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Antikainen E, Grönroos M, Huurre A, Korhonen L, Peltola V, Lähteenmäki P, Schuez‐Havupalo L. Treatment intensity affects immune reconstitution even after childhood cancer not treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2024; 7:e2069. [PMID: 38767518 PMCID: PMC11104287 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.2069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only a few previous studies examine immune system recovery after completed cancer treatment. AIMS The aim of this study was to analyze immune reconstitution after childhood cancer therapy in a non-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation setting. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed children (N = 79) who received chemotherapy with/without irradiation for cancer diagnosed between 2014 and 2019 at Turku University Hospital, Finland. We retrospectively collected data on baseline parameters and post-treatment immunological recovery, namely neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, IgG levels, CD19, CD4 and natural killer cell counts. Immunological parameters were followed until their normalization. Treatment intensity was stratified according to the Intensity of Treatment Rating Scale (ITR-3). We analyzed the effects of treatment intensity on normalization of immunological parameters across the entire treatment range. Treatment intensity had a major effect on immune system recovery after completion of treatment. Most patients had normal immunological parameters 1-4 months post-treatment both in high- and low-intensity treatment groups, but patients classified in the high-intensity group had low parameters more often than patients in the low-intensity group. CONCLUSION Our data suggest a fast recovery of studied immunological parameters after the majority of current pediatric oncologic treatments. Treatment for high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, medulloblastoma, and mature B-cell lymphoma was associated with prolonged recovery times for a substantial proportion of cases. High treatment intensity was associated with prolonged immunological recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marika Grönroos
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Anu Huurre
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Laura Korhonen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Ville Peltola
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Päivi Lähteenmäki
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Linnea Schuez‐Havupalo
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
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2
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Neemann KA, Sato AI. Vaccinations in children with hematologic malignancies and those receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplants or cellular therapies. Transpl Infect Dis 2023; 25 Suppl 1:e14100. [PMID: 37436808 DOI: 10.1111/tid.14100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Children who are immune compromised are uniquely threatened by a higher risk of infections, including vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). Children who undergo chemotherapy or cellular therapies may not have preexisting immunity to VPDs at the time of their treatment including not yet receiving their primary vaccine series, and additionally they have higher risk of exposures (e.g., due to family structures, daycare and school setting) with decreased capacity to protect themselves using nonpharmaceutic measures (e.g., masking). In the past, efforts to revaccinate these children have often been delayed or incomplete. Treatment with chemotherapy, stem cell transplants, and/or cellular therapies impair the ability of the immune system to mount a robust vaccine response. Ideally, protection would be provided as soon as both safe and effective, which will vary by vaccine type (e.g., replicating versus nonreplicating; conjugated versus polysaccharide). While a single approach revaccination schedule following these therapies would be convenient for providers, it would not account for patient specific factors that influence the timing of immune reconstitution (IR). Evidence suggests that many of these children would mount a meaningful vaccine response as early as 3 months following completion of treatment. Here within, we provide updated guidance on how to approach vaccination both during and following completion of these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A Neemann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Children's Hospital & Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Alice I Sato
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Children's Hospital & Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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3
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Elitzur S, Vora A, Burkhardt B, Inaba H, Attarbaschi A, Baruchel A, Escherich G, Gibson B, Liu HC, Loh M, Moorman AV, Möricke A, Pieters R, Uyttebroeck A, Baird S, Bartram J, Barzilai-Birenboim S, Batra S, Ben-Harosh M, Bertrand Y, Buitenkamp T, Caldwell K, Drut R, Geerlinks AV, Gilad G, Grainger J, Haouy S, Heaney N, Huang M, Ingham D, Krenova Z, Kuhlen M, Lehrnbecher T, Manabe A, Niggli F, Paris C, Revel-Vilk S, Rohrlich P, Sinno MG, Szczepanski T, Tamesberger M, Warrier R, Wolfl M, Nirel R, Izraeli S, Borkhardt A, Schmiegelow K. EBV-driven lymphoid neoplasms associated with pediatric ALL maintenance therapy. Blood 2023; 141:743-755. [PMID: 36332176 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022016975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a second malignancy after the diagnosis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a rare event. Certain second malignancies have been linked with specific elements of leukemia therapy, yet the etiology of most second neoplasms remains obscure and their optimal management strategies are unclear. This is a first comprehensive report of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) following pediatric ALL therapy, excluding stem-cell transplantation. We analyzed data of patients who developed NHL following ALL diagnosis and were enrolled in 12 collaborative pediatric ALL trials between 1980-2018. Eighty-five patients developed NHL, with mature B-cell lymphoproliferations as the dominant subtype (56 of 85 cases). Forty-six of these 56 cases (82%) occurred during or within 6 months of maintenance therapy. The majority exhibited histopathological characteristics associated with immunodeficiency (65%), predominantly evidence of Epstein-Barr virus-driven lymphoproliferation. We investigated 66 cases of post-ALL immunodeficiency-associated lymphoid neoplasms, 52 from our study and 14 additional cases from a literature search. With a median follow-up of 4.9 years, the 5-year overall survival for the 66 patients with immunodeficiency-associated lymphoid neoplasms was 67.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 56-81). Five-year cumulative risks of lymphoid neoplasm- and leukemia-related mortality were 20% (95% CI, 10.2-30) and 12.4% (95% CI, 2.7-22), respectively. Concurrent hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis was associated with increased mortality (hazard ratio, 7.32; 95% CI, 1.62-32.98; P = .01). A large proportion of post-ALL lymphoid neoplasms are associated with an immunodeficient state, likely precipitated by ALL maintenance therapy. Awareness of this underrecognized entity and pertinent diagnostic tests are crucial for early diagnosis and optimal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Elitzur
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ajay Vora
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit Burkhardt
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hiroto Inaba
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Andishe Attarbaschi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, St. Anna Children's Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andre Baruchel
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Gabriele Escherich
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncoogy, University Medical Centre, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Brenda Gibson
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hsi-Che Liu
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Mackay Children's Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mignon Loh
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapy, Seattle Children's Hospital and the Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Anthony V Moorman
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Wolfson Childhood Cancer Centre, Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Möricke
- Department of Pediatrics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rob Pieters
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Uyttebroeck
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susan Baird
- Department of Haematology, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Bartram
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shlomit Barzilai-Birenboim
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sandeep Batra
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Miriam Ben-Harosh
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Soroka Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yves Bertrand
- Institut d'Hematologie et d'Oncologie Pediatrique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Trudy Buitenkamp
- Amsterdam Academic Medical Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kenneth Caldwell
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St Petersburg, FL
| | - Ricardo Drut
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, La Plata National University, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Gil Gilad
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - John Grainger
- Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, University of Manchester and Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Haouy
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicholas Heaney
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Huang
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Danielle Ingham
- Paediatric Oncology, Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Zdenka Krenova
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kuhlen
- Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lehrnbecher
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Atsushi Manabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Felix Niggli
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Paris
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile
| | - Shoshana Revel-Vilk
- Shaare Zedek Medical Centre and The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Mohamad G Sinno
- Phoenix Children's Hospital, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Tomasz Szczepanski
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Zabrze and Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Melanie Tamesberger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Kepler University Clinic, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Matthias Wolfl
- Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Program, University Children's Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ronit Nirel
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shai Izraeli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Haematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Do Not Forget About the Ticks: An Unusual Cause of Fever, GI Distress, and Cytopenias in a Child With ALL. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 44:e901-e904. [PMID: 34935737 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a 5-year-old male with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in remission, receiving maintenance chemotherapy, who presented with fever, emesis, diarrhea, headache, and lethargy. He developed rapidly progressive cytopenias and was found to have acute human granulocytic anaplasmosis as well as evidence of past infection with Babesia microti. The case highlights the need to maintain a broad differential for infection in children undergoing chemotherapy or other immunosuppressive therapies with possible or known tick exposure.
