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Qu C, Wu Q, Lu J, Li F. Prognostic value and potential mechanism of cellular senescence and tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma: Insights from bulk transcriptomics and single-cell sequencing analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:2512-2527. [PMID: 38189188 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The high mortality rate and postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) contribute to the burden on society and healthcare. The prognostic value and underlying mechanisms of cellular senescence and tumor microenvironment (TME) in HCC remain unclear. Bulk transcriptomic data were obtained from 368 HCC samples in The Cancer Genome Atlas-liver hepatocellular carcinoma cohort and 64 samples from the GSE116174 dataset. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of HCC were obtained from the GSE149614 dataset, including 18 tumor samples from 10 patients. Prognosis-related cellular senescence genes and immune cells were identified through univariate analysis. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis was performed to construct the CellAge score and TME score, both of which were identified as independent prognostic factors for HCC based on multivariate Cox analysis. The combined CellAge and TME scores showed improved prognostic stratification for HCC patients, as confirmed by multivariate Cox analysis (p < .001). The gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed enrichment of the extracellular matrix receptor interaction signaling pathway in the group with high CellAge scores and low TME scores, which exhibited a worse prognosis. Single-cell sequencing results revealed higher expression activity of the cAMP response element modulator (CREM) extended transcription factor in HCC cells and most immune cells, indicating its involvement in TME remodeling. Finally, the tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) analysis demonstrated that the combined scores could predict the outcomes of immune therapy in patients with HCC. In conclusion, cellular senescence contributes to TME remodeling in HCC, and the developed CellAge and TME scores serve as independent prognostic factors and predictors of immune therapy in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Qu
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Acute Pancreatitis, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiongdi Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Acute Pancreatitis, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Acute Pancreatitis, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Gazzillo A, Volponi C, Soldani C, Polidoro MA, Franceschini B, Lleo A, Bonavita E, Donadon M. Cellular Senescence in Liver Cancer: How Dying Cells Become "Zombie" Enemies. Biomedicines 2023; 12:26. [PMID: 38275386 PMCID: PMC10813254 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer represents the fourth leading cause of cancer-associated death worldwide. The heterogeneity of its tumor microenvironment (TME) is a major contributing factor of metastasis, relapse, and drug resistance. Regrettably, late diagnosis makes most liver cancer patients ineligible for surgery, and the frequent failure of non-surgical therapeutic options orientates clinical research to the investigation of new drugs. In this context, cellular senescence has been recently shown to play a pivotal role in the progression of chronic inflammatory liver diseases, ultimately leading to cancer. Moreover, the stem-like state triggered by senescence has been associated with the emergence of drug-resistant, aggressive tumor clones. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have emerged to investigate senescence-associated hepatocarcinogenesis and its derived therapies, leading to promising results. In this review, we intend to provide an overview of the recent evidence that unveils the role of cellular senescence in the most frequent forms of primary and metastatic liver cancer, focusing on the involvement of this mechanism in therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Gazzillo
- Cellular and Molecular Oncoimmunology Laboratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (A.G.); (C.V.); (E.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy;
| | - Camilla Volponi
- Cellular and Molecular Oncoimmunology Laboratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (A.G.); (C.V.); (E.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy;
| | - Cristiana Soldani
- Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Laboratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (C.S.); (M.A.P.); (B.F.)
| | - Michela Anna Polidoro
- Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Laboratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (C.S.); (M.A.P.); (B.F.)
| | - Barbara Franceschini
- Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Laboratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (C.S.); (M.A.P.); (B.F.)
| | - Ana Lleo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy;
- Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Laboratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (C.S.); (M.A.P.); (B.F.)
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Eduardo Bonavita
- Cellular and Molecular Oncoimmunology Laboratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (A.G.); (C.V.); (E.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy;
| | - Matteo Donadon
- Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Laboratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (C.S.); (M.A.P.); (B.F.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Department of General Surgery, University Maggiore Hospital della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Choudhary HB, Mandlik SK, Mandlik DS. Role of p53 suppression in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2023; 14:46-70. [PMID: 37304923 PMCID: PMC10251250 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v14.i3.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the world, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the top 10 most prevalent malignancies. HCC formation has indeed been linked to numerous etiological factors, including alcohol usage, hepatitis viruses and liver cirrhosis. Among the most prevalent defects in a wide range of tumours, notably HCC, is the silencing of the p53 tumour suppressor gene. The control of the cell cycle and the preservation of gene function are both critically important functions of p53. In order to pinpoint the core mechanisms of HCC and find more efficient treatments, molecular research employing HCC tissues has been the main focus. Stimulated p53 triggers necessary reactions that achieve cell cycle arrest, genetic stability, DNA repair and the elimination of DNA-damaged cells’ responses to biological stressors (like oncogenes or DNA damage). To the contrary hand, the oncogene protein of the murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is a significant biological inhibitor of p53. MDM2 causes p53 protein degradation, which in turn adversely controls p53 function. Despite carrying wt-p53, the majority of HCCs show abnormalities in the p53-expressed apoptotic pathway. High p53 in-vivo expression might have two clinical impacts on HCC: (1) Increased levels of exogenous p53 protein cause tumour cells to undergo apoptosis by preventing cell growth through a number of biological pathways; and (2) Exogenous p53 makes HCC susceptible to various anticancer drugs. This review describes the functions and primary mechanisms of p53 in pathological mechanism, chemoresistance and therapeutic mechanisms of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena B Choudhary
- Department of Pharmacology, BVDU, Poona College of Pharmacy, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Satish K Mandlik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, BVDU, Poona College of Pharmacy, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepa S Mandlik
- Department of Pharmacology, BVDU, Poona College of Pharmacy, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India
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Cellular Senescence in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Passenger or the Driver? Cells 2022; 12:cells12010132. [PMID: 36611926 PMCID: PMC9818733 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
With the high morbidity and mortality, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a major yet growing burden for our global community. The relapse-prone nature and drug resistance of HCC are regarded as the consequence of varying intracellular processes and extracellular interplay, which actively participate in tumor microenvironment remodeling. Amongst them, cellular senescence is regarded as a fail-safe program, leading to double-sword effects of both cell growth inhibition and tissue repair promotion. Particularly, cellular senescence serves a pivotal role in the progression of chronic inflammatory liver diseases, ultimately leading to carcinogenesis. Given the current challenges in improving the clinical management and outcome of HCC, senescence may exert striking potential in affecting anti-cancer strategies. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have emerged to investigate senescence-associated hepatocarcinogenesis and its derived therapies. In this review, we intend to provide an up-to-date understanding of liver cell senescence and its impacts on treatment modalities of HCC.
