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Zhou S, Sarabia SF, Estrine D, Ostrow D, Schmidt RJ, Warren M, Raca G, Shillingford N, Wang L, Pawel B, Stein JE, Biegel JA, Lopez-Terrada D, Mascarenhas L, Ji J. Comparative Clinicopathologic and Genomic Analysis of Hepatocellular Neoplasm, Not Otherwise Specified, and Hepatoblastoma. Mod Pathol 2024; 37:100385. [PMID: 37992967 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular neoplasm, not otherwise specified (HCN-NOS), poses significant challenges. Our study aimed to investigate the clinicopathologic and genomic similarities and differences between HCN-NOS and hepatoblastoma (HB) to guide diagnostic and treatment strategies. The clinicopathologic characteristics of 16 patients with HCN-NOS and 23 patients with HB were compared. Molecular studies, including the OncoKids DNA- and RNA-based next-generation sequencing panel, chromosomal microarray, and targeted Sanger sequencing analyses of CTNNB1 and TERT promoters, were employed. We found that patients with HCN-NOS were older (P < .001) and more frequently classified as high risk (P < .01), yet they showed no significant differences in alpha fetoprotein levels or survival outcomes compared with those with HB. HCN-NOS and HB had a comparable frequency of sequence variants, with CTNNB1 mutations being predominant in both groups. Notably, TERT promoter mutations (37.5%) and rare clinically significant variants (BRAF, NRAS, and KMT2D) were exclusive to HCN-NOS. HCN-NOS demonstrated a higher prevalence of gains in 1q, encompassing the MDM4 locus (17/17 vs 11/24; P < .001), as well as loss/loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of 1p (11/17 vs 6/24; P < .05) and chromosome 11 (7/17 vs 1/24; P < .01) when compared with HB. Furthermore, the recurrent loss/LOH of chromosomes 3, 4p, 9, 15q, and Y was only observed in HCN-NOS. However, no significant differences were noted in gains of chromosomes 2, 8, and 20, or loss/LOH of 4q and 11p between the 2 groups. Notably, no clinically significant gene fusions were detected in either group. In conclusion, our study reveals that HCN-NOS exhibits high-risk clinicopathologic features and greater structural complexity compared with HB. However, patients with HCN-NOS exhibit comparable alpha fetoprotein levels at diagnosis, CTNNB1 mutation rates, and survival outcomes when subjected to aggressive treatment, as compared with those with HB. These findings have the potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy and inform more effective treatments for HCN-NOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengmei Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Stephen F Sarabia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Dolores Estrine
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dejerianne Ostrow
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ryan J Schmidt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mikako Warren
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gordana Raca
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nick Shillingford
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Larry Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bruce Pawel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - James E Stein
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jaclyn A Biegel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dolores Lopez-Terrada
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Leo Mascarenhas
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jianling Ji
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Kahana-Edwin S, Torpy J, Cain LE, Mullins A, McCowage G, Woodfield SE, Vasudevan SA, Shea DPT, Minoche AE, Espinoza AF, Kummerfeld S, Goldstein LD, Karpelowsky J. Quantitative ctDNA Detection in Hepatoblastoma: Implications for Precision Medicine. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:12. [PMID: 38201440 PMCID: PMC10778269 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma is characterized by driver mutations in CTNNB1, making it an attractive biomarker for a liquid biopsy approach utilizing circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). This prospective observational study sought to ascertain the feasibility of ctDNA detection in patients with hepatoblastoma and explore its associations with established clinical indicators and biomarkers, including serum Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). We obtained 38 plasma samples and 17 tumor samples from 20 patients with hepatoblastoma. These samples were collected at various stages: 10 at initial diagnosis, 17 during neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 6 post-operatively, and 5 at disease recurrence. Utilizing a bespoke sequencing assay we developed called QUENCH, we identified single nucleotide variants and deletions in CTNNB1 ctDNA. Our study demonstrated the capability to quantitate ctDNA down to a variant allele frequency of 0.3%, achieving a sensitivity of 90% for patients at initial diagnosis, and a specificity of 100% at the patient level. Notably, ctDNA positivity correlated with tumor burden, and ctDNA levels exhibited associations with macroscopic residual disease and treatment response. Our findings provide evidence for the utility of quantitative ctDNA detection in hepatoblastoma management. Given the distinct detection targets, ctDNA and AFP-based stratification and monitoring approaches could synergize to enhance clinical decision-making. Further research is needed to elucidate the interplay between ctDNA and AFP and determine the optimal clinical applications for both methods in risk stratification and residual disease detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smadar Kahana-Edwin
- Children’s Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - James Torpy
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Lucy E. Cain
- Cancer Centre for Children, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Anna Mullins
- Cancer Centre for Children, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Geoffrey McCowage
- Cancer Centre for Children, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sarah E. Woodfield
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Pediatric Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Texas Children’s Surgical Oncology Program, Texas Children’s Liver Tumor Program, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sanjeev A. Vasudevan
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Pediatric Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Texas Children’s Surgical Oncology Program, Texas Children’s Liver Tumor Program, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dan P. T. Shea
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Andre E. Minoche
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Andres F. Espinoza
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Pediatric Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Texas Children’s Surgical Oncology Program, Texas Children’s Liver Tumor Program, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sarah Kummerfeld
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Leonard D. Goldstein
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Jonathan Karpelowsky
- Children’s Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Paediatric Oncology and Thoracic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Division of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
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3
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Dong Y, Cekuolis A, Schreiber-Dietrich D, Augustiniene R, Schwarz S, Möller K, Nourkami-Tutdibi N, Chen S, Cao JY, Huang YL, Wang Y, Taut H, Grevelding L, Dietrich CF. Review on Pediatric Malignant Focal Liver Lesions with Imaging Evaluation: Part II. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3659. [PMID: 38132242 PMCID: PMC10743166 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13243659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant focal liver lesions (FLLs) represent various kinds of epithelial and mesenchymal tumors. In pediatric patients, the understanding of pediatric liver diseases and associated imaging manifestations is essential for making accurate diagnosis and differential diagnosis. This paper will discuss the latest knowledge of the common pediatric malignant FLLs, including undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, angiosarcoma, and malignant rhabdoid tumor. Medical imaging features are not only helpful for clinical diagnosis, but can also be useful in the evaluation and follow-up of pre- and post-treatment. The future perspectives of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) enhancement patterns of FLLs in pediatric patients are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dong
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China; (Y.D.); (S.C.); (J.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Andrius Cekuolis
- Ultrasound Section, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Centre, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, 08661 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.C.); (R.A.)
| | | | - Rasa Augustiniene
- Ultrasound Section, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Centre, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, 08661 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Simone Schwarz
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine, Sana Kliniken Duisburg GmbH, 47055 Duisburg, Germany;
| | - Kathleen Möller
- Medical Department I/Gastroenterology, SANA Hospital Lichtenberg, 10365 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Nasenien Nourkami-Tutdibi
- Saarland University Medical Center, Hospital of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, 66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China; (Y.D.); (S.C.); (J.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jia-Ying Cao
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China; (Y.D.); (S.C.); (J.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yun-Lin Huang
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China; (Y.D.); (S.C.); (J.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China; (Y.D.); (S.C.); (J.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Heike Taut
- Children’s Hospital, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Lara Grevelding
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pneumology, Allergology, Infectious Diseases and Gastroenterology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph F. Dietrich
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China; (Y.D.); (S.C.); (J.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (Y.W.)