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5
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Chen CY, Hajinicolaou C, Walabh P, Ingasia LAO, Song E, Kramvis A. Molecular characterization of hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolated from a pediatric case of acute lymphoid leukemia, with a delayed response to antiviral treatment: a case report. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:168. [PMID: 35361141 PMCID: PMC8969373 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is effectively used as the first-line antiviral for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in adults and children older than 12 years. To date, no confirmed case of virologic breakthrough (VBT) in a pediatric case has been reported. CASE PRESENTATION Here we describe a case of a 5-year old, asymptomatically infected with HBV infection two months after chemotherapy for precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Although the 5-year old male is South African, his family originated from Guinea. At the end of the one-year follow-up, the infection progressed to chronic HBV infection, with a high viral load. At 36 weeks (8 months) post-treatment with lamivudine (LAM), there was a partial virologic response (PVR) and after 61 weeks (14 months), he was switched to TDF rescue monotherapy. Even with TDF treatment, he still experienced VBT and subsequent PVR. The full-length genome of HBV isolated 78 weeks after the switch to rescue TDF monotherapy was sequenced and belonged to genotype E. In addition to the LAM mutations (rtS256G and rtM267L), missense mutations in B-cell, T-cell, HLA class I and II-restricted epitopes emerged, which were to evade and escape host surveillance, leading to delayed viral clearance, persistence and disease progression. Two further events of VBT occurred between weeks 113 and 141 of TDF rescue-therapy. Viral loads and liver enzymes are normalizing progressively with long-term therapy. CONCLUSION Although the host immune reconstitution may be delayed, prolonged TDF treatment was effective in treating this pediatric case of HBV infection with VBT and PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu Chen
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Christina Hajinicolaou
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Paediatric Gastroentrology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Priya Walabh
- Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Luicer Anne Olubayo Ingasia
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ernest Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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6
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Ramsay JM, Kaddas HK, Ou JY, Kepka D, Kirchhoff AC. Missed opportunities for concomitant HPV vaccination among childhood cancer survivors. Cancer Med 2022; 11:1181-1191. [PMID: 35032104 PMCID: PMC8855920 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Childhood cancer survivors are at higher risk of human papillomavirus (HPV)‐related second cancers than adolescents without cancer, yet their HPV vaccination uptake is lower. Using a statewide sample, we evaluated whether survivors are at higher risk of missed opportunities for concomitant HPV vaccination. Methods From statewide healthcare data, we identified encounters where vaccines were received. Concomitant HPV vaccine missed opportunities were defined as a vaccine encounter where the HPV vaccine was not administered, although eligibility criteria were met. From these encounters, our sample included 327 survivors identified from the Utah Cancer Registry, diagnosed 2000–2016 at ages 0–9, and a birth year and sex‐matched sample without cancer from the general population (n = 1,911). Mixed‐effects Poisson regression estimated the rate of concomitant missed opportunities per vaccine encounter and 95% confidence intervals by vaccine encounter type (all vaccines, flu shot only, or adolescent/catch‐up) from 2013 to 2016. Results Survivors had more concomitant HPV vaccine missed opportunities than the population sample (70.0% vs. 59.0%). On average, survivors were 12% more likely to have missed opportunities at vaccine encounters and 4% more likely at flu shot only encounters. The predicted excess risk of concomitant missed opportunities for survivors ranged from 0.5 per10 vaccine encounters to 1.1 per10 vaccine encounters. Higher parental education, rurality, younger first vaccine age, and chemotherapy were associated with missed opportunities. Conclusions Childhood cancer survivors have more missed opportunities for concomitant HPV vaccination than a population sample. As flu shots should be administered annually, providers have a regular opportunity to recommend and deliver the HPV vaccine to survivors. Childhood cancer survivors face a higher risk of HPV‐related cancers than adolescents without a cancer history; however, their vaccination rates tend to be lower. We assessed HPV vaccine missed opportunities among age‐eligible childhood cancer survivors and found significantly more missed opportunities for survivors than adolescents without a cancer history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joemy M Ramsay
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Heydon K Kaddas
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Judy Y Ou
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Deanna Kepka
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,College of Nursing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Anne C Kirchhoff
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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7
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Andrés-Jensen L, Attarbaschi A, Bardi E, Barzilai-Birenboim S, Bhojwani D, Hagleitner MM, Halsey C, Harila-Saari A, van Litsenburg RRL, Hudson MM, Jeha S, Kato M, Kremer L, Mlynarski W, Möricke A, Pieters R, Piette C, Raetz E, Ronceray L, Toro C, Grazia Valsecchi M, Vrooman LM, Weinreb S, Winick N, Schmiegelow K. Severe toxicity free survival: physician-derived definitions of unacceptable long-term toxicities following acute lymphocytic leukaemia. LANCET HAEMATOLOGY 2021; 8:e513-e523. [PMID: 34171282 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(21)00136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
5-year overall survival rates have surpassed 90% for childhood acute lymphocytic leukaemia, but survivors are at risk for permanent health sequelae. Although event-free survival appropriately represents the outcome for cancers with poor overall survival, this metric is inadequate when cure rates are high but challenged by serious, persistent complications. Accordingly, a group of experts in paediatric haematology-oncology, representative of 17 international acute lymphocytic leukaemia study groups, launched an initiative to construct a measure, designated severe toxicity-free survival (STFS), to quantify the occurrence of physician-prioritised toxicities to be integrated with standard cancer outcome reporting. Five generic inclusion criteria (not present before cancer diagnosis, symptomatic, objectifiable, of unacceptable severity, permanent, or requiring unacceptable treatments) were used to assess 855 health conditions, which resulted in inclusion of 21 severe toxicities. Consensus definitions were reached through a modified Delphi process supplemented by two additional plenary meetings. The 21 severe toxicities include severe adverse health conditions that substantially affect activities of daily living and are refractory to therapy (eg, refractory seizures), are without therapeutic options (eg, blindness), or require substantially invasive treatment (eg, cardiac transplantation). Incorporation of STFS assessment into clinical trials has the potential to improve and diversify treatment strategies, focusing not only on traditional outcome events and overall survival but also the frequencies of the most severe toxicities. The two major aims of this Review were to: prioritise and define unacceptable long-term toxicity for patients with childhood acute lymphocytic leukaemia, and define how these toxicities should be combined into a composite quantity to be integrated with other reported outcomes. Although STFS quantifies the clinically unacceptable health tradeoff for cure using childhood acute lymphocytic leukaemia as a model disease, the prioritised severe toxicities are based on generic considerations of relevance to any other cancer diagnosis and age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv Andrés-Jensen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andishe Attarbaschi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, St Anna Children's Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edit Bardi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pediatric Oncology and Immunology, Kepler University Clinic, Linz, Austria
| | - Shlomit Barzilai-Birenboim
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Deepa Bhojwani
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Christina Halsey
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Children's Haemato-Oncology Unit, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
| | - Arja Harila-Saari
- Women's and Children's Health, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Melissa M Hudson
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sima Jeha
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Motohiro Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Leontien Kremer
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wojciech Mlynarski
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology & Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anja Möricke
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rob Pieters
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Caroline Piette
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Liège and University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth Raetz
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leila Ronceray
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, St Anna Children's Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Toro
- Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria Grazia Valsecchi
- Bicocca Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Bioimaging, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Lynda M Vrooman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sigal Weinreb
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Naomi Winick
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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8
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Leibinger EA, Pauler G, Benedek N, Berki T, Jankovics I, McNally R, Ottóffy G. Baseline CD3+CD56+ (NKT-like) Cells and the Outcome of Influenza Vaccination in Children Undergoing Chemotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:690940. [PMID: 34267757 PMCID: PMC8276261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In children undergoing chemotherapy yearly influenza vaccination is recommended by treatment protocols. We investigated the relationship between cellular immunity and the antibody response to inactivated influenza vaccines. Methods 25 patients (age: 2-18 years) undergoing chemotherapy for different malignancies participated in our study. Flow cytometric detection of peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations together with hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers were measured before and 21-28 days after vaccination. We examined the ratio and total numbers of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ T cells, activated helper (CD3+CD4+CD25low), regulatory (CD3+CD4+CD25high), naive (CD3+CD45RA+) and memory (CD3+CD45RO+) T cells, CD56+NK, and CD3+CD56+ (NKT-like) cells. Relationships between specific antibody responses (seroprotection, seroconversion, geometric mean titer (GMT), geometric mean fold increase (GMFI)) and the ratios and counts of lymphocyte subpopulations were evaluated using one-way ANOVA and the paired sample t test after dichotomization according to age-related reference values. Results Patients with CD4+ lymphocyte levels in the normal age-specific range showed significantly better response regarding postvaccination GMT elevation for H1N1 and H3N2 strains (97.52 vs. 19.2, p=0.019, 80 vs. 14.43, p=0.021, respectively). GMFI results were significant only against B strain (2.69-fold vs. 1.23-fold, p=0.046). Prevaccination CD3+CD56+ (NKT-like) cells above predicted values according to age showed significant associations both in postvaccination GMT elevation (H1N1: 75.11 vs. 14.14, p=0.010; H3N2: 62.18 vs. 11.22, p=0.012; B: 22.69 vs. 6.67, p=0.043) and GMFI against all three strains (H1N1: 3.76-fold vs. 1.06-fold, p=0.015; H3N2: 2.74-fold vs. 1, p=0.013; B: 2.57-fold vs. 1, p=0.008). By one-way ANOVA, we found a positive relation between absolute lymphocyte cell count above 1000/µl and the postvaccination GMT elevation against H3N2 (12.81 vs. 56.56, p=0.032), and GMFI regarding H1N1 (1.22-fold vs. 3.48-fold, p=0.044). Conclusions In addition to verifying the predictive value of absolute lymphocyte count above 1000/µl, our results suggest an association between NKT-like cell counts and the specific antibody response against all three investigated influenza strains in highly immunosuppressed patients. Furthermore, prevaccination CD4+ lymphocyte levels in the normal age-specific range may influence seroresponse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin A Leibinger
