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Romanis EC, Segers S, de Jong BD. Value sensitive design and the artificial placenta. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2024:jme-2024-110066. [PMID: 39299728 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2024-110066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Artificial placenta technologies (also termed 'artificial wombs') for use in place of conventional neonatal intensive care are increasingly closer to first-in-human use. There is growing ethical interest in partial ectogestation (the use of an artificial placenta to continue gestation of an underdeveloped human entity extra uterum), however, there has been little reflection on the ethical issues in the design of the technology. While some have noted the importance of such reflection, and others have noted that a 'value sensitive design' approach should be preferred, they have not elaborated on what this means. In this article, we consider what a value sensitive design approach to artificial placenta design might encompass. We believe that applying this framework to the topic at hand raises theoretical and substantive ethical questions that merit further elucidation. Highlighting that there is a careful need to separate preferences from values and that our intervention should be considered only a starting point, we explore some of the values that could be used to make ethical design choices about the artificial placenta: efficacy, compassion and accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seppe Segers
- Department of Philosophy and Moral Sciences, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium
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2
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Solís-García G, Bravo MC, Pellicer A. Cardiorespiratory interactions during the transitional period in extremely preterm infants: a narrative review. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03451-6. [PMID: 39179873 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to review the physiology and evidence behind cardiorespiratory interactions during the transitional circulation of extremely preterm infants with fragile physiology and to propose a framework for future research. Cord clamping strategies have a great impact on initial haemodynamic changes, and appropriate transition can be facilitated by establishing spontaneous ventilation before cord clamping. Mechanical ventilation modifies preterm transitional haemodynamics, with positive pressure ventilation affecting the right and left heart loading conditions. Pulmonary vascular resistances can be minimized by ventilating with optimal lung volumes at functional residual capacity, and other pulmonary vasodilator treatments such as inhaled nitric oxide can be used to improve ventilation/perfusion mismatch. Different cardiovascular drugs can be used to provide support during transition in this population, and it is important to understand both their cardiovascular and respiratory effects, in order to provide adequate support to vulnerable preterm infants and improve outcomes. Current available non-invasive bedside tools, such as near-infrared spectroscopy, targeted neonatal echocardiography, or lung ultrasound offer the opportunity to precisely monitor cardiorespiratory interactions in preterm infants. More research is needed in this field using precision medicine to strengthen the benefits and avoid the harms associated to early neonatal interventions. IMPACT: In extremely preterm infants, haemodynamic and respiratory transitions are deeply interconnected, and their changes have a key impact in the establishment of lung aireation and postnatal circulation. We describe how mechanical ventilation modifies heart loading conditions and pulmonary vascular resistances in preterm patients, and how hemodynamic interventions such as cord clamping strategies or cardiovascular drugs affect the infant respiratory status. Current available non-invasive bedside tools can help monitor cardiorespiratory interactions in preterm infants. We highlight the areas of research in which precision medicine can help strengthen the benefits and avoid the harms associated to early neonatal interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Solís-García
- Department of Neonatology, La Paz University Hospital and IdiPaz (La Paz Hospital Institute for Health Research), Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Carmen Bravo
- Department of Neonatology, La Paz University Hospital and IdiPaz (La Paz Hospital Institute for Health Research), Madrid, Spain
- Consultant Neonatologist, Rotunda Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adelina Pellicer
- Department of Neonatology, La Paz University Hospital and IdiPaz (La Paz Hospital Institute for Health Research), Madrid, Spain
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van Haren JS, Delbressine FLM, Monincx M, Hoveling T, Meijer N, Bangaru C, Sterk J, van der Woude DAA, Oei SG, van der Hout-van der Jagt MB. From intra- to extra-uterine: early phase design of a transfer to extra-uterine life support through medical simulation. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 6:1371447. [PMID: 39229370 PMCID: PMC11368740 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2024.1371447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extra-uterine life support technology could provide a more physiologic alternative for the treatment of extremely premature infants, as it allows further fetal growth and development ex utero. Animal studies have been carried out which involved placing fetuses in a liquid-filled incubator, with oxygen supplied through an oxygenator connected to the umbilical vessels. Hence, by delaying lung exposure to air, further lung development and maturation can take place. This medical intervention requires adjustments to current obstetric procedures to maintain liquid-filled lungs through a so-called transfer procedure. Methods Our objective was to develop obstetric device prototypes that allow clinicians to simulate this birth procedure to safely transfer the infant from the mother's uterus to an extra-uterine life support system. To facilitate a user-centered design, implementation of medical simulation during early phase design of the prototype development was used. First, the requirements for the procedure and devices were established, by reviewing the literature and through interviewing direct stakeholders. The initial transfer device prototypes were tested on maternal and fetal manikins in participatory simulations with clinicians. Results & discussion Through analysis of recordings of the simulations, the prototypes were evaluated on effectiveness, safety and usability with latent conditions being identified and improved. This medical simulation-based design process resulted in the development of a set of surgical prototypes and allowed for knowledge building on obstetric care in an extra-uterine life support context.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. S. van Haren
- Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Máxima Medisch Centrum, Veldhoven, Netherlands
| | - F. L. M. Delbressine
- Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - M. Monincx
- Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - T. Hoveling
- Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - N. Meijer
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Máxima Medisch Centrum, Veldhoven, Netherlands
| | - C. Bangaru
- Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - J. Sterk
- Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - D. A. A. van der Woude
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Máxima Medisch Centrum, Veldhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, Netherlands
| | - S. G. Oei
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Máxima Medisch Centrum, Veldhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - M. B. van der Hout-van der Jagt
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Máxima Medisch Centrum, Veldhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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4
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Dias Da Silva I, Wuidar V, Zielonka M, Pequeux C. Unraveling the Dynamics of Estrogen and Progesterone Signaling in the Endometrium: An Overview. Cells 2024; 13:1236. [PMID: 39120268 PMCID: PMC11312103 DOI: 10.3390/cells13151236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The endometrium is crucial for the perpetuation of human species. It is a complex and dynamic tissue lining the inner wall of the uterus, regulated throughout a woman's life based on estrogen and progesterone fluctuations. During each menstrual cycle, this multicellular tissue undergoes cyclical changes, including regeneration, differentiation in order to allow egg implantation and embryo development, or shedding of the functional layer in the absence of pregnancy. The biology of the endometrium relies on paracrine interactions between epithelial and stromal cells involving complex signaling pathways that are modulated by the variations of estrogen and progesterone levels across the menstrual cycle. Understanding the complexity of estrogen and progesterone receptor signaling will help elucidate the mechanisms underlying normal reproductive physiology and provide fundamental knowledge contributing to a better understanding of the consequences of hormonal imbalances on gynecological conditions and tumorigenesis. In this narrative review, we delve into the physiology of the endometrium, encompassing the complex signaling pathways of estrogen and progesterone.
