDD.
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20
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Yokozeki Y, Uchida K, Kawakubo A, Nakawaki M, Okubo T, Miyagi M, Inoue G, Itakura M, Sekiguchi H, Takaso M. TGF-β regulates nerve growth factor expression in a mouse intervertebral disc injury model. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:634. [PMID: 34301215 PMCID: PMC8299674 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04509-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a major cause of low back pain (LBP). Following disc injury, nerve growth factor (NGF) concentrations rise in IVDs, and anti-NGF therapy has been shown to attenuate LBP in humans. Increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in degenerative IVDs and in in vitro studies suggest that these factors promote NGF production. However, whether these factors regulate NGF in vivo remains unclear. Thus, we studied NGF regulation in a mouse model of IVD injury. Methods After inducing IVD injury, we examined mRNA levels of Tnfa, Tgfb, and Ngf in IVDs from control and IVD-injured mice across 7 days. To do this, we used magnetic cell separation to isolate CD11b ( +) (macrophage-rich) and CD11b (-) (IVD cell-rich) cell fractions from injured IVDs. To study the effect of TNF-α on Ngf expression, we examined Ngf expression in injured IVDs from C57BL/6 J and Tnfa-knockout (KO) mice (C57BL/6 J background). To study the effect of TGF-β on Ngf expression, C57/BL6J mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of either the TGF-β inhibitor SB431542 or DMSO solution (vehicle) one and two days before harvesting IVDs. Results mRNA expression of Tnfa, Tgfb, and Ngf was significantly increased in injured IVDs. Tnfa was predominantly expressed in the CD11b ( +) fraction, and Tgfb in the CD11b (-) fraction. Ngf expression was comparable between CD11b ( +) and CD11b (-) fractions, and between wild-type and Tnfa-KO mice at post-injury day (PID) 1, 3, and 7. SB431542 suppressed TGF-β-mediated Ngf expression and NGF production in vitro. Further, administration of SB431542 significantly reduced Ngf expression in IVDs such that levels were below those observed in vehicle-treated animals at PID3 and PID7. Conclusion A TGF-β inhibitor reduced Ngf expression in a mouse model of IVD injury, suggesting that TGF-β may regulate NGF expression in vivo. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12891-021-04509-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Yokozeki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uchida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan. .,Shonan University of Medical Sciences Research Institute, Nishikubo 500, Chigasaki City, Kanagawa, 253-0083, Japan.
| | - Ayumu Kawakubo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsufumi Nakawaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okubo
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miyagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Gen Inoue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Itakura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sekiguchi
- Shonan University of Medical Sciences Research Institute, Nishikubo 500, Chigasaki City, Kanagawa, 253-0083, Japan
| | - Masashi Takaso
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
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21
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Kong M, Zhang Y, Song M, Cong W, Gao C, Zhang J, Han S, Tu Q, Ma X. Myocardin‑related transcription factor A nuclear translocation contributes to mechanical overload‑induced nucleus pulposus fibrosis in rats with intervertebral disc degeneration. Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:123. [PMID: 33982787 PMCID: PMC8121555 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that the Ras homolog family member A (RhoA)/myocardin‑related transcription factor A (MRTF‑A) nuclear translocation axis positively regulates fibrogenesis induced by mechanical forces in various organ systems. The aim of the present study was to determine whether this signaling pathway was involved in the pathogenesis of nucleus pulposus (NP) fibrosis induced by mechanical overload during the progression of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) and to confirm the alleviating effect of an MRTF‑A inhibitor in the treatment of IVDD. NP cells (NPCs) were cultured on substrates of different stiffness (2.9 and 41.7 KPa), which mimicked normal and overloaded microenvironments, and were treated with an inhibitor of MRTF‑A nuclear import, CCG‑1423. In addition, bipedal rats were established by clipping the forelimbs of rats at 1 month and gradually elevating the feeding trough, and in order to establish a long‑term overload‑induced model of IVDD, and their intervertebral discs were injected with CCG‑1423 in situ. Cell viability was determined by Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay, and protein expression was determined by western blotting, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining. The results demonstrated that the viability of NPCs was not affected by the application of force or the inhibitor. In NPCs cultured on stiff matrices, MRTF‑A was mostly localized in the nucleus, and the expression levels of fibrotic proteins, including type I collagen, connective tissue growth factor and α‑smooth muscle cell actin, were upregulated compared with those in NPCs cultured on soft matrices. The levels of these proteins were reduced by CCG‑1423 treatment. In rats, 6 months of upright posture activated MRTF‑A nuclear‑cytoplasmic trafficking and fibrogenesis in the NP and induced IVDD; these effects were alleviated by CCG‑1423 treatment. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that the RhoA/MRTF‑A translocation pathway may promote mechanical overload‑induced fibrogenic activity in NP tissue and partially elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying the occurrence of IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Kong
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qing'dao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Yiran Zhang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qing'dao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Mengxiong Song
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qing'dao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Cong
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qing'dao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Changtong Gao
- Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qing'dao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Jiajun Zhang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qing'dao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Han
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qing'dao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Qihao Tu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qing'dao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Xuexiao Ma
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qing'dao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
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22
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Wei Y, Tian Z, Tower RJ, Gullbrand S, Yao L, Shetye SS, Mauck RL, Qin L, Zhang Y. The Inner Annulus Fibrosus Encroaches on the Nucleus Pulposus in the Injured Mouse Tail Intervertebral Disc. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2021; 100:450-457. [PMID: 32858534 PMCID: PMC8121249 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to identify the source of cells within the center of the abnormal fibrocartilage tissue of the degenerative intervertebral disc after injury. DESIGN Cross-breeding of mice with an inducible type II promoter collagen construct (Col2CreER) to Rosa26-TdTomato mice has been shown to result in Cre-recombinase activity and Tomato expression in inner annulus fibrosus cells after tamoxifen injection. To investigate the role of the inner annulus fibrosus in the intervertebral disc injury response, tail intervertebral discs of Col2CreER/tdTomato mice were punctured with a needle and examined 1-4 wks after injury. N-cadherin was examined by immunostaining. RESULTS After the injury, the fibrocartilage in the degenerative intervertebral disc consisted of residual diseased nucleus pulposus cells and encroaching inner annulus fibrosus cells. The residual nucleus pulposus cells had lost their epithelial cell-like morphology and instead became oval shaped, with reduced adhesion to neighboring nucleus pulposus cells. This change in cellular morphology coincided with a loss of N-cadherin, which contributes to maintenance of healthy nucleus pulposus cell morphology. As expected, injured tail intervertebral discs showed reduced compressive properties as determined by biomechanical assessments. CONCLUSIONS The cellular composition of the degenerative intervertebral disc has been defined here, which is an important step in developing future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zuozhen Tian
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Robert J. Tower
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah Gullbrand
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center (TMRC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lutian Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Orthopaedics/Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Snehal S. Shetye
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Robert L. Mauck
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center (TMRC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Yejia Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center (TMRC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
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Follistatin-Like 1 Attenuation Suppresses Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in Mice through Interacting with TNF- α and Smad Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6640751. [PMID: 33936382 PMCID: PMC8055391 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6640751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Inflammation plays an important role in intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). The protein follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) plays a proinflammatory role in a variety of inflammatory diseases. Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate whether IDD could be delayed by inhibiting FSTL-1 expression. Methods We established a puncture-induced IDD model in wild-type and FSTL-1+/- mice and collected intervertebral discs (IVDs) from the mice. Safranin O staining was used to detect cartilage loss of IVD tissue, and HE staining was used to detect morphological changes of IVD tissue. We measured the expression of FSTL-1 and related inflammatory indicators in IVD tissues by immunohistochemical staining, real-time PCR, and Western blotting. Results In the age-induced model of IDD, the level of FSTL-1 increased with the exacerbation of degeneration. In the puncture-induced IDD model, FSTL-1-knockdown mice showed a reduced degree of degeneration compared with that of wild-type mice. Further experiments showed that FSTL-1 knockdown also significantly reduced the level of related inflammatory factors in IVD. In vitro experiments showed that FSTL-1 knockdown significantly reduced TNF-α-induced inflammation. Specifically, the expression levels of the inflammatory factors COX-2, iNOS, MMP-13, and ADAMTS-5 were reduced. Knockdown of FSTL-1 attenuated inflammation by inhibiting the expression of P-Smad1/5/8, P-Erk1/2, and P-P65. Conclusion Knockdown of FSTL-1 attenuated inflammation by inhibiting the TNF-α response and Smad pathway activity and ultimately delayed IDD.