- Department Allgemeine Innere Medizin (DAIM), Kliniken Hirslanden Beau Site, Salem und Permanence, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Thompson PA, Malogolowkin MH, Furman WL, Piao J, Krailo MD, Chung N, Brock L, Towbin AJ, McCarville EB, Finegold MJ, Ranganathan S, Dunn SP, Langham MR, McGahren ED, Tiao GM, Weldon CB, O'Neill AF, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Meyers RL, Katzenstein HM. Vincristine/irinotecan/temsirolimus upfront window treatment of high-risk hepatoblastoma: A report from the Children's Oncology Group AHEP0731 Study Committee. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2023; 70:e30365. [PMID: 37073741 PMCID: PMC10205685 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survival for children with metastatic hepatoblastoma (HB) remains suboptimal. We report the response rate and outcome of two courses of vincristine/irinotecan/temsirolimus (VIT) in children with high-risk (HR)/metastatic HB. PROCEDURES Patients with newly diagnosed HB received HR window chemotherapy if they had metastatic disease or a serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level less than 100 ng/mL. Patients received vincristine (days 1 and 8), irinotecan (days 1-5), and temsirolimus (days 1 and 8). Cycles were repeated every 21 days. Responders had either a 30% decrease using RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) criteria OR a 90% (>1 log10 decline) AFP decline after two cycles. Responders received two additional cycles of VIT intermixed with six cycles of cisplatin/doxorubicin/5-fluorouracil/vincristine (C5VD). Nonresponders received six cycles of C5VD alone. RESULTS Thirty-six eligible patients enrolled on study. The median age at enrollment was 27 months (range: 7-170). Seventeen of 36 patients were responders (RECIST and AFP = 3, RECIST only = 4, AFP only = 10). The median AFP at diagnosis was 222,648 ng/mL and the median AFP following two VIT cycles was 19,262 ng/mL. Three-year event-free survival was 47% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 30%-62%), while overall survival was 67% (95% CI: 49%-80%). CONCLUSION VIT did not achieve the study efficacy endpoint. Temsirolimus does not improve the response rate seen in patients treated with vincristine and irinotecan (VI) alone as part of the initial treatment regimen explored in this study. Additionally, AFP response may be a more sensitive predictor of disease response than RECIST in HB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Thompson
- North Carolina Children's Hospital and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marcio H Malogolowkin
- University of California at Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Wayne L Furman
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center and St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jin Piao
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mark D Krailo
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nadia Chung
- Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, California, USA
| | - Lindsay Brock
- Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, California, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth B McCarville
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center and St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | | | - Max R Langham
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center and St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eugene D McGahren
- University of Virginia Children's Hospital, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Gregory M Tiao
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Christopher B Weldon
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allison F O'Neill
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Cho SJ, Ranganathan S, Alaggio R, Maibach R, Tanaka Y, Inoue T, Leuschner I, de Krijger R, Vokuhl C, Krailo M, Malogolowkin M, Meyers R, Czauderna P, Hiyama E, Ansari M, Morland B, Trobaugh-Lotrario A, O'Neill AF, Rangaswami A, Häberle B, López-Terrada D. Consensus classification of pediatric hepatocellular tumors: A report from the Children's Hepatic tumors International Collaboration (CHIC). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2023:e30505. [PMID: 37384428 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver tumors are rare in children with histologic heterogeneity that makes diagnosis challenging. Systematic histopathological review, performed as part of collaborative therapeutic protocols, identified relevant histologic subtypes that are important to distinguish. The Children's Hepatic tumors International Collaboration (CHIC) was established to study pediatric liver tumors on a global scale and led to establishment of a provisional consensus classification for use in international clinical trials. The current study is the validation of this initial classification and first large-scale application by international expert reviewers. PROCEDURE The CHIC initiative includes data from 1605 children treated on eight multicenter hepatoblastoma (HB) trials. Review of 605 available tumors was performed by seven expert pathologists from three consortia (US, EU, Japan). Cases with discordant diagnoses were collectively reviewed to reach a final consensus diagnosis. RESULTS Of 599 cases with sufficient material for review, 570 (95.2%) were classified as HB by all consortia, and 29 (4.8%) as non-HB, which included "hepatocellular neoplasm, NOS" and malignant rhabdoid tumors. 453 of 570 HBs were classified as epithelial by final consensus. Some patterns (i.e., small cell undifferentiated, macrotrabecular, cholangioblastic) were selectively identified by reviewers from different consortia. All consortia identified a similar number of mixed epithelial-mesenchymal HB. CONCLUSIONS This study represents the first large-scale application and validation of the pediatric malignant hepatocellular tumors consensus classification. It is a valuable resource to train future generations of investigators on accurate diagnosis of these rare tumors and provides a framework for further international collaborative studies and refinement of the current classification of pediatric liver tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Cho
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sarangarajan Ranganathan
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rita Alaggio
- Department of Pathology, Bambino Gesu Pediatric Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Yukichi Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ivo Leuschner
- UNI-Klinikum Campus, Institut fur Pathologie, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ronald de Krijger
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Vokuhl
- Section of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mark Krailo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Marcio Malogolowkin
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Rebecka Meyers
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Piotr Czauderna
- Department of Surgery and Urology for Children and Adolescents, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Eiso Hiyama
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Marc Ansari
- Division of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Department of Women, Child and Adolescent, University Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics Cansearch Research Platform for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bruce Morland
- Department of Oncology, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Angela Trobaugh-Lotrario
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Providence Sacred Heart Children's Hospital, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Allison F O'Neill
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arun Rangaswami
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Beate Häberle
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dolores López-Terrada
- Department of Pathology and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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Li Z, Zhao J, Tang Y. Advances in the role of SWI/SNF complexes in tumours. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:1023-1031. [PMID: 36883311 PMCID: PMC10098296 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer development is a complex process involving both genetic and epigenetic changes. The SWI/SNF (switch/sucrose non-fermentable) chromatin remodelling complex, one of the most studied ATP-dependent complexes, plays an important role in coordinating chromatin structural stability, gene expression and post-translational modifications. The SWI/SNF complex can be classified into BAF, PBAF and GBAF according to their constituent subunits. Cancer genome sequencing studies have shown a high incidence of mutations in genes encoding subunits of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex, with abnormalities in one or more of these genes present in nearly 25% of all cancers, which indicating that stabilizing normal expression of genes encoding subunits in the SWI/SNF complex may prevent tumorigenesis. In this paper, we will review the relationship between the SWI/SNF complex and some clinical tumours and its mechanism of action. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis to guide the diagnosis and treatment of tumours caused by mutations or inactivation of one or more genes encoding subunits of the SWI/SNF complex in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Li
- Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiumei Zhao
- Chongqing Nanchuan District People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, China.,Department of Genetics, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
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Abstract
Hepatoblastoma is the most common primary malignant paediatric liver tumour and surgery remains the cornerstone of its management. The aim of this article is to present the principles of surgical treatment of hepatoblastoma. All aspects of surgery in hepatoblastoma are discussed, from biopsy, through conventional and laparoscopic liver resections, to extreme resection with adjacent structures, staged hepatectomy and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Murawski
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
- Department of Surgery and Urology for Children and Adolescents, Medical University of Gdansk, 1-6 Nowe Ogrody St., 80-803, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Viola B Weeda
- Department of Surgery, University Academic Medical Centre Groningen, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Piotr Czauderna
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Outcomes of Patients Treated for Hepatoblastoma with Low Alpha-Fetoprotein and/or Small Cell Undifferentiated Histology: A Report from the Children's Hepatic Tumors International Collaboration (CHIC). Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020467. [PMID: 36672416 PMCID: PMC9857147 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Small cell undifferentiated (SCU) histology and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels below 100 ng/mL have been reported as poor prognostic factors in hepatoblastoma (HB); subsequent studies reported SMARCB1 mutations in some SCU HBs confirming the diagnosis of rhabdoid tumor. The Children's Hepatic tumors International Collaboration (CHIC) database was queried for patients with HB who had AFP levels less than 100 ng/mL at diagnosis or were historically diagnosed as SCU HBs. Seventy-three of 1605 patients in the CHIC database were originally identified as SCU HB, HB with SCU component, or HB with low AFP levels. Upon retrospective review, they were re-classified as rhabdoid tumors (n = 11), HB with SCU component (n = 41), and HB with low AFP (n = 14). Seven were excluded for erroneously low AFP levels. Overall survival was 0% for patients with rhabdoid tumors, 76% for patients with HB with SCU component, and 64% for patients with HB with AFP less than 100 ng/mL. Patients with HB with SCU component or low AFP should be assessed for SMARCB1 mutations and, if confirmed, treated as rhabdoid tumors. When rhabdoid tumors are excluded, the presence of SCU component and low AFP at diagnosis were not associated with poor prognosis in patients diagnosed with HB.
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9
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Ke M, Zhou Y, Yang CZ, Li L, Diao M. Analysis of risk factors for angiolymphatic invasion and establishment of a predictive nomogram for hepatoblastomas. J Pediatr Surg 2022; 57:430-437. [PMID: 35365339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2022.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatoblastomas (HBs)are malignant liver tumors that most commonly develop in pediatric patients. Although lymph node metastasis is rare in HBs, angiolymphatic invasion (ALI) is a risk factor affecting the prognosis of HBs. This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors for angiolymphatic invasion in HBs. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 165 patients with HBs who underwent surgical resection at our institution between March 2016 and May 2021 and established binary logistic regression models to predict risk factors for ALI. The R software was used to construct the nomogram. RESULTS For the regression model based on the Children's Hepatic Tumors International Collaboration-Hepatoblastoma Stratification (CHIC-HS) system, tumor diameter, tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), and CHIC-HS were identified as independent risk factors for angiolymphatic invasion. For the regression model based on the pretreatment extent of the tumor (PRETEXT) stages with annotation factors, tumor diameter, multifocality, macrovascular involvement, tumor response to NACT, and PRETEXT stages were identified as independent risk factors for angiolymphatic invasion. CONCLUSIONS Using the CHIC-HS system/PRETEXT stages with annotation factors, tumor diameter and tumor response to NACT were identified as independent risk factors for angiolymphatic invasion. The distance between the tumor and portal vein was negatively correlated with the occurrence of multifocal tumors. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ke
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, No. 2 Yabao Road, Beijing, Chaoyang District 100020, People's Republic of China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, No. 2 Yabao Road, Beijing, Chaoyang District 100020, People's Republic of China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Zhen Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, No. 2 Yabao Road, Beijing, Chaoyang District 100020, People's Republic of China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, No. 2 Yabao Road, Beijing, Chaoyang District 100020, People's Republic of China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mei Diao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, No. 2 Yabao Road, Beijing, Chaoyang District 100020, People's Republic of China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
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10
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Shaukat Z, Imtiaz M, Naqeeb R, Seerat I, Atique M, Dar F. Managing Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Children. Cureus 2022; 14:e26386. [PMID: 35911356 PMCID: PMC9336830 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a rare pediatric tumor. It differs from its adult counterpart in many ways like etiology, biological behavior, and association with cirrhosis. Treating HCC requires a multidisciplinary team involving pediatric gastroenterology, oncology, hepatobiliary surgery, and interventional radiology. This case series aims to describe presenting features and management plan of three children with HCC treated at a tertiary care liver transplant center in Pakistan.