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Grants
- J.0165.24, 7.6529.23, J.0153.22, 7.4580.21F, 7.6518.21, J.0131.19 Fund for Scientific Research
- FSR-F-2023-FM, FSR-F-2022-FM, FSR-F-2021-FM, FSR-F-M-19/6761 University of Liège
- 2020, 2021, 2022 Fondation Léon Fredericq
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christel Pequeux
- Tumors and Development, Estrogen-Sensitive Tissues and Cancer Team, GIGA-Cancer, Laboratory of Biology, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (I.D.D.S.); (V.W.); (M.Z.)
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5
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Heyer J, Schubert F, Seitz AL, Steinle Y, Arens J, Orlikowsky T, Steinseifer U, Schmitz-Rode T, Jansen SV, Schoberer M. A Volume-Adjustable Artificial Womb for Extremely Preterm Infants. Transpl Int 2024; 37:12947. [PMID: 39119064 PMCID: PMC11306982 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2024.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
More than 13 million children are born preterm annually. Prematurity-related mortality accounts for 0.9 million deaths worldwide. The majority of those affected are Extremely Preterm Infants (gestational age less than 28 weeks). Immaturity causes organ failure and specific morbidities like germinal matrix hemorrhage, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Artificial womb and placenta technologies address these issues. As a bridge-to-life technology, they provide a liquid environment to allow organ maturation under more physiological conditions. The proposed artificial womb can adapt to fetal growth. Volume adjustment is achieved by removing fluid from the interspace between an inner and outer chamber. Results of the in vitro tests showed a temperature constancy of 36.8°C ± 0.3°C without pressure loss over 7 days. The volume of the inner sac was variable between 3.6 and 7.0 L. We designed a filtration and disinfection system for this particular purpose. This system has proven strong disinfection capabilities, effective filtering of metabolic waste, and the ability to avoid phospholipid washout. The presented artificial womb has sufficient volume variability to adapt to the physiologic growth of an extremely preterm neonate over a 4-week period. We regard this as an important step in the development of this bridge-to-life technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Heyer
- Department of Cardiovascular Engineering, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University and University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schubert
- Department of Cardiovascular Engineering, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University and University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander L. Seitz
- Department of Cardiovascular Engineering, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University and University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yannick Steinle
- Department of Cardiovascular Engineering, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University and University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jutta Arens
- Engineering Organ Support Technologies Group, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Thorsten Orlikowsky
- Pediatric Clinic, Neonatology Section, RWTH Aachen University and University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Steinseifer
- Department of Cardiovascular Engineering, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University and University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitz-Rode
- Department of Cardiovascular Engineering, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University and University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian V. Jansen
- Department of Cardiovascular Engineering, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University and University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark Schoberer
- Pediatric Clinic, Neonatology Section, RWTH Aachen University and University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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Saraei N, Dabaghi M, Fusch G, Rochow N, Fusch C, Selvaganapathy PR. Scaled-up Microfluidic Lung Assist Device for Artificial Placenta Application with High Gas Exchange Capacity. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:4612-4625. [PMID: 38904210 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Premature neonates with underdeveloped lungs experience respiratory issues and need respiratory support, such as mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The "artificial placenta" (AP) is a noninvasive approach that supports their lungs and reduces respiratory distress, using a pumpless oxygenator connected to the systemic circulation, and can address some of the morbidity issues associated with ECMO. Over the past decade, microfluidic blood oxygenators have garnered significant interest for their ability to mimic physiological conditions and incorporate innovative biomimetic designs. Achieving sufficient gas transfer at a low enough pressure drop for a pumpless operation without requiring a large volume of blood to prime such an oxygenator has been the main challenge with microfluidic lung assist devices (LAD). In this study, we improved the gas exchange capacity of our microfluidic-based artificial placenta-type LAD while reducing its priming volume by using a modified fabrication process that can accommodate large-area thin film microfluidic blood oxygenator (MBO) fabrication with a very high gas exchange surface. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of a LAD assembled by using these scaled-up MBOs. The LAD based on our artificial placenta concept effectively increases oxygen saturation levels by 30% at a flow rate of 40 mL/min and a pressure drop of 23 mmHg in room air, which is sufficient to support partial oxygenation for 1 kg preterm neonates in respiratory distress. When the gas ambient environment was changed to pure oxygen at atmospheric pressure, the LAD would be able to support premature neonates weighing up to 2 kg. Furthermore, our experiments reveal that the LAD can handle high blood flow rates of up to 150 mL/min and increase oxygen saturation levels by ∼20%, which is equal to an oxygen transfer of 7.48 mL/min in an enriched oxygen environment and among the highest for microfluidic AP type devices. Such performance makes this LAD suitable for providing essential support to 1-2 kg neonates in respiratory distress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Niels Rochow
- Nuremberg Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, University Hospital, Nuremberg 90419, Germany
| | - Christoph Fusch
- Nuremberg Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, University Hospital, Nuremberg 90419, Germany
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7
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Romanis EC, Adkins V. Artificial placentas, pregnancy loss and loss-sensitive care. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2024; 50:299-307. [PMID: 37932017 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2023-109412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we explore how the prospect of artificial placenta technology (nearing clinical trials in human subjects) should encourage further consideration of the loss experienced by individuals when their pregnancy ends unexpectedly. Discussions of pregnancy loss are intertwined with procreative loss, whereby the gestated entity has died when the pregnancy ends. However, we demonstrate how pregnancy loss can and does exist separate to procreative loss in circumstances where the gestated entity survives the premature ending of the pregnancy. In outlining the value that can be attached to pregnancy beyond fetal-centric narratives, we illustrate how pregnancy loss, separate to procreative loss, can be experienced. This loss has already been recognised among parents who have experienced an unexpected early ending of their pregnancy, resulting in their child being cared for in neonatal intensive care unit. Artificial placentas, however, may exacerbate these feelings and make pregnancy loss (without procreative loss) more visible. We argue that pregnancy is an embodied state in which gestation is facilitated by the body but gestation itself should be recognised as a process-and one that could be separable from pregnancy. In demarcating the two, we explore the different ways in which pregnancy loss can be understood. Our objective in this paper goes beyond contributing to our philosophical understanding of pregnancy towards practical-orientated conclusions regarding the care pathways surrounding the artificial placenta. We make recommendations including the need for counselling and careful consideration of the language used when an artificial placenta is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Chloe Romanis
