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Radak M, Ghamari N, Fallahi H. Identification of common factors among fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and osteosarcoma by network analysis. Biosystems 2024; 235:105093. [PMID: 38052344 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.105093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoma cancers are uncommon malignant tumors, and there are many subgroups, including fibrosarcoma (FS), which mainly affects middle-aged and older adults in deep soft tissues. Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), on the other hand, is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in children and is located in the head and neck area. Osteosarcomas (OS) is the predominant form of primary bone cancer among young adults, primarily resulting from sporadically random mutations. This frequently results in the dissemination of cancer cells to the lungs, commonly known as metastasis. Mesodermal cells are the origin of sarcoma cancers. In this study, a rather radical approach has been applied. Instead of comparing homogenous cancer types, we focus on three main subtypes of sarcoma: fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and osteosarcoma, and compare their gene expression with normal cell groups to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Next, by applying protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, we determine the hub genes and crucial factors, such as transcription factors (TFs), affected by these types of cancer. Our findings indicate a modification in a range of pathways associated with cell cycle, extracellular matrix, and DNA repair in these three malignancies. Results showed that fibrosarcoma (FS), rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), and osteosarcoma (OS) had 653, 1270, and 2823 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. Interestingly, there were 24 DEGs common to all three types. Network analysis showed that the fibrosarcoma network had two sub-networks identified in FS that contributed to the catabolic process of collagen via the G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway. The rhabdomyosarcoma network included nine sub-networks associated with cell division, extracellular matrix organization, mRNA splicing via spliceosome, and others. The osteosarcoma network has 13 sub-networks, including mRNA splicing, sister chromatid cohesion, DNA repair, etc. In conclusion, the common DEGs identified in this study have been shown to play significant and multiple roles in various other cancers based on the literature review, indicating their significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Radak
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Razi University, Baq-e-Abrisham, Kermanshah, 6714967346, Iran.
| | - Nakisa Ghamari
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Razi University, Baq-e-Abrisham, Kermanshah, 6714967346, Iran.
| | - Hossein Fallahi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Razi University, Baq-e-Abrisham, Kermanshah, 6714967346, Iran.
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2
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Zhang XL, Chen XH, Xu B, Chen M, Zhu S, Meng N, Wang JZ, Zhu H, Chen D, Liu JB, Yan GR. K235 acetylation couples with PSPC1 to regulate the m 6A demethylation activity of ALKBH5 and tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3815. [PMID: 37369679 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification plays important roles in bioprocesses and diseases. AlkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5) is one of two m6A demethylases. Here, we reveal that ALKBH5 is acetylated at lysine 235 (K235) by lysine acetyltransferase 8 and deacetylated by histone deacetylase 7. K235 acetylation strengthens the m6A demethylation activity of ALKBH5 by increasing its recognition of m6A on mRNA. RNA-binding protein paraspeckle component 1 (PSCP1) is a regulatory subunit of ALKBH5 and preferentially interacts with K235-acetylated ALKBH5 to recruit and facilitate the recognition of m6A mRNA by ALKBH5, thereby promoting m6A erasure. Mitogenic signals promote ALKBH5 K235 acetylation. K235 acetylation of ALKBH5 is upregulated in cancers and promotes tumorigenesis. Thus, our findings reveal that the m6A demethylation activity of ALKBH5 is orchestrated by its K235 acetylation and regulatory subunit PSPC1 and that K235 acetylation is necessary for the m6A demethylase activity and oncogenic roles of ALKBH5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Zhang
- Biomedicine Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Xin-Hui Chen
- Biomedicine Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Binwu Xu
- Blood Transfusion Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Min Chen
- Biomedicine Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Song Zhu
- Biomedicine Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Nan Meng
- Biomedicine Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Ji-Zhong Wang
- Biomedicine Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Huifang Zhu
- Biomedicine Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - De Chen
- Biomedicine Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
| | - Jin-Bao Liu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
| | - Guang-Rong Yan
- Biomedicine Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
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3
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Jung D, Bachmann HS. Regulation of protein prenylation. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114915. [PMID: 37236024 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenyltransferases (PTases) are known to play a role in embryonic development, normal tissue homeostasis and cancer by posttranslationally modifying proteins involved in these processes. They are being discussed as potential drug targets in an increasing number of diseases, ranging from Alzheimer's disease to malaria. Protein prenylation and the development of specific PTase inhibitors (PTIs) have been subject to intense research in recent decades. Recently, the FDA approved lonafarnib, a specific farnesyltransferase inhibitor that acts directly on protein prenylation; and bempedoic acid, an ATP citrate lyase inhibitor that might alter intracellular isoprenoid composition, the relative concentrations of which can exert a decisive influence on protein prenylation. Both drugs represent the first approved agent in their respective substance class. Furthermore, an overwhelming number of processes and proteins that regulate protein prenylation have been identified over the years, many of which have been proposed as molecular targets for pharmacotherapy in their own right. However, certain aspects of protein prenylation, such as the regulation of PTase gene expression or the modulation of PTase activity by phosphorylation, have attracted less attention, despite their reported influence on tumor cell proliferation. Here, we want to summarize the advances regarding our understanding of the regulation of protein prenylation and the potential implications for drug development. Additionally, we want to suggest new lines of investigation that encompass the search for regulatory elements for PTases, especially at the genetic and epigenetic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Jung
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Hagen S Bachmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
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4
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Perovanovic J, Wu Y, Abewe H, Shen Z, Hughes EP, Gertz J, Chandrasekharan MB, Tantin D. Oct1 cooperates with the Smad family of transcription factors to promote mesodermal lineage specification. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eadd5750. [PMID: 37071732 PMCID: PMC10360295 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.add5750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The transition between pluripotent and tissue-specific states is a key aspect of development. Understanding the pathways driving these transitions will facilitate the engineering of properly differentiated cells for experimental and therapeutic uses. Here, we showed that during mesoderm differentiation, the transcription factor Oct1 activated developmental lineage-appropriate genes that were silent in pluripotent cells. Using mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) with an inducible knockout of Oct1, we showed that Oct1 deficiency resulted in poor induction of mesoderm-specific genes, leading to impaired mesodermal and terminal muscle differentiation. Oct1-deficient cells exhibited poor temporal coordination of the induction of lineage-specific genes and showed inappropriate developmental lineage branching, resulting in poorly differentiated cell states retaining epithelial characteristics. In ESCs, Oct1 localized with the pluripotency factor Oct4 at mesoderm-associated genes and remained bound to those loci during differentiation after the dissociation of Oct4. Binding events for Oct1 overlapped with those for the histone lysine demethylase Utx, and an interaction between Oct1 and Utx suggested that these two proteins cooperate to activate gene expression. The specificity of the ubiquitous Oct1 for the induction of mesodermal genes could be partially explained by the frequent coexistence of Smad and Oct binding sites at mesoderm-specific genes and the cooperative stimulation of mesodermal gene transcription by Oct1 and Smad3. Together, these results identify Oct1 as a key mediator of mesoderm lineage-specific gene induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Perovanovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Hosiana Abewe
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Zuolian Shen
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Erik P. Hughes
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jason Gertz
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Mahesh B. Chandrasekharan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Dean Tantin
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Kan Y, Paung Y, Seeliger MA, Miller WT. Domain Architecture of the Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinase Ack1. Cells 2023; 12:900. [PMID: 36980241 PMCID: PMC10047419 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (NRTK) Ack1 comprises a distinct arrangement of non-catalytic modules. Its SH3 domain has a C-terminal to the kinase domain (SH1), in contrast to the typical SH3-SH2-SH1 layout in NRTKs. The Ack1 is the only protein that shares a region of high homology to the tumor suppressor protein Mig6, a modulator of EGFR. The vertebrate Acks make up the only tyrosine kinase (TK) family known to carry a UBA domain. The GTPase binding and SAM domains are also uncommon in the NRTKs. In addition to being a downstream effector of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and integrins, Ack1 can act as an epigenetic regulator, modulate the degradation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), confer drug resistance, and mediate the progression of hormone-sensitive tumors. In this review, we discuss the domain architecture of Ack1 in relation to other protein kinases that possess such defined regulatory domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagmur Kan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8661, USA
| | - YiTing Paung
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8661, USA
| | - Markus A. Seeliger
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8661, USA
| | - W. Todd Miller
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8661, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768-2200, USA
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Stepchenko AG, Bulavkina EV, Portseva TN, Georgieva SG, Pankratova EV. Suppression of OCT-1 in Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells Reduces Tumor Metastatic Potential, Hypoxia Resistance, and Drug Resistance. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091435. [PMID: 36143471 PMCID: PMC9502003 DOI: 10.3390/life12091435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OCT-1/POU2F1 is a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor. Its expression starts at the earliest stage of embryonic development. OCT-1 controls genes involved in the regulation of differentiation, proliferation, cell metabolism, and aging. High levels of OCT-1 transcription factor in tumor cells correlate with tumor malignancy and resistance to antitumor therapy. Here, we report that suppression of OCT-1 in breast cancer cells reduces their metastatic potential and drug resistance. OCT-1 knockdown in the MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells leads to a fivefold decrease (p < 0.01) in cell migration rates in the Boyden chamber. A decrease in the transcription levels of human invasion signature (HIS) genes (ARHGDIB, CAPZA2, PHACTR2, CDC42, XRCC5, and CAV1) has been also demonstrated by real-time PCR, with high expression of these genes being a hallmark of actively metastasizing breast cancer cells. Transcriptional activity of ATF6 response elements is significantly reduced in the cell lines with decreased OCT-1 expression, which results in lower levels of adaptive EPR stress response. OCT-1 knockdown more than two times increases the MDA-MB231 cell death rate in hypoxia and significantly increases the doxorubicin or docetaxel-treated MDA-MB231 cell death rate. Our findings indicate that OCT-1 may be an important therapeutic target and its selective inhibition may have significant therapeutic effects and may improve prognosis in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Stepchenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta V. Bulavkina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana N. Portseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sofia G. Georgieva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (S.G.G.); (E.V.P.)
| | - Elizaveta V. Pankratova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (S.G.G.); (E.V.P.)