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López-Torres CD, Torres-Mena JE, Castro-Gil MP, Villa-Treviño S, Arellanes-Robledo J, Del Pozo-Yauner L, Pérez-Carreón JI. Downregulation of Indolethylamine N-methyltransferase is an early event in the rat hepatocarcinogenesis and is associated with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. J Gene Med 2022; 24:e3439. [PMID: 35816441 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide, often preceded by cirrhosis and usually diagnosed at advanced stages; therefore, identifying molecular changes at early stages is an attractive strategy for detection and timely treatment. Here, we investigated the progressive transcriptomic changes during experimental hepatocarcinogenesis to identify novel early tumor markers in an HCC model induced by chronic administration of sublethal doses of diethylnitrosamine. An analysis of differentially expressed genes showed that four processes associated with oxidation-reduction and detoxification were significantly overrepresented during hepatocarcinogenesis progression, of which the Nuclear Factor, Erythroid 2 Like 2 (NRF2) pathway showed several dysregulated genes. Interestingly, we also identified 91 genes dysregulated at early HCC stages, but the expression of the indolethylamine N-methyltransferase gene (Inmt), as well as the level of its encoding protein, were strongly downregulated. INMT was increased in perivenular hepatocytes of normal livers but decreased in livers of experimental HCC. Furthermore, a gene expression and survival analysis performed using data from the liver hepatocellular carcinoma project of The Cancer Genome Atlas Program revealed that INMT is also significantly downregulated in human HCC and is associated with poor overall survival. In conclusion, by performing a transcriptome analysis of the HCC progression, we identified that INMT is early downregulated in the rat hepatocarcinogenesis and is associated with poor prognosis in human HCC, suggesting that INMT downregulation may be a promising prognostic marker for HCC in high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos David López-Torres
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Hepáticas. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica. Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - María Paulette Castro-Gil
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Hepáticas. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica. Ciudad de México, México
| | - Saúl Villa-Treviño
- Departamento de Biología Celular. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jaime Arellanes-Robledo
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Hepáticas. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica. Ciudad de México, México.,Dirección de Cátedras. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología. Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luis Del Pozo-Yauner
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama. Alabama, USA
| | - Julio Isael Pérez-Carreón
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Hepáticas. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica. Ciudad de México, México
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FOXA1, FOXA2, SOX10 and GAS2 Gene Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Their Relationship with Clinicopathological Indices. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm-117086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: The use of molecular methods in cancer diagnosis has led to a better prognosis. One of the important gene families in the carcinogenic pathways of various cancers is the forkhead box (FOX) family genes. Moreover, developmental transcription factors and proapoptotic proteins play critical roles in cell function and carcinogenesis. Objectives: The current study aimed to evaluate the expression of A1 FOXA1, FOXA2, SOX10, and growth arrest specific 2 (GAS2) genes in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tumors due to biomarker discovery and early diagnosis of cancer. Methods: To evaluate the expression of FOXA1, FOXA2, SOX10, and GAS2 genes, 30 OSCC samples and 30 normal specimens were obtained from Imam Khomeini Hospital Cancer Institute. RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were done by relevant kits. After a specific primer design for FOXA1, FOXA2, SOX10, and GAS2 genes, real-time PCR was done to evaluate the genes’ expression for molecular biomarker discovery and validation. ANOVA and independent t-test were used to analyze the data. Results: Significant differences were observed in the expression of the studied genes in tumor and control tissues (P < 0.001). The results showed that FOXA1, GAS2, and SOX10 expressions in tumor and normal cells have significant differences (P < 0.001). Regardless of FOXA1, FOXA2 and SOX10, there was a significant difference in the expression of GAS2 genes in term patients’ age (P < 0.05) and overexpressed in patients over 55 years. SOX10 gene is upregulated in grade II OSCC tumors but there is no significant difference in expression of FOXA1, FOXA2, and GAS2 in different stages and grades. The ROC curve analysis, FOXA1, and FOXA2 showed AUC = 0.66 and AUC = 0.57 respectively. Meanwhile, SOX10 and GAS2 showed AUC = 0.9 and AUC = 1 respectively. Conclusions: In general, the expression of FOXA1, GAS2, and SOX10 genes in cancer and control tissues were different, and therefore the role of these genes in OSCC is confirmed. Also, in the present study, the biomarker potential of SOX10 and GAS2 genes for OSCC diagnosis was demonstrated. In the current study, the important role of the studied genes in OSCC diagnosis was shown. However, further studies are needed to confirm this.