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11
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Wu PV, Rangaswami A. Current Approaches in Hepatoblastoma-New Biological Insights to Inform Therapy. Curr Oncol Rep 2022; 24:1209-1218. [PMID: 35438389 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-022-01230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW As the most common pediatric primary liver cancer with rising incidence, hepatoblastoma remains challenging to treat. Here, we review the current understanding of the biology of hepatoblastoma and discuss how recent advances may lead to new treatment modalities. RECENT FINDINGS Standard chemotherapy regimens including cisplatin, in addition to surgery, have led to high cure rates among patients with low stage hepatoblastoma; however, metastatic and relapsed disease continue to have poor outcomes. Recent genomics and functional studies in cell lines and mouse models have established a central role for the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in tumorigenesis. Targeted agents and immunotherapy approaches are emerging as potential treatment avenues. With recent gains in knowledge of the genomic and transcriptomic landscape of hepatoblastoma, new therapeutic mechanisms can now be explored to improve outcomes for metastatic and relapsed hepatoblastoma and to reduce the toxicity of current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng V Wu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation & Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1000 Welch Rd. Suite 300, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Arun Rangaswami
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th St., 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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12
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Trobaugh-Lotrario A, Katzenstein HM, Ranganathan S, Lopez-Terrada D, Krailo MD, Piao J, Chung N, Randazzo J, Malogolowkin MH, Furman WL, McCarville EB, Towbin AJ, Tiao GM, Dunn SP, Langham MR, McGahren ED, Feusner J, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Meyers RL, O'Neill AF, Finegold MJ. Small Cell Undifferentiated Histology Does Not Adversely Affect Outcome in Hepatoblastoma: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group (COG) AHEP0731 Study Committee. J Clin Oncol 2022; 40:459-467. [PMID: 34874751 PMCID: PMC8824398 DOI: 10.1200/jco.21.00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Small cell undifferentiated (SCU) histology in hepatoblastoma (HB) tumors has historically been associated with a poor prognosis. Tumors from patients enrolled on Children's Oncology Group (COG) study AHEP0731 underwent institutional and central pathologic review for identification of SCU histology. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with SCU histology identified at the local treating institution who had otherwise low-risk tumors were upstaged to the intermediate-risk treatment stratum, whereas those only identified by retrospective central review were treated per the local institution as low-risk. Patients with otherwise intermediate- or high-risk tumors remained in that treatment stratum, respectively. Central review was to be performed for all tissue samples obtained at any time point. Treatment was per local review, whereas analysis of outcome was based on central review. RESULTS Thirty-five patients had some elements (1%-25%) of SCU identified on central review of diagnostic specimens. All but two patient tissue sample retained nuclear INI1 expression. The presence of SCU histology did not correlate with age, alpha-fetoprotein level at diagnosis, or sex. The presence of SCU did not affect event-free survival (EFS). EFS at 5 years for patients with low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk with SCU HB was 86% (95% CI, 33 to 98), 81% (95% CI, 57 to 92), and 29% (95% CI, 4 to 61), respectively, compared with EFS at 5 years for patients without SCU enrolled with low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk of 87% (95% CI, 72 to 95), 88% (95% CI, 79 to 94), and 55% (95% CI, 32 to 74; P = .17), respectively. CONCLUSION The presence of SCU histology in HB does not appear to adversely affect outcome. Future studies should be able to treat patients with SCU HB according to risk stratification without regard to the presence of SCU histology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mark D. Krailo
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jin Piao
- Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, CA
| | | | | | | | - Wayne L. Furman
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center and St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Elizabeth B. McCarville
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center and St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Greg M. Tiao
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Stephen P. Dunn
- AI duPont Hospital for Children and Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Max R. Langham
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center and St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Eugene D. McGahren
- University of Virginia Children's Hospital and University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | | | - Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center and St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Allison F. O'Neill
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
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13
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Fuchs J, Murtha-Lemekhova A, Kessler M, Ruping F, Günther P, Fichtner A, Sturm D, Hoffmann K. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Malignant Rhabdoid and Small Cell Undifferentiated Liver Tumors: A Rational for a Uniform Classification. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020272. [PMID: 35053437 PMCID: PMC8774069 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Malignant rhabdoid tumors of the liver are very rare pediatric liver tumors with a devastating prognosis. It is currently unclear which histological subtypes of pediatric liver tumors belong to this entity and how these tumors should be treated. In this systematic review with meta-analysis, we analyzed all reports on pediatric patients with malignant rhabdoid liver tumors, but also with so-called small cell undifferentiated liver tumors. This is another rare liver tumor subtype that has recently been regarded to belong to the entity of rhabdoid tumors by some authors. The main result of this study is that these two tumor subtypes show large overlap on several levels and even mixtures of both histological patterns have been documented. Our meta-analysis provides an evidence base for the recommendation to classify these two tumor subtypes as one entity. We showed that treatment of these tumors with hepatoblastoma directed chemotherapy is ineffective and that a therapy with chemotherapy regimens initially applied for soft tissue sarcoma is associated with a significantly better survival. This study represents the highest level of evidence available for these rare liver tumors. Abstract Background: Rhabdoid liver tumors in children are rare and have a devastating prognosis. Reliable diagnosis and targeted treatment approaches are urgently needed. Immunohistochemical and genetic studies suggest that tumors formerly classified as small cell undifferentiated hepatoblastoma (SCUD) belong to the entity of malignant rhabdoid tumors of the liver (MRTL), in contrast to hepatoblastomas with focal small cell histology (F-SCHB). This may have relevant implications on therapeutic approaches. However, studies with larger cohorts investigating the clinical relevance of the histological and genetic similarities for patients are lacking. Purpose: To analyze possible similarities and differences in patient characteristics, tumor biology, response to treatment, and clinical course of patients with MRTL, SCUD and F-SCHB. Applied therapeutic regimens and prognostic factors are investigated. Methods: A systematic literature search of MEDLINE, Web of Science, and CENTRAL was performed for this PRISMA-compliant systematic review. All studies of patients with MRTL, SCUD and F-SCHB that provided individual patient data were included. Demographic, histological, and clinical characteristics of the three subgroups were compared. Overall survival (OS) was estimated with the Kaplan–Meier method and prognostic factors investigated in a multivariable Cox regression model. Protocol registered: PROSPERO 2021 CRD42021258760. Results: Fifty-six studies with a total of 118 patients were included. The two subgroups MRTL and SCUD did not differ significantly in baseline patient characteristics. However, heterogenous diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms were applied. Large histological and clinical overlap between SCUD and MRTL could be shown. Two-year OS was 22% for MRTL and 13% for SCUD, while it was significantly better in F-SCHD (86%). Chemotherapeutic regimens for hepatoblastoma proved to be ineffective for both SCUD and MRTL, but successful in F-SCHB. Soft tissue sarcoma chemotherapy was associated with significantly better survival for MRTL and SCUD, but was rarely applied in SCUD. Patients who did not undergo surgical tumor resection had a significantly higher risk of death. Conclusions: While F-SCHB is a subtype of HB, SCUD should be classified and treated as a type of MRTL. Surgical tumor resection in combination with intensive, multi-agent chemotherapy is the only chance for cure of these tumors. Targeted therapies are highly needed to improve prognosis. Currently, aggressive regimens including soft tissue sarcoma chemotherapy, extensive resection, radiotherapy or even liver transplantation are the only option for affected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Fuchs
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.F.); (A.M.-L.)
- Generating Evidence for Diagnosis and Therapy of RarE LIVEr Disease: The RELIVE Initiative for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.K.); (P.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Anastasia Murtha-Lemekhova
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.F.); (A.M.-L.)
- Generating Evidence for Diagnosis and Therapy of RarE LIVEr Disease: The RELIVE Initiative for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.K.); (P.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Markus Kessler
- Generating Evidence for Diagnosis and Therapy of RarE LIVEr Disease: The RELIVE Initiative for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.K.); (P.G.); (A.F.)
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Fabian Ruping
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Patrick Günther
- Generating Evidence for Diagnosis and Therapy of RarE LIVEr Disease: The RELIVE Initiative for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.K.); (P.G.); (A.F.)
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Alexander Fichtner
- Generating Evidence for Diagnosis and Therapy of RarE LIVEr Disease: The RELIVE Initiative for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.K.); (P.G.); (A.F.)
- Department of Pediatrics I, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University Children’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Sturm
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Hoffmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.F.); (A.M.-L.)
- Generating Evidence for Diagnosis and Therapy of RarE LIVEr Disease: The RELIVE Initiative for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.K.); (P.G.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6221-566110; Fax: +49-6221-564215
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14
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Abstract
Malignant primary liver tumors are rare in children. Yet a wide histologic spectrum is seen, particularly in hepatoblastoma, the most common malignant liver tumor in children. Furthermore, there can be significant morphologic overlap with hepatocellular carcinoma, the second most common pediatric liver malignancy, and tumors with hybrid features of hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma are also reported (currently placed in the provisional category of malignant hepatocellular neoplasm, not otherwise specified). This review provides detailed morphologic descriptions and updates in the evolving clinical context of these tumors, and presents recent molecular advances that may further help in accurate classification of these tumors, which is critical in their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Cho
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, 1825 4th Street Room M2369, Box 4066, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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15
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Abstract
The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is involved in oncogenesis of hepatoblastomas (HBs). Prior genomic profiling studies showed higher EpCAM expression and worse prognosis in HBs containing primitive histotypes, however, this has not been fully addressed from an immunohistochemical perspective. Our goal is to characterize differential EpCAM immunohistochemistry (EpCAM-IHC) among HBs histotypes. We retrieved 62 HBs from 52 patients. EpCAM-IHC was performed (anti-MOC-31, 1:50 dilution; Cell Marque Corporation, Rocklin, CA) and graded in histotypes using the immunoreactive score. The median age of patients was 2 years (range: 0.4 to 9 y) with a M:F ratio of 1.9. Outcome information was available in 38 patients (alive=30, alive with disease=3, and deceased=5) with median follow-up of 60 months (range: 2 to 171 mo). EpCAM-IHC showed notable overexpression (immunoreactive score >4) in embryonal (89%) and crowded fetal (74%) in contrast to glandular (33%), well-differentiated fetal (32%), and small cell undifferentiated/blastemal (3%) components. Mesenchymal elements were negative. In summary, EpCAM-IHC is helpful to distinguish between epithelial components as it is progressively lost in the transition from embryonal to crowded fetal and into well-differentiated fetal histotypes. Its preferential expression among primitive HBs might have therapeutic and prognostic implications. The significance of its largely negative expression in small cell undifferentiated/blastema is interesting despite its presumed immaturity, deserving further studies.