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7
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Xiang Y, Fan D, An Q, Zhang T, Wu X, Ding J, Xu X, Yue G, Tang S, Du Q, Xu J, Xie R. Effects of Ion-Transporting Proteins on the Digestive System Under Hypoxia. Front Physiol 2022; 13:870243. [PMID: 36187789 PMCID: PMC9515906 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.870243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia refers to a state of oxygen limitation, which mainly mediates pathological processes in the human body and participates in the regulation of normal physiological processes. In the hypoxic environment, the main regulator of human body homeostasis is the hypoxia-inducible factor family (HIF). HIF can regulate the expression of many hypoxia-induced genes and then participate in various physiological and pathological processes of the human body. Ion-transporting proteins are extremely important types of proteins. Ion-transporting proteins are distributed on cell membranes or organelles and strictly control the inflow or outflow of ions in cells or organelles. Changes in ions in cells are often closely related to extensive physiological and pathological processes in the human body. Numerous studies have confirmed that hypoxia and its regulatory factors can regulate the transcription and expression of ion-transporting protein-related genes. Under hypoxic stress, the regulation and interaction of ion-transporting proteins by hypoxia often leads to diseases of various human systems and even tumors. Using ion-transporting proteins and hypoxia as targets to explore the mechanism of digestive system diseases and targeted therapy is expected to become a new breakthrough point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Zunyi, China
| | - Dongdong Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Zunyi, China
| | - Qimin An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Zunyi, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Zunyi, China
| | - Xianli Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Zunyi, China
| | - Jianhong Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaolin Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Zunyi, China
| | - Gengyu Yue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Zunyi, China
| | - Siqi Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Zunyi, China
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Zunyi, China
| | - Jingyu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Jingyu Xu, ; Rui Xie,
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Jingyu Xu, ; Rui Xie,
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8
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Krause W. Resistance to prostate cancer treatments. IUBMB Life 2022; 75:390-410. [PMID: 35978491 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A review of the current treatment options for prostate cancer and the formation of resistance to these regimens has been compiled including primary, acquired, and cross-resistance. The diversification of the pathways involved and the escape routes the tumor is utilizing have been addressed. Whereas early stages of tumor can be cured, there is no treatment available after a point of no return has been reached, leaving palliative treatment as the only option. The major reasons for this outcome are the heterogeneity of tumors, both inter- and intra-individually and the nearly endless number of escape routes, which the tumor can select to overcome the effects of treatment. This means that more focus should be applied to the individualization of both diagnosis and therapy of prostate cancer. In addition to current treatment options, novel drugs and ongoing clinical trials have been addressed in this review.
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Umarao P, Rath PP, Gourinath S. Cdc42/Rac Interactive Binding Containing Effector Proteins in Unicellular Protozoans With Reference to Human Host: Locks of the Rho Signaling. Front Genet 2022; 13:781885. [PMID: 35186026 PMCID: PMC8847673 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.781885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases are the key to actin cytoskeleton signaling, which opens the lock of effector proteins to forward the signal downstream in several cellular pathways. Actin cytoskeleton assembly is associated with cell polarity, adhesion, movement and other functions in eukaryotic cells. Rho proteins, specifically Cdc42 and Rac, are the primary regulators of actin cytoskeleton dynamics in higher and lower eukaryotes. Effector proteins, present in an inactive state gets activated after binding to the GTP bound Cdc42/Rac to relay a signal downstream. Cdc42/Rac interactive binding (CRIB) motif is an essential conserved sequence found in effector proteins to interact with Cdc42 or Rac. A diverse range of Cdc42/Rac and their effector proteins have evolved from lower to higher eukaryotes. The present study has identified and further classified CRIB containing effector proteins in lower eukaryotes, focusing on parasitic protozoans causing neglected tropical diseases and taking human proteins as a reference point to the highest evolved organism in the evolutionary trait. Lower eukaryotes’ CRIB containing proteins fall into conventional effector molecules, PAKs (p21 activated kinase), Wiskoit-Aldrich Syndrome proteins family, and some have unique domain combinations unlike any known proteins. We also highlight the correlation between the effector protein isoforms and their selective specificity for Cdc42 or Rac proteins during evolution. Here, we report CRIB containing effector proteins; ten in Dictyostelium and Entamoeba, fourteen in Acanthamoeba, one in Trypanosoma and Giardia. CRIB containing effector proteins that have been studied so far in humans are potential candidates for drug targets in cancer, neurological disorders, and others. Conventional CRIB containing proteins from protozoan parasites remain largely elusive and our data provides their identification and classification for further in-depth functional validations. The tropical diseases caused by protozoan parasites lack combinatorial drug targets as effective paradigms. Targeting signaling mechanisms operative in these pathogens can provide greater molecules in combatting their infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Umarao
- Structural Biology Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Pragyan Parimita Rath
- Structural Biology Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Samudrala Gourinath
- Structural Biology Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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10
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Pankratova EV, Portseva TN, Makarova AA, Lyanova BM, Georgieva SG, Stepchenko AG. POU2F1 (Oct-1) Differently Autoregulates the Alternative Promoters of Its Own Gene by Binding to Different Regulatory Sites. Mol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321050101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Wang A, Pei J, Shuai W, Lin C, Feng L, Wang Y, Lin F, Ouyang L, Wang G. Small Molecules Targeting Activated Cdc42-Associated Kinase 1 (ACK1/TNK2) for the Treatment of Cancers. J Med Chem 2021; 64:16328-16348. [PMID: 34735773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Activated Cdc42-associated kinase 1 (ACK1/TNK2) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase with a unique structure. It not only can act as an activated transmembrane effector of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) to transmit various RTK signals but also can play a corresponding role in epigenetic regulation. A number of studies have shown that ACK1 is a carcinogenic factor. Blockage of ACK1 has been proven to be able to inhibit cancer cell survival, proliferation, migration, and radiation resistance. Thus, ACK1 is a promising potential antitumor target. To date, despite many efforts to develop ACK1 inhibitors, no specific small molecule inhibitors have entered clinical trials. This Perspective provides an overview of the structural features, biological functions, and association with diseases of ACK1 and in vitro and in vivo activities, selectivity, and therapeutic potential of small molecule ACK1 inhibitors with different chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junping Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wen Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Congcong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Feng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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12
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Ling S, He Y, Li X, Ma Y, Li Y, Kong B, Huang P. Significant Gene Biomarker Tyrosine Kinase Non-receptor 2 Mediated Cell Proliferation and Invasion in Colon Cancer. Front Genet 2021; 12:653657. [PMID: 34421982 PMCID: PMC8371684 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.653657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the expression and biological functions of TNK2 and miR-125a-3p in colon cancer. Materials and methods: The expression of TNK2 and miR-125a-3p in colon cancer tissues was analyzed using data deposited on public databases including UALCAN and ONCOMINE. We verified their expression in colon cancer cell lines by RT-qPCR and western blotting. By regulating the expression of TNK2 and miR-125a-3p in colon cancer cells, their functions and potential mechanisms were explored. Results:TNK2 was overexpressed in colon cancer cell lines, and it was found to directly bind to miR-125a-3p, which was downregulated in these cell lines. Their expression affected the proliferation and invasion of colon cancer cells. Additionally, colon cancer patients with lower TNK2 expression had better prognoses than those with higher TNK2 expression. Conclusion: Our results indicated that TNK2 and miR-125a-3p play critical roles in colon cancer, and could also serve as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of this malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunkai Ling
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanru He
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Ma
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Kong
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Department of General Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peilin Huang
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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13
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Zou J, Huang R, Chen Y, Huang X, Li H, Liang P, Chen S. Dihydropyrimidinase Like 2 Promotes Bladder Cancer Progression via Pyruvate Kinase M2-Induced Aerobic Glycolysis and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:641432. [PMID: 34295887 PMCID: PMC8291048 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.641432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aerobic glycolysis and epidermal–mesenchymal transition (EMT) play key roles in the development of bladder cancer. This study aimed to investigate the function and the underlying mechanism of dihydropyrimidinase like 2 (DPYSL2) in bladder cancer progression. Methods The expression pattern of DPYSL2 in bladder cancer and the correlation of DPYSL2 expression with clinicopathological characteristics of bladder cancer patients were analyzed using the data from different databases and tissue microarray. Gain- and loss-of-function assays were performed to explore the role of DPYSL2 in bladder cancer progression in vitro and in mice. Proteomic analysis was performed to identify the interacting partner of DPYSL2 in bladder cancer cells. Findings The results showed that DPYSL2 expression was upregulated in bladder cancer tissue compared with adjacent normal bladder tissue and in more aggressive cancer stages compared with lower stages. DPYSL2 promoted malignant behavior of bladder cancer cells in vitro, as well as tumor growth and distant metastasis in mice. Mechanistically, DPYSL2 interacted with pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and promoted the conversion of PKM2 tetramers to PKM2 dimers. Knockdown of PKM2 completely blocked DPYSL2-induced enhancement of the malignant behavior, glucose uptake, lactic acid production, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition in bladder cancer cells. Interpretation In conclusion, the results suggest that DPYSL2 promotes aerobic glycolysis and EMT in bladder cancer via PKM2, serving as a potential therapeutic target for bladder cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zou
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Ultrasonography and Electrocardiograms, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanfei Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Huang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huajun Li
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Liang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Chen
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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POU2F1 Promotes Cell Viability and Tumor Growth in Gastric Cancer through Transcriptional Activation of lncRNA TTC3-AS1. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:5570088. [PMID: 34257651 PMCID: PMC8260299 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5570088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1 (POU2F1) is involved in the development of gastric cancer (GC). However, the molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Here, we identified a novel lncRNA named TTC3-AS1 that was potentially regulated by POU2F1 and investigated their roles in GC progression. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that high expression of POU2F1 predicted poor prognosis in patients with GC. We further screened out an lncRNA TTC3-AS1 that may be transcriptionally activated by POU2F1 according to the JASPAR database, and POU2F1 and TTC3-AS1 were highly expressed in GC cells and tissues compared with normal controls (NCs). Function analysis revealed that both POU2F1 and TTC3-AS1 played oncogenic roles by promoting cell viability, migration, and invasion in GC. qRT-PCR analysis showed that POU2F1 improved the expression of TTC3-AS1 in GC cells, while TTC3-AS1 knockdown or overexpression had no effect on POU2F1 expression. The results of chromatin immunoprecipitation and DNA-affinity precipitation assays indicated that POU2F1 directly bound to the promoter region of TTC3-AS1 and activated its transcription. TTC3-AS1 knockdown neutralized the protumor effects of POU2F1 overexpression in GC cell lines as well as mouse models of GC, which suggested that TTC3-AS1 mediates the oncogenic function of POU2F1. In summary, POU2F1 promoted GC progression by transcriptionally activating TTC3-AS1; thus, this study provided a new perspective for the mechanism of GC progression.