- Centre for Ethics and Law in the Life Sciences, Durham Law School, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Victoria Adkins
- School of Law and Criminology, University of Greenwich, London, UK
- School of Law and Social Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
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8
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Kennedy S. Pregnancy loss in the context of AAPT: speculation over substance? JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2024; 50:314-315. [PMID: 38320849 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2023-109776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kennedy
- Philosophy, Santa Clara University College of Arts and Sciences, Santa Clara, California, USA
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Muhsin SM, Yahya F, Parachottil R, Shaikh S, Chin AHB. Sex Reassignment Surgery, Marriage, and Reproductive Rights of Intersex and Transgender People in Sunni Islam. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:1681-1694. [PMID: 38383942 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02813-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The traditional gender binary constitutes an integral aspect of Islamic social ethics, which has a pivotal role in shaping religious obligations, legal proceedings, and interpersonal judgments within Muslim communities. Within the familial sphere, this gender binary underscores fundamental responsibilities encompassing parenthood, filial duties, and inheritance rights. Recent years have witnessed a growing challenge to the traditional concept of the gender binary within Islamic societies. This shift is driven by increasing social libertarianism that emphasizes gender fluidity and individual choice. Hence, this article aims to critically scrutinize evolving discussions and controversies about the rights of intersex and transgender individuals, particularly issues relating to sex reassignment or gender-affirming surgery, marriage, and reproduction, from the perspective of the Sunni tradition of Islam. To support the various interpretations and insights presented here, a comprehensive and rigorous analysis is carried out on various religious texts and scholarly sources to elucidate the theological and jurisprudential positions on gender issues. It is thus concluded that Shariah offers greater flexibility in the treatment of intersex individuals compared to those with gender dysphoria because the intersex condition is viewed as a physical impairment that is not the choice of the afflicted individual. By contrast, in the case of individuals with gender dysphoria, they are willfully attempting to change their recognized biological sex, that God had naturally given to them at birth. Therefore, it is recommended that such transgender individuals deserve respectful psychological and social rehabilitation with help and guidance from religious authorities, their families, and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayyed Mohamed Muhsin
- Department of Fiqh and Usul Al-Fiqh, AHAS KIRKHS, International Islamic University Malaysia, Gombak, Malaysia
| | - Firdaus Yahya
- Syariah Consultancy Education & Training, Singapore Post Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rasheed Parachottil
- Department of Study of Religion, Darul Huda Islamic University, Chemmad, Kerala, India
| | - Sirajuddin Shaikh
- Department of Study of Religion, Darul Huda Islamic University, Chemmad, Kerala, India
| | - Alexis Heng Boon Chin
- Singapore Fertility and IVF Consultancy Pvt Ltd., 531A Upper Cross Street, #04-95, Hong Lim Complex, Singapore, 051531, Singapore.
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Zhu X, Huang Q, Jiang L, Nguyen VT, Vu T, Devlin G, Shaima J, Wang X, Chen Y, Ma L, Xiang K, Wang E, Rong Q, Zhou Q, Kang Y, Asokan A, Feng L, Hsu SWD, Shen X, Yao J. Longitudinal intravital imaging of mouse placenta. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk1278. [PMID: 38507481 PMCID: PMC10954206 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Studying placental functions is crucial for understanding pregnancy complications. However, imaging placenta is challenging due to its depth, volume, and motion distortions. In this study, we have developed an implantable placenta window in mice that enables high-resolution photoacoustic and fluorescence imaging of placental development throughout the pregnancy. The placenta window exhibits excellent transparency for light and sound. By combining the placenta window with ultrafast functional photoacoustic microscopy, we were able to investigate the placental development during the entire mouse pregnancy, providing unprecedented spatiotemporal details. Consequently, we examined the acute responses of the placenta to alcohol consumption and cardiac arrest, as well as chronic abnormalities in an inflammation model. We have also observed viral gene delivery at the single-cell level and chemical diffusion through the placenta by using fluorescence imaging. Our results demonstrate that intravital imaging through the placenta window can be a powerful tool for studying placenta functions and understanding the placental origins of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710004, China
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Laiming Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Van-Tu Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Tri Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Garth Devlin
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jabbar Shaima
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xiaobei Wang
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Lijun Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Kun Xiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ergang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Qiangzhou Rong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Qifa Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yubin Kang
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Liping Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Shiao-Wen D. Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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11
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Cavolo A, Pizzolato D. Ethical reflections on organizing the first human trial of artificial womb technologies. Prenat Diagn 2024; 44:336-342. [PMID: 38204186 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate how to protect participants in the artificial womb technology (AWT) human trials. METHOD We compared randomized controlled trials and single arm trials to understand which trial design best balances the interests of science and participants. We also compared AWT trials with comparable settings to understand how to protect participants. RESULTS Randomized trials might fail in reaching a sizeable sample, which could pointlessly expose participants to risks. Furthermore, parents who choose to participate in the trial might expect to receive AWT. Failed expectations might distress parents and hinder the therapeutic relationship. The trial is divided into two steps. First, delivery into AWT involves two participants: the mother and the fetus. As AWT requires a C-section, the procedure cannot be carried out without the mother's consent regardless of fetal benefit. Treatment in AWT, involves one participant: the infant. As for any other invasive intervention, the AWT trial should be suspended if harmful. CONCLUSIONS A single arm trial could prevent some of the methodological and ethical challenges of the randomized trials. Moreover, better decisional tools should be developed to help parents decide whether to participate in the AWT trial. For example, using visual aids or showing the AWT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Cavolo
- Institute of Biomedical Ethics and History of Medicine (IBME), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel Pizzolato
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- European Network of Research Ethics Committees, Bonn, Germany
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12
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van Haren JS, Delbressine FLM, Schoberer M, te Pas AB, van Laar JOEH, Oei SG, van der Hout-van der Jagt MB. Transferring an extremely premature infant to an extra-uterine life support system: a prospective view on the obstetric procedure. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1360111. [PMID: 38425664 PMCID: PMC10902175 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1360111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