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16
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Sabatella M, Mantere T, Waanders E, Neveling K, Mensenkamp AR, van Dijk F, Hehir‐Kwa JY, Derks R, Kwint M, O'Gorman L, Tropa Martins M, Gidding CEM, Lequin MH, Küsters B, Wesseling P, Nelen M, Biegel JA, Hoischen A, Jongmans MC, Kuiper RP. Optical genome mapping identifies a germline retrotransposon insertion in SMARCB1 in two siblings with atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors. J Pathol 2021; 255:202-211. [PMID: 34231212 PMCID: PMC8519051 DOI: 10.1002/path.5755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In a subset of pediatric cancers, a germline cancer predisposition is highly suspected based on clinical and pathological findings, but genetic evidence is lacking, which hampers genetic counseling and predictive testing in the families involved. We describe a family with two siblings born from healthy parents who were both neonatally diagnosed with atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT). This rare and aggressive pediatric tumor is associated with biallelic inactivation of SMARCB1, and in 30% of the cases, a predisposing germline mutation is involved. Whereas the tumors of both siblings showed loss of expression of SMARCB1 and acquired homozygosity of the locus, whole exome and whole genome sequencing failed to identify germline or somatic SMARCB1 pathogenic mutations. We therefore hypothesized that the insertion of a pathogenic repeat‐rich structure might hamper its detection, and we performed optical genome mapping (OGM) as an alternative strategy to identify structural variation in this locus. Using this approach, an insertion of ~2.8 kb within intron 2 of SMARCB1 was detected. Long‐range PCR covering this region remained unsuccessful, but PacBio HiFi genome sequencing identified this insertion to be a SINE‐VNTR‐Alu, subfamily E (SVA‐E) retrotransposon element, which was present in a mosaic state in the mother. This SVA‐E insertion disrupts correct splicing of the gene, resulting in loss of a functional allele. This case demonstrates the power of OGM and long‐read sequencing to identify genomic variations in high‐risk cancer‐predisposing genes that are refractory to detection with standard techniques, thereby completing the clinical and molecular diagnosis of such complex cases and greatly improving counseling and surveillance of the families involved. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuomo Mantere
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Radboud Institute of Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter OuluUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Esmé Waanders
- Department of GeneticsUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Kornelia Neveling
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Arjen R Mensenkamp
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Radboud Institute of Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Freerk van Dijk
- Princess Máxima Centre for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Ronnie Derks
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Radboud Institute of Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Michael Kwint
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Radboud Institute of Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Luke O'Gorman
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Radboud Institute of Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Maarten H Lequin
- Department of RadiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Benno Küsters
- Department of PathologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Princess Máxima Centre for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc and Brain Tumor Center AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Nelen
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Radboud Institute of Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jacklyn A Biegel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineChildren's Hospital, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
- Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Radboud Institute of Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn C Jongmans
- Princess Máxima Centre for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of GeneticsUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Roland P Kuiper
- Princess Máxima Centre for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
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17
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Zhi T, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Hu H, Huang D. Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis Analysis of Infantile Hepatoblastoma-A 15-Year Retrospective Single-Center Study. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:3201-3208. [PMID: 33883936 PMCID: PMC8053710 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s302078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study aimed to summarize the clinical data of hepatoblastoma (HB) in infants under one year of age and to analyze the factors that affected the prognoses. Methods The clinical data of 132 pediatric patients with a pathologically confirmed HB, aged less than one year and who had visited the Pediatric Single Center of Beijing Tongren Hospital from May 2005 to May 2019, were retrospectively analyzed to summarize the clinical outcomes and prognoses. Results The male/female ratio was 1.27 and the median age was 8.40 months. The onset of HB was usually characterized by abdominal bulging (75.0%). The median level of AFP at the first visit was 154.7µg/mL, and the average platelet count was (405±166)×109/L. The epithelial type (57.6%) was the predominant pathological type, and stage III (54.5%) was the main PRETEXT staging. Distant metastases occurred in 45 cases, with pulmonary metastases (86.7%) being the most common site. At the time of visit, 24 cases (18.2%) had either portal vein, hepatic vein, or vena cava infiltration. Five cases (3.8%) had a hemorrhage of the ruptured tumor, and 26 cases (19.7%) had multiple intrahepatic foci. At the follow-up in May 2020, the overall survival (OS) rate at one, three, and five years of age was 94.3%, 88.8%, and 80.1%, respectively, and the event-free survival rate was 91.8%, 86.9%, and 77.5%, respectively, by the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. According to the Log rank test, pediatric patients with an AFP <100ng/mL, a PRETEXT stage IV, presence of distant metastases and multiple foci of the primary tumor at the initial diagnosis had poorer prognoses (P<0.05). Conclusion The prognosis of HB in infancy is relatively good, but is still vulnerable to multiple factors, such as tumor features leading to different AFP levels, PRETEXT stage, presence of distant metastases, and multiple intrahepatic foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiling Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100176, People's Republic of China
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18
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Abstract
The most recent advance in the care of children diagnosed with hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma is the Pediatric Hepatic International Tumor Trial, which opened to international enrollment in 2018. It is being conducted as a collaborative effort by the pediatric multicenter trial groups in North America, Europe, and the Far East. This international effort was catalyzed by a new unified global risk stratification system for hepatoblastoma, an international histopathologic consensus classification for pediatric liver tumors, and a revised 2017 collaborative update of the PRE-Treatment EXTent of disease radiographic based staging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecka Meyers
- Division Pediatric Surgery, University of Utah, Primary Children's Hospital, 100 North Mario Capecchi Drive, Suite 3800, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA.
| | - Eiso Hiyama
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Piotr Czauderna
- Department of Surgery and Urology for Children and Adolescents, Medical University of Gdansk, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Greg M Tiao
- Division Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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19
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Neonatal Liver Tumors. Clin Perinatol 2021; 48:83-99. [PMID: 33583509 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Zhu X, Liao Y, Tang L. Targeting BRD9 for Cancer Treatment: A New Strategy. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:13191-13200. [PMID: 33380808 PMCID: PMC7769155 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s286867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bromodomain-containing protein 9 (BRD9) is a newly identified subunit of the non-canonical barrier-to-autointegration factor (ncBAF) complex and a member of the bromodomain family IV. Studies have confirmed that BRD9 plays an oncogenic role in multiple cancer types, by regulating tumor cell growth. The tumor biological functions of BRD9 are mainly due to epigenetic modification mediated by its bromodomain. The bromodomain recruits the ncBAF complex to the promoter to regulate gene transcription. This review summarizes the potential mechanisms of action of BRD9 in carcinogenesis and the emerging strategies for targeting BRD9 for cancer therapeutics. Although the therapeutic potential of BRD9 has been exploited to some extent, research on the detailed biological mechanisms of BRD9 is still in its infancy. Therefore, targeting BRD9 to study its biological roles will be an attractive tool for cancer diagnosis and treatment, but it remains a great challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzuo Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liling Tang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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21
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Huang J, Hu Y, Jiang H, Xu Y, Lu S, Sun F, Zhu J, Wang J, Sun X, Liu J, Zhen Z, Zhang Y. CHIC Risk Stratification System for Predicting the Survival of Children With Hepatoblastoma: Data From Children With Hepatoblastoma in China. Front Oncol 2020; 10:552079. [PMID: 33312943 PMCID: PMC7708347 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.552079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of the Children’s Oncology Group (COG) risk stratification system to the Children’s Hepatic tumor International Collaboration (CHIC) risk stratification system for predicting the prognosis of Chinese children with hepatoblastoma (HB). Methods Clinicopathological data of 86 patients diagnosed with HB between January 2014 and December 2017 were retrieved. The study endpoints were the 1- and 3-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were analyzed to evaluate the predictive value. Results The 1-, 3-year OS and DFS of the 86 patients were 86.0%, 76.3%, and 74.4%, 54.0%, respectively. Univariate analyses revealed that age at diagnosis had a significant role in prognosis for both OS and DFS, along with PRETEXT staging and metastasis at diagnosis. Multivariate analysis showed that metastasis at diagnosis (HR 3.628, 95% CI 1.404-9.378, P=0.008), PRETEXT staging system (HR 2.176, 95% CI 1.230-3.849, P=0.008) and age at diagnosis (HR 2.268, 95% CI 1.033-4.982, P=0.041) were independent factors for OS. For DFS, the independent factors were the PRETEXT staging system (HR 2.241, 95% CI 1.533-3.277, P<0.001) and age at diagnosis (HR 1.792, 95% CI 1.018-3.154, P=0.043). Both COG and CHIC risk stratification systems could effectively predict the prognosis of children with HB for OS. For DFS, the CHIC risk stratification system was more effective. In addition, the CHIC risk stratification system had a higher c-index (OS 0.743, DFS 0.730), compared to the COG risk stratification system (OS 0.726, DFS 0.594). Conclusion Age at diagnosis played a significant role in prognosis. Compared to the COG risk stratification system, the CHIC risk stratification system was superior in predicting the survival of Chinese children with HB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feifei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juncheng Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijun Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Kahana-Edwin S, McCowage G, Cain L, Saletta F, Yuksel A, Graf N, Karpelowsky J. Exploration of CTNNB1 ctDNA as a putative biomarker for hepatoblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28594. [PMID: 32881242 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Driver mutations in the CTNNB1 gene (encoding β-catenin) are a hallmark of sporadic hepatoblastoma (HBL). Our results show that CTNNB1 circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) is readily detected in patients diagnosed with localised HBL, with serial sampling along the course of therapy and follow up providing a sensitive mechanism to monitor tumour dynamics and response to treatment. This exciting potential for CTNNB1 ctDNA to serve as a biomarker for treatment response in HBL holds clinical value, and requires assessment in a larger cohort of mixed tumour stages and recurrent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smadar Kahana-Edwin
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoffrey McCowage
- Cancer Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lucy Cain
- Cancer Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Federica Saletta
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aysen Yuksel
- The Tumour Bank, Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole Graf
- Department of Histopathology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan Karpelowsky
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Paediatric Oncology and Thoracic Surgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Division of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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23
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Marcum RD, Reyes AA, He Y. Structural Insights into the Evolutionarily Conserved BAF Chromatin Remodeling Complex. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9070146. [PMID: 32629987 PMCID: PMC7408276 DOI: 10.3390/biology9070146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The switch/sucrose nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) family of proteins acts to regulate chromatin accessibility and plays an essential role in multiple cellular processes. A high frequency of mutations has been found in SWI/SNF family subunits by exome sequencing in human cancer, and multiple studies support its role in tumor suppression. Recent structural studies of yeast SWI/SNF and its human homolog, BAF (BRG1/BRM associated factor), have provided a model for their complex assembly and their interaction with nucleosomal substrates, revealing the molecular function of individual subunits as well as the potential impact of cancer-associated mutations on the remodeling function. Here we review the structural conservation between yeast SWI/SNF and BAF and examine the role of highly mutated subunits within the BAF complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Marcum
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, USA; (R.D.M.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Alexis A. Reyes
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, USA; (R.D.M.); (A.A.R.)