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7
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Kim KY, Kim JO, Kim YS, Choi JE, Park JM, Han K, Park DH, Park YC, Kim BT, Hong KW. Genome-wide association of individual vulnerability with alcohol-associated liver disease: A Korean genome and epidemiology study. Hepatology 2022; 75:391-402. [PMID: 34387878 PMCID: PMC9300105 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The quantity of alcohol leading to alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) varies individually. Genetic backgrounds contributing to the divergence in individual susceptibility to alcohol-induced liver damage have not been elucidated in detail. APPROACH AND RESULTS Based on the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study Health Examination (KoGES_HEXA) cohort data, 21,919 participants (40-79 years old) were included and divided into cases and controls based on the ALD diagnostic criteria proposed by the American College of Gastroenterology. Data generated by a genome wide-association study were analyzed using logistic regression to assess the risk of ALD development in nondrinkers, light drinkers, and heavy drinkers. We detected three loci, gamma-glutamyltransferase 1 (GGT1), zinc protein finger 827 (ZNF827) and HNF1 homeobox A (HNF1A), which were significantly associated with ALD risk. The GGT1 rs2006227 minor allele was strongly associated with all groups. Among the minor alleles of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HNF1A, rs1183910 had the strongest association with a protective effect from ALD in light drinkers. However, this association was not observed in heavy drinkers. Five SNPs on chromosome 11 showed suggestive significance in protective effects against ALD. CONCLUSIONS SNPs, including HNF1A rs1183910 minor allele, are the most promising genetic candidates for protection against ALD. The expression of genes contributing to ALD development may be altered by the amount of alcohol consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Yoon Kim
- Department of Family Practice & Community HealthAjou University School of MedicineSuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Jung Oh Kim
- Healthcare R&D DivisionTheragen Bio Co. Ltd.SuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Young-Sang Kim
- Department of Family MedicineCHA Bundang Medical CenterCHA UniversitySeongnamRepublic of Korea
| | - Ja-Eun Choi
- Healthcare R&D DivisionTheragen Bio Co. Ltd.SuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Park
- Department of Family MedicineGangnam Severance HospitalYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Kunhee Han
- Department of Family MedicineSeonam HospitalSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Da-Hyun Park
- Healthcare R&D DivisionTheragen Bio Co. Ltd.SuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Yon Chul Park
- Department of Family MedicineWonju Severance Christian HospitalWonjuRepublic of Korea.,Department of Medical EducationYonsei University Wonju College of MedicineWonjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Bom Taeck Kim
- Department of Family Practice & Community HealthAjou University School of MedicineSuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Won Hong
- Healthcare R&D DivisionTheragen Bio Co. Ltd.SuwonRepublic of Korea
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8
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Lv D, Chen L, Du L, Zhou L, Tang H. Emerging Regulatory Mechanisms Involved in Liver Cancer Stem Cell Properties in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:691410. [PMID: 34368140 PMCID: PMC8339910 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.691410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the predominant form of primary liver cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. A growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that HCC is driven by a population of cells called liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs). LCSCs have been proposed to contribute to malignant HCC progression, including promoting tumor occurrence and growth, mediating tumor metastasis, and treatment resistance, but the regulatory mechanism of LCSCs in HCC remains unclear. Understanding the signaling pathways responsible for LCSC maintenance and survival may provide opportunities to improve patient outcomes. Here, we review the current literature about the origin of LCSCs and the niche composition, describe the current evidence of signaling pathways that mediate LCSC stemness, then highlight several mechanisms that modulate LCSC properties in HCC progression, and finally, summarize the new developments in therapeutic strategies targeting LCSCs markers and regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoduo Lv
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liyu Chen
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingyao Du
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingyun Zhou
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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9
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Zhou Y, Zhang L, Song S, Xu L, Yan Y, Wu H, Tong X, Yan H. Elevated GAS2L3 Expression Correlates With Poor Prognosis in Patients With Glioma: A Study Based on Bioinformatics and Immunohistochemical Analysis. Front Genet 2021; 12:649270. [PMID: 33859674 PMCID: PMC8042292 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.649270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Growth arrest–specific 2 like 3 (GAS2L3) is a cytoskeleton-associated protein that interacts with actin filaments and tubulin. Abnormal GAS2L3 expression has been reported to be associated with carcinogenesis. However, the biological role of GAS2L3 in glioma remains to be determined. Methods The transcriptome level of GAS2L3 and its relationship with clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed among multiple public databases and clinical specimens. Bioinformatics analyses were conducted to explore biological functions and prognostic value of GAS2L3 in glioma. Results GAS2L3 was substantially expressed in glioma, and high GAS2L3 expression correlated with shorter overall survival time and poor clinical variables. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), single-sample gene-set enrichment analysis, and CIBERSORT algorithm analyses showed that GAS2L3 expression was closely linked to immune-related pathways, inflammatory activities, and immune cell infiltration. Moreover, GAS2L3 was synergistic with T cell–inflamed gene signature, immune checkpoints, T-cell receptor diversities, and neoantigen numbers. Conclusion This study suggests that GAS2L3 is a prognostic biomarker for glioma, providing a reference for further study of the potential role of GAS2L3 in the immunomodulation of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sirong Song
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lixia Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Haiyang Wu
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoguang Tong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Yan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
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10
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Ferreira-Gonzalez S, Rodrigo-Torres D, Gadd VL, Forbes SJ. Cellular Senescence in Liver Disease and Regeneration. Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41:50-66. [PMID: 33764485 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1722262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is an irreversible cell cycle arrest implemented by the cell as a result of stressful insults. Characterized by phenotypic alterations, including secretome changes and genomic instability, senescence is capable of exerting both detrimental and beneficial processes. Accumulating evidence has shown that cellular senescence plays a relevant role in the occurrence and development of liver disease, as a mechanism to contain damage and promote regeneration, but also characterizing the onset and correlating with the extent of damage. The evidence of senescent mechanisms acting on the cell populations of the liver will be described including the role of markers to detect cellular senescence. Overall, this review intends to summarize the role of senescence in liver homeostasis, injury, disease, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Rodrigo-Torres
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria L Gadd
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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11
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GAS2L1 Is a Potential Biomarker of Circulating Tumor Cells in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123774. [PMID: 33333841 PMCID: PMC7765300 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a malignant disease with high mortality and a dismal prognosis. Circulating tumor cell (CTC) detection and characterization have emerged as essential techniques for early detection, prognostication, and liquid biopsy in many solid malignancies. Unfortunately, due to the low EPCAM expression in pancreatic cancer CTCs, no specific marker is available to identify and isolate this rare cell population. This study analyzed single-cell RNA sequencing profiles of pancreatic CTCs from a genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) and pancreatic cancer patients. Through dimensionality reduction analysis, murine pancreatic CTCs were grouped into three clusters with different biological functions. CLIC4 and GAS2L1 were shown to be overexpressed in pancreatic CTCs in comparison with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Further analyses of PBMCs and RNA-sequencing datasets of enriched pancreatic CTCs were used to validate the overexpression of GAS2L1 in pancreatic CTCs. A combinatorial approach using both GAS2L1 and EPCAM expression leads to an increased detection rate of CTCs in PDAC in both GEMM and patient samples. GAS2L1 is thus proposed as a novel biomarker of pancreatic cancer CTCs.