To improve care for extremely premature infants, the development of an extrauterine environment for newborn development is being researched, known as Artificial Placenta and Artificial Womb (APAW) technology. APAW facilitates extended development in a liquid-filled incubator with oxygen and nutrient supply through an oxygenator connected to the umbilical vessels. This setup is intended to provide the optimal environment for further development, allowing further lung maturation by delaying gas exposure to oxygen. This innovative treatment necessitates interventions in obstetric procedures to transfer an infant from the native to an artificial womb, while preventing fetal-to-neonatal transition. In this narrative review we analyze relevant fetal physiology literature, provide an overview of insights from APAW studies, and identify considerations for the obstetric procedure from the native uterus to an APAW system. Lastly, this review provides suggestions to improve sterility, fetal and maternal well-being, and the prevention of neonatal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette S. van Haren
- Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Mark Schoberer
- Institute for Applied Medical Engineering and Clinic for Neonatology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Arjan B. te Pas
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Judith O. E. H. van Laar
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - S. Guid Oei
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - M. Beatrijs van der Hout-van der Jagt
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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13
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Verrips M, van Haren JS, Oei SG, Moser A, der Hout-van der Jagt MBV. Clinical aspects of umbilical cord cannulation during transfer from the uterus to a liquid-based perinatal life support system for extremely premature infants a qualitative generic study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290659. [PMID: 38127930 PMCID: PMC10734990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A liquid-based perinatal life support system (PLS) for extremely premature infants (born before 28 week of gestational age) envisions a connection between the infant's native umbilical cord and an artificial placenta system through cannulation. This system mimics a natural mothers' womb to achieve better organ maturations. The objective of this study is to gain insight into the clinical focus points of umbilical cord cannulation and how cannulation should be addressed in extremely premature infants during the transfer from the uterus to an in-utero simulating liquid-based PLS system. We performed an explorative qualitative study. Twelve medical specialists with knowledge of vessel cannulation participated. We collected data through twelve interviews and two focus group discussions. Data were analyzed using inductive content and constant comparison analysis via open and axial coding. Results were derived on the following topics: (1) cannulation technique, (2) cannula fixation, (3) local and systemic anticoagulation, and (4) vasospasm. A side-entry technique is preferred as this may decrease wall damage, stabilizes the vessel better and ensures continuous blood flow. Sutures, especially via an automatic microsurgery instrument, are favored above glue, stents, or balloons as these may be firmer and faster. Medication possibilities for both vasospasm and anticoagulation should function locally since there were uncertainties regarding the systemic effects. According to the findings of this research, the needed umbilical cord cannulation method should include minimal wall damage, improved vascular stability, blood flow maintenance, a strong fixation connection, and local anticoagulation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Verrips
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, the Netherlands
| | - J. S van Haren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - S. G Oei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, the Netherlands
| | - A Moser
- Department of Family Practice, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - M. B. Van der Hout-van der Jagt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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14
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van Haren JS, van der Hout-van der Jagt MB, Meijer N, Monincx M, Delbressine FLM, Griffith XLG, Oei SG. Simulation-based development: shaping clinical procedures for extra-uterine life support technology. Adv Simul (Lond) 2023; 8:29. [PMID: 38042828 PMCID: PMC10693037 DOI: 10.1186/s41077-023-00267-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research into Artificial Placenta and Artificial Womb (APAW) technology for extremely premature infants (born < 28 weeks of gestation) is currently being conducted in animal studies and shows promising results. Because of the unprecedented nature of a potential treatment and the high-risk and low incidence of occurrence, translation to the human condition is a complex task. Consequently, the obstetric procedure, the act of transferring the infant from the pregnant woman to the APAW system, has not yet been established for human patients. The use of simulation-based user-centered development allows for a safe environment in which protocols and devices can be conceptualized and tested. Our aim is to use participatory design principles in a simulation context, to gain and integrate the user perspectives in the early design phase of a protocol for this novel procedure. METHODS Simulation protocols and prototypes were developed using an iterative participatory design approach; usability testing, including general and task-specific feedback, was obtained from participants with clinical expertise from a range of disciplines. The procedure made use of fetal and maternal manikins and included animations and protocol task cards. RESULTS Physical simulation with the active participation of clinicians led to the diffusion of tacit knowledge and an iteratively formed shared understanding of the requirements and values that needed to be implemented in the procedure. At each sequel, participant input was translated into simulation protocols and design adjustments. CONCLUSION This work demonstrates that simulation-based participatory design can aid in shaping the future of clinical procedure and product development and rehearsing future implementation with healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S van Haren
- Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Máxima Medisch Centrum, Veldhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - M B van der Hout-van der Jagt
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Máxima Medisch Centrum, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - N Meijer
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Máxima Medisch Centrum, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M Monincx
- Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - F L M Delbressine
- Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - X L G Griffith
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Máxima Medisch Centrum, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - S G Oei
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Máxima Medisch Centrum, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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15
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Kukora SK, Mychaliska GB, Weiss EM. Ethical challenges in first-in-human trials of the artificial placenta and artificial womb: not all technologies are created equally, ethically. J Perinatol 2023; 43:1337-1342. [PMID: 37400494 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-023-01713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Artificial placenta and artificial womb technologies to support extremely premature neonates are advancing toward clinical testing in humans. Currently, no recommendations exist comparing these approaches to guide study design and optimal enrollment eligibility adhering to principles of research ethics. In this paper, we will explore how scientific differences between the artificial placenta and artificial womb approaches create unique ethical challenges to designing first-in-human trials of safety and provide recommendations to guide ethical study design for initial human translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Kukora
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA.