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Pauler
- Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Noémi Benedek
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tímea Berki
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - István Jankovics
- Department of Virology, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Richard McNally
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Gábor Ottóffy
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
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9
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The potential of adoptive transfer of γ9δ2 T cells to enhance blinatumomab's antitumor activity against B-cell malignancy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12398. [PMID: 34117317 PMCID: PMC8195997 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Blinatumomab, a bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) antibody targeting CD19 and CD3ε, can redirect T cells toward CD19-positive tumor cells and has been approved to treat relapsed/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (R/R B-ALL). However, chemotherapeutic regimens can severely reduce T cells' number and cytotoxic function, leading to an inadequate response to blinatumomab treatment in patients. In addition, it was reported that a substantial portion of R/R B-ALL patients failing blinatumomab treatment had the extramedullary disease, indicating the poor ability of blinatumomab in treating extramedullary disease. In this study, we investigated whether the adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded γ9δ2 T cells could act as the effector of blinatumomab to enhance blinatumomab's antitumor activity against B-cell malignancies in vivo. Repeated infusion of blinatumomab and human γ9δ2 T cells led to more prolonged survival than that of blinatumomab or human γ9δ2 T cells alone in the mice xenografted with Raji cells. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of γ9δ2 T cells reduced tumor mass outside the bone marrow, indicating the potential of γ9δ2 T cells to eradicate the extramedullary disease. Our results suggest that the addition of γ9δ2 T cells to the blinatumomab treatment regimens could be an effective approach to enhancing blinatumomab's therapeutic efficacy. The concept of this strategy may also be applied to other antigen-specific BiTE therapies for other malignancies.
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10
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Lange CS, Rahrig A, Althouse SK, Nelson RP, Batra S. Hypogammaglobulinemia in Adolescents and Young Adults with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2020; 9:687-692. [PMID: 32668180 DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2020.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypogammaglobulinemia is a poorly described complication of chemotherapy in adolescents and young adults (AYAs, 15-39 years) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The majority of AYAs treated on a Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster-based ALL regimen experienced hypogammaglobulinemia (65.0% [13/20]). Febrile neutropenia episodes (throughout the treatment course) and infectious events during maintenance occurred more frequently in hypogammaglobulinemic patients compared with patients with normal immunoglobulin G levels (n = 7) (median 1.0 vs. 0.0, p = 0.02; 7.0 vs. 3.0, p = 0.02, respectively). Hypogammaglobulinemia did not impact overall or event-free survival. Further studies are needed to elucidate the etiology of hypogammaglobulinemia and to establish criteria for immunoglobulin replacement in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - April Rahrig
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sandra K Althouse
- Department of Biostatistics and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert P Nelson
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sandeep Batra
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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11
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Pelland-Marcotte MC, Pole JD, Nathan PC, Sutradhar R, Sung L. Severe infections following treatment for childhood cancer: a report from CYP-C. Leuk Lymphoma 2020; 61:2876-2884. [PMID: 32654563 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2020.1789626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about infections occurring after childhood cancer treatment. We assessed the risk of severe infection postcancer therapy in survivors of leukemia compared to other cancer types. We performed a population-based cohort study of children <15 years of age diagnosed with cancer (2001-2016), alive and relapse-free 30 days after treatment completion. The risk of severe infection in both groups was estimated using subdistribution proportional hazard regression. We identified 6148 survivors (1960 with leukemia). The cumulative incidence (95% confidence interval) of severe infections at 3 years was 0.70% (0.40-1.2%) in leukemia and 0.51% (0.32-0.79%) in other cancers. The risk of severe infection was not statistically different in leukemia survivors compared to other cancer types in univariate and multivariate analysis (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.40, 95% CI: 0.69-2.85). No significant association was found between a history of leukemia and an increased risk of severe infection after treatment, compared to other cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Pelland-Marcotte
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, CHU de Québec - Centre Mère-Enfant Soleil, Quebec City, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jason D Pole
- ICES, Toronto, Canada.,Centre for Health Services Research, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Paul C Nathan
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Program in Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Lillian Sung
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Program in Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Canada
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12
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Williams AP, Bate J, Brooks R, Chisholm J, Clarke SC, Dixon E, Faust SN, Galanopoulou A, Heath PT, Maishman T, Mapstone S, Patel SR, Vora A, Wilding SA, Gray JC. Immune reconstitution in children following chemotherapy for acute leukemia. EJHAEM 2020; 1:142-151. [PMID: 35847713 PMCID: PMC9176016 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although survival rates for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia are now excellent, this is at the expense of prolonged chemotherapy regimens. We report the long-term immune effects in children treated according to the UK Medical Research Council UKALL 2003 protocol. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and immunoglobulin levels were studied in 116 participants, at six time points, during and for 18-month following treatment, with 30-39 patients analyzed at each time point. Total lymphocytes were reduced during maintenance chemotherapy and remained low 18 months following treatment completion. CD4 T cells remained significantly reduced 18 months after treatment, but CD8 cells and natural killer cells recovered to normal values. The fall in naïve B-cell numbers during maintenance was most marked, but numbers recovered rapidly after cessation of treatment. Memory B cells, particularly nonclass-switched memory B cells, remained below normal levels 18 months following treatment. All immunoglobulin subclasses were reduced during treatment compared to normal values, with IgM levels most affected. This study demonstrates that immune reconstitution differs between lymphocyte compartments. Although total B-cell numbers recover rapidly, disruption of memory/naïve balance persists and T-cell compartment persist at 18 months. This highlights the impact of modern chemotherapy regimens on immunity, and thus, infectious susceptibility and response to immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P. Williams
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Jessica Bate
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research FacilityNIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre and Southampton NIHR CRUK Experimental Cancer Medicine CentreUniversity Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustSouthamptonUK
| | - Rachael Brooks
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Julia Chisholm
- Department of Paediatric OncologyRoyal Marsden HospitalSuttonSurrey
| | - Stuart C. Clarke
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | | | - Saul N. Faust
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | | | - Paul T. Heath
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group & Vaccine InstituteSt. George's University of London and St. Georges University Hospitals NHS TrustLondonUK
| | | | - Susan Mapstone
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research FacilityNIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre and Southampton NIHR CRUK Experimental Cancer Medicine CentreUniversity Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustSouthamptonUK
| | | | - Ajay Vora
- Department of Paediatric HaematologyGreat Ormond Street HospitalLondonUK
| | | | - Juliet C. Gray
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research FacilityNIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre and Southampton NIHR CRUK Experimental Cancer Medicine CentreUniversity Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustSouthamptonUK
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13
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Takeshita K, Ishiwada N, Takeuchi N, Takahashi Y, Fukasawa C, Hishiki H, Hoshino T, Shimojo N. Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide antibody levels in Japanese young patients with hematological malignancies and asplenia. J Infect Chemother 2020; 26:959-962. [PMID: 32402734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with immunosuppressive condition have a high risk of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection. In Japan, routine Hib vaccination program for children under 5 years old was introduced in December 2008. However, the national policy does not make provision for individuals aged ≥5 years who have medical conditions associated with a high risk of invasive Hib disease to receive Hib vaccine. We measured serum anti-polyribosylribitol phosphate specific (anti-PRP) antibodies to Hib in patients aged ≥5 years with hematological malignancies and asplenia and evaluated their levels of anti-PRP antibodies in post administration of Hib vaccine era. A total of 65 patients (48 with hematological malignancies, and 17 with asplenia) were included in this study, of which 84% had not received Hib vaccine. In addition, 95.4% had short-term protective levels of anti-PRP antibodies (defined as ≥0.15 μg/mL) and 41.5% had long-term protective levels of anti-PRP antibodies (defined as ≥1.0 μg/mL). Five patients had low anti-PRP antibody levels despite a history of Hib vaccination. Our results suggest that young patients with underlying diseases such as hematological malignancies and asplenia may be at risk of invasive Hib disease. Hence, we recommend they should receive Hib vaccines even if they are over the age limit for routine Hib vaccination program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Takeshita
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan.