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, USA
| | - Yuan He
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, USA; (R.D.M.); (A.A.R.)
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Northwestern University, 676 N. St. Clair, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Correspondence:
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24
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Forrest SJ, Al-Ibraheemi A, Doan D, Ward A, Clinton CM, Putra J, Pinches RS, Kadoch C, Chi SN, DuBois SG, Leavey PJ, LeBoeuf NR, Mullen E, Collins N, Church AJ, Janeway KA. Genomic and Immunologic Characterization of INI1-Deficient Pediatric Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:2882-2890. [PMID: 32122923 PMCID: PMC10947260 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several aggressive pediatric cancers harbor alterations in SMARCB1, including rhabdoid tumors, epithelioid sarcoma, and chordoma. As tumor profiling has become more routine in clinical care, we investigated the relationship between SMARCB1 genetic variants identified by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and INI1 protein expression. Therapeutic approaches for INI1-deficient tumors are limited. Early reports suggest a potential role for immune checkpoint inhibition in these patients. Thus, we also investigated PD-L1 and CD8 expression in INI1-negative pediatric brain and solid tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) for INI1 and immune markers (PD-L1, CD8, and CD163) and NGS on tumor samples from 43 pediatric patients who had tumors with INI1 loss on previous IHC or SMARCB1 genomic alterations on prior somatic sequencing. RESULTS SMARCB1 two-copy deletions and inactivating mutations on NGS were associated with loss of INI1 protein expression. Single-copy deletion of SMARCB1 was not predictive of INI1 loss in tumor histologies not known to be INI1-deficient. In the 27 cases with INI1 loss and successful tumor sequencing, 24 (89%) had a SMARCB1 alteration detected. In addition, 47% (14/30) of the patients with INI1-negative tumors had a tumor specimen that was PD-L1 positive and 60% (18/30) had positive or rare CD8 staining. We report on 3 patients with INI1-negative tumors with evidence of disease control on immune checkpoint inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS A significant proportion of the INI1-negative tumors express PD-L1, and PD-L1 positivity was associated with extracranial tumor site. These results suggest that clinical trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors are warranted in INI1-negative pediatric cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J Forrest
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Alyaa Al-Ibraheemi
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Duong Doan
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Abigail Ward
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Catherine M Clinton
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Juan Putra
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - R Seth Pinches
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cigall Kadoch
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susan N Chi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven G DuBois
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick J Leavey
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Nicole R LeBoeuf
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Cutaneous Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth Mullen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Natalie Collins
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alanna J Church
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine A Janeway
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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25
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Ranganathan S, Lopez-Terrada D, Alaggio R. Hepatoblastoma and Pediatric Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Update. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2020; 23:79-95. [PMID: 31554479 DOI: 10.1177/1093526619875228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatoblastomas (HBs) and pediatric hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) together account for almost 80% of primary malignant liver tumors in children and adolescents/young adults. Children's Hepatic International Collaboration (CHIC), Children's Oncology Group (COG), SociétéInternationale d'Oncologie Pédiatrique (SIOP), and International Childhood Liver Tumors Strategy Group trials have contributed to define prognostic factors and risk stratification in these tumors. The recently proposed histologic International Consensus classification of HB and HCC in children based on retrospective analysis from CHIC cases represents the base to define entities with homogeneous clinicopathologic and molecular features. This review will provide a morphologic guide for the upcoming International Liver Tumor treatment trial (Pediatric Hepatic International Tumour Trial) to be conducted through several continents. There will be an emphasis on molecular features and immunohistochemical markers for the definition of the individual histologic subtypes of HB and to better characterize the group of liver tumors in the provisional category of hepatocellular neoplasm-not otherwise specified. A brief overview of HCC in children will also be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarangarajan Ranganathan
- Department of Pathology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Dolores Lopez-Terrada
- Department of Pathology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Rita Alaggio
- Department of Pathology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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26
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Kachanov DY, Aliev TZ, Moiseenko RA, Roschin VY, Metelin AV, Uskova NG, Shamanskaya TV, Filin AV, Varfolomeeva SR. Hepatoblastoma relapses with a normal level of alpha-fetoprotein: report of two cases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.24287/1726-1708-2019-18-4-58-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common malignant liver tumor in children. The level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is used for monitoring the response to antitumor therapy and for diagnosing relapses. The occurrence of HB relapses with normal AFP levels in patients who had elevated levels of this tumor marker at disease onset is considered to be an uncommon situation. The aim of this study was to describe cases in which AFP-negative hepatoblastoma relapses developed. The study participants included two HB patients who were initially stratified into high-risk and standard-risk groups and who received treatment at the Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology and the Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery inMoscow. At the moment of relapse acknowledgement these patients had normal AFP levels, which was confirmed by serial measurements. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests were performed on paired samples of the tumor at disease onset and at disease relapse respectively to evaluate AFP expression. The presented clinical cases demonstrate that normal AFP levels, when accompanied by suspicious clinical symptoms, do not allow to exclude an HB relapse. The possibility of relapse with a normal AFP level reinforces the importance of following the current plan of screening tests, which includes not only an evaluation of AFP levels, but also other tests such as a chest X-ray and an abdominal ultrasound. Parents gave their consent to use information about the child in the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Yu. Kachanov
- Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Immunology Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation
| | - T. Z. Aliev
- Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Immunology Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation
| | - R. A. Moiseenko
- Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Immunology Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation
| | - V. Yu. Roschin
- Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Immunology Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation
| | - A. V. Metelin
- B.V. Petrovsky Russian National Center of Surgery Russian Academy of Science
| | - N. G. Uskova
- Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Immunology Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation
| | - T. V. Shamanskaya
- Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Immunology Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation
| | - A. V. Filin
- B.V. Petrovsky Russian National Center of Surgery Russian Academy of Science
| | - S. R. Varfolomeeva
- Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Immunology Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation
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27
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Fazlollahi L, Hsiao SJ, Kochhar M, Mansukhani MM, Yamashiro DJ, Remotti HE. Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor, an Aggressive Tumor Often Misclassified as Small Cell Variant of Hepatoblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121992. [PMID: 31835848 PMCID: PMC6966472 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical management of pediatric liver tumors involves stratification into risk groups. One previously defined, high-risk group of hepatoblastomas is the small cell undifferentiated variant. In light of molecular studies showing SMARCB1 deletion in these tumors, it is now recognized that most small cell, undifferentiated liver tumors represent an aggressive unrelated tumor—the malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT). SMARCB1 is a member of the chromatin remodeling SWI/SNF complex and encodes the INI1 protein. The histologic diagnosis of MRT is currently based on INI1 negative immunoreactivity and the presence of rhabdoid morphology. INI1-negative small cell liver tumors lacking classic rhabdoid morphology are often misclassified as small cell undifferentiated hepatoblastomas (SCUD-HB), according to the current classification. Pediatric liver tumors diagnosed between 2003–2017 as SCUD-HB (four cases) or MRT (two cases) were identified from the Columbia University Pathology Department Archives. All tumors were associated with normal or low serum alpha fetoprotein levels, and showed an absence of immunohistochemical staining of hepatocellular markers (Hep-par1, Arginase) and loss of INI1 staining. Two cases were initially diagnosed as MRT, one with prominent rhabdoid morphology, the other with predominant small cell morphology. The remaining four cases with small cell morphology were classified as SCUD-HB. Ancillary molecular studies confirmed the loss of SMARCB1, supporting the diagnosis of MRT in all cases, proving morphology an unreliable criterion. It is critical to eliminate the term INI1-negative hepatoblastoma from the current classification scheme, and classify INI1-negative tumors as MRT, particularly since high-risk HB-chemotherapy regimens are not effective for treating MRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Fazlollahi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA; (S.J.H.); (M.M.M.); (D.J.Y.); (H.E.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-212-305-6719
| | - Susan J. Hsiao
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA; (S.J.H.); (M.M.M.); (D.J.Y.); (H.E.R.)
| | - Manpreet Kochhar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation, Columbia University Irving Medical Center; New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Mahesh M. Mansukhani
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA; (S.J.H.); (M.M.M.); (D.J.Y.); (H.E.R.)
| | - Darrell J. Yamashiro
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA; (S.J.H.); (M.M.M.); (D.J.Y.); (H.E.R.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation, Columbia University Irving Medical Center; New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Helen E. Remotti
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA; (S.J.H.); (M.M.M.); (D.J.Y.); (H.E.R.)
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28
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Yoon HM, Hwang J, Kim KW, Namgoong JM, Kim DY, Koh KN, Kim H, Cho YA. Prognostic Factors for Event-Free Survival in Pediatric Patients with Hepatoblastoma Based on the 2017 PRETEXT and CHIC-HS Systems. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091387. [PMID: 31540387 PMCID: PMC6769992 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of variables used in the 2017 PRE-Treatment EXTent of tumor (PRETEXT) system and the Children's Hepatic tumors International Collaboration-Hepatoblastoma Stratification (CHIC-HS) system in pediatric patients with hepatoblastoma. A retrospective analysis of data from the pediatric hepatoblastoma registry of a tertiary referral center was conducted to evaluate the clinical and imaging variables (annotation factors) of the PRETEXT staging system. The primary outcome was event-free survival (EFS). Data from 84 patients (mean age: 2.9 ± 3.5 years) identified between 1998 and 2017 were included. Univariable Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that PRETEXT annotation factors P (portal vein involvement), F (multifocality of tumor), and M (distant metastasis) showed a significant negative association with EFS. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis showed that factor F was the strongest predictor (HR (hazard ratio), 2.908; 95% CI (confidence interval), 1.061-7.972; p = 0.038), whereas factor M showed borderline significance (HR, 2.416; 95% CI, 0.918-6.354; p = 0.074). The prediction model based on F and M (F + M) showed good performance to predict EFS (C-statistic, 0.734; 95% CI, 0.612-0.854). In conclusion, the PRETEXT annotation factor F was the strongest predictor of EFS, and the F + M model showed good performance to predict EFS in pediatric patients with hepatoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Mang Yoon
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Jisun Hwang
- Department of Radiology, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Hwaseong 18450, Korea.