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12
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Karakousis ND, Papatheodoridi A, Chatzigeorgiou A, Papatheodoridis G. Cellular senescence and hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma: An intriguing link. Liver Int 2020; 40:2917-2927. [PMID: 32890439 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B is mainly responsible for the morbidity and mortality from hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related complications, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and decompensated cirrhosis. Hepatocellular carcinoma remains the main challenge in the management of not only undiagnosed and/or untreated but also diagnosed and treated patients with chronic HBV infection, as its incidence decreases but is not eliminated even after many years of effective anti-HBV therapy. The exact mechanisms used by HBV to cause malignant transformation remain uncertain, although much of the available data are in favour of a pathogenetic role of HBx protein. Senescence is a cellular state, in which cells lose their ability to proliferate. This biological mechanism may function in a dual mode, namely being both cancer-protective as a result of reduced cellular proliferation, but also cancer-enhancing as a result of modulation of the tissular microenvironment by immune cells during persistent accumulation of senescent cells. Protein X of HBV protein exhibits many similarities in terms of the implemented mechanisms of action and pathways related to the biological process of cellular senescence. Concurrently, insufficient clearance of both senescent and precancerous hepatocytes combined with inadequate immune surveillance as a result of immunosenescence caused by chronic HBV infection may lead to hepatocarcinogenesis. Thus, the effect of HBV seems to be critical as a connecting link between cellular senescence and development of HCC. An ongoing research is underway towards identifying and validating markers of hepatocyte senescence, which could improve the landscape for evaluation of chronic liver disease, thereby providing valuable information in terms of HBV-related carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos D Karakousis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, General Hospital of Athens "Laiko", Athens, Greece.,Department of Physiology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alkistis Papatheodoridi
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Alexandra" General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - George Papatheodoridis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, General Hospital of Athens "Laiko", Athens, Greece
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13
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Zhang N, Zhao C, Zhang X, Cui X, Zhao Y, Yang J, Gao X. Growth arrest-specific 2 protein family: Structure and function. Cell Prolif 2020; 54:e12934. [PMID: 33103301 PMCID: PMC7791176 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the growth arrest–specific 2 (GAS2) protein family consist of a putative actin‐binding (CH) domain and a microtubule‐binding (GAR) domain and are considered miniversions of spectraplakins. There are four members in the GAS2 family, viz. GAS2, GAS2L1, GAS2L2 and GAS2L3. Although GAS2 is defined as a family of growth arrest–specific proteins, the significant differences in the expression patterns, interaction characteristics and biological issues or diseases among the different GAS2 family members have not been systemically reviewed to date. Therefore, we summarized the available evidence on the structures and functions of GAS2 family members. This review facilitates a comprehensive molecular understanding of the involvement of the GAS2 family members in an array of biological processes, including cytoskeleton reorganization, cell cycle, apoptosis and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoteng Cui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Variation, and Regeneration, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Municipal Government, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xingjie Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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14
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Cao H, Chen X, Wang Z, Wang L, Xia Q, Zhang W. The role of MDM2-p53 axis dysfunction in the hepatocellular carcinoma transformation. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:53. [PMID: 32595984 PMCID: PMC7305227 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the second most frequent cause of cancer-related death globally. The main histological subtype is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is derived from hepatocytes. According to the epidemiologic studies, the most important risk factors of HCC are chronic viral infections (HBV, HCV, and HIV) and metabolic disease (metabolic syndrome). Interestingly, these carcinogenic factors that contributed to HCC are associated with MDM2-p53 axis dysfunction, which presented with inactivation of p53 and overactivation of MDM2 (a transcriptional target and negative regulator of p53). Mechanically, the homeostasis of MDM2-p53 feedback loop plays an important role in controlling the initiation and progression of HCC, which has been found to be dysregulated in HCC tissues. To maintain long-term survival in hepatocytes, hepatitis viruses have lots of ways to destroy the defense strategies of hepatocytes by inducing TP53 mutation and silencing, promoting MDM2 overexpression, accelerating p53 degradation, and stabilizing MDM2. As a result, genetic instability, chronic ER stress, oxidative stress, energy metabolism switch, and abnormalities in antitumor genes can be induced, all of which might promote hepatocytes' transformation into hepatoma cells. In addition, abnormal proliferative hepatocytes and precancerous cells cannot be killed, because of hepatitis viruses-mediated exhaustion of Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and CD4+T cells by disrupting their MDM2-p53 axis. Moreover, inefficiency of hepatic immune response can be further aggravated when hepatitis viruses co-infected with HIV. Unlike with chronic viral infections, MDM2-p53 axis might play a dual role in glucolipid metabolism of hepatocytes, which presented with enhancing glucolipid catabolism, but promoting hepatocyte injury at the early and late stages of glucolipid metabolism disorder. Oxidative stress, fatty degeneration, and abnormal cell growth can be detected in hepatocytes that were suffering from glucolipid metabolism disorder, and all of which could contribute to HCC initiation. In this review, we focus on the current studies of the MDM2-p53 axis in HCC, and specifically discuss the impact of MDM2-p53 axis dysfunction by viral infection and metabolic disease in the transformation of normal hepatocytes into hepatoma cells. We also discuss the therapeutic avenues and potential targets that are being developed to normalize the MDM2-p53 axis in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cao
- Department of Liver Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Xiaosong Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127 China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Putuo People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Liver Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Liver Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200030 China
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15