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24
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Guerrero J, Häckel S, Croft AS, Albers CE, Gantenbein B. The effects of 3D culture on the expansion and maintenance of nucleus pulposus progenitor cell multipotency. JOR Spine 2021; 4:e1131. [PMID: 33778405 PMCID: PMC7984018 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low back pain (LBP) is a global health concern. Increasing evidence implicates intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration as a major contributor. In this respect, tissue-specific progenitors may play a crucial role in tissue regeneration, as these cells are perfectly adapted to their niche. Recently, a novel progenitor cell population was described in the nucleus pulposus (NP) that is positive for Tie2 marker. These cells have self-renewal capacity and in vitro multipotency potential. However, extremely low numbers of the NP progenitors limit the feasibility of cell therapy strategies. OBJECTIVE Here, we studied the influence of the culture method and of the microenvironment on the proliferation rate and the differentiation potential of human NP progenitors in vitro. METHOD Cells were obtained from human NP tissue from trauma patients. Briefly, the NP tissue cells were cultured in two-dimensional (2D) (monolayer) or three-dimensional (3D) (alginate beads) conditions. After 1 week, cells from 2D or 3D culture were expanded on fibronectin-coated flasks. Subsequently, expanded NP cells were then characterized by cytometry and tri-lineage differentiation, which was analyzed by qPCR and histology. Moreover, experiments using Tie2+ and Tie2- NP cells were also performed. RESULTS The present study aims to demonstrate that 3D expansion of NP cells better preserves the Tie2+ cell populations and increases the chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential compared to 2D expansion. Moreover, the cell sorting experiments reveal that only Tie2+ cells were able to maintain the pluripotent gene expression if cultured in 3D within alginate beads. Therefore, our results highly suggest that the maintenance of the cell's multipotency is mainly, but not exclusively, due to the higher presence of Tie2+ cells due to 3D culture. CONCLUSION This project not only might have a scientific impact by evaluating the influence of a two-step expansion protocol on the functionality of NP progenitors, but it could also lead to an innovative clinical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Guerrero
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics & Mechanobiology, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR) of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of BernUniversity of BernSwitzerland
| | - Sonja Häckel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, InselspitalBern University HospitalBernSwitzerland
| | - Andreas S. Croft
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics & Mechanobiology, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR) of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of BernUniversity of BernSwitzerland
| | - Christoph E. Albers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, InselspitalBern University HospitalBernSwitzerland
| | - Benjamin Gantenbein
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics & Mechanobiology, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR) of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of BernUniversity of BernSwitzerland
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, InselspitalBern University HospitalBernSwitzerland
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25
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Lyu FJ, Cui H, Pan H, MC Cheung K, Cao X, Iatridis JC, Zheng Z. Painful intervertebral disc degeneration and inflammation: from laboratory evidence to clinical interventions. Bone Res 2021; 9:7. [PMID: 33514693 PMCID: PMC7846842 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-00125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP), as a leading cause of disability, is a common musculoskeletal disorder that results in major social and economic burdens. Recent research has identified inflammation and related signaling pathways as important factors in the onset and progression of disc degeneration, a significant contributor to LBP. Inflammatory mediators also play an indispensable role in discogenic LBP. The suppression of LBP is a primary goal of clinical practice but has not received enough attention in disc research studies. Here, an overview of the advances in inflammation-related pain in disc degeneration is provided, with a discussion on the role of inflammation in IVD degeneration and pain induction. Puncture models, mechanical models, and spontaneous models as the main animal models to study painful disc degeneration are discussed, and the underlying signaling pathways are summarized. Furthermore, potential drug candidates, either under laboratory investigation or undergoing clinical trials, to suppress discogenic LBP by eliminating inflammation are explored. We hope to attract more research interest to address inflammation and pain in IDD and contribute to promoting more translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Juan Lyu
- grid.79703.3a0000 0004 1764 3838School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haowen Cui
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hehai Pan
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XBreast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kenneth MC Cheung
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Xu Cao
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - James C. Iatridis
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Zhaomin Zheng
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XPain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Serjeant M, Moon PM, Quinonez D, Penuela S, Beier F, Séguin CA. The Role of Panx3 in Age-Associated and Injury-Induced Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031080. [PMID: 33499145 PMCID: PMC7865929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pannexin 3 (Panx3) is a mechanosensitive, channel-forming glycoprotein implicated in the progression of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Despite evidence for Panx3 expression in the intervertebral disc (IVD), its function in this cartilaginous joint structure remained unknown. Using Panx3 knockout mice, this study investigated the role of Panx3 in age-associated IVD degeneration and degeneration induced by annulus fibrosus (AF) needle puncture. Loss of Panx3 did not significantly impact the progression of age-associated histopathological IVD degeneration; however, loss of Panx3 was associated with decreased gene expression of Acan, Col1a1, Mmp13 and Runx2 and altered localization of COLX in the IVD at 19 months-of-age. Following IVD injury in the caudal spine, histological analysis of wild-type mice revealed clusters of hypertrophic cells in the AF associated with increased pericellular proteoglycan accumulation, disruptions in lamellar organization and increased lamellar thickness. In Panx3 knockout mice, hypertrophic AF cells were rarely detected and AF structure was largely preserved post-injury. Interestingly, uninjured IVDs adjacent to the site of injury more frequently showed evidence of early nucleus pulposus degeneration in Panx3 knockout mice but remained healthy in wild-type mice. These findings suggest a role for Panx3 in mediating the adaptive cellular responses to altered mechanical stress in the IVD, which may buffer aberrant loads transferred to adjacent motion segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan Serjeant
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (M.S.); (P.M.M.); (D.Q.); (F.B.)
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
| | - Paxton M. Moon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (M.S.); (P.M.M.); (D.Q.); (F.B.)
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
| | - Diana Quinonez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (M.S.); (P.M.M.); (D.Q.); (F.B.)
| | - Silvia Penuela
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Frank Beier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (M.S.); (P.M.M.); (D.Q.); (F.B.)