| | - Naruhiko Ishiwada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Noriko Takeuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Chie Fukasawa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chiba Children's Hospital, 579-1 Heta-cho, Midori-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 266-0007, Japan
| | - Haruka Hishiki
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hoshino
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chiba Children's Hospital, 579-1 Heta-cho, Midori-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 266-0007, Japan
| | - Naoki Shimojo
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
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14
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Pelland-Marcotte MC, Pole JD, Sutradhar R, Nathan PC, Sung L. Infections as a potential long-term risk following childhood leukemia. Med Hypotheses 2020; 137:109554. [PMID: 31945656 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia is the most common childhood cancer. While infections are a frequent and potentially severe complication while on treatment, less is known about the risk for infections following therapy completion. In this article, we propose that leukemia survivors might be at increased risk of infections following therapy completion than the general population, independently of potential confounders such as age, sex and Down syndrome. This association is conceivably due to several factors. First, therapy-induced immune dysfunction of both the humoral and cellular compartments appears to last for several years following anti-cancer therapy and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Second, clinical and epidemiological research has shown leukemia survivors are disproportionally affected by comorbidities related to leukemia treatment and its complications, such as diabetes and obesity, which may induce secondary immunodeficiency and infections. Last, differences in health-related behaviors between leukemia survivors and the general population (such as re-vaccination practices) may affect the baseline risk of infections. Although under-represented in the epidemiological literature as a possible late effect of childhood leukemia and its treatment, it is plausible that leukemia survivors are at increased risk of infections for several years when compared to the general population and their siblings. Further research is needed to empirically test these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Pelland-Marcotte
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU de Québec, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jason D Pole
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Health Sciences Building, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario, 480, University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ICES, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rinku Sutradhar
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Health Sciences Building, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ICES, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul C Nathan
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555, University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada; Program in Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686, Bay St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lillian Sung
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555, University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada; Program in Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686, Bay St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Pelland-Marcotte MC, Pole JD, Hwee J, Sutradhar R, Science M, Nathan PC, Sung L. Long-Term Risk of Infections After Treatment of Childhood Leukemia: A Population-Based Cohort Study Using Administrative Health Data. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37:2651-2660. [PMID: 31393747 DOI: 10.1200/jco.19.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Infections are a frequent complication during childhood leukemia treatment. Little is known about the infectious risk in survivors. We compared the relative rate (RR) of infections after treatment completion between pediatric leukemia survivors and the general population. METHODS We performed a retrospective, population-based cohort study of children diagnosed with leukemia between 1992 and 2015 in Ontario, Canada, who were alive and relapse free 30 days after treatment completion (index date). Leukemia survivors were matched 5:1 with the general population by year of birth, sex, and rural status and stratified by initial treatment, including and excluding hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT). The primary outcome was time to infections, as identified using validated diagnostic codes from administrative databases. Individuals were censored at the earliest of death, first relapse, loss to follow-up, or end of study. RESULTS A total of 2,204 leukemia survivors were included and matched with 11,020 controls. The rate of infections was elevated after treatment completion compared with controls (RR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.45 to 1.57) and at less than 1 year (RR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.69 to 1.86); 1 to 4.99 years (RR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.62 to 1.71), and 5 or more years (RR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.22 to 1.36) from the index date. Among those whose initial treatment excluded HSCT, the rate remained elevated more than 5 years from the index date (RR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.23 to 1.35). Infection-related death was significantly increased in leukemia survivors both among the entire cohort (hazard ratio, 149.3; 95% CI, 20.4 to 1,091.9) and among those without HSCT (hazard ratio, 92.7; 95% CI, 12.4 to 690.7). CONCLUSION A significant association was found between a history of leukemia therapy and an increased risk of infections. Additional study is needed to establish which exposures in patients with leukemia lead to late infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason D Pole
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Clinical Evaluative Services, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremiah Hwee
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Clinical Evaluative Services, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rinku Sutradhar
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Clinical Evaluative Services, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Paul C Nathan
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lillian Sung
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Raje N, Snyder BL, Hill DA, Streicher JL, Sullivan KE. Severe immunodeficiency associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and its treatment. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 120:537-538.e1. [PMID: 29563054 PMCID: PMC5975371 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Raje
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, Immunology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas, Missouri; University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri.
| | - Brenda L Snyder
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, Immunology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas, Missouri
| | - David A Hill
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jenna L Streicher
- Section of Pediatric Dermatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kate E Sullivan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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17
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Sykes A, Gerhardt E, Tang L, Adderson EE. The Effectiveness of Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Children with Acute Leukemia. J Pediatr 2017; 191:218-224.e1. [PMID: 29173310 PMCID: PMC5726795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) for the prevention of laboratory-confirmed influenza and influenza-like illnesses (ILI) among children and adolescents receiving therapy for acute leukemia. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective review of the demographic and clinical characteristics of 498 patients at a pediatric cancer center who received therapy for acute leukemia during 3 successive influenza seasons (2010-2011 through 2012-2013). RESULTS In 498 patient seasons with a known immunization history (median age, 6 years; range, 1-21), 354 patients (71.1%) were immunized with TIV and 98 (19.7%) received a booster dose of vaccine. Vaccinated and unvaccinated patients had generally similar demographic characteristics. There were no differences in the overall rates of influenza or ILI between vaccinated and unvaccinated patients overall, or in any individual season. There was no difference in the rates of influenza or ILI between patients who received 1 dose of vaccine and those who received 2 doses. Time to first influenza infection and time to first ILI in vaccinated and unvaccinated patients were not different. CONCLUSION TIV did not protect children and adolescents with acute leukemia against laboratory-confirmed influenza or ILI. Future prospective studies should assess TIV effectiveness in high-risk subpopulations and alternative strategies to prevent influenza should be considered in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Sykes
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Elsie Gerhardt
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Elisabeth E Adderson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Carmel, IN; Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN.