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15
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The Mammalian Ecdysoneless Protein Interacts with RNA Helicase DDX39A To Regulate Nuclear mRNA Export. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:e0010321. [PMID: 33941617 PMCID: PMC8224239 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00103-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian orthologue of ecdysoneless (ECD) protein is required for embryogenesis, cell cycle progression, and mitigation of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Here, we identified key components of the mRNA export complexes as binding partners of ECD and characterized the functional interaction of ECD with key mRNA export-related DEAD BOX protein helicase DDX39A. We find that ECD is involved in RNA export through its interaction with DDX39A. ECD knockdown (KD) blocks mRNA export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, which is rescued by expression of full-length ECD but not an ECD mutant that is defective in interaction with DDX39A. We have previously shown that ECD protein is overexpressed in ErbB2+ breast cancers (BC). In this study, we extended the analyses to two publicly available BC mRNA The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) data sets. In both data sets, ECD mRNA overexpression correlated with short patient survival, specifically ErbB2+ BC. In the METABRIC data set, ECD overexpression also correlated with poor patient survival in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Furthermore, ECD KD in ErbB2+ BC cells led to a decrease in ErbB2 mRNA level due to a block in its nuclear export and was associated with impairment of oncogenic traits. These findings provide novel mechanistic insight into the physiological and pathological functions of ECD.
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16
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Wang B, Wang L, Lu Y, Liang W, Gao Y, Xi H, Chen L. GRSF1 promotes tumorigenesis and EMT-mediated metastasis through PI3K/AKT pathway in gastric cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 555:61-66. [PMID: 33813277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
It is vital to identify effective therapeutic targets and explore the underlying mechanisms to curb the progression of Gastric cancer (GC) and improve the prognosis of GC patients. Guanine-rich RNA sequence binding factor 1 (GRSF1) is a member of the RNA-binding protein family. The present study showed that GRSF1 knockdown suppressed GC cells proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro, while GRSF1 overexpression enhanced the proliferation, migration and invasion of GC cells. Meanwhile, knockdown of GRSF1 inhibited tumor growth and tumor metastasis in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrated that GRSF1 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and activated PI3K/AKT pathway in vitro and in vivo through gain and loss of function. In conclusion, we demonstrated that GRSF1 promotes tumorigenesis and EMT-mediated metastasis through PI3K/AKT pathway in GC. Our study for the first time identified the functions of GRSF1 serving as an oncogene in GC, which may be a potential effective therapeutic target and malignant indicator in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China; Department of General Surgery & Institute of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of General Surgery & Institute of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yixun Lu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China; Department of General Surgery & Institute of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenquan Liang
- Department of General Surgery & Institute of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhe Gao
- Department of General Surgery & Institute of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqing Xi
- Department of General Surgery & Institute of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of General Surgery & Institute of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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17
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Gupta A, Storey KB. Coordinated expression of Jumonji and AHCY under OCT transcription factor control to regulate gene methylation in wood frogs during anoxia. Gene 2021; 788:145671. [PMID: 33887369 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) can survive extended periods of whole body freezing. Freezing imparts multiple stresses on cells that include anoxia and dehydration, but these can also be experienced as independent stresses. Under anoxia stress, energy metabolism is suppressed, and pro-survival pathways are prioritized to differentially regulate some transcription factors including OCT1 and OCT4. Jumonji C domain proteins (JMJD1A and JMJD2C) are hypoxia responsive demethylases whose expression is accelerated by OCT1 and OCT4 which act to demethylate genes related to the methionine cycle. The responses by these factors to 24 h anoxia exposure and 4 h aerobic recovery was analyzed in liver and skeletal muscle of wood frogs to assess their involvement in metabolic adaptation to oxygen limitation. Immunoblot results showed a decrease in JMJD1A levels under anoxia in liver and muscle, but an increase was observed in JMJD2C demethylase protein in anoxic skeletal muscle. Protein levels of adenosylhomocysteinase (AHCY) and methionine adenosyl transferase (MAT), enzymes of the methionine cycle, also showed an increase in the reoxygenated liver, whereas the levels decreased in muscle. A transcription factor ELISA showed a decrease in DNA binding by OCT1 in the reoxygenated liver and anoxic skeletal muscle, and transcript levels also showed tissue specific gene expression. The present study provides the first analysis of the role of the OCT1 transcription factor, associated proteins, and lysine demethylases in mediating responses to anoxia by wood frog tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakriti Gupta
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa K1S 5B6, Canada.
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18
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Yu X, Liu J, Qiu H, Hao H, Zhu J, Peng S. Combined inhibition of ACK1 and AKT shows potential toward targeted therapy against KRAS-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2021; 21:198-207. [PMID: 32530390 PMCID: PMC7982072 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2020.4746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with Kirsten RAt Sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutation has become a clinical challenge in cancer treatment as KRAS-mutant tumors are often resistant to conventional anti-tumor therapies. Activated CDC42-associated kinase 1 (ACK1), an activator of protein kinase B (AKT), is a promising target for KRAS-mutant tumor therapy, but the downstream ACK1 signaling remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of combined ACK1/AKT inhibition on the proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of KRAS-mutant NSCLC cell lines (NCI-H23, NCI-H358, and A549). The cells were treated with an inhibitor of either ACK1 (dasatinib or sunitinib) or AKT (MK-2206 or GDC-0068), and the optimal concentrations of the two yielding synergistic tumor-killing effects were determined by applying the Chou-Talalay equation for drug combinations. We showed that combined administration of ACK1 and AKT inhibitors at the optimal concentrations effectively suppressed NSCLC cell viability and promoted apoptosis while inducing cell cycle arrest at the G2 phase. Moreover, NSCLC cell migration and invasion were inhibited by combined ACK1/AKT inhibition. These phenomena were associated with the reduced phosphorylation levels of ACK1 and AKT (at Ser473 and Thr308), as well as alterations in caspase-dependent apoptotic signaling. Collectively, our results demonstrate the promising therapeutic potential of combined ACK1/AKT inhibition as a strategy against KRAS-mutant NSCLC. Our findings provide the basis for the clinical translation of biological targeted drugs (ACK1 and AKT inhibitors) and their rational combination in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjing Yu
- Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Huawei Qiu
- Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Huiting Hao
- Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jinhong Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Shiyun Peng
- Precision Medicine Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
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19
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Ohara S, Suda K, Mitsudomi T. Cell Line Models for Acquired Resistance to First-Line Osimertinib in Lung Cancers-Applications and Limitations. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020354. [PMID: 33572269 PMCID: PMC7915563 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are first-line drugs for lung cancers with activating EGFR mutations. Although first- and second-generation EGFR-TKIs were standard first-line treatments, acquired resistance (AR) to these drugs is almost inevitable. Cell line models have been widely used to explore the molecular mechanisms of AR to first- and second-generation EGFR-TKIs. Many research groups, including ours, have established AR cell lines that harbor the EGFR T790M secondary mutation, MET gene amplification, or epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) features, which are all found in clinical specimens obtained from TKI-refractory lesions. Currently, many oncologists prescribe osimertinib, a third-generation EGFR-TKI that can overcome T790M-mediated resistance, as a first-line TKI. Although few clinical data are available about AR mechanisms that arise when osimertinib is used as a first-line therapy, many research groups have established cell lines with AR to osimertinib and have reported on their AR mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the findings on AR mechanisms against first-line osimertinib obtained from analyses of cell line models.
