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Zhao Y, Zhong Y, Chen W, Chang S, Cao Q, Wang Y, Yang L. Ocular and neural genes jointly regulate the visuospatial working memory in ADHD children. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2023; 19:14. [PMID: 37658396 PMCID: PMC10472596 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-023-00216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Working memory (WM) deficits have frequently been linked to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Despite previous studies suggested its high heritability, its genetic basis, especially in ADHD, remains unclear. The current study aimed to comprehensively explore the genetic basis of visual-spatial working memory (VSWM) in ADHD using wide-ranging genetic analyses. METHODS The current study recruited a cohort consisted of 802 ADHD individuals, all met DSM-IV ADHD diagnostic criteria. VSWM was assessed by Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test (RCFT), which is a widely used psychological test include four memory indexes: detail delayed (DD), structure delayed (SD), structure immediate (SI), detail immediate (DI). Genetic analyses were conducted at the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), gene, pathway, polygenic and protein network levels. Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS) were based on summary statistics of various psychiatric disorders, including ADHD, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SCZ), obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD), and substance use disorder (SUD). RESULTS Analyses at the single-marker level did not yield significant results (5E-08). However, the potential signals with P values less than E-05 and their mapped genes suggested the regulation of VSWM involved both ocular and neural system related genes, moreover, ADHD-related genes were also involved. The gene-based analysis found RAB11FIP1, whose encoded protein modulates several neurodevelopment processes and visual system, as significantly associated with DD scores (P = 1.96E-06, Padj = 0.036). Candidate pathway enrichment analyses (N = 53) found that forebrain neuron fate commitment significantly enriched in DD (P = 4.78E-04, Padj = 0.025), and dopamine transport enriched in SD (P = 5.90E-04, Padj = 0.031). We also observed a significant negative relationship between DD scores and ADHD PRS scores (P = 0.0025, Empirical P = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS Our results emphasized the joint contribution of ocular and neural genes in regulating VSWM. The study reveals a shared genetic basis between ADHD and VSWM, with GWAS indicating the involvement of ADHD-related genes in VSWM. Additionally, the PRS analysis identifies a significant relationship between ADHD-PRS and DD scores. Overall, our findings shed light on the genetic basis of VSWM deficits in ADHD, and may have important implications for future research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilu Zhao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital), NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), 51 Huayuan Bei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuanxin Zhong
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital), NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), 51 Huayuan Bei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital), NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), 51 Huayuan Bei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Suhua Chang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital), NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), 51 Huayuan Bei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qingjiu Cao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital), NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), 51 Huayuan Bei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital), NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), 51 Huayuan Bei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Li Yang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital), NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), 51 Huayuan Bei Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
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2
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Chen L, Wang Q, Xu T. Working memory function in patients with major depression disorder: A narrative review. Clin Psychol Psychother 2022; 30:281-293. [PMID: 36510396 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) deficits are recognized as serious cognitive impairment in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). This review aims to clarify the effects of impaired WM function in patients with MDD and explore non-invasive and effective treatments that can be adopted in clinical practice. This review (1) synthesizes extant literature examining brain function and brain areas in terms of WM in individuals with depression, (2) utilizes the outcomes of the studies presented in this review to discuss the effects of impaired WM function on cognitive processing in individuals with depression, (3) integrates the treatments explored in current studies and (4) provides some suggestions for future research. We found that (1) central executive (CE) components affect the processing of WM, and this might be one of the factors influencing cognitive biases, as it is implicated in repetitive negative thinking and rumination; (2) the left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the regions of the default mode network (DMN) play a vital role in CE functioning; and (3) psychotherapy, cognitive training, exercise and physical therapy can be used as complementary treatments for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Chen
- School of Medical Humanities, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianchao Xu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
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Lemvigh CK, Brouwer RM, Pantelis C, Jensen MH, Hilker RW, Legind CS, Anhøj SJ, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ, Glenthøj BY, Fagerlund B. Heritability of specific cognitive functions and associations with schizophrenia spectrum disorders using CANTAB: a nation-wide twin study. Psychol Med 2022; 52:1101-1114. [PMID: 32779562 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720002858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many cognitive functions are under strong genetic control and twin studies have demonstrated genetic overlap between some aspects of cognition and schizophrenia. How the genetic relationship between specific cognitive functions and schizophrenia is influenced by IQ is currently unknown. METHODS We applied selected tests from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) to examine the heritability of specific cognitive functions and associations with schizophrenia liability. Verbal and performance IQ were estimated using The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III and the Danish Adult Reading Test. In total, 214 twins including monozygotic (MZ = 32) and dizygotic (DZ = 22) pairs concordant or discordant for a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, and healthy control pairs (MZ = 29, DZ = 20) were recruited through the Danish national