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18
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Klosky JL, Hudson MM, Chen Y, Connelly JA, Wasilewski-Masker K, Sun CL, Francisco L, Gustafson L, Russell KM, Sabbatini G, Flynn JS, York JM, Giuliano AR, Robison LL, Wong FL, Bhatia S, Landier W. Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Rates in Young Cancer Survivors. J Clin Oncol 2017; 35:3582-3590. [PMID: 28837404 PMCID: PMC5662846 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.74.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cancer survivors are at high risk for human papillomavirus (HPV)-related morbidities; we estimated the prevalence of HPV vaccine initiation in cancer survivors versus the US population and examined predictors of noninitiation. Methods Participants included 982 cancer survivors (9 to 26 years of age; 1 to 5 years postcompletion of therapy); we assessed HPV vaccine initiation, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, and vaccine-specific health beliefs; age-, sex-, and year-matched US population comparisons were from the National Immunization Survey-Teen and the National Health Interview Survey (2012-2015). Results The mean age at the time of the study was 16.3 ± 4.7 years; the mean time off therapy was 2.7 ± 1.2 years; participants were 55% male and 66% non-Hispanic white; 59% had leukemia/lymphoma. Vaccine initiation rates were significantly lower in cancer survivors versus the general population (23.8%; 95% CI, 20.6% to 27.0% v 40.5%; 95% CI, 40.2% to 40.7%; P < .001); survivors were more likely to be HPV vaccine-naïve than general population peers (odds ratio [OR], 1.72; 95% CI, 1.41 to 2.09; P < .001). Initiation in adolescent survivors (ages 13 to 17 years) was 22.0% (95% CI, 17.3% to 26.7%), significantly lower than population peers (42.5%; 95% CI, 42.2% to 42.8%; P < .001). Initiation in young adult survivors and peers (ages 18 to 26 years) was comparably low (25.3%; 95% CI, 20.9% to 29.7% v 24.2%; 95% CI, 23.6% to 24.9%). Predictors of noninitiation included lack of provider recommendation (OR, 10.8; 95% CI, 6.5 to 18.0; P < .001), survivors' perceived lack of insurance coverage for HPV vaccine (OR, 6.6; 95% CI, 3.9 to 11.0; P < .001), male sex (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.7 to 4.8; P < .001), endorsement of vaccine-related barriers (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.6 to 4.6; P < .001), and younger age (9 to 12 years; OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.8-7.6; P < .001; comparison, 13 to 17 years). Conclusion HPV vaccine initiation rates in cancer survivors are low. Lack of provider recommendation and barriers to vaccine receipt should be targeted in vaccine promotion efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Klosky
- James L. Klosky, Melissa M. Hudson, Kathryn M. Russell, Gina Sabbatini, Jessica S. Flynn, and Leslie L. Robison, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yanjun Chen, Liton Francisco, Jocelyn M. York, Smita Bhatia, and Wendy Landier, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; James A. Connelly, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Karen Wasilewski-Masker, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA; Can-Lan Sun, Laura Gustafson, and F. Lennie Wong, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and Anna R. Giuliano, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Melissa M Hudson
- James L. Klosky, Melissa M. Hudson, Kathryn M. Russell, Gina Sabbatini, Jessica S. Flynn, and Leslie L. Robison, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yanjun Chen, Liton Francisco, Jocelyn M. York, Smita Bhatia, and Wendy Landier, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; James A. Connelly, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Karen Wasilewski-Masker, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA; Can-Lan Sun, Laura Gustafson, and F. Lennie Wong, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and Anna R. Giuliano, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Yanjun Chen
- James L. Klosky, Melissa M. Hudson, Kathryn M. Russell, Gina Sabbatini, Jessica S. Flynn, and Leslie L. Robison, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yanjun Chen, Liton Francisco, Jocelyn M. York, Smita Bhatia, and Wendy Landier, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; James A. Connelly, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Karen Wasilewski-Masker, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA; Can-Lan Sun, Laura Gustafson, and F. Lennie Wong, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and Anna R. Giuliano, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - James A Connelly
- James L. Klosky, Melissa M. Hudson, Kathryn M. Russell, Gina Sabbatini, Jessica S. Flynn, and Leslie L. Robison, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yanjun Chen, Liton Francisco, Jocelyn M. York, Smita Bhatia, and Wendy Landier, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; James A. Connelly, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Karen Wasilewski-Masker, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA; Can-Lan Sun, Laura Gustafson, and F. Lennie Wong, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and Anna R. Giuliano, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Karen Wasilewski-Masker
- James L. Klosky, Melissa M. Hudson, Kathryn M. Russell, Gina Sabbatini, Jessica S. Flynn, and Leslie L. Robison, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yanjun Chen, Liton Francisco, Jocelyn M. York, Smita Bhatia, and Wendy Landier, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; James A. Connelly, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Karen Wasilewski-Masker, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA; Can-Lan Sun, Laura Gustafson, and F. Lennie Wong, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and Anna R. Giuliano, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Can-Lan Sun
- James L. Klosky, Melissa M. Hudson, Kathryn M. Russell, Gina Sabbatini, Jessica S. Flynn, and Leslie L. Robison, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yanjun Chen, Liton Francisco, Jocelyn M. York, Smita Bhatia, and Wendy Landier, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; James A. Connelly, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Karen Wasilewski-Masker, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA; Can-Lan Sun, Laura Gustafson, and F. Lennie Wong, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and Anna R. Giuliano, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Liton Francisco
- James L. Klosky, Melissa M. Hudson, Kathryn M. Russell, Gina Sabbatini, Jessica S. Flynn, and Leslie L. Robison, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yanjun Chen, Liton Francisco, Jocelyn M. York, Smita Bhatia, and Wendy Landier, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; James A. Connelly, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Karen Wasilewski-Masker, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA; Can-Lan Sun, Laura Gustafson, and F. Lennie Wong, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and Anna R. Giuliano, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Laura Gustafson
- James L. Klosky, Melissa M. Hudson, Kathryn M. Russell, Gina Sabbatini, Jessica S. Flynn, and Leslie L. Robison, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yanjun Chen, Liton Francisco, Jocelyn M. York, Smita Bhatia, and Wendy Landier, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; James A. Connelly, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Karen Wasilewski-Masker, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA; Can-Lan Sun, Laura Gustafson, and F. Lennie Wong, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and Anna R. Giuliano, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Kathryn M Russell
- James L. Klosky, Melissa M. Hudson, Kathryn M. Russell, Gina Sabbatini, Jessica S. Flynn, and Leslie L. Robison, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yanjun Chen, Liton Francisco, Jocelyn M. York, Smita Bhatia, and Wendy Landier, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; James A. Connelly, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Karen Wasilewski-Masker, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA; Can-Lan Sun, Laura Gustafson, and F. Lennie Wong, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and Anna R. Giuliano, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Gina Sabbatini
- James L. Klosky, Melissa M. Hudson, Kathryn M. Russell, Gina Sabbatini, Jessica S. Flynn, and Leslie L. Robison, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yanjun Chen, Liton Francisco, Jocelyn M. York, Smita Bhatia, and Wendy Landier, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; James A. Connelly, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Karen Wasilewski-Masker, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA; Can-Lan Sun, Laura Gustafson, and F. Lennie Wong, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and Anna R. Giuliano, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Jessica S Flynn
- James L. Klosky, Melissa M. Hudson, Kathryn M. Russell, Gina Sabbatini, Jessica S. Flynn, and Leslie L. Robison, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yanjun Chen, Liton Francisco, Jocelyn M. York, Smita Bhatia, and Wendy Landier, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; James A. Connelly, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Karen Wasilewski-Masker, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA; Can-Lan Sun, Laura Gustafson, and F. Lennie Wong, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and Anna R. Giuliano, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Jocelyn M York
- James L. Klosky, Melissa M. Hudson, Kathryn M. Russell, Gina Sabbatini, Jessica S. Flynn, and Leslie L. Robison, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yanjun Chen, Liton Francisco, Jocelyn M. York, Smita Bhatia, and Wendy Landier, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; James A. Connelly, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Karen Wasilewski-Masker, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA; Can-Lan Sun, Laura Gustafson, and F. Lennie Wong, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and Anna R. Giuliano, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Anna R Giuliano
- James L. Klosky, Melissa M. Hudson, Kathryn M. Russell, Gina Sabbatini, Jessica S. Flynn, and Leslie L. Robison, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yanjun Chen, Liton Francisco, Jocelyn M. York, Smita Bhatia, and Wendy Landier, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; James A. Connelly, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Karen Wasilewski-Masker, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA; Can-Lan Sun, Laura Gustafson, and F. Lennie Wong, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and Anna R. Giuliano, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Leslie L Robison
- James L. Klosky, Melissa M. Hudson, Kathryn M. Russell, Gina Sabbatini, Jessica S. Flynn, and Leslie L. Robison, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yanjun Chen, Liton Francisco, Jocelyn M. York, Smita Bhatia, and Wendy Landier, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; James A. Connelly, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Karen Wasilewski-Masker, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA; Can-Lan Sun, Laura Gustafson, and F. Lennie Wong, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and Anna R. Giuliano, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - F Lennie Wong
- James L. Klosky, Melissa M. Hudson, Kathryn M. Russell, Gina Sabbatini, Jessica S. Flynn, and Leslie L. Robison, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yanjun Chen, Liton Francisco, Jocelyn M. York, Smita Bhatia, and Wendy Landier, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; James A. Connelly, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Karen Wasilewski-Masker, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA; Can-Lan Sun, Laura Gustafson, and F. Lennie Wong, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and Anna R. Giuliano, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Smita Bhatia