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Kong Y, Zhao S, Tian H, Hai Y. GAS2 Promotes Cell Proliferation and Invasion and Suppresses Apoptosis in Pediatric T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Activates Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:1099-1108. [PMID: 32103979 PMCID: PMC7008185 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s236854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the effect of growth arrest specific 2 (GAS2) on T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and its potential molecular mechanism. Methods The GAS2 expression level was detected by qRT-RCR and Western blot in normal T lymphocytes and T-ALL cells Jurkat and CCRF-CEM. The proliferation and invasion of Jurkat and CCRF-CEM cells were detected by MTT and Transwell assay, respectively. Apoptosis and cell cycle were measured by flow cytometry. In addition, the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of Jurkat and CCRF-CEM cells was measured MTT assay and flow cytometry. Results GAS2 was highly expressed in Jurkat and CCRF-CEM cells. GAS2 could promote cell proliferation and invasion, and inhibit apoptosis of Jurkat and CCRF-CEM cells. GAS2 also promoted cell cycle changes from G0/G1 phase to S phase in Jurkat and CCRF-CEM cells. In addition, GAS2 could reduce the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of Jurkat and CCRF-CEM cells. GAS2 overexpression could promote the expression levels of ki67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Bcl-2, c-myc, cyclin D1 and β-catenin, while GAS2 knockdown could inhibit their expression levels. Meanwhile, GAS2 overexpression could inhibit Bax expression. Moreover, Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor XAV939 could inhibit the expressions of c-myc, cyclin D1 and β-catenin, but activator LiCl could promote their expression. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that GAS2 could promote cell proliferation and invasion, and induce cell cycle, as well as inhibit apoptosis and could activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in T-ALL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Kong
- Clinical Lab, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province 252000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouyong Zhao
- Clinical Lab, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province 252000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hurong Tian
- Clinical Lab, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province 252000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Hai
- Clinical Lab, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province 252000, People's Republic of China
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16
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Mao X, Tey SK, Ko FCF, Kwong EML, Gao Y, Ng IOL, Cheung ST, Guan XY, Yam JWP. C-terminal truncated HBx protein activates caveolin-1/LRP6/β-catenin/FRMD5 axis in promoting hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2019; 444:60-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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17
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Mu G, Gao Y, Tuo Y, Li H, Zhang Y, Qian F, Jiang S. Assessing and comparing antioxidant activities of lactobacilli strains by using different chemical and cellular antioxidant methods. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:10792-10806. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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An P, Xu J, Yu Y, Winkler CA. Host and Viral Genetic Variation in HBV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Genet 2018; 9:261. [PMID: 30073017 PMCID: PMC6060371 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer deaths globally. The high prevalence of HCC is due in part to the high prevalence of chronic HBV infection and the high mortality rate is due to the lack of biomarkers for early detection and limited treatment options for late stage HCC. The observed individual variance in development of HCC is attributable to differences in HBV genotype and mutations, host predisposing germline genetic variations, the acquisition of tumor-specific somatic mutations, as well as environmental factors. HBV genotype C and mutations in the preS, basic core promoter (BCP) or HBx regions are associated with an increased risk of HCC. Genome-wide association studies have identified common polymorphisms in KIF1B, HLA-DQ, STAT4, and GRIK1 with altered risk of HBV-related HCC. HBV integration into growth control genes (such as TERT), pro-oncogenic genes, or tumor suppressor genes and the oncogenic activity of truncated HBx promote hepatocarcinogenesis. Somatic mutations in the TERT promoter and classic cancer signaling pathways, including Wnt (CTNNB1), cell cycle regulation (TP53), and epigenetic modification (ARID2 and MLL4) are frequently detected in hepatic tumor tissues. The identification of HBV and host variation associated with tumor initiation and progression has clinical utility for improving early diagnosis and prognosis; whereas the identification of somatic mutations driving tumorigenesis hold promise to inform precision treatment for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping An
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jinghang Xu
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Liver Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Liver Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheryl A Winkler
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
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19
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C-terminal truncated hepatitis B virus X protein promotes hepatocellular carcinogenesis through induction of cancer and stem cell-like properties. Oncotarget 2018; 7:24005-17. [PMID: 27006468 PMCID: PMC5029680 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor relapse after chemotherapy typifies hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is believed to be attributable to residual cancer stem cells (CSCs) that survive initial treatment. Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) has long been linked to the development of HCC. Upon infection, random HBV genome integration can lead to truncation of hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein at the C-terminus. The resulting C-terminal-truncated HBx (HBx-ΔC) was previously shown to confer enhanced invasiveness and diminished apoptotic response in HCC cells. Here, we found HBx-ΔC to promote the appearance of a CD133 liver CSC subset and confer cancer and stem cell-like features in HCC. HBx-ΔC was exclusively detected in HCC cell lines that were raised from patients presented with a HBV background with concomitant CD133 expression. Stable overexpression of the naturally occurring HBx-ΔC mutants, HBx-Δ14 or HBx-Δ35, in HCC cells Huh7 and immortalized normal liver cells MIHA resulted in a significant increase in the cells ability to self-renew, resist chemotherapy and targeted therapy, migrate and induce angiogenesis. MIHA cells with the mutants stably overexpressed also resulted in the induction of CD133, mediated through STAT3 activation. RNA sequencing profiling of MIHA cells with or without HBx-ΔC mutants stably overexpressed identified altered FXR activation. This, together with rescue experiments using a selective FXR inhibitor suggested that C-terminal truncated HBx can mediate cancer stemness via FXR activation. Collectively, we find C-terminal truncated HBx mutants to confer cancer and stem cell-like features in vitro and to play an important role in driving tumor relapse in HCC.