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
| | - Cheryle A. Séguin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (M.S.); (P.M.M.); (D.Q.); (F.B.)
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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Zhang Y, Tian Z, Gerard D, Yao L, Shofer FS, Cs-Szabo G, Qin L, Pacifici M, Enomoto-Iwamoto M. Elevated inflammatory gene expression in intervertebral disc tissues in mice with ADAM8 inactivated. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1804. [PMID: 33469101 PMCID: PMC7815795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81495-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We found ADAM8 enzymatic activity elevated in degenerative human intervertebral disc (IVD). Here, we examined the discs in ADAM8-inactivation mice that carry a mutation preventing self-activation of the enzyme. Surprisingly, elevated gene expression for inflammatory markers (Cxcl1, IL6) was observed in injured discs of ADAM8 mutant mice, along with elevated expression of type 2 collagen gene (Col2a1), compared with wild type controls. Injured annulus fibrosus of mutant and wild type mice contained a higher proportion of large collagen fibers compared with intact discs, as documented by microscopic examination under circular polarized light. In the intact IVDs, Adam8EQ mouse AF contained lower proportion of yellow (intermediate) fiber than WT mice. This suggests that ADAM8 may regulate inflammation and collagen fiber assembly. The seemingly contradictory findings of elevated inflammatory markers in mutant mice and excessive ADAM8 activity in human degenerative discs suggest that ADAM8 may interact with other enzymatic and pro-inflammatory processes needed for tissue maintenance and repair. As a future therapeutic intervention to retard intervertebral disc degeneration, partial inhibition of ADAM8 proteolysis may be more desirable than complete inactivation of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejia Zhang
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center (TMRC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Zuozhen Tian
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - David Gerard
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lutian Yao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics/Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Frances S Shofer
- Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Gabriella Cs-Szabo
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
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A novel in vivo mouse intervertebral disc degeneration model induced by compressive suture. Exp Cell Res 2020; 398:112359. [PMID: 33221315 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is the root cause of many musculoskeletal disorders of the spine. However, the etiology of IDD is complex and still not well understood. Animal models of IDD would be useful in deciphering the underlying mechanisms. But the existing animal models have their limitations. Therefore, to establish a novel mouse model that can simulate the human IDD process in vivo, we proposed to carefully circumcise the 2 mm-wide tail skin and then compressively sutured the defect with a simple end-to-end suture to exert excessive pressure on the disc. After 1-week, 2-week, and 4-week compression, the mice were sacrificed and the intervertebral discs were harvested for tissue analysis. The radiological, morphological, and molecular modifications of intervertebral discs were measured to characterize this model. Radiologically, the water content of the intervertebral disc decreased significantly after 2-week compression. Morphologically, the nucleus pulposus showed a decrease in volume and the number of notochordal cells. The compressive suture also broke the balance between anabolic and catabolic enzymes in nucleus pulposus, which led to the remodeling of the extracellular matrix in nucleus pulposus as the content of aggrecan and collagen II decreased. The compressive suture could induce intervertebral discs degeneration in a more reasonable way, which was solely influenced by mechanical loading, as the mice caudal vertebrae still moved freely after the operation. This kind of animal model could be adapted as a reliable in vivo mouse IDD model for the research regarding the etiology and treatments of IDD.
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Au TYK, Lam T, Peng Y, Wynn SL, Cheung KMC, Cheah KSE, Leung VYL. Transformation of resident notochord-descendent nucleus pulposus cells in mouse injury-induced fibrotic intervertebral discs. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13254. [PMID: 33084203 PMCID: PMC7681061 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), a major cause of low back pain, occurs with ageing. The core of the intervertebral disc, the nucleus pulposus (NP), embedded in a proteoglycan‐rich and gelatinous matrix, is derived from the embryonic notochord. With IDD, the NP becomes fibrous, containing fewer cells, which are fibroblastic and of unknown origin. Here, we used a lineage tracing strategy to investigate the origin of cells in the NP in injury‐induced mouse IDD. We established a Foxa2 notochord‐specific enhancer‐driven Cre transgenic mouse model (Foxa2mNE‐Cre) that acts only in the embryonic to foetal period up to E14.5, to genetically label notochord cells with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). When this mouse is crossed to one carrying a Cre recombinase reporter, Z/EG, EGFP‐labelled NP cells are present even at 2 years of age, consistent with their notochordal origin. We induced tail IDD in Foxa2mNE‐Cre; Z/EG mice by annulus puncture and observed the degenerative changes for 12 weeks. Soon after puncture, EGFP‐labelled NP cells showed strong Col2a1+ expression unlike uninjured control NP. Later, accompanying fibrotic changes, EGFP‐positive NP cells expressed fibroblastic and myofibroblastic markers such as Col1a1, ASMA, FAPA and FSP‐1. The number of EGFP+ cells co‐expressing the fibroblastic markers increased with time after puncture. Our findings suggest resident NP cells initially upregulate Col2a1+ and later transform into fibroblast‐like cells during injury‐mediated disc degeneration and remodelling. This important discovery concerning the cellular origin of fibrotic pathology in injury‐induced IDD has implications for management in disease and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Y. K. Au
- School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
- Centre for Reproduction Development, and Growth Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - To‐Kam Lam
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Sarah L. Wynn
- School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Kenneth M. C. Cheung
- Centre for Reproduction Development, and Growth Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Kathryn S. E. Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
- Centre for Reproduction Development, and Growth Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Victor Y. L. Leung
- Centre for Reproduction Development, and Growth Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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Cauble MA, Mancini NS, Kalinowski J, Lykotrafitis G, Moss IL. Atomic force microscopy imaging for nanoscale and microscale assessments of extracellular matrix in intervertebral disc and degeneration. JOR Spine 2020; 3:e1125. [PMID: 33015582 PMCID: PMC7524250 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD) is a condition that is often associated with debilitating back pain. There are no disease-modifying treatments available to halt the progression of this ubiquitous disorder. This is partly due to a lack of understanding of extracellular matrix (ECM) changes that occur at the micro- and nanometer size scales as the disease progresses. Over the past decade, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been utilized as a tool to investigate the impact of disease on nanoscale structure of ECM in bone, skin, tendon, and dentin. We have expanded this methodology to include the IVD and report the first quantitative analysis of ECM structure at submicron size scales in a murine model for progressive IVD degeneration. Collagen D-spacing, a metric of nanoscale structure at the fibril level, was observed as a distribution of values with an overall average value of 62.5 ± 2.5 nm. In degenerative discs, the fibril D-spacing distribution shifted towards higher values in both the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus (NP) (P < .05). A novel microstructural feature, collagen toroids, defined by a topographical pit enclosed by fibril-forming matrix was observed in the NP. With degeneration, these microstructures became more numerous and the morphology was altered from circular (aspect ratio 1.0 ± 0.1) to oval (aspect ratio 1.5 ± 0.4), P < .005. These analyses provide ECM structural details of the IVD at size scales that have historically been missing in studies of disc degeneration. Knowledge gained from these insights may aid the development of novel disease-modifying therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan A Cauble
- UConn Health Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Musculoskeletal Institute Farmington Connecticut USA
| | - Nickolas S Mancini
- UConn Health Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Musculoskeletal Institute Farmington Connecticut USA
| | - Judith Kalinowski
- UConn Health Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Musculoskeletal Institute Farmington Connecticut USA
