1
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Rauniyar N, Khetani J, Han X. Comparative analysis of Herceptin N-Linked glycosylation by HILIC-FLD and LC-MS/MS methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 244:116123. [PMID: 38554555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies like Herceptin play a pivotal role in modern therapeutics, with their glycosylation patterns significantly influencing their bioactivity. To characterize the N-glycan profile and their relative abundance in Herceptin, we employed two analytical methods: hydrophilic interaction chromatography with fluorescence detection (HILIC-FLD) for released glycans and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for glycopeptides. Our analysis included 21 European Union (EU)-Herceptin lots and 14 United States (US)-Herceptin lots. HILIC-FLD detected 25 glycan species, including positional isomers, revealing comparable chromatographic profiles for both EU and US lots. On the other hand, LC-MS/MS identified 26 glycoforms within the glycopeptide EEQYNSTYR. Both methods showed that a subset of glycans dominated the total abundance. Notably, EU-Herceptin lots with an expiration date of October 2022 exhibited increased levels of afucosylated and high mannose N-glycans. Our statistical comparisons showed that the difference in quantitative results between HILIC-FLD and LC-MS/MS is significant, indicating that the absolute quantitative values depend on the choice of the analytical method. However, despite these differences, both methods demonstrated a strong correlation in relative glycan proportions. This study contributes to the comprehensive analysis of Herceptin's glycosylation, offering insights into the influence of analytical methods on glycan quantification and providing valuable information for the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Rauniyar
- Tanvex BioPharma USA, Inc, 10394 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Joy Khetani
- Tanvex BioPharma USA, Inc, 10394 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Xuemei Han
- Tanvex BioPharma USA, Inc, 10394 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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2
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Helali Y, Delporte C. Updates of the current strategies of labeling for N-glycan analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1237:124068. [PMID: 38484674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
This mini review summarizes the current methods used for screening N-glycosylation of glycoproteins, with a specific focus on therapeutic proteins and on techniques involving the release of N-glycans. With the continuous development of biopharmaceuticals, particularly monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which are N-glycosylated proteins, monitoring has gained importance in recent decades. Glycosylation of therapeutic glycoproteins is considered a critical quality attribute because it can impact the efficacy and safety of these therapeutic drugs. The protocols and instrumentation have evolved with the advancement of technologies. Nowadays, methods are becoming increasingly robust, rapid, and sensitive. For the release of N-glycans, the most commonly used method is enzymatic release using PNGase F. The latter is discussed in light of the advent of rapid release that is now possible. The strategy for separating N-glycans using either liquid chromatography (LC) with hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) chemistry or capillary electrophoresis will be discussed. The selection of the labeling agent is a crucial step in sample preparation for the analysis of released N-glycans. This review also discusses labeling agents that are compatible with and dependent on the separation and detection techniques employed. The emergence of multiplex labeling agents is also summarized. The latter enables the analysis of multiple samples in a single run, but it requires MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Helali
- RD3-Pharmacognosis, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit & Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy (APFP), Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cédric Delporte
- RD3-Pharmacognosis, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit & Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy (APFP), Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
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3
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Sun L, Kallolimath S, Palt R, Eminger F, Strasser R, Steinkellner H. Codon optimization regulates IgG3 and IgM expression and glycosylation in N. benthamiana. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1320586. [PMID: 38125307 PMCID: PMC10731585 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1320586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are being increasingly recognized for the production of complex human proteins, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Various methods have been applied to boost recombinant expression, with DNA codon usage being an important approach. Here, we transiently expressed three complex human mAbs in Nicotiana benthamiana, namely one IgG3 and two IgM directed against SARS-CoV-2 as codon optimized(CO) and non-codon optimized (NCO) variants. qRT-PCR exhibited significantly increased mRNA levels of all CO variants compared to the non-codon optimized orthologues, in line with increased protein expression. Purified CO and NCO mAbs did not exhibit obvious biochemical differences, as determined by SDS-PAGE and antigen binding activities. By contrast, enhanced production selectively impacts on glycosite occupancy and N-glycan processing, with increased mannosidic structures. The results point to a careful monitoring of recombinant proteins upon enhancing expression. Especially if it comes to therapeutic application even subtle modifications might alter product efficacy or increase immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Strasser R. Plant glycoengineering for designing next-generation vaccines and therapeutic proteins. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108197. [PMID: 37315875 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation has a huge impact on biological processes in all domains of life. The type of glycan present on a recombinant glycoprotein depends on protein intrinsic features and the glycosylation repertoire of the cell type used for expression. Glycoengineering approaches are used to eliminate unwanted glycan modifications and to facilitate the coordinated expression of glycosylation enzymes or whole metabolic pathways to furnish glycans with distinct modifications. The formation of tailored glycans enables structure-function studies and optimization of therapeutic proteins used in different applications. While recombinant proteins or proteins from natural sources can be in vitro glycoengineered using glycosyltransferases or chemoenzymatic synthesis, many approaches use genetic engineering involving the elimination of endogenous genes and introduction of heterologous genes to cell-based production systems. Plant glycoengineering enables the in planta production of recombinant glycoproteins with human or animal-type glycans that resemble natural glycosylation or contain novel glycan structures. This review summarizes key achievements in glycoengineering of plants and highlights current developments aiming to make plants more suitable for the production of a diverse range of recombinant glycoproteins for innovative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Strasser