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20
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Guo M. Cellular senescence and liver disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1527-1537. [PMID: 29174037 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a fundamental cell fate caused by several cellular injuries which results in irreversible cell cycle arrest yet remaining metabolically active across all species. Cellular senescence not only can prevent tumor occurrence by inhibiting the proliferation of injured cells, but also can affect the surrounding cells through the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Attractively, accumulating evidence shows that cellular senescence is closely related to various liver diseases. Therapeutic opportunities based on targeting senescent cells and the SASP are considered to be potential strategy for liver diseases. However, although research on cell senescence has attracted widespread attention, the overview on detailed mechanism and biological function of cell senescence in liver disease is still largely unknown. The present review summarizes the specific role of cell senescence in various liver diseases, and updates the molecular mechanisms underlying cell senescence. Moreover, the review also explores new strategies for prevention and treatment of liver disease through promoting senescence or counteracting excessive pathological senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology of Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
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21
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Li J, He J, Fu Y, Hu X, Sun LQ, Huang Y, Fan X. Hepatitis B virus X protein inhibits apoptosis by modulating endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Oncotarget 2017; 8:96027-96034. [PMID: 29221184 PMCID: PMC5707078 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) is encoded by one of the four open reading frames of HBV, and is well known as an important coactivator for HBV replication and HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinogenesis. However, its role in keeping cells from apoptosis to promote HCC proliferation remains controversial. Here, we used HBx expressing HCC cells as a model, to investigate the mechanism of HBx-mediated cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We found that HBx protein was localized in ER lumen and interacted with GRP78 directly. This interaction resulted in suppression of eIF2α phosphorylation, inhibited expression of ATF4/CHOP/Bcl-2, and reduced cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and level of γH2AX, thus preventing HCC cells from cell death and negatively regulating DNA repair. This study reveals a novel mechanism of the HBx-mediated oncogenesis and provides a basis for potential HBx-targeted therapeutic intervention of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.,Department of Emergency, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jiang He
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yongming Fu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xingwang Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Lun-Quan Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xuegong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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22
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Yang C, Wu F, Lu X, Jiang M, Liu W, Yu L, Tian J, Wen H. Growth arrest specific gene 2 in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): molecular characterization and functional analysis under low-temperature stress. BMC Mol Biol 2017; 18:18. [PMID: 28716034 PMCID: PMC5514492 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-017-0095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth arrest specific 2 (gas2) gene is a component of the microfilament system that plays a major role in the cell cycle, regulation of microfilaments, and cell morphology during apoptotic processes. However, little information is available on fish gas2. In this study, the tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) gas2 gene was cloned and characterized for the first time. RESULTS The open reading frame was 1020 bp, encoding 340 amino acids; the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) was 140 bp and the 3'-UTR was 70 bp, with a poly (A) tail. The highest promoter activity occurred in the regulatory region (-3000 to -2400 bp). The Gas2-GFP fusion protein was distributed within the cytoplasm. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses revealed that gas2 gene expression levels in the liver, muscle, and brain were clearly affected by low temperature stress. The results of gas2 RNAi showed decreased expression of the gas2 and P53 genes. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the tilapia gas2 gene may be involved in low temperature stress-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChangGeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Xing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Lijuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Juan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Hua Wen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China.