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Jung-Man Namgoong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Dae Yeon Kim
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Nam Koh
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Hyery Kim
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Young Ah Cho
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
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29
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Mechanisms of Anticancer Drug Resistance in Hepatoblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030407. [PMID: 30909445 PMCID: PMC6468761 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The most frequent liver tumor in children is hepatoblastoma (HB), which derives from embryonic parenchymal liver cells or hepatoblasts. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which rarely affects young people, causes one fourth of deaths due to cancer in adults. In contrast, HB usually has better prognosis, but this is still poor in 20% of cases. Although more responsive to chemotherapy than HCC, the failure of pharmacological treatment used before and/or after surgical resection is an important limitation in the management of patients with HB. To advance in the implementation of personalized medicine it is important to select the best combination among available anti-HB drugs, such as platinum derivatives, anthracyclines, etoposide, tyrosine-kinase inhibitors, Vinca alkaloids, 5-fluorouracil, monoclonal antibodies, irinotecan and nitrogen mustards. This requires predicting the sensitivity to these drugs of each tumor at each time because, it should be kept in mind, that cancer chemoresistance is a dynamic process of Darwinian nature. For this goal it is necessary to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of chemoresistance involved in the refractoriness of HB against the pharmacological challenge and how they evolve during treatment. In this review we have summarized the current knowledge on the multifactorial and complex factors responsible for the lack of response of HB to chemotherapy.
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30
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Carugo A, Minelli R, Sapio L, Soeung M, Carbone F, Robinson FS, Tepper J, Chen Z, Lovisa S, Svelto M, Amin S, Srinivasan S, Del Poggetto E, Loponte S, Puca F, Dey P, Malouf GG, Su X, Li L, Lopez-Terrada D, Rakheja D, Lazar AJ, Netto GJ, Rao P, Sgambato A, Maitra A, Tripathi DN, Walker CL, Karam JA, Heffernan TP, Viale A, Roberts CWM, Msaouel P, Tannir NM, Draetta GF, Genovese G. p53 Is a Master Regulator of Proteostasis in SMARCB1-Deficient Malignant Rhabdoid Tumors. Cancer Cell 2019; 35:204-220.e9. [PMID: 30753823 PMCID: PMC7876656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in chromatin remodeling genes have been increasingly implicated in human oncogenesis. Specifically, the biallelic inactivation of the SWI/SNF subunit SMARCB1 results in the emergence of extremely aggressive pediatric malignancies. Here, we developed embryonic mosaic mouse models of malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRTs) that faithfully recapitulate the clinical-pathological features of the human disease. We demonstrated that SMARCB1-deficient malignancies exhibit dramatic activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER stress response via a genetically intact MYC-p19ARF-p53 axis. As a consequence, these tumors display an exquisite sensitivity to agents inducing proteotoxic stress and inhibition of the autophagic machinery. In conclusion, our findings provide a rationale for drug repositioning trials investigating combinations of agents targeting the UPR and autophagy in SMARCB1-deficient MRTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Carugo
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rosalba Minelli
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Luigi Sapio
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Melinda Soeung
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Federica Carbone
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Frederick S Robinson
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James Tepper
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ziheng Chen
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sara Lovisa
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maria Svelto
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | - Samirkumar Amin
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Sanjana Srinivasan
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Edoardo Del Poggetto
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sara Loponte
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Francesca Puca
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Prasenjit Dey
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gabriel G Malouf
- Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire Strasbourg, Hôpital Civil, 1 Place de L'Hôpital, Strasbourg 67091, France; Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France
| | - Xiaoping Su
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Liren Li
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Dolores Lopez-Terrada
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, 6621 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Alexander J Lazar
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - George J Netto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N. Wolfe Street/Carnegie 417, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Priya Rao
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alessandro Sgambato
- Dipartimento di Patologia Generale, Policlinico Agostino Gemelli, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Sheikh Ahmed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Durga N Tripathi
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cheryl L Walker
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jose A Karam
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Timothy P Heffernan
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrea Viale
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Charles W M Roberts
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38120, USA
| | - Pavlos Msaouel
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nizar M Tannir
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Giulio F Draetta
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Giannicola Genovese
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA; David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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31
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Uchida H, Sakamoto S, Sasaki K, Takeda M, Hirata Y, Fukuda A, Hishiki T, Irie R, Nakazawa A, Miyazaki O, Nosaka S, Kasahara M. Surgical treatment strategy for advanced hepatoblastoma: Resection versus transplantation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018; 65:e27383. [PMID: 30084209 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excellent outcomes of the extreme procedure of liver resection (LR) for advanced hepatoblastoma (HB) have been achieved in recent reports. However, liver transplantation (LT) remains the only surgical treatment for patients with unresectable HB. The aim of this study was to evaluate our retrospective data for cases of advanced HB necessitating surgical intervention and analyze the prognostic factors of recurrence by comparing patients with tumors resected by LR and LT. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 24 children with PRETEXT II/III/IV tumors that required consideration for LT between August 2011 and September 2016. RESULT The staging at the time of the diagnosis was PRETEXT II/III/IV in 1/13/10 patients, respectively, while the preoperative staging after neoadjuvant chemotherapy was POSTTEXT II/III/IV in 5/17/2 patients. Among those 24 patients, complete resection of the primary tumor was achieved with LT in 12 patients and LR in 12 patients. A high serum level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) at the time of surgery, no significant decrease in the rate of change of AFP, and low tumor shrinkage rate were related to the risk of tumor recurrence, and patients with tumors resected by LR with those risks had a higher recurrence rate than those without them. The overall survival was higher in patients with tumors resected by LT (100%) than in patients with tumors resected by LR. CONCLUSION Patients with advanced HB with a poor response to chemotherapy should definitively be prioritized for primary LT, given the possibility of vascular invasion and microscopic residual tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Uchida
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seisuke Sakamoto
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kengo Sasaki
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takeda
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hirata
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinari Fukuda
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoro Hishiki
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Irie
- Division of Clinical Pathology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nakazawa
- Division of Clinical Pathology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Miyazaki
- Division of Radiology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nosaka
- Division of Radiology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mureo Kasahara
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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Arnaud O, Le Loarer F, Tirode F. BAFfling pathologies: Alterations of BAF complexes in cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 419:266-279. [PMID: 29374542 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To activate or repress specific genes, chromatin is constantly modified by chromatin-remodeling complexes. Among these complexes, the SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermenting (SWI/SNF) complex, also referred to as BRG1-Associated Factor (BAF) complex, moves the nucleosome along chromatin using energy provided by ATP hydrolysis. In mammalian organisms, the SWI/SNF complex is composed of 10-15 subunits, depending on cell type, and a defect in one of these subunits can have dramatic consequences. In this review we will focus on the alterations identified in the SWI/SNF (BAF) complex subunits that lead to cancerous pathologies. While SMARCB1 was the first mutated subunit to be reported in a majority of malignant rhabdoid tumors, the advent of next-generation sequencing allowed the discovery of mutations in various SWI/SNF subunits within a broad spectrum of cancers. In most cases, the mutation leads to a loss of expression or to a truncated subunit unable to perform its function. Even though it is now commonly acknowledged that approximately 20% of all cancers present a mutation in a SWI/SNF subunit, some cancers are associated to a specific alteration of a SWI/SNF subunit, which acts either as tumor suppressor genes or as oncogenes, and therefore constitute diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. Consistently, therapeutic strategies targeting SWI/SNF subunits or the genes affected downstream have been revealed to treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophelie Arnaud
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | | | - Franck Tirode
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008, Lyon, France; Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008, Lyon, France.