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20
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Obinata D, Lawrence MG, Takayama K, Choo N, Risbridger GP, Takahashi S, Inoue S. Recent Discoveries in the Androgen Receptor Pathway in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:581515. [PMID: 33134178 PMCID: PMC7578370 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.581515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is the main therapeutic target in advanced prostate cancer, because it regulates the growth and progression of prostate cancer cells. Patients may undergo multiple lines of AR-directed treatments, including androgen-deprivation therapy, AR signaling inhibitors (abiraterone acetate, enzalutamide, apalutamide, or darolutamide), or combinations of these therapies. Yet, tumors inevitably develop resistance to the successive lines of treatment. The diverse mechanisms of resistance include reactivation of the AR and dysregulation of AR cofactors and collaborative transcription factors (TFs). Further elucidating the nexus between the AR and collaborative TFs may reveal new strategies targeting the AR directly or indirectly, such as targeting BET proteins or OCT1. However, appropriate preclinical models will be required to test the efficacy of these approaches. Fortunately, an increasing variety of patient-derived models, such as xenografts and organoids, are being developed for discovery-based research and preclinical drug screening. Here we review the mechanisms of drug resistance in the AR signaling pathway, the intersection with collaborative TFs, and the use of patient-derived models for novel drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Obinata
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mitchell G. Lawrence
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kenichi Takayama
- Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nicholas Choo
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Gail P. Risbridger
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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21
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Tang DE, Dai Y, He JX, Lin LW, Leng QX, Geng XY, Fu DX, Jiang HW, Xu SH. Targeting the KDM4B-AR-c-Myc axis promotes sensitivity to androgen receptor-targeted therapy in advanced prostate cancer. J Pathol 2020; 252:101-113. [PMID: 32617978 DOI: 10.1002/path.5495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The histone demethylase KDM4B functions as a key co-activator for the androgen receptor (AR) and plays a vital in multiple cancers through controlling gene expression by epigenetic regulation of H3K9 methylation marks. Constitutively active androgen receptor confers anti-androgen resistance in advanced prostate cancer. However, the role of KDM4B in resistance to next-generation anti-androgens and the mechanisms of KDM4B regulation are poorly defined. Here we found that KDM4B is overexpressed in enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cells. Overexpression of KDM4B promoted recruitment of AR to the c-Myc (MYC) gene enhancer and induced H3K9 demethylation, increasing AR-dependent transcription of c-Myc mRNA, which regulates the sensitivity to next-generation AR-targeted therapy. Inhibition of KDM4B significantly inhibited prostate tumor cell growth in xenografts, and improved enzalutamide treatments through suppression of c-Myc. Clinically, KDM4B expression was found upregulated and to correlate with prostate cancer progression and poor prognosis. Our results revealed a novel mechanism of anti-androgen resistance via histone demethylase alteration which could be targeted through inhibition of KDM4B to reduce AR-dependent c-Myc expression and overcome resistance to AR-targeted therapies. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-E Tang
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yong Dai
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Jia-Xi He
- Department of Pathology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lie-Wen Lin
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Qi-Xin Leng
- Department of Pathology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xin-Yan Geng
- Department of Biochemistry, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - De-Xue Fu
- Department of Surgery, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hao-Wu Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Song-Hui Xu
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China.,Department of Pathology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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22
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Tang DE, Dai Y, Xu Y, Lin LW, Liu DZ, Hong XP, Ou ML, Jiang HW, Xu SH. The ubiquitinase ZFP91 promotes tumor cell survival and confers chemoresistance through FOXA1 destabilization. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41:56-66. [PMID: 31046116 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The forkhead box A1 (FOXA1), one of the forkhead class of DNA-binding proteins, functions as a transcription factor and plays a vital role in cellular control of embryonic development and cancer progression. Downregulation of FOXA1 has reported in several types of cancer, which contributes to cancer cell survival and chemoresistance. However, the mechanism for FOXA1 downregulation in cancer remains unclear. Here, we report that the ubiquitination enzyme zinc finger protein 91 (ZFP91) ubiquitinates and destabilizes FOXA1, which promotes cancer cell growth. High level of ZFP91 expression correlates with low level of FOXA1 protein in human gastric cancer (GC) cell lines and patient samples. Furthermore, ZFP91 knockdown reduces FOXA1 polyubiquitination, which decreases FOXA1 turnover and enhances cellular sensitivity to chemotherapy. Taken together, our findings reveal ZFP91-FOXA1 axis plays an important role in promoting GC progression and provides us a potential therapeutic intervention in the treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-E Tang
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yong Dai
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Lie-Wen Lin
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Zhou Liu
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Hong
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Lin Ou
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Wu Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Song-Hui Xu
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Department of Biochemistry, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Mangalaparthi KK, Patel K, Khan AA, Manoharan M, Karunakaran C, Murugan S, Gupta R, Gupta R, Khanna-Gupta A, Chaudhuri A, Kumar P, Nair B, Kumar RV, Prasad TSK, Chatterjee A, Pandey A, Gowda H. Mutational Landscape of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in an Indian Cohort. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1457. [PMID: 32974170 PMCID: PMC7469928 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most common histological subtype of esophageal cancer in India. Cigarette smoking and chewing tobacco are known risk factors associated with ESCC. However, genomic alterations associated with ESCC in India are not well-characterized. In this study, we carried out exome sequencing to characterize the mutational landscape of ESCC tumors from subjects with a varied history of tobacco usage. Whole exome sequence analysis of ESCC from an Indian cohort revealed several genes that were mutated or had copy number changes. ESCC from tobacco chewers had a higher frequency of C:G > A:T transversions and 2-fold enrichment for mutation signature 4 compared to smokers and non-users of tobacco. Genes, such as TP53, CSMD3, SYNE1, PIK3CA, and NOTCH1 were found to be frequently mutated in Indian cohort. Mutually exclusive mutation patterns were observed in PIK3CA-NOTCH1, DNAH5-ZFHX4, MUC16-FAT1, and ZFHX4-NOTCH1 gene pairs. Recurrent amplifications were observed in 3q22-3q29, 11q13.3-q13.4, 7q22.1-q31.1, and 8q24 regions. Approximately 53% of tumors had genomic alterations in PIK3CA making this pathway a promising candidate for targeted therapy. In conclusion, we observe enrichment of mutation signature 4 in ESCC tumors from patients with a history of tobacco chewing. This is likely due to direct exposure of esophagus to tobacco carcinogens when it is chewed and swallowed. Genomic alterations were frequently observed in PIK3CA-AKT pathway members independent of the history of tobacco usage. PIK3CA pathway can be potentially targeted in ESCC which currently has no effective targeted therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran K. Mangalaparthi
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India
| | - Krishna Patel
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India
| | - Aafaque A. Khan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | | - Ravi Gupta
- Medgenome Labs Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | | - Prashant Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Bipin Nair
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India
| | - Rekha V. Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
| | - T. S. Keshava Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Zhu J, Liu Y, Ao H, Liu M, Zhao M, Ma J. Comprehensive Analysis of the Immune Implication of ACK1 Gene in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1132. [PMID: 32793482 PMCID: PMC7390926 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated Cdc42-associated kinase1 (ACK1), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, has been considered as an oncogene and therapeutic target in various cancers. However, its contribution to cancer immunity remains uncertain. Here we first compared the profiles of immune cells in cancerous and normal tissues in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) lung cancer cohorts. Next, we found that the immune cell infiltration levels were associated with the ACK1 gene copy numbers in lung cancer. Consistently, our RNA-seq data unveiled that the silencing of ACK1 upregulated several immune pathways in lung cancer cells, including the T cell receptor signaling pathway. The impacts of ACK1 on immune activity were validated by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of RNA-seq data of 188 lung cancer cell lines from the public database. A pathway enrichment analysis of 35 ACK1-associated immunomodulators and 50 tightly correlated genes indicated the involvement of the PI3K-Akt and Ras signaling pathways. Based on ACK1-associated immunomodulators, we established multiple-gene risk prediction signatures using the Cox regression model. The resulting risk scores were an independent prognosis predictor in the TCGA lung cohorts. We also accessed the prognostic accuracy of the risk scores with a receiver operating characteristic methodology. Finally, a prognostic nomogram, accompanied by a calibration curve, was constructed to predict individuals' 3- and 5-year survival probabilities. Our findings provided evidence of ACK1's implication in tumor immunity, suggesting that ACK1 may be a potential immunotherapeutic target for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The nominated immune signature is a promising prognostic biomarker in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Biobank, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Haijiao Ao
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Mingdong Liu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Biobank, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jianqun Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
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Meng N, Chen M, Chen D, Chen X, Wang J, Zhu S, He Y, Zhang X, Lu R, Yan G. Small Protein Hidden in lncRNA LOC90024 Promotes "Cancerous" RNA Splicing and Tumorigenesis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903233. [PMID: 32440474 PMCID: PMC7237858 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Conventional therapies for late-stage colorectal cancer (CRC) have limited effects because of chemoresistance, recurrence, and metastasis. The "hidden" proteins/peptides encoded by long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) may be a novel resource bank for therapeutic options for patients with cancer. Here, lncRNA LOC90024 is discovered to encode a small 130-amino acid protein that interacts with several splicing regulators, such as serine- and arginine-rich splicing factor 3 (SRSF3), to regulate mRNA splicing, and the protein thus is named "Splicing Regulatory Small Protein" (SRSP). SRSP, but not LOC90024 lncRNA itself, promotes CRC tumorigenesis and progression, while silencing of SRSP suppresses CRC tumorigenesis. Mechanistically, SRSP increases the binding of SRSF3 to exon 3 of transcription factor Sp4, resulting in the inclusion of Sp4 exon 3 to induce the formation of the "cancerous" long Sp4 isoform (L-Sp4 protein) and inhibit the formation of the "noncancerous" short Sp4 isoform (S-Sp4 peptide), which lacks the transactivation domain. The upregulated SRSP level is positively associated with malignant phenotypes and poor prognosis in patients with CRC. Collectively, the findings uncover that a lncRNA-encoded small protein SRSP induces "cancerous" Sp4 splicing variant formation and may be a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Meng
- Biomedicine Research CenterThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510150China
| | - Min Chen
- Biomedicine Research CenterThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510150China
| | - De Chen
- Biomedicine Research CenterThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510150China
| | - Xin‐Hui Chen
- Biomedicine Research CenterThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510150China
| | - Ji‐Zhong Wang
- Biomedicine Research CenterThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510150China
| | - Song Zhu
- Biomedicine Research CenterThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510150China
| | - Yu‐Tian He
- Biomedicine Research CenterThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510150China
| | - Xiao‐Lan Zhang
- Biomedicine Research CenterThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510150China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and DegradationState Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou511436China
| | - Rui‐Xun Lu
- Biomedicine Research CenterThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510150China
| | - Guang‐Rong Yan
- Biomedicine Research CenterThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510150China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and DegradationState Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou511436China
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26
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Li Z, Wu G, Li J, Wang Y, Ju X, Jiang W. lncRNA CRNDE promotes the proliferation and metastasis by acting as sponge miR-539-5p to regulate POU2F1 expression in HCC. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:282. [PMID: 32252678 PMCID: PMC7137470 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06771-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This article focuses on the roles and mechanism of lncRNA CRNDE on the progression of HCC. Methods We used qRT-PCR to detect the expression of lncRNA CRNDE in HCC cells, normal cells and clinical tissues. MTT assay, FCM analysis, Transwell migration and invasion assay were used to detect the effects of lncRNA CRNDE on cell viability, apoptosis, migration and invasion of HCC cells. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2, Bax, Cleaved Caspase 3, Cleaved Caspase 9, EMT epithelial marker E-cadherin and mesothelial marker Vimentin were analyzed by Western blot. Online prediction software was used to predict the binding sites between lncRNA CRNDE and miR-539-5p, or miR-539-5p and POU2F1 3’UTR. Dual luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR and RNA pulldown were used to detect target-relationship between lncRNA CRNDE and miR-539-5p. Dual luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, Western blot and Immunofluorescence were used to detect target-relationship between miR-539-5p and POU2F1. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of miR-539-5p and POU2F1 in clinical tissues. Rescue experiments was used to evaluate the association among lncRNA CRNDE, miR-539-5p and POU2F1. Finally, we used Western blot to detect the effects of lncRNA CRNDE, miR-539-5p and POU2F1 on NF-κB and AKT pathway. Results lncRNA CRNDE was highly expressed in HCC cells and HCC tissues compared with normal cells and the corresponding adjacent normal tissues. lncRNA CRNDE promoted the cell viability, migration and invasion of HCC cells, while inhibited the apoptosis and promoted the EMT process of HCC cells. lncRNA CRNDE adsorbed miR-539-5p acts as a competitive endogenous RNA to regulate POU2F1 expression indirectly. In HCC clinical tissues, miR-539-5p expression decreased and POU2F1 increased compared with the corresponding adjacent normal tissues. lncRNA CRNDE/miR-539-5p/POU2-F1 participated the NF-κB and AKT pathway in HCC. Conclusion lncRNA CRNDE promotes the expression of POU2F1 by adsorbing miR-539-5p, thus promoting the progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixi Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Youyu Wang
- Department of Thracic Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Xueming Ju
- Department of Ultrsound, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Wenjun Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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27
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An oncopeptide regulates m 6A recognition by the m 6A reader IGF2BP1 and tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1685. [PMID: 32245947 PMCID: PMC7125119 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15403-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent modification in eukaryotic RNAs. The biological importance of m6A relies on m6A readers, which control mRNA fate and function. However, it remains unexplored whether additional regulatory subunits of m6A readers are involved in the m6A recognition on RNAs. Here we discover that the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) LINC00266-1 encodes a 71-amino acid peptide. The peptide mainly interacts with the RNA-binding proteins, including the m6A reader IGF2BP1, and is thus named "RNA-binding regulatory peptide" (RBRP). RBRP binds to IGF2BP1 and strengthens m6A recognition by IGF2BP1 on RNAs, such as c-Myc mRNA, to increase the mRNA stability and expression of c-Myc, thereby promoting tumorigenesis. Cancer patients with RBRPhigh have a poor prognosis. Thus, the oncopeptide RBRP encoded by LINC00266-1 is a regulatory subunit of m6A readers and strengthens m6A recognition on the target RNAs by the m6A reader to exert its oncogenic functions.