| | - George Lykotrafitis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut USA
| | - Isaac L Moss
- UConn Health Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Musculoskeletal Institute Farmington Connecticut USA
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Veras MA, Lim YJ, Kuljanin M, Lajoie GA, Urquhart BL, Séguin CA. Protocol for parallel proteomic and metabolomic analysis of mouse intervertebral disc tissues. JOR Spine 2020; 3:e1099. [PMID: 33015574 PMCID: PMC7524214 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The comprehensiveness of data collected by "omics" modalities has demonstrated the ability to drastically transform our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of chronic, complex diseases such as musculoskeletal pathologies, how biomarkers are identified, and how therapeutic targets are developed. Standardization of protocols will enable comparisons between findings reported by multiple research groups and move the application of these technologies forward. Herein, we describe a protocol for parallel proteomic and metabolomic analysis of mouse intervertebral disc (IVD) tissues, building from the combined expertise of our collaborative team. This protocol covers dissection of murine IVD tissues, sample isolation, and data analysis for both proteomics and metabolomics applications. The protocol presented below was optimized to maximize the utility of a mouse model for "omics" applications, accounting for the challenges associated with the small starting quantity of sample due to small tissue size as well as the extracellular matrix-rich nature of the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Veras
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry The University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
- Bone and Joint Institute The University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Yong J Lim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry The University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Miljan Kuljanin
- Department of Cell Biology Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Gilles A Lajoie
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry The University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Bradley L Urquhart
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry The University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Cheryle A Séguin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry The University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
- Bone and Joint Institute The University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
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Zhang J, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Liu W, Ni W, Huang X, Yuan J, Zhao B, Xiao H, Xue F. Mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes ameliorate intervertebral disc degeneration through inhibiting pyroptosis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:11742-11754. [PMID: 32860495 PMCID: PMC7579702 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs)‐based therapies have shown a promised result for intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) treatment. However, its molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Exosomes involve cell‐cell communication via transference of its contents among different cells, and the present potential effect on cell death regulation. This study aimed to investigate the role of MSCs‐derived exosomes on IVDD formation. Here, we first found the NLRP3‐mediated nucleus pulposus cell (NP cell) pyroptosis was activated in the IVDD mice model and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced model. However, MSCs treatment could inhibit NP cell pyroptosis in vitro. We then isolated MSCs‐derived exosomes by differential centrifugation and identified the characteristics. Secondly, we investigated the function of MSCs‐derived exosomes on LPS‐induced NP cell pyroptosis. Finally, we presented evidence that MSCs‐derived exosomal miR‐410 was a crucial regulator of pyroptosis. Results showed that MSCs‐derived exosomes play an anti‐pyroptosis role by suppressing the NLRP3 pathway. Moreover, it suggested that this effect was attributed to miR‐410, which was derived from MSCs‐exosomes and could directly bind to NLRP3mRNA. In conclusion, for the first time, we demonstrated that MSCs‐exosome treatment may inhibit pyroptosis and could be a promising therapeutic strategy for IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital/Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieyuan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital/Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Ni
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital/Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital/Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital/Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Bizeng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haijun Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital/Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Xue
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital/Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Tian Z, Shofer FS, Yao L, Sun H, Zhang H, Qin L, Chen YH, Zhang Y. TNFAIP8 family gene expressions in the mouse tail intervertebral disc injury model. JOR Spine 2020; 3:e1093. [PMID: 32613168 PMCID: PMC7323467 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The TNF-α-induced protein-8 (TNFAIP8, also known as TIPE) family of molecules comprises four members: TNFAIP8 and TIPEs1-3. Since the first description of these proteins, their roles in fine-tuning inflammation and in directing leukocyte migration have been described in several organ systems. However, their relationship with intervertebral disc (IVD) is unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, we describe the expression of TNFAIP8 family genes in the nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF) of the normal adult murine IVD. We further describe the expression of these genes in the injured male and female murine IVD. RESULTS Tnfaip8 gene expression was decreased, and Tipe1 gene expression was essentially unchanged, in response to injury. Tipe2 and Tipe3 gene expression was markedly elevated in response to IVD injury, along with those encoding known inflammatory markers (ie, Tnfa, Il6, Cxcl1, and Adam8). Additionally, sex-related differences were also observed for some of these genes in intact and injured mouse IVDs. Future studies include examining tissue distribution of TNFAIP8 family proteins and identifying cells that produce them. In addition, examining mice that are deficient in TNFAIP8 molecules, in relation to gene expression, tissue morphology and mouse behavior, may further delineate the roles of these molecules in IVD inflammation and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuozhen Tian
- Department of Physical Medicine & RehabilitationUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Frances S. Shofer
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lutian Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Orthopaedics/Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, First Affiliated HospitalChina Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Honghong Sun
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Youhai H. Chen
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Yejia Zhang
- Department of Physical Medicine & RehabilitationUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center (TMRC)Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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Zhu G, Yang X, Peng C, Yu L, Hao Y. Exosomal miR-532-5p from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells reduce intervertebral disc degeneration by targeting RASSF5. Exp Cell Res 2020; 393:112109. [PMID: 32464126 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) has been found to be used as an effective therapy of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). However, the underlying mechanisms of BMSCs in the progress of IDD are not fully explained. In this study, we found that exosomes derived from BMSCs (BMSCs-Exos) inhibited the apoptotic rate, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, and fibrosis deposition in TNF-α-induced nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs). Importantly, the level of miR-532-5p was observed to be decreased in apoptotic NPCs, but abundant in BMSCs-Exos with TNF-α treatment. The results showed that BMSCs-Exos under TNF-α stimuli exerted better effects on NPCs than BMSCs-Exos, which might be mitigated by the inhibition of miR-532-5p in BMSCs-Exos. The gain-of-function results suggested that the direct overexpression of miR-532-5p in NPCs could inhibit TNF-α-induced increase of apoptotic process, activation of apoptotic proteins, imbalance of anabolism/catabolism levels, and accumulation of collagen I. In addition, RASSF5 was demonstrated to be a target of miR-532-5p. Knockdown of RASSF5 could decrease the apoptotic cells and reduce the activated apoptotic protein levels in TNF-α-induced NPCs. Overall, these data indicate that exosomes from BMSCs may suppress TNF-α-induced apoptosis, ECM degradation, and fibrosis deposition in NPCs through the delivery of miR-532-5p via targeting RASSF5. This work provides a promising therapeutic strategy for the progress of IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangduo Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Hao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China.