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33
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Abstract
Introduction: Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common primary malignant liver neoplasm in children. Its increasing survival rate is related to the progress in modern imaging, surgical techniques, and new chemotherapy regimens. Clinical approach: One of the past achievements was the development of the pretreatment extension of disease (PRETEXT) system. Gradually, the HB therapeutic approach has become more individualized with better stratification of patients. Controversies: These include the need for preoperative chemotherapy and its optimal duration; intensity of preoperative chemotherapy required for locally advanced cases (PRETEXT 4); optimal surgical treatment for locally advanced tumors: aggressive hepatic resections versus liver transplantation; the role of postoperative chemotherapy in the post-transplant setting; the timing and role of metastasectomy in patients with disseminated disease who undergo partial liver resection; and the prognostic significance of several HB pathology variants. Hepatoblastoma biology: Beta-catenin mutations and the beta-catenin/Wnt pathway play an important role in HB development. There have been at least two molecular signatures in HB published. Unluckily, all of these findings are based on relatively small clinical series and require confirmation. Conclusion: The treatment of HB started from one and the same therapy for all patients and aimed at increased treatment individualization, but the future seems to lie in biology-driven patient-tailored therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Czauderna
- Department of Surgery and Urology for Children and Adolescents, Medical University of Gdansk, Ul. Nowe Ogrody 1-6, 80-803 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Hanna Garnier
- Department of Surgery and Urology for Children and Adolescents, Medical University of Gdansk, Ul. Nowe Ogrody 1-6, 80-803 Gdansk, Poland
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34
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Abstract
The SMARCB1 gene ( INI1, BAF47) is a member of the SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex, involved in the epigenetic regulation of gene transcription. SMARCB1 acts as a tumor suppressor gene, and loss of function of both alleles gives rise to SMARCB1-deficient tumors. The prototypical SMARCB1-deficient tumor is the malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) which was first described in the kidney but also occurs in soft tissue, viscera, and the brain (where it is referred to as atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor or AT/RT). These are overwhelmingly tumors of the very young, and most follow an aggressive and ultimately lethal course. Morphologically, most but not all contain a population of "rhabdoid" cells, which are large cells with abundant cytoplasm, perinuclear spherical inclusions, and eccentric vesicular nuclei with large inclusion-like nucleoli. MRT immunohistochemistry reveals complete loss of SMARCB1 nuclear expression, and molecular analysis confirms biallelic SMARCB1 inactivation in the vast majority. Rare AT/RTs have loss of SMARCA4, another SWI/SNF member, rather than SMARCB1. With the widespread adoption of SMARCB1 immunohistochemistry, an increasing number of SMARCB1-deficient tumors outside of the MRT-AT/RT spectrum have been described. In addition to MRT and AT/RT, pediatric tumors with complete loss of SMARCB1 expression include cribriform neuroepithelial tumor, renal medullary carcinoma, and epithelioid sarcoma. Tumors with variable loss of SMARCB1 expression include subsets of epithelioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, schwannomas arising in schwannomatosis, subsets of chordomas, myoepithelial carcinomas, and sinonasal carcinomas. Variable and reduced expression of SMARCB1 is characteristic of synovial sarcoma. In this review, the historical background, clinical characteristics, morphology, immunohistochemical features, and molecular genetics most germane to these tumors are summarized. In addition, familial occurrence of these tumors (the rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome) is discussed. It is hoped that this review may provide practical guidance to pathologists encountering tumors that have altered expression of SMARCB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce R Pawel
- 1 Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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35
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Lee H, El Jabbour T, Ainechi S, Gay LM, Elvin JA, Vergilio JA, Suh J, Ramkissoon SH, Ali SM, Schrock A, Fabrizio D, Frampton G, Nazeer T, Miller VA, Stephens PJ, Ross JS. General paucity of genomic alteration and low tumor mutation burden in refractory and metastatic hepatoblastoma: comprehensive genomic profiling study. Hum Pathol 2017; 70:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Abstract
In the past few years, it has become clear that mutations in epigenetic regulatory genes are common in human cancers. Therapeutic strategies are now being developed to target cancers with mutations in these genes using specific chemical inhibitors. In addition, a complementary approach based on the concept of synthetic lethality, which allows exploitation of loss-of-function mutations in cancers that are not targetable by conventional methods, has gained traction. Both of these approaches are now being tested in several clinical trials. In this Review, we present recent advances in epigenetic drug discovery and development, and suggest possible future avenues of investigation to drive progress in this area.
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37
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Katzenstein HM, Furman WL, Malogolowkin MH, Krailo MD, McCarville MB, Towbin AJ, Tiao GM, Finegold MJ, Ranganathan S, Dunn SP, Langham MR, McGahren ED, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Meyers RL. Upfront window vincristine/irinotecan treatment of high-risk hepatoblastoma: A report from the Children's Oncology Group AHEP0731 study committee. Cancer 2017; 123:2360-2367. [PMID: 28211941 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of new therapies for high-risk (HR) hepatoblastoma is challenging. Children's Oncology Group study AHEP0731 included a HR stratum to explore the efficacy of novel agents. Herein, the authors report the response rate to the combination of vincristine (V) and irinotecan (I) and the outcome of patients with high-risk hepatoblastoma. METHODS Patients with newly diagnosed metastatic hepatoblastoma or those with a serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) level <100 ng/mL were eligible. Patients received 2 cycles of V at a dose of 1.5 mg/m2 /day intravenously on days 1 and 8 and I at a dose of 50 mg/m2 /day intravenously on days 1 to 5. Patients were defined as responders if they had either a 30% decrease in tumor burden according to Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) or a 90% (>1 log10 ) decline in their AFP level. Responders were to receive 2 additional cycles of VI intermixed with 6 cycles of the combination of cisplatin, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, and vincristine (C5VD). Nonresponders were to receive 6 cycles of C5VD alone. RESULTS A total of 32 patients with a median age at diagnosis of 26 months (range, 11-159 months) were enrolled between September 2009 and February 2012. Fourteen of 30 evaluable patients were responders (RECIST and AFP in 6 patients, RECIST only in 3 patients, and AFP only in 5 patients). The median AFP decline after 2 cycles of VI for the entire group was 345,565 ng/mL (85% of the initial AFP). The 3-year event-free and overall survival rates were 49% (95% confidence interval, 30%-65%) and 62% (95% confidence interval, 42%-77%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The VI combination appears to have substantial activity against HR hepatoblastoma. The ultimate impact of this regimen in improving the outcomes of children with HR hepatoblastoma remains to be determined. Cancer 2017;123:2360-2367. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard M Katzenstein
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wayne L Furman
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Marcio H Malogolowkin
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of California at Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Mark D Krailo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - M Beth McCarville
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Alexander J Towbin
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Greg M Tiao
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Sarangarajan Ranganathan
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen P Dunn
- Department of Surgery, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Max R Langham
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Eugene D McGahren
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Virginia Children's Hospital, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Rebecka L Meyers
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Primary Children's Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
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38
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Sumazin P, Chen Y, Treviño LR, Sarabia SF, Hampton OA, Patel K, Mistretta TA, Zorman B, Thompson P, Heczey A, Comerford S, Wheeler DA, Chintagumpala M, Meyers R, Rakheja D, Finegold MJ, Tomlinson G, Parsons DW, López-Terrada D. Genomic analysis of hepatoblastoma identifies distinct molecular and prognostic subgroups. Hepatology 2017; 65:104-121. [PMID: 27775819 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Despite being the most common liver cancer in children, hepatoblastoma (HB) is a rare neoplasm. Consequently, few pretreatment tumors have been molecularly profiled, and there are no validated prognostic or therapeutic biomarkers for HB patients. We report on the first large-scale effort to profile pretreatment HBs at diagnosis. Our analysis of 88 clinically annotated HBs revealed three risk-stratifying molecular subtypes that are characterized by differential activation of hepatic progenitor cell markers and metabolic pathways: high-risk tumors were characterized by up-regulated nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2 activity; high lin-28 homolog B, high mobility group AT-hook 2, spalt-like transcription factor 4, and alpha-fetoprotein expression; and high coordinated expression of oncofetal proteins and stem-cell markers, while low-risk tumors had low lin-28 homolog B and lethal-7 expression and high hepatic nuclear factor 1 alpha activity. CONCLUSION Analysis of immunohistochemical assays using antibodies targeting these genes in a prospective study of 35 HBs suggested that these candidate biomarkers have the potential to improve risk stratification and guide treatment decisions for HB patients at diagnosis; our results pave the way for clinical collaborative studies to validate candidate biomarkers and test their potential to improve outcome for HB patients. (Hepatology 2017;65:104-121).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Sumazin
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Yidong Chen
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Lisa R Treviño
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Oliver A Hampton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Kayuri Patel
- Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Barry Zorman
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Patrick Thompson
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Andras Heczey
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Sarah Comerford
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - David A Wheeler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Murali Chintagumpala
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Rebecka Meyers
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Milton J Finegold
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Gail Tomlinson
- Departments of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - D Williams Parsons
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Dolores López-Terrada
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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39
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Abstract
Hepatoblastoma is the most common primary malignant hepatic tumor of infancy and childhood, occurring predominantly in the first two years of life. The management of hepatoblastoma has changed markedly over the last 3 decades; neoadjuvant chemotherapy is now standard, particularly in unresectable tumors resulting in considerable preoperative tumor shrinkage and sometimes near total ablation of the tumor. A 20 month old infant was incidentally found to have a 7.6cm right sided retroperitoneal tumor on routine screening ultrasonography for left ureteral stenosis. Serum alpha fetoprotein was elevated. Biopsy revealed hepatoblastoma, mixed epithelial and embryonal type without mesenchymal elements. He underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Although the tumor had decreased considerably in size, close proximity to major vascular structures precluded safe resection. Liver transplantation was performed; the explanted liver showed complete tumor necrosis with no residual malignancy. The postoperative course was uncomplicated and he is continuing on sixth cycle of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Girish Subbarao
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Romil Saxena
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States.
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40
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Abstract
A tribute to Pepper's lasting contributions to Hepatopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton J Finegold
- Department of Pathology & Immunology and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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41
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Abstract
This article aims to give an overview of pediatric liver tumors; in particular of the two most frequently occurring groups of hepatoblastomas and hepatocellular carcinomas. Focus lays on achievements gained through worldwide collaboration. We present recent advances in insight, treatment results, and future questions to be asked. Increasing international collaboration between the four major Pediatric Liver Tumor Study Groups (SIOPEL/GPOH, COG, and JPLT) may serve as a paradigm to approach rare tumors. This international effort has been catalyzed by the Children's Hepatic tumor International Collaboration (CHIC) formation of a large collaborative database. Interrogation of this database has led to a new universal risk stratification system for hepatoblastoma using PRETEXT/POSTTEXT staging as a backbone. Pathologists in this international collaboration have established a new histopathological consensus classification for pediatric liver tumors. Concomitantly there have been advances in chemotherapy options, an increased role of liver transplantation for unresectable tumors, and a web portal system developed at www.siopel.org for international education, consultation, and collaboration. These achievements will be further tested and validated in the upcoming Paediatric Hepatic International Tumour Trial (PHITT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Aronson
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Noah's Ark Children's Hospital for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board NHS Trust, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK.
| | - Rebecka L Meyers
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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42
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Yao X, Xing M, Ooi WF, Tan P, Teh BT. Epigenomic Consequences of Coding and Noncoding Driver Mutations. Trends Cancer 2016; 2:585-605. [PMID: 28741489 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin alterations are integral to the pathogenic process of cancer, as demonstrated by recent discoveries of frequent mutations in chromatin-modifier genes and aberrant DNA methylation states in different cancer types. Progress is being made on elucidating how chromatin alterations, and how proteins catalyzing these alterations, mechanistically contribute to tissue-specific tumorigenesis. In parallel, technologies enabling the genome-wide profiling of histone modifications have revealed the existence of noncoding driver genetic alterations in cancer. In this review, we survey the current knowledge of coding and noncoding cancer drivers, and discuss their impact on the chromatin landscape. Translational implications of these findings for novel cancer therapies are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosai Yao
- Cancer Therapeutics and Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Manjie Xing
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore; Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Wen Fong Ooi
- Cancer Therapeutics and Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Patrick Tan
- Cancer Therapeutics and Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; National Cancer Centre, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169610, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, #12-01, Singapore 117599, Singapore; SingHealth/Duke-NUS Precision Medicine Institute, Singapore 168752, Singapore.
| | - Bin Tean Teh
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; National Cancer Centre, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169610, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, #12-01, Singapore 117599, Singapore; SingHealth/Duke-NUS Precision Medicine Institute, Singapore 168752, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673.