- James L. Klosky, Melissa M. Hudson, Kathryn M. Russell, Gina Sabbatini, Jessica S. Flynn, and Leslie L. Robison, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yanjun Chen, Liton Francisco, Jocelyn M. York, Smita Bhatia, and Wendy Landier, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; James A. Connelly, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Karen Wasilewski-Masker, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA; Can-Lan Sun, Laura Gustafson, and F. Lennie Wong, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and Anna R. Giuliano, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Wendy Landier
- James L. Klosky, Melissa M. Hudson, Kathryn M. Russell, Gina Sabbatini, Jessica S. Flynn, and Leslie L. Robison, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yanjun Chen, Liton Francisco, Jocelyn M. York, Smita Bhatia, and Wendy Landier, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; James A. Connelly, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Karen Wasilewski-Masker, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA; Can-Lan Sun, Laura Gustafson, and F. Lennie Wong, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; and Anna R. Giuliano, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
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de de la Fuente Garcia I, Coïc L, Leclerc JM, Laverdière C, Rousseau C, Ovetchkine P, Tapiéro B. Protection against vaccine preventable diseases in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64:315-320. [PMID: 27718310 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this retrospective study was to assess protection against vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). PROCEDURE Clinical characteristics and vaccination records were collected. Antibodies against VPDs were measured after completion of chemotherapy and after a booster dose of vaccine. Immunization status of household members was evaluated. RESULTS Sixty children were included. Median interval between the end of chemotherapy and enrolment in the study was 13 months (range 1-145). At ALL diagnosis, 81.3% of the children were up to date with their vaccination schedule. This proportion decreased to 52.9% at enrolment. Among the parents, 21% were up to date with their immunization schedule and 42% had received seasonal influenza vaccination. After chemotherapy, less than 50% of the patients were seroprotected against tetanus, diphtheria, polio 3, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and mumps and no more than 80% were seroprotected against polio 1 and 2, measles, rubella, and varicella. After a booster dose of vaccine, the rate of protection increased to over 90% for each of the following antigens: TT, DT, polio 1, Hib, measles, and rubella. Nevertheless, polio 3, mumps, and varicella-zoster virus antibodies titers/concentrations remained below seroprotective thresholds in over 20% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS After chemotherapy for ALL, most of the children were not protected against VPDs. As the majority mounted a robust response to booster vaccines, efforts need to be done to improve protection against VPDs by implementing a systematic vaccine booster schedule. This could also be helped by reinforcing household members' immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel de de la Fuente Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine-Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Léna Coïc
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine-Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Marie Leclerc
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine-Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Caroline Laverdière
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine-Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Céline Rousseau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, CHU Sainte-Justine-Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Ovetchkine
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine-Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bruce Tapiéro
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine-Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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20
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with leukemia suffer immune dysfunction from their malignancy and chemotherapy. The immune system components most affected, the degree to which immune suppression occurs, and the duration of immunodeficiency are incompletely characterized. This study measures immunologic parameters following completion of therapy. METHODS This is a prospective, single institution cohort study. Eligible children with acute myelogenous or acute lymphoblastic leukemia diagnosed between 1 and 21 years of age were enrolled at therapy completion. Immune parameters were assessed at the end of therapy and 6 months later: complete blood counts, immunoglobulin levels, quantitative lymphocyte subsets, mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer cell function, and vaccine titers. RESULTS Twenty patients were evaluated; 13 (65%) were female, 15 had acute lymphoblastic leukemia (75%). Mean age at diagnosis was 7.9 years. At end of therapy, all patients had some degree of immune dysfunction. At 6 months posttherapy, persistent abnormalities included: leukopenia (25%), neutropenia (15%), lymphopenia (5%), hypogammaglobulinemia (25%), one or more subtherapeutic vaccine titers (100%), abnormal lymphocyte subset levels (20%), decreased (15%), or absent (10%) natural killer cell function and abnormal lymphocyte proliferative responses (25%). CONCLUSIONS All patients had multiple abnormalities at end of therapy, and all patients had some degree of persistent immune dysfunction at 6 months after completion of therapy. Clinical implications of these laboratory abnormalities are currently unknown; longer term evaluations are ongoing. We demonstrate that survivors of childhood cancer have lasting quantitative and functional immunologic defects and may remain at risk for infectious complications after completion of therapy.
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21
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Geerlinks AV, Issekutz T, Wahlstrom JT, Sullivan KE, Cowan MJ, Dvorak CC, Fernandez CV. Severe, persistent, and fatal T-cell immunodeficiency following therapy for infantile leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:2046-9. [PMID: 27354010 PMCID: PMC7168093 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We describe five cases of children who completed chemotherapy for infantile acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and soon after were diagnosed with severe T-cell, non-HIV immunodeficiency, with varying B-cell and NK-cell depletion. There was near absence of CD3(+) , CD4(+) , and CD8(+) cells. All patients developed multiple, primarily opportunistic infections. Unfortunately, four patients died, although one was successfully treated by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. These immunodeficiencies appeared to be secondary to intensive infant ALL chemotherapy. Our report highlights the importance of the early consideration of this life-threatening immune complication in patients who received chemotherapy for infantile ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley V. Geerlinks
- Department of PediatricsIWK Health Centre, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NSCanada
| | - Thomas Issekutz
- Department of PediatricsIWK Health Centre, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NSCanada
| | - Justin T. Wahlstrom
- Department of PediatricsBenioff Children's Hospital, University of California San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA
| | - Kathleen E. Sullivan
- Department of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaCA
| | - Morton J. Cowan
- Department of PediatricsBenioff Children's Hospital, University of California San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA
| | - Christopher C. Dvorak
- Department of PediatricsBenioff Children's Hospital, University of California San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA
| | - Conrad V. Fernandez
- Department of PediatricsIWK Health Centre, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NSCanada
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22
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Esposito S, Prada E, Lelii M, Castellazzi L. Immunization of children with secondary immunodeficiency. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:2564-70. [PMID: 26176360 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1039208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The main causes of secondary immunodeficiency at a pediatric age include infectious diseases (mainly HIV infection), malignancies, haematopoietic stem cell or solid organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases. Children with secondary immunodeficiency have an increased risk of severe infectious diseases that could be prevented by adequate vaccination coverage, but vaccines administration can be associated with reduced immune response and an increased risk of adverse reactions. The immunogenicity of inactivated and recombinant vaccines is comparable to that of healthy children at the moment of vaccination, but it undergoes a progressive decline over time, and in the absence of a booster, the patients remain at risk of developing vaccine-preventable infections. However, the administration of live attenuated viral vaccines is controversial because of the risk of the activation of vaccine viruses. A specific immunization program should be administered according to the clinical and immunological status of each of these conditions to ensure a sustained immune response without any risks to the patients' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Esposito
- a Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation ; Università degli Studi di Milano; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico ; Milan , Italy
| | - Elisabetta Prada
- a Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation ; Università degli Studi di Milano; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico ; Milan , Italy
| | - Mara Lelii
- a Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation ; Università degli Studi di Milano; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico ; Milan , Italy
| | - Luca Castellazzi
- a Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation ; Università degli Studi di Milano; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico ; Milan , Italy
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23
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Absolute Lymphocyte Count Recovery Independently Predicts Outcome in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Experience From a Tertiary Care Cancer Center of a Developing Country. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2015. [PMID: 26201035 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate risk stratification is essential for successful treatment outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Early recovery of absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) during induction therapy is emerging as a reliable favorable prognostic indicator that may hold its relevance in resource-constraint settings. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a retrospective chart review of medical records of 212 patients of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, aged less than 18 years, treated between January 1996 and December 2009. Time to lymphocyte recovery was analyzed with respect to various prognostic factors and survival and Martingale residuals were used to define ALC cut-offs. RESULTS High-risk disease characteristics including older age (10 y and older), National Cancer Institute high risk, and central nervous system disease at diagnosis were associated with delayed lymphocyte recovery. The 5-year event-free, relapse-free, and overall survival of patients with day 15 ALC of ≥ 500 cells/µL and day 29 ALC of ≥ 1000 cells/µL was 81.7% ± 4%, 86.4% ± 2.8%, 91.0% ± 3%, respectively, compared with those with delayed recovery (16.6% ± 5.6%, 19.3% ± 6.4%, 32.8% ± 7.2%, P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis both these ALC cut-offs retained their significance as prognostic variables of survival. CONCLUSION Our analysis revealed ALC to be an important independent predictor of treatment outcome and may provide key prognostic information in settings where minimal residual disease-based risk stratification is not feasible.