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Novais EJ, Tran VA, Miao J, Slaver K, Sinensky A, Dyment NA, Addya S, Szeri F, Wetering K, Shapiro IM, Risbud MV. Comparison of inbred mouse strains shows diverse phenotypic outcomes of intervertebral disc aging. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13148. [PMID: 32319726 PMCID: PMC7253061 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration presents a wide spectrum of clinically degenerative disc phenotypes; however, the contribution of genetic background to the degenerative outcomes has not been established. We characterized the spinal phenotype of 3 mouse strains with varying cartilage-regenerative potential at 6 and 23 months: C57BL/6, LG/J and SM/J. All strains showed different aging phenotypes. Importantly, LG/J mice showed an increased prevalence of dystrophic disc calcification in caudal discs with aging. Quantitative-histological analyses of LG/J and SM/J caudal discs evidenced accelerated degeneration compared to BL6, with cellular disorganization and cell loss together with fibrosis of the NP, respectively. Along with the higher grades of disc degeneration, SM/J, at 6M, also differed the most in terms of NP gene expression compared to other strains. Moreover, although we found common DEGs between BL6 and LG/J aging, most of them were divergent between the strains. Noteworthy, the common DEGs altered in both LG/J and BL6 aging were associated with inflammatory processes, response to stress, cell differentiation, cell metabolism and cell division. Results suggested that disc calcification in LG/J resulted from a dystrophic calcification process likely aggravated by cell death, matrix remodelling, changes in calcium/phosphate homeostasis and cell transformation. Lastly, we report 7 distinct phenotypes of human disc degeneration based on transcriptomic profiles, that presented similar pathways and DEGs found in aging mouse strains. Together, our results suggest that disc aging and degeneration depends on the genetic background and involves changes in various molecular pathways, which might help to explain the diverse phenotypes seen during disc disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel J. Novais
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Sidney Kimmel Medical College Philadelphia PA USA
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS) School of Medicine University of Minho Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga Portugal
| | - Victoria A. Tran
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Sidney Kimmel Medical College Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Jingya Miao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Sidney Kimmel Medical College Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Katie Slaver
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Sidney Kimmel Medical College Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Andrew Sinensky
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Sidney Kimmel Medical College Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Nathaniel A. Dyment
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Sankar Addya
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Flora Szeri
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
- The PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
- The Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Koen Wetering
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
- The PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
- The Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Irving M. Shapiro
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Sidney Kimmel Medical College Philadelphia PA USA
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Makarand V. Risbud
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Sidney Kimmel Medical College Philadelphia PA USA
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
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Brent JM, Tian Z, Shofer FS, Martin JT, Yao L, Acharte C, Chen YH, Qin L, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Zhang Y. Influence of Genetic Background and Sex on Gene Expression in the Mouse ( Mus musculus) Tail in a Model of Intervertebral Disc Injury. Comp Med 2020; 70:131-139. [PMID: 32156324 PMCID: PMC7137552 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To facilitate rational experimental design and fulfill the NIH requirement of including sex as a biologic variable, we examined the influences of genetic background and sex on responses to intervertebral disc (IVD) injury in the mouse tail. The goal of this study was to compare gene expression and histologic changes in response to a tail IVD injury (needle puncture) in male and female mice on the DBA and C57BL/6 (B6) backgrounds. We hypothesized that extracellular matrix gene expression in response to IVD injury differs between mice of different genetic backgrounds and sex. Consistent changes were detected in gene expression and histologic features after IVD injury in mice on both genetic backgrounds and sexes. In particular, expression of col1a1 and adam8 was higher in the injured IVD of DBA mice than B6 mice. Conversely, col2a1 expression was higher in B6 mice than DBA mice. Sex-associated differences were significant only in B6 mice, in which col2a1 expression was greater in male mice than in female. Histologic differences in response to injury were not apparent between DBA and B6 mice or between males and females. In conclusion, mouse tail IVD showed sex- and strain-related changes in gene expression and histology after needle puncture. The magnitude of change in gene expression differed with regard to genetic background and, to a lesser degree, sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Brent
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;,
| | - Zuozhen Tian
- Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Frances S Shofer
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John T Martin
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lutian Yao
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Orthopaedics-Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Christian Acharte
- Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Youhai H Chen
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ling Qin
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yejia Zhang
- Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Li N, Gao Q, Zhou W, Lv X, Yang X, Liu X. MicroRNA-129-5p affects immune privilege and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells via regulating FADD in intervertebral disc degeneration. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:933-948. [PMID: 32160130 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1732515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Literatures indicate that microRNA-129-5p (miR-129-5p) or Fas-associated death domain (FADD) is related to intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), but the effect of miR-129-5p/FADD axis on IDD is not studied. The study aimed to investigate whether miR-129-5p influenced immune privilege and nucleus pulposus (NP) cell apoptosis in rats with IDD via regulating FADD.A rat model with caudal IDD was established, and injected with miR-129-5p agomir or miR-129-5p antagomir to figure out the character of miR-129-5p in the cell apoptosis and inflammation in the nucleus pulposus (NP) tissues of IDD rats. NP cells were grouped as the same ways for determining proliferation, apoptosis, and senescence in NP cells of IDD rats. Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining detected the apoptosis of macrophages and CD8+ cells co-cultured via transfected NP cells. Expression of miR-129-5p, FADD, collagen I, collagen II, aggrecan and Sox-9 in NP tissues and cells were determined.Up-regulated miR-129-5p decreased FADD, collagen I and elevated collagen Ⅱ, aggrecan, and Sox-9 in NP tissues and repressed inflammation in serum and NP tissues in IDD rats. Up-regulated miR-129-5p facilitated proliferation, inhibited senescence, apoptosis, and decreased FADD, collagen I and increased collagen Ⅱ, aggrecan, and Sox-9 in NP cells of IDD rats. Elevated miR-129-5p promoted the apoptosis of macrophages and CD8+ cells.We pronounced that up-regulated miR-129-5p inhibited the apoptosis and facilitated the proliferation of NP cells, as well as the apoptosis of macrophages and CD8+ cells via decreased FADD in IDD, suggesting that miR-129-5p had a protective effect on IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Department of Neonatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jilin University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Changchun Central Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wenli Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoming Lv
- Department of Neonatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jilin University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changchun Central Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Oichi T, Taniguchi Y, Oshima Y, Tanaka S, Saito T. Pathomechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration. JOR Spine 2020; 3:e1076. [PMID: 32211588 PMCID: PMC7084053 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is the main contributor to low back pain, which is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Although substantial progress has been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of IDD, fundamental and long-lasting treatments for IDD are still lacking. With increased understanding of the complex pathomechanism of IDD, alternative strategies for treating IDD can be discovered. A brief overview of the prevalence and epidemiologic risk factors of IDD is provided in this review, followed by the descriptions of anatomic, cellular, and molecular structure of the intervertebral disc as well as the molecular pathophysiology of IDD. Finally, the recent findings of intervertebral disc progenitors are reviewed and the future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Oichi