- Children's Mercy Bioethics Center, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - George B Mychaliska
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment Center, University of Michigan, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Elliott Mark Weiss
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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16
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Flake AW, De Bie FR, Munson DA, Feudtner C. The artificial placenta and EXTEND technologies: one of these things is not like the other. J Perinatol 2023; 43:1343-1348. [PMID: 37393398 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-023-01716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
The so called "Artificial Placenta" and "Artificial Womb" (EXTEND) technologies share a common goal of improving outcomes for extreme premature infants. Beyond that goal, they are very dissimilar and, in our view, differ sufficiently in their technology, intervention strategy, demonstrated physiology, and risk profiles that bundling them together for consideration of the ethical challenges in designing first in human trials is misguided. In this response to the commentary by Kukora and colleagues, we will provide our perspective on these differences, and how they impact ethical clinical study design for first-in-human trials of safety/feasibility, and subsequently efficacy of the two technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan W Flake
- Department of Surgery, Center for Fetal Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Felix R De Bie
- Department of Surgery, Center for Fetal Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David A Munson
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, Universityof Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chris Feudtner
- Department of Medical Ethics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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17
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Shah NR, Mychaliska GB. The new frontier in ECLS: Artificial placenta and artificial womb for premature infants. Semin Pediatr Surg 2023; 32:151336. [PMID: 37866171 DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2023.151336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Outcomes for extremely low gestational age newborns (ELGANs), defined as <28 weeks estimated gestational age (EGA), remain disproportionately poor. A radical paradigm shift in the treatment of prematurity is to recreate the fetal environment with extracorporeal support and provide an environment for organ maturation using an extracorporeal VV-ECLS artificial placenta (AP) or an AV-ECLS artificial womb (AW). In this article, we will review clinical indications, current approaches in development, ongoing challenges, remaining milestones and ethical considerations prior to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil R Shah
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - George B Mychaliska
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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18
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Montanari Vergallo G, Gulino M. Is whole-body gestational donation without explicit consent a valid alternative to surrogate motherhood? An ethical analysis through analogy reasoning and principlist approach. THEORETICAL MEDICINE AND BIOETHICS 2023; 44:387-391. [PMID: 37470913 DOI: 10.1007/s11017-023-09634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Montanari Vergallo
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 336, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Matteo Gulino
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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19
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Serour G, Ghaly M, Saifuddeen SM, Anwar A, Isa NM, Chin AHB. Sunni Islamic perspectives on lab-grown sperm and eggs derived from stem cells - in vitro gametogenesis (IVG). New Bioeth 2023; 29:108-120. [PMID: 36427532 DOI: 10.1080/20502877.2022.2142094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An exciting development in the field of assisted reproductive technologies is In Vitro Gametogenesis (IVG) that enables production of functional gametes from stem cells in the laboratory. Currently, development of this technology is still at an early stage and has demonstrated to work only in rodents. Upon critically examining the ethical dimensions of various possible IVG applications in human fertility treatment from a Sunni Islamic perspective, together with benefit-harm (maslahah-mafsadah) assessment; it is concluded that utilization of IVG, once its efficacy and safety are guaranteed, could be permissible by strictly adhering to Islamic ethical principles related to marriage, biological/genetic relatedness, sexual intercourse, and moral status of the embryo/fetus versus that of the gamete. As a result, IVG will be acceptable for treating primary infertility, age-related infertility, and preventing genetic diseases. However, it will be unacceptable for application in posthumous reproduction, donor gametes, genetic enhancement, and procreation in same-sex couples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Serour
- International Islamic Center for Population Studies and Research, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Ghaly
- Research Center for Islamic Legislation and Ethics (CILE), College of Islamic Studies, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar
| | | | - Ayaz Anwar
- School of Medical & Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Noor Munirah Isa
- Department of Science and Technology Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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20
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Mildenberger E, Wackernagel D, Schuster AK, Fieß A, Winter J. [Changes in neonatal care : Implications for ophthalmological care]. DIE OPHTHALMOLOGIE 2023:10.1007/s00347-023-01874-w. [PMID: 37233804 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-023-01874-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm infants are at risk of characteristic, sometimes life-threatening diseases and development of deficits related to immaturity. In the field of ophthalmology, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and vision impairment reflect structural and functional disturbances in this large group of patients. In high income countries, more and more very immature preterm infants survive into adolescence and adulthood. OBJECTIVE To characterize the impact of an increasing number of surviving individuals born preterm on the provision of ophthalmological care in Germany. MATERIAL AND METHODS A literature search and analysis of key figures and quality indicators published in national health registers were carried out. RESULTS Currently, about 60,000 preterm infants are born in Germany every year. Of these, approximately 3600 extremely immature preterm infants with a gestational age < 28 weeks are treated with a curative approach on neonatal units. The survival rate is around 80%. A rise in the proportion of infants suffering from severe ROP has not been observed in recent years in Germany. The incidences of other structural and functional visual impairments vary between 3% and 25% in high income countries. CONCLUSION The incidence of ROP apparently has not increased in Germany. However, specific peculiarities of the structure and function of the visual system of individuals born preterm have to be taken into account. Approximately 70,000 outpatient check-ups of infants and toddlers, who require both, ophthalmological and developmental neurological expertise, are estimated for Germany each year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mildenberger
- Sektion Neonatologie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsmedizin, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland.