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23
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Fan M, Shen J, Liu H, Wen Z, Yang J, Yang P, Liu K, Chang Y, Duan J, Lu K. Downregulation of PRRX1 via the p53-dependent signaling pathway predicts poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:1083-1090. [PMID: 28677793 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired-related homeobox 1 (PRRX1) has been identified as a novel molecule associated with induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), acquisition of cancer stem cell like properties and poor prognosis in tumors. However, the function of PRRX1 in hepatocellular carcinoma has not been elucidated. In the present study, we observed that PRRX1 expression levels were downregulated and positively correlated with the downregulated expression of p53 in hepatocellular carcinoma specimens. Decreased expression of PRRX1 and/or p53 by siRNA induced both the migration and the invasion features of HCC cells in vitro. Furthermore, the loss of PRRX1 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell apoptosis, an anti-apoptotic expression profile was upregulated accompanied by downregulated expression of p53. HCC patients with low-expression of both PRRX1 and p53 had a significantly shorter overall and disease-free survival. These findings demonstrate that PRRX1 plays an important role in metastasis and apoptosis of HCC cells through the p53-dependent signaling pathway and is expected to become a novel biomarker associated with patient prognosis and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Fan
- Department of Laparoscopy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jun Shen
- The First Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hu Liu
- Department of Laparoscopy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhijian Wen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Vascular Surgery, No. 174 Hospital of PLA, Xiamen, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Jue Yang
- Department of Laparoscopy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Pinghua Yang
- Department of Laparoscopy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Laparoscopy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yanxin Chang
- Department of Laparoscopy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jicheng Duan
- Department of Laparoscopy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Kai Lu
- Department of Laparoscopy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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24
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Abstract
Liver cancer remains one of the most common human cancers with a high mortality rate. Therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain ineffective, due to the heterogeneity of HCC with regard to both the etiology and mutation spectrum, as well as its chemotherapy resistant nature; thus surgical resection and liver transplantation remain the gold standard of patient care. The most common etiologies of HCC are extrinsic factors. Humans have multiple defense mechanisms against extrinsic factor-induced carcinogenesis, of which tumor suppressors play crucial roles in preventing normal cells from becoming cancerous. The tumor suppressor p53 is one of the most frequently mutated genes in liver cancer. p53 regulates expression of genes involved in cell cycle progression, cell death, and cellular metabolism to avert tumor development due to carcinogens. This review article mainly summarizes extrinsic factors that induce liver cancer and potentially have etiological association with p53, including aflatoxin B1, vinyl chloride, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, iron overload, and infection of hepatitis viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Link
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Tomoo Iwakuma
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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25
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Cao L, Quan XB, Zeng WJ, Yang XO, Wang MJ. Mechanism of Hepatocyte Apoptosis. J Cell Death 2016; 9:19-29. [PMID: 28058033 PMCID: PMC5201115 DOI: 10.4137/jcd.s39824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte apoptosis plays important roles in both the removal of external microorganisms and the occurrence and development of liver diseases. Different conditions, such as virus infection, fatty liver disease, hepatic ischemia reperfusion, and drug-induced liver injury, are accompanied by hepatocyte apoptosis. This review summarizes recent research on the mechanism of hepatocyte apoptosis involving the classical extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. We emphasized the major causes of apoptosis according to the characteristics of different liver diseases. Several concerns regarding future research and clinical application are also raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Bing Quan
- Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Jiao Zeng
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ou Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Jie Wang
- Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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26
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USP16 Downregulation by Carboxyl-terminal Truncated HBx Promotes the Growth of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33039. [PMID: 27633997 PMCID: PMC5025738 DOI: 10.1038/srep33039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major factor that contributes to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV X protein (HBx) has been shown to accelerate HCC progression by promoting tumour growth and metastasis. In the clinic, carboxyl-terminal truncated HBx (Ct-HBx) proteins are frequently present in HCC tumour tissues, but not in non-tumorous tissues. In this study, we analysed deubiquitinase expression profiles in cells with or without ectopic expression of the Ct-HBx proteins and observed that the expression of ubiquitin specific peptidase 16 (USP16) was substantially inhibited by Ct-HBx proteins. Liver tumour cells with forced down-regulation of USP16 exhibited increased capabilities for colony formation and tumour growth in vivo. In addition, USP16 inhibition promoted stem-like properties in tumour cells, as evidenced by their spheroid formation and chemo-responsiveness. Furthermore, ectopic expression of USP16 in tumour cells significantly abrogated the tumour promoting activities of the Ct-HBx proteins (HBxΔ35), leading to decreased tumour cell viability and tumour growth. In human HCCs, USP16 was frequently downregulated, and the decreased expression of USP16 was correlated with high tumour stages and poor differentiation status. Taken together, our study suggests that USP16 downregulation is a critical event in Ct-HBx-mediated promotion of HCC tumorigenicity and malignancy.