registers. Additionally, eight twins from affected pairs participated without their sibling. RESULTS Significant heritability was observed for planning/spatial span (h2 = 25%), self-ordered spatial working memory (h2 = 64%), sustained attention (h2 = 56%), and movement time (h2 = 47%), whereas only unique environmental factors contributed to set-shifting, reflection impulsivity, and thinking time. Schizophrenia liability was associated with planning/spatial span (rph = -0.34), self-ordered spatial working memory (rph = -0.24), sustained attention (rph = -0.23), and set-shifting (rph = -0.21). The association with planning/spatial span was not driven by either performance or verbal IQ. The remaining associations were shared with performance, but not verbal IQ. CONCLUSIONS This study provides further evidence that some cognitive functions are heritable and associated with schizophrenia, suggesting a partially shared genetic etiology. These functions may constitute endophenotypes for the disorder and provide a basis to explore genes common to cognition and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie K Lemvigh
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rachel M Brouwer
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria H Jensen
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark
| | - Rikke W Hilker
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian S Legind
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
- Mental Health Center North Zealand, Hilleroed, Denmark
| | - Simon J Anhøj
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry Svendborg, Baagoes Alle 25, 5700 Svendborg, Denmark
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Birte Y Glenthøj
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Fagerlund
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Murillo-García N, Díaz-Pons A, Fernández-Cacho LM, Miguel-Corredera M, Martínez-Barrio S, Ortiz-García de la Foz V, Neergaard K, Ayesa-Arriola R. A family study on first episode of psychosis patients: Exploring neuropsychological performance as an endophenotype. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2022; 145:384-396. [PMID: 35080005 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Family studies provide a suitable approach to analyzing candidate endophenotypes of schizophrenia, including cognitive features. OBJECTIVE To characterize different neurocognitive functions in a group of patients with first episode of psychosis (FEP), their first-degree relatives (parents and siblings), and healthy controls (HC), in order to identify potential endophenotypes for schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). METHODS Participants were assessed in the context of a national project in Spain called PAFIP-FAMILIAS. They completed the same neuropsychological battery, which included tests of verbal memory, visual memory, processing speed, working memory, executive functions, motor dexterity, attention, and theory of mind. Group comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA, followed by tests of multiple comparisons when appropriate. RESULTS One hundred thirty-three FEP patients were included, as well as 244 of their first-degree relatives (146 parents and 98 siblings) and 202 HC. In general, relatives showed an intermediate performance between the HC and the FEP patients in all neurocognitive domains. However, the domains of executive functions and attention stood out, as relatives (especially parents) showed similar performance to FEP patients. This was replicated when selecting patients subsequently diagnosed with schizophrenia and their relatives. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that executive and attention dysfunctions might have a family aggregation and could be relevant cognitive endophenotypes for psychotic disorders. The study shows the potential of exploring intra-family neuropsychological performance supporting neurobiological and genetic research in SSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Murillo-García
- Department of Psychiatry, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Santander, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Alexandre Díaz-Pons
- Department of Psychiatry, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Santander, Spain.,Faculty of Psychology, National University of Distance Education (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Manuel Fernández-Cacho
- Department of Psychiatry, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Santander, Spain.,Department of Radiology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain.,Faculty of Nursing, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Sara Martínez-Barrio
- Department of Psychiatry, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Santander, Spain.,Faculty of Psychology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Ortiz-García de la Foz
- Department of Psychiatry, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Santander, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Karl Neergaard
- Department of Psychiatry, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Santander, Spain
| | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Department of Psychiatry, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Santander, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,Faculty of Psychology, National University of Distance Education (UNED), Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
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5
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Olfactory capacity in anorexia nervosa: correlations with set-shifting ability. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:535-542. [PMID: 33860466 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to examine olfactory capacity in adults with anorexia nervosa (AN), in terms of odor identification and odor threshold and search for possible correlations between odor identification and cognitive flexibility in this population. METHODS Thirty-nine patients diagnosed with AN and 60 healthy participants, participated. Odor identification was assessed using the University Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test and a two alternative forced choice, ascending method with n-butanol was used to assess odor threshold. Cognitive flexibility was determined using the Intra/Extra-Dimensional Set-Shift test (IED), a subtest of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). RESULTS Patients with AN presented a poorer performance in odor identification compared with controls (p = 0.001). No differences were found in odor threshold, between the two groups. Patients with AN exhibited poor cognitive flexibility compared with controls (p = 0.003). A significant correlation between odor identification and cognitive flexibility was documented in AN (p = 0.01), but not in controls. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that olfactory capacity is altered in AN: Qualitative characteristics of olfaction were affected in patients with AN (lower odor identification), while there was no difference in quantitative characteristics (odor threshold) compared with controls. Furthermore, odor identification in AN was correlated to cognitive flexibility. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III: case-control analytic study.