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of MedicineThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Yuki Taniguchi
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of MedicineThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Yasushi Oshima
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of MedicineThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of MedicineThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Taku Saito
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of MedicineThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
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Veras MA, McCann MR, Tenn NA, Séguin CA. Transcriptional profiling of the murine intervertebral disc and age-associated changes in the nucleus pulposus. Connect Tissue Res 2020; 61:63-81. [PMID: 31597481 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2019.1665034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose/Aim: The intervertebral disc (IVD) is composed of cell types whose subtle phenotypic differences allow for the formation of distinct tissues. The role of the nucleus pulposus (NP) in the initiation and progression of IVD degeneration is well established; however, the genes and pathways associated with NP degeneration are poorly characterized.Materials and Methods: Using a genetic strategy for IVD lineage-specific fluorescent reporter expression to isolate cells, gene expression and bioinformatic analysis was conducted on the murine NP at 2.5, 6, and 21 months-of-age and the annulus fibrosus (AF) at 2.5 and 6 months-of-age. A subset of differentially regulated genes was validated by qRT-PCR.Results: Transcriptome analysis identified distinct profiles of NP and AF gene expression that were remarkably consistent at 2.5 and 6 months-of-age. Prg4, Cilp, Ibsp and Comp were increased >50-fold in the AF relative to NP. The most highly enriched NP genes included Dsc3 and Cdh6, members of the cadherin superfamily, and microRNAs mir218-1 and mir490. Changes in the NP between 2.5 and 6 months-of-age were associated with up-regulation of molecular functions linked to laminin and Bmp receptor binding (including up-regulation of Bmp5 & 7), with the most up-regulated genes being Mir703, Shh, and Sfrp5. NP degeneration was associated with molecular functions linked to alpha-actinin binding (including up-regulation of Ttn & Myot) and cytoskeletal protein binding, with the overall most up-regulated genes being Rnu3a, Snora2b and Mir669h.Conclusions: This study provided insight into the phenotypes of NP and AF cells, and identified candidate pathways that may regulate degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Veras
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Matthew R McCann
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Neil A Tenn
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Cheryle A Séguin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Caspase-3 knockout inhibits intervertebral disc degeneration related to injury but accelerates degeneration related to aging. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19324. [PMID: 31852919 PMCID: PMC6920379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55709-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 40% of people under 30 and over 90% of people 55 or older suffer from moderate-to-severe levels of degenerative intervertebral disc (IVD) disease in their lumbar spines. Surgical treatments are sometimes effective; however, the treatment of back pain related to IVD degeneration is still a challenge; therefore, new treatments are necessary. Apoptosis may be important in IVD degeneration because suppressing cell apoptosis inside the IVD inhibits degeneration. Caspase-3, the primary effector of apoptosis, may be a key treatment target. We analyzed caspase-3’s role in two different types of IVD degeneration using caspase-3 knockout (Casp-3 KO) mice. Casp-3 KO delayed IVD degeneration in the injury-induced model but accelerated it in the age-induced model. Our results suggest that this is due to different pathological mechanisms of these two types of IVD degeneration. Apoptosis was suppressed in the IVD cells of Casp-3 KO mice, but cellular senescence was enhanced. This would explain why the Casp-3 KO was effective against injury-induced, but not age-related, IVD degeneration. Our results suggest that short-term caspase-3 inhibition could be used to treat injury-induced IVD degeneration.
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41
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Stem Cells for the Treatment of Intervertebral Disk Degeneration. Tech Orthop 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/bto.0000000000000346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kushioka J, Kaito T, Chijimatsu R, Okada R, Ishiguro H, Bal Z, Kodama J, Takenaka S, Makino T, Sakai Y, Yoshikawa H. A novel and efficient method for culturing mouse nucleus pulposus cells. Spine J 2019; 19:1573-1583. [PMID: 30986578 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT As degeneration of the nucleus pulposus (NP) is a major cause of intervertebral disc degeneration, research directed toward nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) is drawing increased attention. However, caused by the difficulties associated with their harvest and culture, there are few reports describing cultivation methods for mouse NP cells (mNPCs). PURPOSE To establish efficient culture methods for mNPCs. STUDY DESIGN In vitro animal study. METHODS After primary 3-dimensional (3D) gel culture of mNPCs and analysis of gene expression, cells digested from the gel were cultured in various bio-coated dishes with and without basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and their growth kinetics and changes in gene expression profiles were evaluated. Next, the mNPCs obtained after sequential 3D gel and 2D culture were subjected to micromass culture and the effects of adding transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) on their gene expression profile and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis were evaluated. RESULTS The cell morphology and gene expression pattern of mNPCs proliferated in primary 3D collagen gel culture resembled those of mNP. In contrast, mNPCs could not proliferate in conventional monolayer culture. Cell adhesion (colony number) and proliferation (colony size) were greater in fibronectin-coated dishes than in dishes with other bio-coatings. The addition of bFGF enhanced mNPCs proliferation, but the gene expression characteristics of mNPCs were lost as passage number increased. 2D culture with bFGF followed by micromass culture allowed for the recovery of the mNPC gene expression profile in primary 3D-gel culture, and TGF-β3 supplementation during micromass culture enhanced ECM synthesis. CONCLUSIONS We established novel culture methods for mNPCs. These methods will benefit basic cell-based and molecular research involving these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Kushioka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Kaito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Ryota Chijimatsu
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Rintaro Okada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiguro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Zeynep Bal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Joe Kodama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shota Takenaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahiro Makino
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Ao X, Wang L, Shao Y, Chen X, Zhang J, Chu J, Jiang T, Zhang Z, Huang M. Development and Characterization of a Novel Bipedal Standing Mouse Model of Intervertebral Disc and Facet Joint Degeneration. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2019; 477:1492-1504. [PMID: 31094848 PMCID: PMC6554109 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000000712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc degeneration is a major cause of chronic low back pain, and excessive loading contributes to intervertebral disc degeneration. However, the lack of an effective bipedal in vivo animal model limits research about this condition. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES To evaluate the utility of a new type of bipedal standing mouse model for intervertebral disc degeneration, we asked: (1) Are there spinal degeneration changes in bipedal mice as determined by lumbar disc height, histologic features, and immunohistochemistry measures compared with control mice? (2) Are the bipedal mice comparable to aged mice for simulating the spinal degeneration caused by increased stress? METHODS Thirty-two 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were divided into experimental and control groups. Based on their hydrophobia, mice in the experimental group were placed in a limited water-containing space (5 mm deep) and were thereby induced to actively take a bipedal standing posture. This was conducted twice a day for a total of 6 hours a day, 7 days a week. Control mice were similarly placed in a limited but water-free space. Video surveillance was used to calculate the percentage of time spent in the bipedal stance for the two groups of mice. Compared with the control group, the percentage of time standing on both feet in the experimental group was higher (48% ± 5%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 42%-54% versus 95% ± 1%, 95% CI, 92%-97%; p < 0.001). Eight mice from both groups were then randomly euthanized at either 6 or 10 weeks and lumbar spine specimens (L3-L6) were collected. The lumbar disc height index (DHI%) of the two groups was compared using micro-CT measurements, and the extent of disc degeneration was assessed based on histologic staining (cartilage endplate height, disc degeneration score) and by immunohistochemistry (Col2a1,CollagenX, matrix metalloprotease-13 [MMP-13], osteocalcin [OCN]). In addition, the histopathologic features of spinal degeneration were compared with 12- and 18-month-old mice. A p value < 0.05 indicated a significant difference. RESULTS Lumbar disc degeneration was aggravated after 10 weeks with the DHI% decreasing (5.0% ± 0.4%; 95% CI, 4.6%-5.5% versus 4.6 ± 0.3%; 95% CI, 4.3%-4.9%; p = 0.011). Histologically, the cartilage endplate height of the experimental group was decreased compared with the control group (30 ± 6 μm; 95% CI, 24-37 μm versus 70 ± 7 μm; 95% CI, 63-79 μm; p < 0.001), and the disc degeneration score was increased (5 ± 1; 95% CI, 4-6 versus 1 ± 1; 95% CI, 0-2; p < 0.001). Expression of Col2a1, vimentin, and aggrecan in the experimental group was decreased compared with the control group, whereas the expressions of collagen X (60% ± 2%; 95% CI, 55%-66% versus 19% ± 3%; 95% CI, 17%-24%; p < 0.001), MMP-13 (54% ± 8%; 95% CI, 49%-61% versus 1% ± 1%; 95% CI, 1%-2%; p < 0.001), and OCN (41% ± 3%; 95% CI, 34%-49% versus 5% ± 1%; 95% CI, 2%-7%, p < 0.001) were increased. The spine degeneration caused by this model was primarily manifested in the degeneration of the annulus fibrosus and facet joints compared with aged mice, whereas the degree of degeneration in the nucleus pulposus tissue and cartilage endplates was mild. CONCLUSIONS We believe we have established a noninvasive and effective in vivo bipedal mouse model for studying disc degeneration and biologic signal transduction comparable to that seen in intervertebral disc degeneration. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This in vivo mouse model of intervertebral disc degeneration can simulate the pathogenesis of spinal degeneration caused by increased stress and this can be used to study questions such as disc herniation in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ao
- X. Ao, L. Wang, Y. Shao, J. Zhang, J. Chu, T. Jiang, Z. Zhang, M. Huang, Department of Orthopaedics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China X. Ao, L. Wang, Y. Shao, J. Zhang, J. Chu, T. Jiang, Z. Zhang, M. Huang, Academy of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China X. Chen, Department of Orthopaedics, the First People's Hospital, Jingdezhen, Jiangxi, PR China
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Mohanty S, Dahia CL. Defects in intervertebral disc and spine during development, degeneration, and pain: New research directions for disc regeneration and therapy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 8:e343. [PMID: 30977275 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral discs are cartilaginous joints present between vertebrae. The centers of the intervertebral discs consist of a gelatinous nucleus pulposus derived from the embryonic notochord. With age or injury, intervertebral discs may degenerate, causing neurological symptoms including back pain, which affects millions of people worldwide. Back pain is a multifactorial disorder, and disc degeneration is one of the primary contributing factors. Recent studies in mice have identified the key molecules involved in the formation of intervertebral discs. Several of these key molecules including sonic hedgehog and Brachyury are not only expressed by notochord during development, but are also expressed by neonatal mouse nucleus pulposus cells, and are crucial for postnatal disc maintenance. These findings suggest that intrinsic signals in each disc may maintain the nucleus pulposus microenvironment. However, since expression of these developmental signals declines with age and degeneration, disc degeneration may be related to the loss of these intrinsic signals. In addition, findings from mouse and other mammalian models have identified similarities between the patterning capabilities of the embryonic notochord and young nucleus pulposus cells, suggesting that mouse is a suitable model system to understand disc development and aging. Future research aimed at understanding the upstream regulators of these developmental signals and the modes by which they regulate disc growth and maintenance will likely provide mechanistic insights into disc growth and aging. Further, such findings will likely provide insights relevant to the development of effective therapies for treatment of back pain and reversing the disc degenerative process. This article is categorized under: Birth Defects > Organ Anomalies Vertebrate Organogenesis > Musculoskeletal and Vascular Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Regeneration Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cells and Aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarthak Mohanty
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Chitra L Dahia
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, New York, New York
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intervertebral disc (IVD) degenerates progressively with age and after injuries. In this study, we aimed to characterize early molecular events underlying disc degeneration using a mouse tail IVD injury model. DESIGN We have established a transcutaneous minimally invasive approach to induce mouse tail IVD injury under fluoroscopic guidance. Morphological and molecular changes in the injured IVDs are compared with the baseline features of adjacent intact levels. RESULTS After needle puncture, tail IVDs exhibited time-dependent histological changes. The aggrecan neoepitope VDIPEN was evident from 2 days to 4 wks after injury. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 8 (adam8) is a surface protease known to cleave fibronectin in the IVD. Gene expression of adam8 was elevated at all time points after injury, whereas the increase of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (cxcl)-1 gene expression was statistically significant at 2 days and 2 wks after injury. Type 1 collagen gene expression decreased initially at day 2 but increased at 2 wks after injury, whereas no significant change in type 2 collagen gene expression was observed. The extracellular matrix gene expression pattern is consistent with fibrocartilage formation after injury. CONCLUSIONS Mouse tail IVDs degenerate after needle puncture, as demonstrated by histological changes and aggrecan degradation. The minimally invasive tail IVD injury model should prove useful to investigators studying mechanisms of IVD degeneration and repair.
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Progranulin Is Positively Associated with Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Interaction with IL-10 and IL-17 Through TNF Pathways. Inflammation 2019; 41:1852-1863. [PMID: 29992506 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0828-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a widely expressed growth factor that effectively inhibits tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-mediated inflammatory response. TNFα is involved in intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) and plays a key role. This study aims to determine the role of PGRN in the intervertebral disc degeneration process. We collected intervertebral discs (IVDs) from humans and mice with different genetic backgrounds. We examined the expression of PGRN in IVD tissues by immunohistochemistry staining and Western blotting assay. We examined the peripheral serum level of PGRN by ELISA assay. Murine IVD tissue samples were taken to undergo safranin O, HE, and immunohistochemistry staining. Primary human nucleus pulposus cells were used for ELISA and RT-PCR assays. PGRN as well as interlukin-10 (IL-10) and interlukin-17 (IL-17) expressions were elevated in degenerative discs and peripheral blood sera. Loss of PGRN led to accelerated disc degeneration in the animal model, along with decreased expression of IL-10 and increased expression of IL-17. Additionally, the PGRN level was positively related to levels of IL-10 and IL-17. In vitro study suggested that PGRN protected against disc degeneration by inducing IL-10 and reducing IL-17. PGRN is associated with intervertebral disc degeneration through interfering with IL-10 and IL-17; thus, PGRN could be an interesting biomarker for diagnosis and a potential treatment target.
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Ji ML, Jiang H, Zhang XJ, Shi PL, Li C, Wu H, Wu XT, Wang YT, Wang C, Lu J. Preclinical development of a microRNA-based therapy for intervertebral disc degeneration. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5051. [PMID: 30487517 PMCID: PMC6262020 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating the maintenance and destruction of intervertebral disc may lead to the development of new therapies for intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Here we present evidence from miRNA microarray analyses of clinical data sets along with in vitro and in vivo experiments that miR-141 is a key regulator of IDD. Gain- and loss-of-function studies show that miR-141 drives IDD by inducing nucleus pulposus (NP) apoptosis. Furthermore, miR-141 KO in mice attenuated spontaneous and surgically induced IDD. Mechanistically, miR-141 promotes IDD development by targeting and depleting SIRT1, a negative regulator of NF-κB pathway. Therapeutically, upregulation or downregulation of miR-141 by nanoparticle delivery in IDD model aggravated or alleviated experimental IDD, respectively. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which miR-141, in part, promotes IDD progression by interacting with SIRT1/NF-κB pathway. Blockade of miR-141 in vivo may serve as a potential therapeutic approach in the treatment of IDD. Intervertebral disk degeneration (IDD) is characterized by changes in the nucleus pulposus (NP) extra cellular matrix that compromise disk structural integrity. In a miRNA screen of human IDD patient NP tissue, the authors identify deregulated miR-141 and show that direct injection of nanoparticle-coupled miR-141 into the NP alleviates IDD in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Liang Ji
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Xue-Jun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei-Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study of Ministry of Education, Model Animal Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Tao Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun-Tao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China.