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Vokuhl C, Oyen F, Häberle B, von Schweinitz D, Schneppenheim R, Leuschner I. Small cell undifferentiated (SCUD) hepatoblastomas: All malignant rhabdoid tumors? Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 55:925-931. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vokuhl
- Department of Pediatric Pathology; Kiel Pediatric Tumor Registry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel; Kiel Germany
| | - Florian Oyen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Beate Häberle
- Department of Pediatric Surgery; Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Munich Germany
| | - Dietrich von Schweinitz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery; Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Munich Germany
| | - Reinhard Schneppenheim
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Ivo Leuschner
- Department of Pediatric Pathology; Kiel Pediatric Tumor Registry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel; Kiel Germany
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Zhou S, Venkatramani R, Gomulia E, Shillingford N, Wang L. The diagnostic and prognostic value of SALL4 in hepatoblastoma. Histopathology 2016; 69:822-830. [PMID: 27252091 DOI: 10.1111/his.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the expression of spalt-like transcription factor 4 (SALL4), a regulator of embryonal development, in three epithelial components of hepatoblastoma (HB) and the relationship between SALL4 expression levels and patients' clinicopathological features. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 115 specimens from 79 patients with HB were selected for immunostaining of SALL4. Nuclear staining was semi-quantified using the immunoreactive score (IS; range: 0-12). SALL4 expression was seen in all embryonal components (mean IS = 8.58) and in 41% of fetal components (mean IS = 0.78). No SALL4 expression was seen in either small cell undifferentiated or mesenchymal components of HB. Neither chemotherapy nor metastasis altered SALL4 expression significantly. High SALL4 expression levels were associated significantly with decreased overall survival (OS) (P = 0.004), event-free survival (EFS) (P = 0.003) and the presence of metastasis (P = 0.049) on univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis identified SALL4 as an independent prognostic predictor for OS (P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS SALL4 is useful for subtyping HB, and high SALL4 expression is associated with decreased survival in HB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengmei Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Rajkumar Venkatramani
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ellen Gomulia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nick Shillingford
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Larry Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Shi Y, Geller JI, Ma IT, Chavan RS, Masand PM, Towbin AJ, Chintagumpala M, Nuchtern JG, Tiao GM, Thompson PA, Vasudevan SA. Relapsed hepatoblastoma confined to the lung is effectively treated with pulmonary metastasectomy. J Pediatr Surg 2016; 51:525-9. [PMID: 26607968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In children diagnosed with hepatoblastoma (HB), the lungs are the most common site of metastasis at both initial presentation and relapse. Previous studies have encouraged pulmonary metastasectomy to achieve a disease-free state after resection of the primary hepatic lesion. However, there is no consensus about how to manage recurrent pulmonary metastasis. PROCEDURE A retrospective, multi-institutional review was performed from 2005 to 2014 to identify HB patients ≤18years of age who had disease recurrence associated with pulmonary metastases alone. RESULTS Ten patients between the ages of 8 and 33months were identified. Pulmonary metastatic recurrence was detected by measuring alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels and/or with CT scans of the chest. All patients subsequently underwent pulmonary metastasectomy without post-operative complications. At last follow-up, 8 patients were alive and had normal AFP levels. The 8 survivors had a median follow-up from therapy completion of 18.5months. Two patients who presented with extrapulmonary recurrence subsequently died of treatment refractory disease. CONCLUSIONS This review supports surgical resection as a safe and, in the context of multimodal therapy, efficacious approach to manage HB patients who present with isolated pulmonary relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital Liver Tumor Center, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - James I Geller
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Irene T Ma
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Rishikesh S Chavan
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Prakash M Masand
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital Liver Tumor Center, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Alexander J Towbin
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Murali Chintagumpala
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital Liver Tumor Center, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jed G Nuchtern
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital Liver Tumor Center, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Greg M Tiao
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Patrick A Thompson
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Sanjeev A Vasudevan
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital Liver Tumor Center, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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46
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Qiao GL, Chen Z, Wang C, Ge J, Zhang Z, Li L, Ren J. Pure fetal histology subtype was associated with better prognosis of children with hepatoblastoma: A Chinese population-based study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:621-7. [PMID: 26401976 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The aim of this study is to identify the association between histologic types and the prognosis of hepatoblastoma (HB) in a large Asian cohort of a single institution and to explore the interaction of histologic types with other independently risk factors in the process of affecting prognosis of HB. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 176 children with HB (82 female, 94 male) managed in our institution between May 1, 2001 and July 30, 2014. Prognostic factors were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS For the entire cohort of 176 patients, the overall median survival was 80.4 months(95% CI: 71.6-89.2 months), and the 5-year event-free survival and overall survival rates were 54.6 and 66.7%. Descriptive survival statistics and Kaplan-Meier curves suggested that alpha fetoprotein levels, tumor metastases, multifocality, histologic types, and Pre-Treatment Extent of Disease staging System stage had prognostic significance in this relatively selected cohort. Moreover, after eliminating the impact of the interaction of different classification methods of histologic types, pure fetal histologic (PFH) was an independent prognostic factor of HB (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.752, P = 0.021). Further stratification analysis showed that the impaction of other identified risk factors on the influence of PFH on the prognosis of HB patients was different. CONCLUSIONS We have confirmed that the HB prognostic factors of HB and PFH was associated with better prognosis of children with HB based on an Asian population. PFH showed different significance in the process of affecting prognosis of HB with the interaction of other independent risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-liang Qiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Juntao Ge
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing, China
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47
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Zhou S, Parham DM, Yung E, Pattengale P, Wang L. Quantification of glypican 3, β-catenin and claudin-1 protein expression in hepatoblastoma and paediatric hepatocellular carcinoma by colour deconvolution. Histopathology 2015; 67:905-13. [PMID: 25939253 DOI: 10.1111/his.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To identify an immunohistochemical panel for paediatric malignant epithelial liver tumours. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty-five hepatoblastomas (HBs), 13 paediatric hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and two hepatocellular malignant neoplasms not otherwise specified (NOS) were chosen for immunohistochemical staining of glypican 3 (GPC3), β-catenin, claudin-1, delta-like protein (DLK), and forkhead box protein G1 (FOXG1). Immunostaining was quantitatively analysed with NIH imagej software coupled with colour deconvolution. Different subtypes of HB and HCC showed distinct staining patterns of GPC3, β-catenin, and claudin-1. Moreover, GPC3, β-catenin and claudin-1 all showed higher expression in classic HCC and embryonal HB than in fetal HB; GPC3 showed complete negativity in small-cell undifferentiated (SCU) HB and fibrolamellar HCC (FLC); β-catenin showed the strongest expression in SCU HB but the weakest expression in FLC. A panel of these three immunomarkers was useful for the diagnosis of hepatocellular malignant neoplasms NOS. The expression of DLK and FOXG1 was inconstant among fetal and embryonal HB and classic HCC. CONCLUSIONS A panel of GPC3, β-catenin and claudin-1 is helpful for differentiating HB subtypes and distinguishing HB from HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengmei Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David M Parham
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Evan Yung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, LAC+USC Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul Pattengale
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Larry Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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48
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Phenotype and Immunophenotype of the Most Common Pediatric Tumors. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2015; 23:313-26. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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49
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Rekhi B, Vogel U. Utility of characteristic ‘Weak to Absent’ INI1/SMARCB1/BAF47 expression in diagnosis of synovial sarcomas. APMIS 2015; 123:618-28. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Rekhi
- Department of Pathology; Tata Memorial Centre; Parel Mumbai India
| | - Ulrich Vogel
- Institute of Pathology; University Hospital Tuebingen; Eberhard-Karls-University; Tuebingen Germany
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50
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Lin G, Doyle LA. An update on the application of newly described immunohistochemical markers in soft tissue pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2015; 139:106-21. [PMID: 25549147 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0488-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT During the last 5 to 10 years, significant progress has been made in the molecular characterization of soft tissue tumors, predominantly with the identification of recurrent translocations or amplification of certain genes in different tumor types. Alongside this, translational efforts have identified many novel and diagnostically useful immunohistochemical markers for many of these tumor types. OBJECTIVE This article reviews a select group of recently described immunohistochemical markers of particular use in the evaluation of mesenchymal neoplasms; the underlying biology of the protein product, practical utility, and limitations of each marker are discussed in detail. DATA SOURCES Literature review, authors' research data, and personal practice experience serve as sources. CONCLUSIONS There are many diagnostically useful immunohistochemical markers to help confirm the diagnosis of many different soft tissue tumor types, some of which have reduced the need for additional, and more costly, studies, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization. However, no one marker is 100% specific for a given tumor, and knowledge of potential pitfalls and overlap in patterns of staining among other tumor types is crucial to ensure the appropriate application of these markers in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Lin
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania (Dr Lin); and the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Doyle)
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