| | - Dirk Wackernagel
- Sektion Neonatologie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsmedizin, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland
| | - Alexander K Schuster
- Zentrum für ophthalmologische Epidemiologie und Versorgungsforschung, Augenklinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsmedizin, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Deutschland
| | - Achim Fieß
- Zentrum für ophthalmologische Epidemiologie und Versorgungsforschung, Augenklinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsmedizin, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Deutschland
| | - Julia Winter
- Sektion Neonatologie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsmedizin, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland
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21
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De Bie FR, Kim SD, Bose SK, Nathanson P, Partridge EA, Flake AW, Feudtner C. Ethics Considerations Regarding Artificial Womb Technology for the Fetonate. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2023; 23:67-78. [PMID: 35362359 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2022.2048738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the early 1980's, with the clinical advent of in vitro fertilization resulting in so-called "test tube babies," a wide array of ethical considerations and concerns regarding artificial womb technology (AWT) have been described. Recent breakthroughs in the development of extracorporeal neonatal life support by means of AWT have reinitiated ethical interest about this topic with a sense of urgency. Most of the recent ethical literature on the topic, however, pertains not to the more imminent scenario of a physiologically improved method of neonatal care through AWT, but instead to the remote scenario of "complete ectogenesis" that imagines human gestation occurring entirely outside of the womb. This scoping review of the ethical literature on AWT spans from more abstract concerns about complete ectogenesis to more immediate concerns about the soon-to-be-expected clinical life support of what we term the fetal neonate or fetonate. Within an organizing framework of different stages of human gestational development, from conception to the viable premature infant, we discuss both already identified and newly emerging ethical considerations and concerns regarding AWT and the care of the fetonate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sourav K Bose
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics
| | | | | | | | - Chris Feudtner
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
- University of Pennsylvania
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22
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Mercurio MR, Werner KM. Thinking Inside the Bag: Patient Selection, Framing the Ethical Discourse, and the Importance of Terminology in Artificial Womb Technology. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2023; 23:79-82. [PMID: 37130397 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2023.2191056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly M Werner
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons
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23
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Spencer BL, Mychaliska GB. Updates in Neonatal Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and the Artificial Placenta. Clin Perinatol 2022; 49:873-891. [PMID: 36328605 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Extracorporeal life support, initially performed in neonates, is now commonly used for both pediatric and adult patients requiring pulmonary and/or cardiac support. Data suggests the clinical feasibility of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for premature infants (29-33 weeks estimated gestational age [EGA]). For extremely premature infants less than 28 weeks EGA, an artificial placenta has been developed to recreate the fetal environment. This approach is investigational but clinical translation is promising. In this article, we discuss the current state and advances in neonatal and "preemie Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation" and the development of an artificial placenta and its potential use in extremely premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna L Spencer
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - George B Mychaliska
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment Center, University of Michigan Medical School, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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24
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Spencer BL, Mychaliska GB. Milestones for clinical translation of the artificial placenta. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2022; 27:101408. [PMID: 36437184 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2022.101408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in the treatment of prematurity, premature birth results in significant mortality and morbidity. In particular, extremely low gestational age newborns (ELGANs) defined as <28 weeks estimated gestational age (EGA) suffer from disproportionate mortality and morbidity. A radical paradigm shift in the treatment of prematurity is to recreate fetal physiology using an extracorporeal VV-ECLS artificial placenta (AP) or an AV-ECLS artificial womb (AW). Over the past 15 years, tremendous advances have been made in the laboratory confirming long-term support and organ protection and ongoing development. The major milestones to clinical application are miniaturization, anticoagulation, clinical risk stratification, specialized critical care protocols, a regulatory path and a strategy and platform to translate technology to the bedside. Currently, several groups are addressing the remaining milestones for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna L Spencer
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 2101 Taubman Center 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - George B Mychaliska
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment Center, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, 1540 E Hospital Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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25
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Segers S, Romanis EC. Ethical, Translational, and Legal Issues Surrounding the Novel Adoption of Ectogestative Technologies. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2022; 15:2207-2220. [PMID: 36451704 PMCID: PMC9704017 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s358553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing numbers of research teams are investigating the feasibility of developing artificial amnion and placenta technology (AAPT), commonly referred to as "artificial womb technology". This technology, aimed at supporting ex vivo gestation, has not yet been tested in humans, but it has been stated that we are closer to clinical application than ever before as breakthroughs in animal studies demonstrate good proof of principle. With these proof-of-concept models, further dissemination of AAPT as a research modality is expected. In this review article, we consider the ethical implications of the most imminent anticipated applications for AAPT. We focus specifically on the specific ethical complications regarding the improvements this technology may offer to conventional neonatal intensive care, its potential utility in facilitating prenatal interventions, and some of the broader socio-legal implications such as the debates about abortion access and reproductive and gestational choices. We discuss translational and societal questions when it comes to designing and developing this technology, like commitments to value-sensitive design, along with an examination of the legal and moral status of the entity gestating ex utero, which will be relevant for how it ought to be treated in the context of these various applications. From these perspectives, this review identifies the ethical questions that we believe to be most pressing in the development and potential introduction of AAPT, with due attention to their manifestation as translational and legal issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppe Segers
- Department of Health, Ethics, and Society, Research Institutes GROW and CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth Chloe Romanis
- Edmond & Lily Safra Center for Ethics and Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology and Bioethics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Centre for Law and Ethics in the Life Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
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26