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6
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Krogsrud SK, Mowinckel AM, Sederevicius D, Vidal-Piñeiro D, Amlien IK, Wang Y, Sørensen Ø, Walhovd KB, Fjell AM. Relationships between apparent cortical thickness and working memory across the lifespan - Effects of genetics and socioeconomic status. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 51:100997. [PMID: 34392161 PMCID: PMC8371229 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) supports several higher-level cognitive abilities, yet we know less about factors associated with development and decline in WM compared to other cognitive processes. Here, we investigated lifespan changes in WM capacity and their structural brain correlates, using a longitudinal sample including 2358 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and WM scores from 1656 participants (4.4-86.4 years, mean follow-up interval 4.3 years). 8764 participants (9.0-10.9 years) with MRI, WM scores and genetic information from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study were used for follow-up analyses. Results showed that both the information manipulation component and the storage component of WM improved during childhood and adolescence, but the age-decline could be fully explained by reductions in passive storage capacity alone. Greater WM function in development was related to apparent thinner cortex in both samples, also when general cognitive function was accounted for. The same WM-apparent thickness relationship was found for young adults. The WM-thickness relationships could not be explained by SNP-based co-heritability or by socioeconomic status. A larger sample with genetic information may be necessary to disentangle the true gene-environment effects. In conclusion, WM capacity changes greatly through life and has anatomically extended rather than function-specific structural cortical correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine K Krogsrud
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Athanasia M Mowinckel
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Donatas Sederevicius
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Didac Vidal-Piñeiro
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inge K Amlien
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Sørensen
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristine B Walhovd
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0317, Oslo, Norway; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders M Fjell
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0317, Oslo, Norway; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0372, Oslo, Norway.
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7
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Liu H, Funkhouser CJ, Langenecker SA, Shankman SA. Set Shifting and Inhibition Deficits as Potential Endophenotypes for Depression. Psychiatry Res 2021; 300:113931. [PMID: 33894683 PMCID: PMC8141023 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is poorly understood, and identifying endophenotypes, or intermediate processes implicated in pathophysiology, for MDD may inform treatment and identification/prevention efforts. Impaired set-shifting and inhibition are commonly observed in MDD; however, few studies have examined they are endophenotypes for MDD. Thus, the present study tested whether set-shifting and/or inhibition satisfy several endophenotype criteria: specifically, whether they were (1) impaired in current MDD, (2) impaired in remitted MDD, and (3) familial (i.e., correlated within sibling pairs). Set-shifting and inhibition were assessed using subtests from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System. Psychopathology was assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5. Results indicated set-shifting deficits were familial and present in both current MDD and in remitted MDD individuals who had no current disorders, suggesting they may be state-independent. Inhibition was familial, but was generally not impaired in current nor remitted MDD (although the remitted MDD group with no current disorders exhibited impairments on one of the two inhibition tasks). These findings indicate that impaired set-shifting is a promising endophenotype candidate for MDD. Findings are limited to young adults, and further research is needed to test generalizability to other populations, evaluate longitudinal relationships, and examine other endophenotype criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Liu
- Evidence Based Treatment Centers of Seattle, 1200 5th Ave #800, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Carter J Funkhouser
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychology, 1007 W. Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; Northwestern University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 680 North Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Scott A Langenecker
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychology, 1007 W. Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; University of Utah, Department of Psychiatry, 501 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Stewart A Shankman
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychology, 1007 W. Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; Northwestern University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 680 North Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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8
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Pinto CB, Bielefeld J, Jabakhanji R, Reckziegel D, Griffith JW, Apkarian AV. Neural and Genetic Bases for Human Ability Traits. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:609170. [PMID: 33390920 PMCID: PMC7772246 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.609170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The judgement of human ability is ubiquitous, from school admissions to job performance reviews. The exact make-up of ability traits, however, is often narrowly defined and lacks a comprehensive basis. We attempt to simplify the spectrum of human ability, similar to how five personality traits are widely believed to describe most personalities. Finding such a basis for human ability would be invaluable since neuropsychiatric disease diagnoses and symptom severity are commonly related to such differences in performance. Here, we identified four underlying ability traits within the National Institutes of Health Toolbox normative data (n = 1, 369): (1) Motor-endurance, (2) Emotional processing, (3) Executive and cognitive function, and (4) Social interaction. We used the Human Connectome Project young adult dataset (n = 778) to show that Motor-endurance and Executive and cognitive function were reliably associated with specific brain functional networks (r 2 = 0.305 ± 0.021), and the biological nature of these ability traits was also shown by calculating their heritability (31 and 49%, respectively) from twin data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Bonin Pinto