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Bochennek K, Allwinn R, Langer R, Becker M, Keppler OT, Klingebiel T, Lehrnbecher T. Differential loss of humoral immunity against measles, mumps, rubella and varicella-zoster virus in children treated for cancer. Vaccine 2014; 32:3357-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wiegering V, Frank J, Freudenberg S, Morbach H, Schlegel PG, Eyrich M, Winkler B. Impaired B-cell reconstitution in children after chemotherapy for standard or medium risk acute precursor B-lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 55:870-5. [PMID: 23786458 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.816423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a highly effective treatment, but at the same time causes significant suppression of the patient's immunity. Immune reconstitution was studied in a homogeneous cohort of 48 children with standard or medium risk ALL treated according to the ALL-Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster (BFM) protocol. Whereas the T-cell compartment was only moderately affected and recovered to normal levels quickly after treatment cessation, B-cells were significantly reduced during and after therapy. In particular, the naive B-cell compartment declined. Even 5 years after the end of therapy, B-cell distribution was disturbed and patients showed an ongoing reconstitution. Thus, even standard regimens for chemotherapy cause severe B-cell depletion that resolves only gradually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Wiegering
- Department of Pediatric Haematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation
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26
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Kersun LS, Reilly AF, Coffin SE, Sullivan KE. Protecting pediatric oncology patients from influenza. Oncologist 2013; 18:204-11. [PMID: 23370325 PMCID: PMC3579605 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2012-0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a common respiratory pathogen. Its severity can be unpredictable, but people with chronic illness are at increased risk of severe infection, complications, and death from influenza. This review examines evidence to support various strategies to protect pediatric oncology patients from influenza-related morbidity. Influenza vaccination should be considered standard. Additional evidence-supported measures include antiviral treatment, antiviral prophylaxis, cohorting of patients, and hospital infection control measures. Data from other high-risk populations support the vaccination of family members, double-dose or high-dose vaccination, and the use of barrier methods. These measures have the potential to optimize patient outcomes because there will be fewer treatment interruptions for acute illness. These strategies can also protect patients from prolonged hospitalizations and morbidity related to influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kathleen E. Sullivan
- Allergy Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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27
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Rabin KR, Gramatges MM, Borowitz MJ, Palla SL, Shi X, Margolin JF, Zweidler-McKay PA. Absolute lymphocyte counts refine minimal residual disease-based risk stratification in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59:468-74. [PMID: 22102553 PMCID: PMC3290726 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have demonstrated the prognostic utility of absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) during therapy for a range of malignancies, with low ALC associated with adverse outcome. Here we investigated whether ALC retained independent prognostic significance with respect to minimal residual disease (MRD) status in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). PROCEDURE We reviewed 171 cases of pediatric ALL treated on the Children's Oncology Group P9900 series of treatment trials. Variables analyzed included ALC at several time points during Induction, age at diagnosis, cytogenetics, initial white blood cell count, and MRD status at Day 29 of Induction (MRD-29). RESULTS We found high ALC at Induction Day 29 (ALC-29) to be an independent, clinically significant predictor of improved relapse-free and overall survival (OS). Patients with ALC-29 >1,500 cells/µl had a superior 6-year relapse-free survival (80 ± 4% vs. 62 ± 8%, P = 0.018) and overall survival (96 ± 2% vs. 74 ± 8%, P = 0.001). Moreover, ALC-29 identified distinct prognostic subgroups within cases stratified by MRD-29. In subjects with >0.01% MRD, ALC-29 > or <1,500 cells/µl had a significant 51% difference in 6-year OS (92 ± 7% vs. 41 ± 16%, P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS ALC, a readily obtainable test, constitutes a significant and independent prognostic factor in childhood ALL that may refine current MRD-based risk stratification algorithms and provide key prognostic information in settings where MRD determination is not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R. Rabin
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - M. Monica Gramatges
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Shana L. Palla
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Xiaodong Shi
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Judith F. Margolin
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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Kwon HJ, Lee JW, Chung NG, Cho B, Kim HK, Kang JH. Assessment of serologic immunity to diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis after treatment of Korean pediatric hematology and oncology patients. J Korean Med Sci 2012; 27:78-83. [PMID: 22219618 PMCID: PMC3247779 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2012.27.1.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis antibody titers after antineoplastic treatment and to suggest an appropriate vaccination approach for pediatric hemato-oncologic patients. A total of 146 children with either malignancy in remission after cessation of therapy or bone marrow failure were recruited. All children had received routine immunization including diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccination before diagnosis of cancer. The serologic immunity to diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis was classified as: completely protective, partially protective, or non-protective. Non-protective serum antibody titer for diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis was detected in 6.2%, 11.6%, and 62.3% of patients, respectively, and partial protective serum antibody titer for diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis was seen in 37%, 28.1%, and 8.9% of patients. There was no significant correlation between the severity of immune defect and age, gender or underlying disease. Revaccination after antineoplastic therapy showed significantly higher levels of antibody for each vaccine antigen. Our data indicates that a large proportion of children lacked protective serum concentrations of antibodies against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. This suggests that reimmunization of these patients is necessary after completion of antineoplastic treatment. Also, prospective studies should be undertaken with the aim of devising a common strategy of revaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nak-Gyun Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bin Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hack-Ki Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Han Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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29
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Abstract
In summary, immunizations in special populations require understanding the underlying disease and how it might affect the immune system's ability to mount an antibody response to vaccines or predispose certain patient populations to developing certain serious infections. There is still a great need for research on the optimal timing of vaccines after transplants, how to assess protection and development of a protective antibody response after immunization, and whether certain groups (eg, HIV) need to be revaccinated after a certain amount of time if their antibody levels decline. In addition, there are limited data on efficacy of the newer vaccines in these special patient populations, which also requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Miller
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, 32209, USA
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Paulides M, Stöhr W, Laws HJ, Graf N, Lakomek M, Berthold F, Schmitt K, Niggli F, Jürgens H, Bielack S, Koscielniak E, Klingebiel T, Langer T. Antibody levels against tetanus and diphtheria after polychemotherapy for childhood sarcoma: A report from the Late Effects Surveillance System. Vaccine 2011; 29:1565-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Diagnostic strategy for patients with hypogammaglobulinemia in rheumatology. Joint Bone Spine 2010; 78:241-5. [PMID: 21036646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of hypogammaglobulinemia, which is defined as a plasmatic level of immunoglobulin (Ig) under 5 g/L is rare in clinical practice. However, the management of immunodepressed patients in rheumatology, sometimes due to the use of immunosuppressive treatments such as anti-CD20 in chronic inflammatory rheumatisms, increases the risk of being confronted to this situation. The discovery of hypogammaglobulinemia in clinical practice, sometimes by chance, must never be neglected and requires a rigorous diagnosis approach. First of all, in adults, secondary causes, in particular lymphoid hemopathies or drug-related causes (immunosuppressors, antiepileptics) must be eliminated. A renal (nephrotic syndrome) or digestive (protein-losing enteropathy) leakage of Ig is also possible. More rarely, it is due to an authentic primary immunodeficiency (PID) discovered in adulthood: common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) which is the most frequent form of PID, affects young adults between 20 and 30 years and can sometimes trigger joint symptoms similar to those in rheumatoid arthritis; or Good syndrome, which associates hypogammaglobulinemia, thymoma and recurrent infections around the age of 40 years. In most cases, after confirming hypogammaglobulinemia on a second test, biological examinations and thoracic-abdominal-pelvic CT scan will guide the diagnosis, after which the opinion of a specialist can be sought depending on the findings of the above examinations. At the end of this review, we provide a decision tree to guide the clinician confronted to an adult-onset hypogammaglobulinemia.