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De Bie FR, Avitabile CM, Joyeux L, Hedrick HL, Russo FM, Basurto D, Deprest J, Rintoul NE. Neonatal and fetal therapy of congenital diaphragmatic hernia-related pulmonary hypertension. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2022; 107:458-466. [PMID: 34952853 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2021-322617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a complex malformation characterised by a triad of pulmonary hypoplasia, pulmonary hypertension (PH) and cardiac ventricular dysfunction. Much of the mortality and morbidity in CDH is largely accounted for by PH, especially when persistent beyond the neonatal period and refractory to available treatment. Gentle ventilation, haemodynamic optimisation and pulmonary vasodilation constitute the foundations of neonatal treatment of CDH-related PH (CDH-PH). Moreover, early prenatal diagnosis, the ability to assess severity and the developmental nature of the condition generate the perfect rationale for fetal therapy. Shortcomings of currently available clinical therapies in combination with increased understanding of CDH pathophysiology have spurred experimental drug trials, exploring new therapeutic mechanisms to tackle CDH-PH. We herein discuss clinically available neonatal and fetal therapies specifically targeting CDH-PH and review the most promising experimental treatments and future research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix R De Bie
- Department of Pediatric General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA .,My FetUZ, Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Catherine M Avitabile
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Luc Joyeux
- My FetUZ, Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Holly L Hedrick
- Department of Pediatric General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Francesca M Russo
- My FetUZ, Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, KU Leuven University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - David Basurto
- My FetUZ, Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Jan Deprest
- My FetUZ, Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division Woman and Child, Fetal Medicine Unit, KU Leuven University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Natalie E Rintoul
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal Intensive Care, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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27
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Charest-Pekeski AJ, Cho SKS, Aujla T, Sun L, Floh AA, McVey MJ, Sheta A, Estrada M, Crawford-Lean L, Foreman C, Mroczek D, Belik J, Saini BS, Lim JM, Moir OJ, Lee FT, Quinn M, Darby JRT, Seed M, Morrison JL, Haller C. Impact of the Addition of a Centrifugal Pump in a Preterm Miniature Pig Model of the Artificial Placenta. Front Physiol 2022; 13:925772. [PMID: 35941934 PMCID: PMC9356302 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.925772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent demonstration of normal development of preterm sheep in an artificial extrauterine environment has renewed interest in artificial placenta (AP) systems as a potential treatment strategy for extremely preterm human infants. However, the feasibility of translating this technology to the human preterm infant remains unknown. Here we report the support of 13 preterm fetal pigs delivered at 102 ± 4 days (d) gestation, weighing 616 ± 139 g with a circuit consisting of an oxygenator and a centrifugal pump, comparing these results with our previously reported pumpless circuit (n = 12; 98 ± 4 days; 743 ± 350 g). The umbilical vessels were cannulated, and fetuses were supported for 46.4 ± 46.8 h using the pumped AP versus 11 ± 13 h on the pumpless AP circuit. Upon initiation of AP support on the pumped system, we observed supraphysiologic circuit flows, tachycardia, and hypertension, while animals maintained on a pumpless AP circuit exhibited subphysiologic flows. On the pumped AP circuit, there was a progressive decline in umbilical vein (UV) flow and oxygen delivery. We conclude that the addition of a centrifugal pump to the AP circuit improves survival of preterm pigs by augmenting UV flow through the reduction of right ventricular afterload. However, we continued to observe the development of heart failure within a matter of days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Charest-Pekeski
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven K. S. Cho
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tanroop Aujla
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Liqun Sun
- Division of Cardiology, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alejandro A. Floh
- Division of Cardiology, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark J. McVey
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ayman Sheta
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marvin Estrada
- Lab Animal Services, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lynn Crawford-Lean
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Celeste Foreman
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dariusz Mroczek
- Division of Cardiology, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jaques Belik
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brahmdeep S. Saini
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jessie Mei Lim
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Olivia J. Moir
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fu-Tsuen Lee
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Megan Quinn
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jack R. T. Darby
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mike Seed
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Janna L. Morrison
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christoph Haller
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Christoph Haller,
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28
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Donoho DA, Syed HR. Fetal Neurosurgical Interventions for Spinal Malformations, Cerebral Malformations, and Hydrocephalus: Past, Present, and Future. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2022; 42:100964. [PMID: 35868731 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2022.100964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this article we review the last 40 years of progress in fetal neurosurgery with special attention to current controversies and upcoming challenges in the field. We surveyed the published literature describing prenatal interventions for spinal malformations, cerebral malformations, and hydrocephalus. Even the most mature treatment paradigm, intrauterine repair of myelomeningocele, stands to benefit from advances in imaging and therapeutic modalities to improve patient selection, refine surgical techniques, validate novel biologic therapies, and streamline postoperative patient care. Other conditions under evaluation include congenital cerebral malformations, such as encephalocele, cerebrovascular malformations, and hydrocephalus. We describe cross-cutting needs for advances in fetal neuroimaging, basic disease models and new therapeutic devices to support further progress across various neurosurgical conditions affecting patients during the fetal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Donoho
- Division of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroscience, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC; Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Arlington, VA; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Hasan R Syed
- Division of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroscience, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC; Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Arlington, VA; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, DC.
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29
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Malloy MH, Wang LK. The limits of viability of extremely preterm infants. Proc AMIA Symp 2022; 35:731-735. [DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2022.2071073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Malloy
- John P. McGovern Chair in Oslerian Education, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Leonard K. Wang
- John P. McGovern Chair in Oslerian Education, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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30
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Abstract
Despite improvements in survival over the past few decades, pulmonary immaturity and the use of mechanical ventilation have stunted reduction in short- and long-term morbidities for infants at the borderline of viability (22-24 weeks of gestation). It has long been suspected that the use of an artificial womb or artificial placenta to preserve native fetal physiology and maintain fluid- rather than air-filled lungs would help to improve outcomes for these infants. As such, several institutions have ongoing efforts to develop this technology, bringing the field of neonatology within sight of clinical trials. Prior to use in humans, several important ethical issues should be considered and discussed, including the moral status of these patients and the term used to describe them, whether neonate, fetus, or another term entirely. These determinations will guide when it is appropriate to use the technology and when it is permissible to withdraw this support, as well as how to ascribe parental rights and the legal status of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Werner
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, USA.