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Li W, Li M, Liao D, Lu X, Gu X, Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Li H. Carboxyl-terminal truncated HBx contributes to invasion and metastasis via deregulating metastasis suppressors in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:55110-55127. [PMID: 27391153 PMCID: PMC5342405 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (HBx), a trans-regulator, is frequently expressed in truncated form without carboxyl-terminus in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but its functional mechanisms are not fully defined. In this report, we investigated frequency of this natural HBx mutant in HCCs and its functional significance. In 102 HBV-infected patients with HCC, C-terminal truncation of HBx, in contrast to full-length HBx, were more prevalent in tumors (70.6%) rather than adjacent non-tumorous tissues (29.4%) (p = 0.0032). Furthermore, two naturally-occurring HBx variants (HBxΔ31), which have 31 amino acids (aa) deleted (codons 123-125/124-126) at C-terminus were identified in tumors and found that the presence of HBxΔ31 significantly correlated with intrahepatic metastasis. We also show that over-expression of HBxΔ31 enhanced hepatoma cell invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo compared to full-length HBx. Interestingly, HBxΔ31 exerts this function via down-regulating Maspin, RhoGDIα and CAPZB, a set of putative metastasis-suppressors in HCC, in part, by enhancing the binding of transcriptional repressor, myc-associated zinc finger protein (MAZ) to the promoters through physical association with MAZ. Notably, these HBxΔ31-repressed proteins were also significantly lower expression in a subset of HCC tissues with C-terminal HBx truncation than the adjacent non-tumorous tissues, highlighting the clinical significance of this novel HBxΔ31-driven metastatic molecular cascade. Our data suggest that C-terminal truncation of HBx, particularly breakpoints at 124aa, plays a role in enhancing hepatoma cell invasion and metastasis by deregulating a set of metastasis-suppressors partially through MAZ, thus uncovering a novel mechanism for the progression of HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital of Nanfang Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatology, Hepatitis Research Room, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Dongjiang Liao
- Pathology Research Room, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xinpeng Lu
- Pathology Research Room, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xia Gu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatology, Hepatitis Research Room, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatology, Hepatitis Research Room, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatology, Hepatitis Research Room, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
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Yu G, Chen X, Chen S, Ye W, Hou K, Liang M. MiR-19a, miR-122 and miR-223 are differentially regulated by hepatitis B virus X protein and involve in cell proliferation in hepatoma cells. J Transl Med 2016; 14:122. [PMID: 27150195 PMCID: PMC4858919 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0888-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (HBx) is a type of oncogenic protein involved in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) via interacting with host genes. Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been observed in HCC. This study aimed to investigate the role of HBx protein in the regulation of miR-19a, miR-122 and miR-223, and examine if these miRNAs involve in progression of malignant hepatocytes. Methods Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to measure the expression of miR-19a, miR-122 and miR-223 in patient samples and in HepG2 cells transfected with HBx or 1.3 fold HBV genome and also in HepG2.2.15 cells, which stably produces HBV. Their target mRNAs and proteins-PTEN, cyclin G1 and c-myc were measured by qRT-PCR and western blot, respectively. The effect of miR-19a, miR-122 and miR-223, and their respective target genes, on cell proliferation was analyzed using 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine incorporation and MTT assay. Results MiR-19a showed an up-regulation in HBV-positive HCC patients compared to healthy controls and HBV-negative HCC patients, while miR-122 and miR-223 showed a down-regulation compared to healthy controls, and miR-122 in HBV-positive HCC patients was also down-regulated when compared to HBV-negative HCC patients. MiR-19a was found to be up-regulated in HepG2 cells transfected with HBx or 1.3 fold HBV genome, but down-regulated in HepG2.2.15 cells. MiR-122 and miR-223 were down-regulated in HBx or 1.3 fold HBV transfected HepG2 cells as well as in HepG2.2.15 cell. Their target mRNAs and corresponding proteins-PTEN was down-regulated, while cyclin G1 and c-myc were found to be up-regulated. Modulated expression of miR-19a, miR-122 and miR-223 enhanced cell proliferation of HBx-transfected HepG2 cells, and rescue experiment further showed that their target genes-PTEN, cyclin G1and c-myc involved in cell proliferation of HBx-transfected HepG2 cells. Conclusions The expression of miR-19a, miR-122 and miR-223 were differentially regulated by HBx protein, the differential expression of miR-19a, miR-122 and miR-223 plays an important role in cell proliferation of HCC. This study provides new insight into understanding how HBx protein interacts with miRNAs and subsequently regulates host function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifang Yu
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No.621, Gangwan Road, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, 510700, China.
| | - Xuezhu Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No.621, Gangwan Road, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Shudi Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No.621, Gangwan Road, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Weipeng Ye
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No.621, Gangwan Road, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Kailian Hou
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No.621, Gangwan Road, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Min Liang
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No.621, Gangwan Road, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, 510700, China
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Upregulation of the growth arrest-specific-2 in recurrent colorectal cancers, and its susceptibility to chemotherapy in a model cell system. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1345-53. [PMID: 27085973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common life-threatening malignances worldwide. CRC relapse markedly decreases the 5-year survival of patients following surgery. Aberrant expression of genes involved in pathways regulating the cell cycle, cell proliferation, or cell death are frequently reported in CRC tumorigenesis. We hypothesized that genes involved in CRC relapse might serve as prognostic indicators. We first evaluated the significance of gene sequences in the feces of patients with CRC relapse by consulting a public database. Tumorigenesis of target tissues was tested through tumor cell growth, cell cycle regulation, and chemotherapeutic efficacy. We found a highly significant correlation between CRC relapse and growth arrest-specific 2 (GAS2) gene expression. Based on cell models, the overexpressed GAS2 was associated with cellular growth rate, cell cycle regulation, and with chemotherapeutic sensitivity. Cell division was impaired by treating cells with 2-[4-(7-chloro-2-quinoxalinyloxy)phenoxy]-propionic acid (XK469), even when the cells were overexpressing GAS2. Thus, downregulation of GAS2 expression might control CRC relapse after curative resection. GAS2 could serve as a noninvasive marker from the feces of patients with prediagnosed CRC. Our findings suggest that GAS2 could have potential clinical applications for predicting early CRC relapse after radical resection, and that XK469 might impair tumor cell division by reducing GAS2 expression or blocking its cellular translocation. This will help in selecting the best therapeutic option, 5-fluorouracil in combination with XK469, for patients overexpressing GAS2 in CRC cells. Thus, GAS2 might act as a prognostic biomolecule and potential therapeutic target in patients with CRC relapse.
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Oncogenic potential of hepatitis B virus encoded proteins. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 14:109-15. [PMID: 26426688 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Due to the limited treatment options hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer related death, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the major risk factor for development of HCC worldwide. HCC is typically preceded by chronic inflammation, but may also develop in the absence of liver disease on the basis of HBV infection and even when virus replication is controlled by antivirals. In this situation, HBV antigen expression persists and direct oncogenic effects of HBV are integration of the viral DNA into the host genome as well as direct effects of viral proteins. These factors have to be taken into account in order to personalize HCC surveillance in CHB and unravel novel therapeutic approaches.
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