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Piazza M, Peck SH, Gullbrand SE, Bendigo JR, Arginteanu T, Zhang Y, Smith HE, Malhotra NR, Smith LJ. Quantitative MRI correlates with histological grade in a percutaneous needle injury mouse model of disc degeneration. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:2771-2779. [PMID: 29687490 PMCID: PMC6200662 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Low back pain due to disc degeneration is a major cause of morbidity and health care expenditures worldwide. While stem cell-based therapies hold promise for disc regeneration, there is an urgent need to develop improved in vivo animal models to further develop and validate these potential treatments. The objectives of this study were to characterize a percutaneous needle injury model of intervertebral disc degeneration in the mouse caudal spine, and compare two non-invasive quantitative imaging techniques, microcomputed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as effective measures of disc degeneration in this model. Percutaneous needle injury of mouse caudal discs was undertaken using different needle sizes and injury types (unilateral or bilateral annulus fibrosus (AF) puncture). Mice were euthanized 4 weeks post-injury, and MRI and microcomputed tomography were used to determine T2 relaxation time of the NP and disc height index, respectively. Disc condition was then further assessed using semi-quantitative histological grading. Bilateral AF puncture with either 27 or 29G needles resulted in significantly lower T2 relaxation times compared to uninjured controls, while disc height index was not significantly affected by any injury type. There was a strong, inverse linear relationship between histological grade and NP T2 relaxation time. In this study, we demonstrated that quantitative MRI can detect disc degeneration in the mouse caudal spine 4 weeks following percutaneous needle injury, and may therefore serve as a surrogate for histology in longitudinal studies of both disc degeneration and cell-based therapies for disc regeneration using this model. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2771-2779, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Piazza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sun H. Peck
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah E. Gullbrand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justin R. Bendigo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Toren Arginteanu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yejia Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harvey E. Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Neil R. Malhotra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Correspondence:, Lachlan J. Smith, Ph.D., Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, 110 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104; Neil R. Malhotra, M.D., Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, 3rd Floor Silverstein Pavilion, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Lachlan J. Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Correspondence:, Lachlan J. Smith, Ph.D., Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, 110 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104; Neil R. Malhotra, M.D., Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, 3rd Floor Silverstein Pavilion, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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Choi H, Tessier S, Silagi ES, Kyada R, Yousefi F, Pleshko N, Shapiro IM, Risbud MV. A novel mouse model of intervertebral disc degeneration shows altered cell fate and matrix homeostasis. Matrix Biol 2018; 70:102-122. [PMID: 29605718 PMCID: PMC6081256 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration and associated low back and neck pain is a ubiquitous health condition that affects millions of people world-wide, and causes high incidence of disability and enormous medical/societal costs. However, lack of appropriate small animal models with spontaneous disease onset has impeded our ability to understand the pathogenetic mechanisms that characterize and drive the degenerative process. We report, for the first time, early onset spontaneous disc degeneration in SM/J mice known for their poor regenerative capacities compared to "super-healer" LG/J mice. In SM/J mice, degenerative process was marked by decreased nucleus pulposus (NP) cellularity and changes in matrix composition at P7, 4, and 8 weeks with increased severity by 17 weeks. Distinctions between NP and annulus fibrosus (AF) or endplate cartilage were lost, and NP and AF of SM/J mice showed higher histological grades. There was increased NP cell death in SM/J mice with decreased phenotypic marker expression. Polarized microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated replacement of glycosaminoglycan-rich NP matrix with collagenous fibrous tissue. The levels of ARGxx were increased in, indicating higher aggrecan turnover. Furthermore, an aberrant expression of collagen X and MMP13 was observed in the NP of SM/J mice, along with elevated expression of Col10a1, Ctgf, and Runx2, markers of chondrocyte hypertrophy. Likewise, expression of Enpp1 as well as Alpl was higher, suggesting NP cells of SM/J mice promote dystrophic mineralization. There was also a decrease in several pathways necessary for NP cell survival and function including Wnt and VEGF signaling. Importantly, SM/J discs were stiffer, had decreased height, and poor vertebral bone quality, suggesting compromised motion segment mechanical functionality. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate that SM/J mouse strain recapitulates many salient features of human disc degeneration, and serves as a novel small animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyowon Choi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven Tessier
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Silagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rutvin Kyada
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Farzad Yousefi
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nancy Pleshko
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Irving M Shapiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Makarand V Risbud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Chen Q, Shi F, Yang X, Liu L, Song Y. [Comparative study on biological characteristics between different generations of rabbit nucleus pulposus cells]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2018; 32:660-667. [PMID: 29905041 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201707017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective To research the biological characteristics of different generations of rabbit nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) that were cultured with natural culture and subculture method. Methods The thoracolumbar segments of New Zealand white rabbits (6-8 weeks old and weighing 1.5-2.5 kg) were obtained and nucleus pulposus were isolated from disc regions. And NPCs were harvested by enzymatic digestion from nucleus pulposus. Primary NPCs were counted as P0 generation. Then, NPCs were passaged by trypsin and counted as P1, P2, P3 with a totle of 4 generations. P0 to P3 generations NPCs were separately examined by observation of cell morphology and proliferation time, detection of apoptosis rates of cells by flow cytometry, and detection of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP-2), Aggrecan, and collagen type Ⅱ proteins by immunofluorescence and Western blot. Results The morphology of NPCs transformed from triangular or polygonal in P0 generation to spindle in P3 generation; the characteristic vacuolated cells gradually disappeared; and the cell volume and cell proliferation time increased. The cell apoptosis rates were 5.47%±0.91%, 13.77%±2.42%, 33.46%±1.82%, and 38.76%±1.50% from P0 to P3 generations, with the increase of culture time, and there were significant differences between 4 generations ( P<0.05). Immunofluorescence staining showed that with the increase of cells generation, the fluorescence intensity of HIF-1α, collagen type Ⅱ, and Aggrecan decreased, and the fluorescence intensity of MMP-2 increased. Western blot results showed that the relative expression of HIF-1α protein was high in P0 generation, the P1 generation has a rising trend, and then gradually decreased; the differences between generations were significant ( P<0.05). The relative expression of collagen type Ⅱ protein decreased from P0 to P3 generations and there were significant differences between generations ( P<0.05). The relative expression of Aggrecan protein decreased from P0 to P2 generations and there were significant differences between generations ( P<0.05); but no significant difference was found between P2 and P3 generations ( P>0.05). The relative expression of MMP-2 protein increased significantly in P3 generation; except that the difference between P0 and P2 generations was not significant ( P>0.05), the significant differences were found between the other generations ( P<0.05). Conclusion Rabbit NPCs degeneration model was successfully established by the natural culture and subculture method. Transforming of NPCs morphology, increasing of cell apoptosis rates, decreasing of anabolism, and increasing of catabolism were presented in NPCs degeneration model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310014, P.R.China;Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P.R.China
| | - Fangfang Shi
- Department of Hematology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310014, P.R.China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P.R.China
| | - Limin Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P.R.China
| | - Yueming Song
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041,
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