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28
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DLX6-AS1/miR-204-5p/OCT1 positive feedback loop promotes tumor progression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2020; 23:212-227. [PMID: 31463827 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-019-01002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence indicates that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in progression of gastric cancer (GC). Nevertheless, the function and expression level of DLX6-AS1 in GC remain unknown. METHODS We explored the sequencing data of DLX6-AS1 downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas. The expression of DLX6-AS1, miR-204-5p and OCT1 in 56 GC patients and GC cell lines was quantified by qRT-PCR and western blotting. Furthermore, we performed in vitro functional assays to assess proliferation, invasion and migration of GC cells by knockdown of DLX6-AS1. The expression level of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes was also determined by qRT-PCR and western blotting. Actin remodeling was detected by F-actin phalloidin staining. The luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was utilized to confirm the bioinformatic prediction. The function of the DLX6-AS1/miR-204-5p/OCT1 axis in GC proliferation was clarified by rescue assays. RESULTS We first demonstrated that DLX6-AS1 was upregulated in GC tissues and cell lines and was associated with T3/T4 invasion, distant metastasis and poor clinical prognosis. Further functional analysis showed that downregulation of DLX6-AS1 inhibited GC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT in vitro. Mechanistic investigation indicated that DLX6-AS1 acted as a cancer-promoting competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) by binding miR-204-5p and upregulating OCT1. Moreover, the transcription factor OCT1 was confirmed to enhance DLX6-AS1 expression by targeting the promoter region. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that OCT1-induced DLX6-AS1 promoted GC progression and the EMT via the miR-204-5p/OCT1 axis, suggesting that this lncRNA might be a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for GC.
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29
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Dey A, Sen S, Uversky VN, Maulik U. Structural facets of POU2F1 in light of the functional annotations and sequence-structure patterns. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:1093-1105. [PMID: 32081083 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1733092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
POU domain class 2 homebox 1 or POU2F1 is broadly known as an important transcription factor. Due to its association with different types of malignancies, POU2F1 became one of the key factors in pancancer analysis. However, in spite of considering this protein as a potential drug target, none of the drug targeting POU2F1 has been designed as of yet due to the extreme structural flexibility of this protein. In this article, we have proposed a three-level comprehensive framework for understanding the structural conservation and co-variation of POU2F1. First, a gene regulatory network based on the normal and pathological functions of POU2F1 has been created for better understanding the strong association between POU2F1 deregulation and cancers. After that, based on the evolutionary sequence space analysis, the comparative sequence dynamics of the protein members of POU domain family has been studied mostly between non-human and human species. Subsequently, the reciprocity effect of the residual co-variation has been identified through direct coupling analysis. Along with that, the structure of POU2F1 has been analyzed depending on quality assessment and normal mode-based structure network. Comparing the sequence and structure space information, the most significant set of residues viz., 3, 9, 13, 17, 20, 21, 28, 35, and 36 have been identified as structural facet for function. This study demonstrates that the structural malleability of POU2F1 serves as one of the prime reason behind its functional multiplicity in terms of protein moonlighting. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashmita Dey
- Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sagnik Sen
- Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.,Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ujjwal Maulik
- Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Histone deacetylase inhibitors dysregulate DNA repair proteins and antagonize metastasis-associated processes. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:343-356. [PMID: 31932908 PMCID: PMC6985217 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-03118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose We set out to determine whether clinically tested epigenetic drugs against class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) affect hallmarks of the metastatic process. Methods We treated permanent and primary renal, lung, and breast cancer cells with the class I histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) entinostat (MS-275) and valproic acid (VPA), the replicative stress inducer hydroxyurea (HU), the DNA-damaging agent cis-platinum (L-OHP), and the cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ). We used proteomics, quantitative PCR, immunoblot, single cell DNA damage assays, and flow cytometry to analyze cell fate after drug exposure. Results We show that HDACi interfere with DNA repair protein expression and trigger DNA damage and apoptosis alone and in combination with established chemotherapeutics. Furthermore, HDACi disrupt the balance of cell adhesion protein expression and abrogate TGFβ-induced cellular plasticity of transformed cells. Conclusion HDACi suppress the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and compromise the DNA integrity of cancer cells. These data encourage further testing of HDACi against tumor cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00432-019-03118-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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The POU2F1/miR-4490/USP22 axis regulates cell proliferation and metastasis in gastric cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2020; 43:1017-1033. [PMID: 32857323 PMCID: PMC7716863 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Growing evidence indicates that aberrant expression of microRNAs contributes to tumor development. However, the biological role of microRNA-4490 (miR-4490) in gastric cancer (GC) remains to be clarified. METHODS To explore the function of miR-4490 in GC, we performed colony formation, EdU incorporation, qRT-PCR, Western blotting, in situ hybridization (ISH), immunohistochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry, ChIP and dual-luciferase reporter assays. In addition, the growth, migration and invasion capacities of GC cells were evaluated. RESULTS We found that miR-4490 was significantly downregulated in primary GC samples and in GC-derived cell lines compared with normal controls, and that this expression level was negatively correlated with GC malignancy. Exogenous miR-4490 expression not only reduced cell cycle progression and proliferation, but also significantly inhibited GC cell migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro. Mechanistically, we found that miR-4490 directly targets USP22, which mediates inhibition of GC cell proliferation and EMT-induced metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we found through luciferase and ChIP assays that transcription factor POU2F1 can directly bind to POU2F1 binding sites within the miR-4490 and USP22 promoters and, by doing so, modulate their transcription. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between USP22 and POU2F1 expression and negative correlations between miR-4490 and USP22 as well as miR-4490 and POU2F1 expression in primary GC tissues. CONCLUSION Based on our results we conclude that miR-4490 acts as a tumor suppressor, and that the POU2F1/miR-4490/USP22 axis plays an important role in the regulation of growth, invasion and EMT of GC cells.
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Research Progress of the Functional Role of ACK1 in Breast Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1018034. [PMID: 31772931 PMCID: PMC6854235 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1018034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
ACK1 is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase with a unique structure, which is tightly related to the biological behavior of tumors. Previous studies have demonstrated that ACK1 was involved with multiple signaling pathways of tumor progression. Its crucial role in tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis was tightly related to the prognosis and clinicopathology of cancer. ACK1 has a unique way of regulating cellular pathways, different from other nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. As an oncogenic kinase, recent studies have shown that ACK1 plays a critical regulatory role in the initiation and progression of tumors. In this review, we will be summarizing the structural characteristics, activation, and regulation of ACK1 in breast cancer, aiming to deeply understand the functional and mechanistic role of ACK1 and provide novel therapeutic strategies for breast cancer treatment.