| | - Mark R Mercurio
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, USA; Program for Biomedical Ethics, Yale University School of Medicine, USA
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31
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van der Hout-van der Jagt MB, Verweij EJT, Andriessen P, de Boode WP, Bos AF, Delbressine FLM, Eggink AJ, Erwich JJHM, Feijs LMG, Groenendaal F, Kramer BWW, Lely AT, Loop RFAM, Neukamp F, Onland W, Oudijk MA, te Pas AB, Reiss IKM, Schoberer M, Scholten RR, Spaanderman MEA, van der Ven M, Vermeulen MJ, van de Vosse FN, Oei SG. Interprofessional Consensus Regarding Design Requirements for Liquid-Based Perinatal Life Support (PLS) Technology. Front Pediatr 2022; 9:793531. [PMID: 35127593 PMCID: PMC8809135 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.793531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid-based perinatal life support (PLS) technology will probably be applied in a first-in-human study within the next decade. Research and development of PLS technology should not only address technical issues, but also consider socio-ethical and legal aspects, its application area, and the corresponding design implications. This paper represents the consensus opinion of a group of healthcare professionals, designers, ethicists, researchers and patient representatives, who have expertise in tertiary obstetric and neonatal care, bio-ethics, experimental perinatal animal models for physiologic research, biomedical modeling, monitoring, and design. The aim of this paper is to provide a framework for research and development of PLS technology. These requirements are considering the possible respective user perspectives, with the aim to co-create a PLS system that facilitates physiological growth and development for extremely preterm born infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Beatrijs van der Hout-van der Jagt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - E. J. T. Verweij
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Fetal Therapy, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Peter Andriessen
- Department of Neonatology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Medical Physics and Engineering Eindhoven, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Willem P. de Boode
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Perinatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Arend F. Bos
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Frank L. M. Delbressine
- Department of Industrial Design Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Alex J. Eggink
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan Jaap H. M. Erwich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Loe M. G. Feijs
- Department of Industrial Design Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Floris Groenendaal
- Department of Neonatology, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Boris W. W. Kramer
- Department of Neonatology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - A. Titia Lely
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rachel F. A. M. Loop
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Industrial Design Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Franziska Neukamp
- Institute for Applied Medical Engineering and Clinic for Neonatology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wes Onland
- Department of Neonatology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martijn A. Oudijk
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arjan B. te Pas
- Department of Neonatology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Irwin K. M. Reiss
- Department of Neonatology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark Schoberer
- Institute for Applied Medical Engineering and Clinic for Neonatology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralph R. Scholten
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marc E. A. Spaanderman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Myrthe van der Ven
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Marijn J. Vermeulen
- Department of Neonatology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Care4Neo Foundation, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frans N. van de Vosse
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - S. Guid Oei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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32
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Ivell R, Anand-Ivell R. The Physiology of Reproduction - Quo vadis? Front Physiol 2021; 12:650550. [PMID: 33859571 PMCID: PMC8042151 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.650550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The reproductive system in males and females reflects a highly dynamic underlying physiology. Yet our current understanding of this system is still largely based upon relatively simplistic snapshots of individual component cells and tissues. Gamete production as well as gonadal hormone synthesis and its influence are the manifestations of dynamic and redundant informational networks and processes, whose qualitative and quantitative dimensions, especially through development from embryo through puberty and adulthood into ageing, are still largely uncharted. Whilst the recent huge advances in molecular science have helped to describe the components of the reproductive system in ever greater detail, how these interact and function in space and time dimensions is still largely obscure. Recent developments in microfluidics, stem cell biology, and the integration of single-cell transcriptomics with tissue dynamics are offering possible methodological solutions to this issue. Such knowledge is essential if we are to understand not only the normal healthy functioning of this system, but also how and why it is affected in disease or by external impacts such as those from environmental endocrine disruptors, or in ageing. Moreover, operating within a complex network of other physiological systems, its integrational capacity is much more than the generation of male and female gametes and their roles in fertility and infertility; rather, it represents the underpinning support for health and well-being across the lifespan, through pregnancy, puberty, and adulthood, into old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ivell
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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33
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Sarnacki S. Pediatric surgery is academic by essence: The French perspective. Semin Pediatr Surg 2021; 30:151022. [PMID: 33648706 DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2021.151022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This article offers a personal view on academic pediatric surgery from France. The author shares reflections and looks to the future of the speciality with the desire to encourage and embrace research and innovation. National and international collaboration is emphasized. Surgeons must seize these opportunities to become the next generation of academic pediatric surgeons in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Sarnacki
- Head of the Department of Paediatric Surgery and Urology, Université de Paris, Hôpital Necker- Enfants Malades, France. President of the French Society of Paediatric Surgery, Chair of the French Reference Network for Rare Disease Neurosphinx, Chair of the surgeon specialty subcommittee of SIOPEN, Member of the SIOPEN EC..
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34
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Cavallaro G, Di Nardo M, Hoskote A, Tibboel D. Editorial: Neonatal ECMO in 2019: Where Are We Now? Where Next? Front Pediatr 2021; 9:796670. [PMID: 35059363 PMCID: PMC8764394 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.796670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Cavallaro
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Di Nardo
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Aparna Hoskote
- Cardiorespiratory and Critical Care Division, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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35
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Verweij EJ, De Proost L, van Laar JOEH, Frank L, Obermann-Borstn SA, Vermeulen MJ, van Baalen S, van der Hout-van der Jagt MB, Kingma E. Ethical Development of Artificial Amniotic Sac and Placenta Technology: A Roadmap. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:793308. [PMID: 34956991 PMCID: PMC8694243 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.793308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we present an initial roadmap for the ethical development and eventual implementation of artificial amniotic sac and placenta technology in clinical practice. We consider four elements of attention: (1) framing and societal dialogue; (2) value sensitive design, (3) research ethics and (4) ethical and legal research resulting in the development of an adequate moral and legal framework. Attention to all elements is a necessary requirement for ethically responsible development of this technology. The first element concerns the importance of framing and societal dialogue. This should involve all relevant stakeholders as well as the general public. We also identify the need to consider carefully the use of terminology and how this influences the understanding of the technology. Second, we elaborate on value sensitive design: the technology should be designed based upon the principles and values that emerge in the first step: societal dialogue. Third, research ethics deserves attention: for proceeding with first-in-human research with the technology, the process of recruiting and counseling eventual study participants and assuring their informed consent deserves careful attention. Fourth, ethical and legal research should concern the status of the subject in the AAPT. An eventual robust moral and legal framework for developing and implementing the technology in a research setting should combine all previous elements. With this roadmap, we emphasize the importance of stakeholder engagement throughout the process of developing and implementing the technology; this will contribute to ethically and responsibly innovating health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Verweij
- Division of Fetal Therapy, Department of Obstetrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lien De Proost
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Neonatology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Ethics, Philosophy and History of Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Judith O E H van Laar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, Netherlands.,Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Lily Frank
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Marijn J Vermeulen
- Department of Neonatology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Care4Neo, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - M Beatrijs van der Hout-van der Jagt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, Netherlands.,Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Elselijn Kingma
- Department of Philosophy, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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