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Center for Translational Pain Research, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jannis Bielefeld
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Center for Translational Pain Research, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rami Jabakhanji
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Center for Translational Pain Research, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Diane Reckziegel
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Center for Translational Pain Research, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - James W Griffith
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - A Vania Apkarian
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Center for Translational Pain Research, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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9
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Barkus E. Effects of working memory training on emotion regulation: Transdiagnostic review. Psych J 2020; 9:258-279. [PMID: 32166891 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Working memory training is widely used transdiagnostically to improve cognition. However, more recently, studies using working memory training packages have targeted emotion-regulation outcomes to determine whether far transfer effects can be achieved. A narrative review is conducted of studies that have used standardized computerized working memory training packages across healthy volunteers, affect, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and eating disordered populations with emotion-regulation outcomes. Working memory training has been used in children, adolescents, and adults to improve emotion regulation. Many studies have reported gains in mood as well as emotion-regulation strategies following working memory training, regardless of clinical indication and whether near transfer gains were achieved in cognitive domains. Significant emotion-regulation outcomes include: state and trait anxiety, rumination, brooding, positive appraisal, decreasing maladaptive emotion-regulation strategies, and decreasing intrusive thoughts. It is speculated that these far transfer outcomes from working memory training are possible due to the cognitive and neural overlap between cognitive and affective working memory, and emotion regulation. Working memory training could improve cognitive efficiency, which, in turn, increases the availability of cognitive resources during times when emotion regulation is taxed. Future studies need to consider the role of participant expectancy in predicting outcome measure performance, and including subjective and objective outcomes is paramount to study design. Furthermore, sample sizes require additional attention, given that the current review highlights that individual differences in non-clinical and clinical populations influence the outcomes from working memory training. Working memory training offers a possibility for improving emotion regulation transdiagnostically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Barkus
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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10
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Chen Y, Chen C, Wu T, Qiu B, Zhang W, Fan J. Accessing the development and heritability of the capacity of cognitive control. Neuropsychologia 2020; 139:107361. [PMID: 31987849 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive control serves as a core construct, with limited capacity, to support executive functions and other higher-level mental processes such as intellectual activity. Although previous studies have investigated the development of executive functions during specific age periods, the development of the capacity of cognitive control (CCC) from early childhood to late adolescence and the heritability of the CCC have yet to be delineated. In this study, we estimated the CCC based on the performance of a perceptual decision-making task in monozygotic (n = 95) and dizygotic (n = 81) twin pairs with an age range from 6 to 18 years and in a reference young adult group (n = 41, mean age = 26.15 years). In addition, the intelligence quotient (IQ) of these participants was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scales. We found an increase in the CCC from 1.55 bits per second (bps) at age 6 years to its 95% capacity of 3.87 bps at age 21 years, with a reduced growth rate as a function of age. The estimated heritability of the CCC was 0.66, and shared and non-shared environmental influences on the CCC were 0.18 and 0.16, respectively. The CCC was significantly correlated to IQ (r = 0.34). These findings indicate that the CCC is developed throughout the school years, is highly heritable, and is associated with higher-level cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, The City University of New York, Queens, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA; School of Psychology & Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Caiqi Chen
- School of Psychology & Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, The City University of New York, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Boyu Qiu
- School of Psychology & Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Psychology & Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, The City University of New York, Queens, NY, USA.
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Abstract
AbstractThe Beijing Twin Study (BeTwiSt), which was established in 2006, is an ongoing study aiming to investigate the genetic and environmental etiology of adolescent psychopathology. Resting-state brain imaging datasets have been examined for same-sex twins, and other psychological traits and emotional and behavioral variables have been examined for all twins. Based on the registry, the main findings regarding the etiological mechanism underlying adolescent development, magnetic resonance imaging results, and genetic and environmental influences on other psychological traits have been published. This article summarizes the key findings in these three areas and discusses future plans for the BeTwiSt.
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