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Tang DE, Dai Y, Lin LW, Xu Y, Liu DZ, Hong XP, Jiang HW, Xu SH. STUB1 suppresseses tumorigenesis and chemoresistance through antagonizing YAP1 signaling. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:3145-3156. [PMID: 31393050 PMCID: PMC6778644 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a component of the canonical Hippo signaling pathway that is known to play essential roles in modulating organ size, development, and tumorigenesis. Activation or upregulation of YAP1, which contributes to cancer cell survival and chemoresistance, has been verified in different types of human cancers. However, the molecular mechanism of YAP1 upregulation in cancer is still unclear. Here we report that the E3 ubiquitin ligase STUB1 ubiquitinates and destabilizes YAP1, thereby inhibiting cancer cell survival. Low levels of STUB1 expression were correlated with increased protein levels of YAP1 in human gastric cancer cell lines and patient samples. Moreover, we revealed that STUB1 ubiquitinates YAP1 at the K280 site by K48-linked polyubiquitination, which in turn increases YAP1 turnover and promotes cellular chemosensitivity. Overall, our study establishes YAP1 ubiquitination and degradation mediated by the E3 ligase STUB1 as an important regulatory mechanism in gastric cancer, and provides a rationale for potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-E Tang
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern, University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Dai
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern, University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lie-Wen Lin
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern, University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern, University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dong-Zhou Liu
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern, University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Hong
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern, University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hao-Wu Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Song-Hui Xu
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern, University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Zou J, Huang R, Li H, Wang B, Chen Y, Chen S, Ou K, Wang X. Secreted TGF-beta-induced protein promotes aggressive progression in bladder cancer cells. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:6995-7006. [PMID: 31440088 PMCID: PMC6664251 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s208984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Transforming growth factor-beta-induced (TGFBI) is an exocrine protein, which has been found to be able to promote the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, glioma, pancreatic cancer, and other tumors. However, there is currently no report concerning the relationship between TGFBI and invasive progression of bladder cancer (BCa). Methods: IHC staining, qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to analyze TGFBI and EMT markers levels. In vivo tumorigenesis was performed by xenograft tumor model. Results: In this study, we found that both mRNA and protein levels of TGFBI were significantly up-regulated in muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) tissues compared with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) tissues. The high expression level of TGFBI was positively correlated with high histological grade and advanced clinical stage, and BCa patients with high TGFBI levels exhibited poor prognoses. We further confirmed that high expression level of TGFBI can promote proliferation, invasive progression, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of BCa cells in vitro, as well as promote tumor growth and EMT in vivo, while silencing of TGFBI inhibited these malignant phenotypes. TGFBI was involved in the up-regulation of EMT by inducing the expression level of Slug, Vimentin, Snail, MMP2, and MMP9 genes, while it down-regulated the expression level of E-cadherin. Moreover, Western blot analysis was carried out to demonstrate that BCa cell lines stably transfected with expression of TGFBI, a secreted protein. Furthermore, conditional medium containing TGFBI protein also resulted in enhanced EMT and malignant phenotype of BCa cells. Conclusion: Our results indicate that high expression level of TGFBI promotes EMT, proliferation, and invasive progression of BCa cells, and TGFBI is a potential therapeutic target and prognostic marker for BCa. ![]()
Point your SmartPhone at the code above. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GkmU8GAfOv0
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zou
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiyan Huang
- Department of Ultrasonography and Electrocardiograms, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huajun Li
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institue of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfei Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institue of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwei Chen
- The Third Clinical College of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaifu Ou
- The Third Clinical College of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xutao Wang
- The Third Clinical College of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Transcription factor Oct1 protects against hematopoietic stress and promotes acute myeloid leukemia. Exp Hematol 2019; 76:38-48.e2. [PMID: 31295506 PMCID: PMC7670548 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of the development and progression of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is necessary to improve patient outcome. Here we define roles for the transcription factor Oct1/Pou2f1 in AML and normal hematopoiesis. Inappropriate reactivation of the CDX2 gene is widely observed in leukemia patients and in leukemia mouse models. We show that Oct1 associates with the CDX2 promoter in both normal and AML primary patient samples, but recruits the histone demethylase Jmjd1a/Kdm3a to remove the repressive H3K9me2 mark only in malignant specimens. The CpG DNA immediately adjacent to the Oct1 binding site within the CDX2 promoter exhibits variable DNA methylation in healthy control blood and bone marrow samples, but complete demethylation in AML samples. In MLL-AF9-driven mouse models, partial loss of Oct1 protects from myeloid leukemia. Complete Oct1 loss completely suppresses leukemia but results in lethality from bone marrow failure. Loss of Oct1 in normal hematopoietic transplants results in superficially normal long-term reconstitution; however, animals become acutely sensitive to 5-fluorouracil, indicating that Oct1 is dispensable for normal hematopoiesis but protects blood progenitor cells against external chemotoxic stress. These findings elucidate a novel and important role for Oct1 in AML.
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Vázquez-Arreguín K, Bensard C, Schell JC, Swanson E, Chen X, Rutter J, Tantin D. Oct1/Pou2f1 is selectively required for colon regeneration and regulates colon malignancy. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007687. [PMID: 31059499 PMCID: PMC6522070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Oct1/Pou2f1 promotes poised gene expression states, mitotic stability, glycolytic metabolism and other characteristics of stem cell potency. To determine the effect of Oct1 loss on stem cell maintenance and malignancy, we deleted Oct1 in two different mouse gut stem cell compartments. Oct1 deletion preserved homeostasis in vivo and the ability to establish organoids in vitro, but blocked the ability to recover from treatment with dextran sodium sulfate, and the ability to maintain organoids after passage. In a chemical model of colon cancer, loss of Oct1 in the colon severely restricted tumorigenicity. In contrast, loss of one or both Oct1 alleles progressively increased tumor burden in a colon cancer model driven by loss-of-heterozygosity of the tumor suppressor gene Apc. The different outcomes are consistent with prior findings that Oct1 promotes mitotic stability, and consistent with differentially expressed genes between the two models. Oct1 ChIPseq using HCT116 colon carcinoma cells identifies target genes associated with mitotic stability, metabolism, stress response and malignancy. This set of gene targets overlaps significantly with genes differentially expressed in the two tumor models. These results reveal that Oct1 is selectively required for recovery after colon damage, and that Oct1 has potent effects in colon malignancy, with outcome (pro-oncogenic or tumor suppressive) dictated by tumor etiology. Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Approximately 35% of diagnosed patients eventually succumb to disease. The high incidence and mortality due to colon cancer demand a better understanding of factors controlling the physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Previously, we and others showed that the widely expressed transcription factor Oct1 is expressed at higher protein levels in stem cells, including intestinal stem cells. Here we use deletion of a conditional mouse Oct1 (Pou2f1) allele in two different intestinal stem cell compartments to study gut homeostasis. We then proceed to investigate the effect of Oct1 loss in colon regeneration and malignancy. The results indicate that Oct1 loss is dispensable for maintenance of the mouse gut, but required for recovery after damage to the colon epithelium. We also find that Oct1 loss has opposing effects in two different mouse colon cancer models, and further that the two models are associated with different gene expression signatures. The differentially expressed genes are enriched for Oct1 targets, suggesting that differential gene control by Oct1 is one mechanism underlying the different outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Vázquez-Arreguín
- Department of Pathology and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Claire Bensard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - John C. Schell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Eric Swanson
- Department of Pathology and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Xinjian Chen
- Department of Pathology and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Jared Rutter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Dean Tantin
- Department of Pathology and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chen M, Sheng XJ, Qin YY, Zhu S, Wu QX, Jia L, Meng N, He YT, Yan GR. TBC1D8 Amplification Drives Tumorigenesis through Metabolism Reprogramming in Ovarian Cancer. Theranostics 2019; 9:676-690. [PMID: 30809301 PMCID: PMC6376479 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to support their energy demand and biomass synthesis. However, the mechanisms driving cancer metabolism reprogramming are not well understood. Methods: The differential proteins and interacted proteins were identified by proteomics. Western blot, qRT-PCR and IHC staining were used to analyze TBC1D8 levels. In vivo tumorigenesis and metastasis were performed by xenograft tumor model. Cross-Linking assays were designed to analyze PKM2 polymerization. Lactate production, glucose uptake and PK activity were determined. Results: We established two aggressive ovarian cancer (OVCA) cell models with increased aerobic glycolysis. TBC1D8, a member of the TBC domain protein family, was significantly up-regulated in the more aggressive OVCA cells. TBC1D8 is amplified and up-regulated in OVCA tissues. OVCA patients with high TBC1D8 levels have poorer prognoses. TBC1D8 promotes OVCA tumorigenesis and aerobic glycolysis in a GAP activity-independent manner in vitro and in vivo. TBC1D8 bound to PKM2, not PKM1, via its Rab-GAP TBC domain. Mechanistically, TBC1D8 binds to PKM2 and hinders PKM2 tetramerization to decreases pyruvate kinase activity and promote aerobic glycolysis, and to promote the nuclear translocation of PKM2, which induces the expression of genes which are involved in glucose metabolism and cell cycle. Conclusions:TBC1D8 drives OVCA tumorigenesis and metabolic reprogramming, and TBC1D8 serves as an independent prognosis factor for OVCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Biomedicine Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Xiu-Jie Sheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Yuan-Yi Qin
- Biomedicine Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Song Zhu
- Biomedicine Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Qing-Xia Wu
- Biomedicine Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Liqing Jia
- Biomedicine Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Nan Meng
- Biomedicine Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Yu-Tian He
- Biomedicine Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Guang-Rong Yan
- Biomedicine Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
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Qi L, Ding Y. TNK2 as a key drug target for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:48-52. [PMID: 30036625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, few small molecular compounds are being used as therapeutic targets in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC); therefore, there is an urgent need to identify novel drug targets, which could be used in the treatment of CRC. The Connectivity Map (cmap) web server was used to correlate the differentially expressed genes of CRC with the small molecular compounds related to the disease. Thus, we identified six small molecular compounds to be potentially relevant to the development of CRC. Target protein analysis revealed that TNK2 is a common target of the three small molecular compounds, which were included in the set of six small molecular compounds mentioned earlier. In addition, the continuous activation of TNK2 was observed in the development of CRC. This indicates that TNK2 may have the potential of being a key drug target in the treatment of metastatic CRC. The Molinspiration tool was used to analyze small molecular compounds, which are bound to TNK2 in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). We found that a small molecular compound in protein with the PDB identification code 4EWH had higher scores in terms of kinase inhibition but lower scores in terms of other biological activity indices. This indicates that the compound had good kinase specificity, which is a key characteristic of other existing clinically approved anti-tumor small molecular compounds. By performing target protein prediction analysis, we identified 122 target proteins of the small molecular compound in 4EWH. Out of the 122 target proteins, 21 proteins showed kinase activity, including TNK2. Enrichment analysis was performed on the diseases in which these 122 target proteins were involved, and the results revealed that CRC had the highest correlation. Moreover, 47 target proteins were individually correlated with the progression of CRC. This further suggests that the small molecular compound can inhibit CRC. Thus, TNK2 was considered as a potential drug target in the treatment of metastatic CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qi
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yanqing Ding
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Xiao CL, Zhu S, He M, Chen D, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Yu G, Liu J, Xie SQ, Luo F, Liang Z, Wang DP, Bo XC, Gu XF, Wang K, Yan GR. N 6-Methyladenine DNA Modification in the Human Genome. Mol Cell 2018; 71:306-318.e7. [PMID: 30017583 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA N6-methyladenine (6mA) modification is the most prevalent DNA modification in prokaryotes, but whether it exists in human cells and whether it plays a role in human diseases remain enigmatic. Here, we showed that 6mA is extensively present in the human genome, and we cataloged 881,240 6mA sites accounting for ∼0.051% of the total adenines. [G/C]AGG[C/T] was the most significantly associated motif with 6mA modification. 6mA sites were enriched in the coding regions and mark actively transcribed genes in human cells. DNA 6mA and N6-demethyladenine modification in the human genome were mediated by methyltransferase N6AMT1 and demethylase ALKBH1, respectively. The abundance of 6mA was significantly lower in cancers, accompanied by decreased N6AMT1 and increased ALKBH1 levels, and downregulation of 6mA modification levels promoted tumorigenesis. Collectively, our results demonstrate that DNA 6mA modification is extensively present in human cells and the decrease of genomic DNA 6mA promotes human tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Le Xiao
- Biomedicine Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China; College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Song Zhu
- Biomedicine Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China; Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Minghui He
- CookGene Biosciences Center, Guangzhou 510320, China
| | - De Chen
- Biomedicine Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China; Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Guoliang Yu
- Grandomics Biosciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jinbao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Shang-Qian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Feng Luo
- School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0974, USA
| | - Zhe Liang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Xiao-Chen Bo
- Dapartment of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Xiao-Feng Gu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Guang-Rong Yan
- Biomedicine Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China; Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.