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Cheng FWT, Leung TF, Chan PKS, Leung WK, Lee V, Shing MK, Yuen PMP, Li CK. Recovery of humoral and cellular immunities to vaccine-preventable infectious diseases in pediatric oncology patients. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2010; 27:195-204. [PMID: 20367263 DOI: 10.3109/08880011003621752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The recovery of antibodies to various vaccine-preventable infectious diseases, humoral and cellular immunity in pediatric oncology patients were evaluated by a prospective longitudinal study for 18 months. Lymphocyte subset (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD16/56+, CD19+), CD4/CD8 ratio, immunoglobulin levels, antibodies to diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis B, measles, mumps, and rubella were measured serially at 6 months till 18 months after stopping all chemotherapy (including maintenance chemotherapy). Twenty-eight children (hematological malignancies, n = 14; solid tumors, n = 14) were studied. The median age was 7.0 +/- 3.8 years old (range 2.6-16.2 years old). Although there was significant increase in CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+ cells, IgG, IgA, and IgM levels (P < .05), CD4+ and CD8+ counts were still below the age-specific normal range at the end of study period. At 18 months after stopping chemotherapy, 11%, 15%, 60%, 30%, 49%, and 30% of subjects remained seronegative against diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis B, measles, mumps, and rubella. This will evolve to a significant health care problem if no further intervention is implemented, as the survival rate of pediatric oncology patients improves significantly with the improvement in various cancer treatment protocols. Near complete immune recovery was demonstrated in the subjects. Significant proportion of subjects remained susceptible to vaccine-preventable infectious diseases up to 18 months after stopping all chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frankie Wai Tsoi Cheng
- Department of Paediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Vaccinations in children with cancer. Vaccine 2010; 28:3278-84. [PMID: 20226246 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Children with cancer may be immunocompromised as a result of their primary underlying disease and/or the use of prolonged and intensive chemotherapy administered with or without irradiation. The damage to the immune system varies with the age of the patient, the type of cancer, and the intensity of the chemotherapy used to treat it. This review analyses the data regarding the immunogenicity, efficacy, safety and tolerability of the vaccines usually recommended in the first years of life in order to help pediatricians choose the best immunisation programme against vaccine-preventable disease in children with cancer receiving standard-dose chemotherapy. Areas for future research are highlighted because new data are required to be able to draw up evidence-based recommendations that will ensure adequate protection against infectious diseases in such high-risk children.
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Delvecchio M, Cecinati V, Brescia LP, Faienza MF, De Mattia D, Cavallo L, Santoro N. Thyroid function and thyroid autoimmunity in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia off-therapy patients treated only with chemotherapy. J Endocrinol Invest 2010; 33:135-9. [PMID: 19636215 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Scanty data are available about the thyroid function in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) off-therapy patients treated only with chemotherapy. We aimed to assess the prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity and thyroid dysfunction in such patients. DESIGN Case-control cross-sectional study. METHODS Eighty-four patients diagnosed with ALL and treated only with chemotherapy. Mean age at diagnosis 5.9+/-3.6 yr, at recruitment 12.1+/-4.3 yr. The treatment had been stopped 4.3+/-3.2 yr before recruitment. A control group of 60 subjects was recruited. Free T4, TSH, anti-thyroperoxidase, and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies were measured. RESULTS Anti-thyroglobulin and anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies were negative in all patients. TSH was increased in 7 patients (8.3%) and 3 controls (5.0%). Free T4 was within the normal limits in all patients and controls.Mean TSH and free T4 levels did not statistically differ between controls and ALL offtherapy patients. TSH was negatively correlated with the age at the diagnosis (p=0.01) and the age at the end of therapy (p=0.008). Anti-thyroglobulin and/or anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies were detected in 3 controls (5%; vs study group: p=0.038), 1 of them with increased TSH. CONCLUSIONS Some patients present hyperthyrotropinemia, without anti-thyroid antibodies, with a prevalence comparable to the control group. The thyroid gland seems more prone to be damaged by chemotherapy at a younger age. We think that a thyroid follow- up in ALL off-therapy patients may be advisable and should be differentiated on the basis of the age at the end of treatment, with more frequent tests for younger patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Delvecchio
- Department of Biomedicine of Developing Age, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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Winick N. Is immunization necessary after therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has been completed? Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009; 53:922-3. [PMID: 19653293 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Winick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.
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Eyrich M, Wiegering V, Lim A, Schrauder A, Winkler B, Schlegel PG. Immune function in children under chemotherapy for standard risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia - a prospective study of 20 paediatric patients. Br J Haematol 2009; 147:360-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Brinkrolf P, Landmeier S, Altvater B, Chen C, Pscherer S, Rosemann A, Ranft A, Dirksen U, Juergens H, Rossig C. A high proportion of bone marrow T cells with regulatory phenotype (CD4+CD25hiFoxP3+) in Ewing sarcoma patients is associated with metastatic disease. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:879-86. [PMID: 19480009 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive CD4+CD25(hi)FoxP3+ T cells (T(reg) cells) have been found at increased densities within the tumor microenvironment in many malignancies and interfere with protective antitumor immune responses. Osseous Ewing sarcomas (ESs) are thought to derive from a bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal cell of origin, and microscopic marrow involvement defines a subpopulation of patients at a high risk of relapse. We hypothesized that BM-resident T cells may contribute to a permissive milieu for immune escape of ESs. Using 6-color-flow cytometry, we investigated the pattern of immune cell subset distribution including NK cells, gammadelta T cells, central and effector memory CD8+ and CD4+ T cells as well as T cells with regulatory phenotype (T(reg) cells) in BM obtained at diagnosis from 45 primary or relapsed ES patients treated within standardized protocols. Although patients at relapse had an inverted CD4:CD8 T-cell ratio, neither CD8+ effector/memory T-cell subsets nor T(reg) cells significantly differed from patients at diagnosis. No significant associations of innate and effector/memory T-cell subpopulations with known risk factors were found, including age, gender, tumor site, primary metastases and histological tumor response. By contrast, T(reg) cells were found at significantly higher frequencies in patients with primary metastatic disease compared with localized ESs (5.0 vs. 3.3%, p = 0.01). Thus, increased BM T(reg) cells in patients with metastasized ES may reflect an immune escape mechanism that contributes to the development of metastatic disease. Immunotherapeutic strategies will have to adequately consider the regulatory milieu within areas of Ewing tumor-immune interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Brinkrolf
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Cheng FWT, Leung TF, Chan PKS, Lee V, Shing MK, Chik KW, Yuen PMP, Li CK. Humoral immune response after post-chemotherapy booster diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine in pediatric oncology patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009; 52:248-53. [PMID: 18937325 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.21792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of post-chemotherapy booster vaccination in pediatric oncology children remains to be established. In this randomized controlled study, we studied the effect of immune responses to diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) booster vaccination in children 6 months after completing chemotherapy. METHODS Children 1-18 years old with chemotherapy completed for 6 months (baseline) were eligible. Subjects were randomized into vaccine and control group. In the former, three doses of DTP vaccine (Aventis Pasteur Inc., Lyon, France) were administered. IgG antibody titers against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, measles, mumps, and rubella antibodies were measured serially in vaccine and control groups. Subsets of circulating lymphocytes (CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), CD19(+), and CD16/56(+)) were quantified by flow cytometry using fluorescence-labeled monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS Fifty-six children (28 vaccinees; 28 controls) were enrolled. Protective antibody levels against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis were found at baseline in 83.6%, 96.5%, 96.1% of them respectively. After three doses of DTP, all vaccinees demonstrated a sustain rise in antibody levels and the antibody titers were significantly higher than control group. 35.8% of subjects were susceptible to measles mumps and rubella infection and 69% showed anti-HBs antibody titer less than protective level up to 18 months after stopping chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Post-chemotherapy booster vaccinations produced a strong and sustained effect in humoral immunity against vaccine-preventable infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frankie Wai Tsoi Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Hong Kong.
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Abstract
There is a need for novel treatment for acute leukaemia as relapse rates remain unacceptably high. Immunotherapy aims to stimulate the patient's immune responses to recognize and destroy leukaemia cells whilst activating immune memory. The qualities of the most potent professional antigen-presenting cell, the dendritic cell (DC), can be used to stimulate leukaemia-specific cytotoxic T cells. DCs can be loaded with leukaemia antigens, or leukaemia blasts can be modified to express DC-like properties for use in vaccine therapy. This chapter will review the rationale for DC vaccine therapy, the preclinical and clinical trials to date, the barriers to successful DC vaccine therapies and the role of immune adjuncts to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Duncan
- Department of Haematology, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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