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Li W, Ng JMK, Wong CC, Ng EKW, Yu J. Molecular alterations of cancer cell and tumour microenvironment in metastatic gastric cancer. Oncogene 2018; 37:4903-4920. [PMID: 29795331 PMCID: PMC6127089 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The term metastasis is widely used to describe the endpoint of the process by which tumour cells spread from the primary location to an anatomically distant site. Achieving successful dissemination is dependent not only on the molecular alterations of the cancer cells themselves, but also on the microenvironment through which they encounter. Here, we reviewed the molecular alterations of metastatic gastric cancer (GC) as it reflects a large proportion of GC patients currently seen in clinic. We hope that further exploration and understanding of the multistep metastatic cascade will yield novel therapeutic targets that will lead to better patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Li
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jennifer Mun-Kar Ng
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Chun Wong
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Enders Kwok Wai Ng
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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ECD promotes gastric cancer metastasis by blocking E3 ligase ZFP91-mediated hnRNP F ubiquitination and degradation. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:479. [PMID: 29706618 PMCID: PMC5924763 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human ortholog of the Drosophila ecdysoneless gene (ECD) is required for embryonic development and cell-cycle progression; however, its role in cancer progression and metastasis remains unclear. Here, we found that ECD is frequently overexpressed in gastric cancer (GC), especially in metastatic GC, and is correlated with poor clinical outcomes in GC patients. Silencing ECD inhibited GC migration and invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo, while ECD overexpression promoted GC migration and invasion. ECD promoted GC invasion and metastasis by protecting hnRNP F from ubiquitination and degradation. We identified ZFP91 as the E3 ubiquitin ligase that is responsible for hnRNP F ubiquitination at Lys 185 and proteasomal degradation. ECD competitively bound to hnRNP F via the N-terminal STG1 domain (13-383aa), preventing hnRNP F from interacting with ZFP91, thus preventing ZFP91-mediated hnRNP F ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Collectively, our findings indicate that ECD promotes cancer invasion and metastasis by preventing E3 ligase ZFP91-mediated hnRNP F ubiquitination and degradation, suggesting that ECD may be a marker for poor prognosis and a potential therapeutic target for GC patients.
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Zhong Y, Huang H, Chen M, Huang J, Wu Q, Yan GR, Chen D. POU2F1 over-expression correlates with poor prognoses and promotes cell growth and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:44082-44095. [PMID: 28489585 PMCID: PMC5546464 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent efforts to understand activities of POU domain class 2 transcription factor 1 (POU2F1), little is known about the roles of POU2F1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumorigenesis and its correlation with any clinicopathological feature of HCC. In this study, we found that POU2F1 was significantly up-regulated in HCC specimens compared with adjacent non-cancerous liver specimens. The high POU2F1 protein expression level positively correlated with large tumor size, high histological grade, tumor metastasis and advanced clinical stage, and HCC patients with high POU2F1 levels exhibited poor prognoses. We further demonstrated that POU2F1 over-expression promoted HCC cell proliferation, colony formation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration and invasion, while silencing of POU2F1 inhibited these malignant phenotypes. POU2F1 induced the expression of Twist1, Snai1, Snai2 and ZEB1 genes which are involved in the regulation of EMT. Furthermore, POU2F1 was up-regulated by AKT pathway in HCC, and POU2F1 over-expression reversed the inhibition of malignant phenotypes induced by AKT knock-down, indicating POU2F1 is a key down-stream effector of AKT pathway. Collectively, our results indicate that POU2F1 over-expression is positively associated with aggressive phenotypes and poor survival in patients with HCC, and POU2F1 regulated by AKT pathway promotes HCC aggressive phenotypes by regulating the transcription of EMT genes. POU2F1 may be employed as a new prognostic factor and therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghao Zhong
- Biomedicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyang Huang
- Biomedicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Chen
- Biomedicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinzhou Huang
- Biomedicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingxia Wu
- Biomedicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Rong Yan
- Biomedicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - De Chen
- Biomedicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Yin G, Yuan Z, Li J, Liang J, Wu A, Liu N. A new treatment of female stress urinary incontinence with vaginal antetheca-retropubic space mesh repair surgery: a clinical trial. World J Urol 2018; 36:1103-1109. [PMID: 29478148 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-018-2234-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the short- and medium-term effect of vaginal antetheca submucosal-retropubic space with mesh repair through the implantation of organic patch (shortly as new-style vaginal mesh repair) in the treatment of patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). METHODS This was a clinical prospective single arm study in a tertiary grade hospital (General Hospital of Jinan Military Region, Jinan, China). From January 2009 to December 2014, 316 female patients were enrolled. 316 female patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) underwent the surgery. The treatment effect was evaluated using the urinary incontinence questionnaire (ICIQ-SF), urine pad test and coughing test. The perioperative and postoperative complications were also evaluated. The results were compared with 1-year cure rates of Burch retropubic urethropexy (Burch) and tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure. RESULTS The mean follow-up period was 25 ± 12 months. The success rate of the new surgical technique was 94.0% (297/316) at 1 month, and 91.5% (289/316) at 1-year postoperation. The ICIQ-SF score significantly decreased at the 1-year follow-up (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the 1-year cure rate when compared with the Burch and TVT procedures (P > 0.05). The rates of perioperative urinary tract irritation and mesh exposure were 9.5% (30/316) and 5.38% (17/316), respectively, and no serious complications were found. CONCLUSIONS The surgery demonstrated favorable short-term and medium-term treatment effects. Given its advantages of being minimally invasive, cost efficient and requiring only local anesthesia, this new surgical technique has a potential for broader clinical application. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV ID NCT02934490.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geping Yin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinan Military General Hospital, #25 Shifan Road, Jinan, 250031, China.
| | - Zheng Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinan Military General Hospital, #25 Shifan Road, Jinan, 250031, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinan Military General Hospital, #25 Shifan Road, Jinan, 250031, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinan Military General Hospital, #25 Shifan Road, Jinan, 250031, China
| | - Aifang Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinan Military General Hospital, #25 Shifan Road, Jinan, 250031, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinan Military General Hospital, #25 Shifan Road, Jinan, 250031, China
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Siveen KS, Prabhu KS, Achkar IW, Kuttikrishnan S, Shyam S, Khan AQ, Merhi M, Dermime S, Uddin S. Role of Non Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Hematological Malignances and its Targeting by Natural Products. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:31. [PMID: 29455667 PMCID: PMC5817858 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases belong to a family of enzymes that mediate the movement of the phosphate group to tyrosine residues of target protein, thus transmitting signals from the cell surface to cytoplasmic proteins and the nucleus to regulate physiological processes. Non-receptor tyrosine kinases (NRTK) are a sub-group of tyrosine kinases, which can relay intracellular signals originating from extracellular receptor. NRTKs can regulate a huge array of cellular functions such as cell survival, division/propagation and adhesion, gene expression, immune response, etc. NRTKs exhibit considerable variability in their structural make up, having a shared kinase domain and commonly possessing many other domains such as SH2, SH3 which are protein-protein interacting domains. Recent studies show that NRTKs are mutated in several hematological malignancies, including lymphomas, leukemias and myelomas, leading to aberrant activation. It can be due to point mutations which are intragenic changes or by fusion of genes leading to chromosome translocation. Mutations that lead to constitutive kinase activity result in the formation of oncogenes, such as Abl, Fes, Src, etc. Therefore, specific kinase inhibitors have been sought after to target mutated kinases. A number of compounds have since been discovered, which have shown to inhibit the activity of NRTKs, which are remarkably well tolerated. This review covers the role of various NRTKs in the development of hematological cancers, including their deregulation, genetic alterations, aberrant activation and associated mutations. In addition, it also looks at the recent advances in the development of novel natural compounds that can target NRTKs and perhaps in combination with other forms of therapy can show great promise for the treatment of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodappully S Siveen
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Kirti S Prabhu
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Iman W Achkar
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Shilpa Kuttikrishnan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Sunitha Shyam
- Medical Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Abdul Q Khan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar.
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45
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Deng F, Ouyang M, Wang X, Yao X, Chen Y, Tao T, Sun X, Xu L, Tang J, Zhao L. Differential role of intravenous anesthetics in colorectal cancer progression: implications for clinical application. Oncotarget 2018; 7:77087-77095. [PMID: 27780923 PMCID: PMC5363570 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anesthetics are unavoidable to colorectal cancer (CRC) patients who underwent surgical treatment. Thus, the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of the intravenous anesthetics in CRC metastasis are still unclear. In this study, the effects of intravenous anesthetics, such as propofol, etomidate and dexmedetomidine, on cell migration were determined. The migration of CRC cells was inhibited by propofol in vitro, but not in vivo. Etomidate, however, promoted the migration of CRC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) mediated the promotive effect of propofol and etomidate on the migration of CRC cells through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Dexmedetomidine alone or in combination with propofol or etomidate had minor effect on the migration of CRC cells. These findings indicate that propofol inhibites CRC cell migration in vitro. Etomidate playes a role for prompting CRC metastasis progression by activating (PI3K)/AKT signaling and inducing EMT. It provides an important hint for the clinical application of these anesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengliu Deng
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingwen Ouyang
- Department of anesthesia, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xueqing Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yeming Chen
- Department of Anesthesia, Huarui Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Anesthesia, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuegang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Anesthesia, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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46
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Zou ZC, Dai M, Huang ZY, Lu Y, Xie HP, Li YF, Li Y, Tan Y, Wang FL. MicroRNA-139-3p Suppresses Tumor Growth and Metastasis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Repressing ANXA2R. Oncol Res 2018; 26:1391-1399. [PMID: 29422116 PMCID: PMC7844686 DOI: 10.3727/096504018x15178798885361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct roles of miR-139-3p on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell growth and metastasis remain poorly understood. We attempted to demonstrate the regulatory role of miR-139-3p in HCC progression and its underlying mechanisms. Here we showed that miR-139-3p expression was significantly reduced in the HCC tissues compared to paratumor tissues. Exogenous overexpression of miR-139-3p inhibited the migration and invasion of HCC cells, whereas downregulation of miR-139-3p was able to induce HCC HepG2 and SNU-449 cell migration and invasion. In addition, miR-139-3p inhibited HCC growth and lung metastasis in an in vivo mouse model, which is mainly regulated by annexin A2 receptor (ANXA2R). Finally, we identified that the expression of miR-139-3p was inversely correlated with ANXA2R expression in human HCC tissue. All these results demonstrated that miR-139-3p inhibited the metastasis process in HCC by downregulating ANXA2R expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Cheng Zou
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of SunYat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Min Dai
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of SunYat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zeng Yin Huang
- Department of Oncology Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of SunYat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - He Ping Xie
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of SunYat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yi Fang Li
- Department of Acupuncture, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of SunYat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying Tan
- Department of Infertility and Sterility, Guangdong Provincial Family Planning Research Institute, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Feng Lin Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of SunYat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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47
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Xu FF, Xie WF, Zha GQ, Chen HW, Deng L. MiR-520f promotes cell aggressiveness by regulating fibroblast growth factor 16 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:109546-109558. [PMID: 29312628 PMCID: PMC5752541 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is a multistep cellular process, which has be confirmed one of mainly causes of cancer associated-death in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) participate in tumorigenesis function as either tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes. In order to elaborate the critical miRNAs and their targets in HCC, we compared the differential expression of miRNA between HCC tissues and normal tissues. Microarray analysis revealed there were several significantly up-expression miRNAs in HCC, compared to normal solid tissue. Among them, the expression of miR-520f was the most over-expression in HCC cell lines than that in human normal liver cells LO2, as well as up-regulated in HCC than that in the corresponding normal tissues. Moreover, Kaplan Meier-plotter analyses revealed that higher miR-520f levels were negatively correlated with poor overall survival. By applying bioinformatics methods to identify the targeting genes of miRNA, we demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor 16 (FGF16) was the miR-520f-targeted gene. Meanwhile, FGF16 exhibited similar expression patterns to miR-520f in HCC. Forced miR-520f expression accelerated HCC cells proliferation and aggressiveness in vitro and in vivo, whereas down-regulation of miR-520f caused an opposite outcome. Moreover, over-expression of FGF16 was closely related to the metastatic potential of HCC cells. Herein, we also confirmed that ectopic expression of FGF16 in HCC cells promoted proliferation, colony formation, and increased migration, invasion of HCC cells in vitro. Collectively, our results indicated that over-expression of miR-520f and FGF16 was positively associated with aggressive phenotypes and poor survival of patients with HCC, and miR-520f promoted HCC aggressive phenotypes by regulating the expression of FGF16. MiR-520f may be employed as a prognostic factor and therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Feng Xu
- Department II of General Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Wen Feng Xie
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Eastern Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Guo Qing Zha
- Upper Limb Department Of Orthopedics, The Eastern Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Hong Wu Chen
- Department of Emergency, The Eastern Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Liang Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
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48
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Huang JZ, Chen M, Chen D, Gao XC, Zhu S, Huang H, Hu M, Zhu H, Yan GR. A Peptide Encoded by a Putative lncRNA HOXB-AS3 Suppresses Colon Cancer Growth. Mol Cell 2017; 68:171-184.e6. [PMID: 28985503 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A substantial fraction of eukaryotic transcripts are considered long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which regulate various hallmarks of cancer. Here, we discovered that the lncRNA HOXB-AS3 encodes a conserved 53-aa peptide. The HOXB-AS3 peptide, not lncRNA, suppresses colon cancer (CRC) growth. Mechanistically, the HOXB-AS3 peptide competitively binds to the ariginine residues in RGG motif of hnRNP A1 and antagonizes the hnRNP A1-mediated regulation of pyruvate kinase M (PKM) splicing by blocking the binding of the ariginine residues in RGG motif of hnRNP A1 to the sequences flanking PKM exon 9, ensuring the formation of lower PKM2 and suppressing glucose metabolism reprogramming. CRC patients with low levels of HOXB-AS3 peptide have poorer prognoses. Our study indicates that the loss of HOXB-AS3 peptide is a critical oncogenic event in CRC metabolic reprogramming. Our findings uncover a complex regulatory mechanism of cancer metabolism reprogramming orchestrated by a peptide encoded by an lncRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Zhou Huang
- Biomedicine Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China; Institutes of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Min Chen
- Biomedicine Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China; Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - De Chen
- Biomedicine Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China; Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Xing-Cheng Gao
- Biomedicine Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Song Zhu
- Biomedicine Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China; Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Hongyang Huang
- Biomedicine Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Min Hu
- Biomedicine Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China; Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Huifang Zhu
- Biomedicine Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China; Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Guang-Rong Yan
- Biomedicine Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China; Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.
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49
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Xu SH, Huang JZ, Chen M, Zeng M, Zou FY, Chen D, Yan GR. Amplification of ACK1 promotes gastric tumorigenesis via ECD-dependent p53 ubiquitination degradation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:12705-12716. [PMID: 26498357 PMCID: PMC5355047 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Amplification or over-expression of an activated Cdc42-associated kinase 1 (ACK1) gene is common in breast, lung and ovarian cancers. However, little is known about the role of ACK1 in gastric tumorigenesis. Here, we found that DNA copy numbers of the ACK1 gene and its mRNA expression levels were significantly increased in gastric cancer (GC) compared to normal gastric tissues. Additionally, silencing ACK1 inhibited GC cell proliferation and colony formation, induced G2/M arrest and cellular apoptosis in vitro, and suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Gene Ontology annotation revealed that 147 differential proteins regulated by ACK1 knockdown were closely related with cellular survival. A cell cycle regulator, ecdysoneless homolog (ECD), was found to be significantly down-regulated by ACK1 knockdown. Silencing of ECD inhibited colony formation and induced G2/M arrest and cell apoptosis, which is similar to the effects of ACK1 knockdown. Silencing of ECD did not further enhance the effects of ACK1 knockdown on G2/M arrest and apoptosis, while silencing of ECD blocked the enhancement of colony formation by ACK1 over-expression. Over-expression of ACK or ECD promoted the ubiquitination of tumor suppressor p53 protein and decreased p53 levels, while silencing of ACK1 or ECD decreased the p53 ubiquitination level and increased p53 levels. Silencing of ECD attenuated the ubiquitination enhancement of p53 induced by ACK1 over-expression. Collectively, we demonstrate that amplification of ACK1 promotes gastric tumorigenesis by inducing an ECD-dependent ubiquitination degradation of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Hui Xu
- Institutes of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Biomedicine Research Center and Department of Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Zhou Huang
- Institutes of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Biomedicine Research Center and Department of Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Chen
- Institutes of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Biomedicine Research Center and Department of Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Zeng
- Institutes of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Biomedicine Research Center and Department of Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei-Yan Zou
- Institutes of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - De Chen
- Biomedicine Research Center and Department of Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Rong Yan
- Institutes of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Biomedicine Research Center and Department of Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
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50
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Liu Y, Zhang C, Zhao L, Du N, Hou N, Song T, Huang C. APPL1 promotes the migration of gastric cancer cells by regulating Akt2 phosphorylation. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1343-1351. [PMID: 28902365 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As a multifunctional adaptor protein, APPL1 (adaptor protein containing pleckstrin homology domain, phosphotyrosine binding domain and a leucine zipper motif 1) is overexpressed in many cancers, and has been implicated in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. The present study investigated the expression of APPL1 in gastric carcinoma and the function in regulating cell migration. We investigated the expression of APPL1 in gastric carcinoma based upon The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The expression of APPL1 in collected gastric carcinoma tissues and cultured cells was measured by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. Transwell assay and wound healing assay were used to analyze the effects of APPL1 on tumor cell migration. The statistical results based upon TCGA database showed significantly higher expression of APPL1 in gastric carcinoma compared to adjacent normal tissues, and we confirmed these findings by measuring APPL1 expression in collected gastric carcinoma tissues and cultured cells. The results of transwell assay and wound healing assay showed that when APPL1 was silenced by siRNA, cell migration was inhibited and overexpression of APPL1 promoted migration. Western blot results demonstrated that changes in several mesenchymal markers were consistent with the observed reduction or enhancement of cell migration. Importantly, the expression of APPL1 significantly affected the phosphorylation of Akt2. In addition, MMP2 and MMP9, downstream effectors of Akt2 changed accordingly, which is a critical requirement for Akt2-mediated cell migration. The results demonstrate an important new function of APPL1 in regulating cell migration through a mechanism that depends on Akt2 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxun Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chunli Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Lingyu Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ning Du
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ni Hou
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Tusheng Song
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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