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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5
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García-Alija M, van Moer B, Sastre DE, Azzam T, Du JJ, Trastoy B, Callewaert N, Sundberg EJ, Guerin ME. Modulating antibody effector functions by Fc glycoengineering. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108201. [PMID: 37336296 PMCID: PMC11027751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Antibody based drugs, including IgG monoclonal antibodies, are an expanding class of therapeutics widely employed to treat cancer, autoimmune and infectious diseases. IgG antibodies have a conserved N-glycosylation site at Asn297 that bears complex type N-glycans which, along with other less conserved N- and O-glycosylation sites, fine-tune effector functions, complement activation, and half-life of antibodies. Fucosylation, galactosylation, sialylation, bisection and mannosylation all generate glycoforms that interact in a specific manner with different cellular antibody receptors and are linked to a distinct functional profile. Antibodies, including those employed in clinical settings, are generated with a mixture of glycoforms attached to them, which has an impact on their efficacy, stability and effector functions. It is therefore of great interest to produce antibodies containing only tailored glycoforms with specific effects associated with them. To this end, several antibody engineering strategies have been developed, including the usage of engineered mammalian cell lines, in vitro and in vivo glycoengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel García-Alija
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia 48903, Spain
| | - Berre van Moer
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Zwijnaarde, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
| | - Diego E Sastre
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tala Azzam
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jonathan J Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Beatriz Trastoy
- Structural Glycoimmunology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, 48903, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Nico Callewaert
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Zwijnaarde, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium.
| | - Eric J Sundberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Marcelo E Guerin
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia 48903, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.
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6
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Beihammer G, König-Beihammer J, Kogelmann B, Ruocco V, Grünwald-Gruber C, D’Aoust MA, Lavoie PO, Saxena P, Gach JS, Steinkellner H, Strasser R. An oligosaccharyltransferase from Leishmania donovani increases the N-glycan occupancy on plant-produced IgG1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1233666. [PMID: 37615026 PMCID: PMC10442823 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1233666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
N-Glycosylation of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) at the heavy chain Fc domain (Asn297) plays an important role for antibody structure and effector functions. While numerous recombinant IgG1 antibodies have been successfully expressed in plants, they frequently display a considerable amount (up to 50%) of unglycosylated Fc domain. To overcome this limitation, we tested a single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase from the protozoan Leishmania donovani (LdOST) for its ability to improve IgG1 Fc glycosylation. LdOST fused to a fluorescent protein was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and confocal microscopy confirmed the subcellular location at the endoplasmic reticulum. Transient co-expression of LdOST with two different IgG1 antibodies resulted in a significant increase (up to 97%) of Fc glycosylation while leaving the overall N-glycan composition unmodified, as determined by different mass spectrometry approaches. While biochemical and functional features of "glycosylation improved" antibodies remained unchanged, a slight increase in FcγRIIIa binding and thermal stability was observed. Collectively, our results reveal that LdOST expression is suitable to reduce the heterogeneity of plant-produced antibodies and can contribute to improving their stability and effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Beihammer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia König-Beihammer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Kogelmann
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentina Ruocco
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Johannes S. Gach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Kallolimath S, Palt R, Föderl-Höbenreich E, Sun L, Chen Q, Pruckner F, Eidenberger L, Strasser R, Zatloukal K, Steinkellner H. Glyco engineered pentameric SARS-CoV-2 IgMs show superior activities compared to IgG1 orthologues. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1147960. [PMID: 37359564 PMCID: PMC10285447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the largest antibody isotype with unique features like extensive glycosylation and oligomerization. Major hurdles in characterizing its properties are difficulties in the production of well-defined multimers. Here we report the expression of two SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in glycoengineered plants. Isotype switch from IgG1 to IgM resulted in the production of IgMs, composed of 21 human protein subunits correctly assembled into pentamers. All four recombinant monoclonal antibodies carried a highly reproducible human-type N-glycosylation profile, with a single dominant N-glycan species at each glycosite. Both pentameric IgMs exhibited increased antigen binding and virus neutralization potency, up to 390-fold, compared to the parental IgG1. Collectively, the results may impact on the future design of vaccines, diagnostics and antibody-based therapies and emphasize the versatile use of plants for the expression of highly complex human proteins with targeted posttranslational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somanath Kallolimath
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman Palt
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Lin Sun
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Florian Pruckner
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Eidenberger
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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8
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van der Burgt Y, Wuhrer M. The role of clinical glyco(proteo)mics in precision medicine. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023:100565. [PMID: 37169080 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoproteomics reveals site-specific O- and N-glycosylation that may influence protein properties including binding, activity and half-life. The increasingly mature toolbox with glycomic- and glycoproteomic strategies is applied for the development of biopharmaceuticals and discovery and clinical evaluation of glycobiomarkers in various disease fields. Notwithstanding the contributions of glycoscience in identifying new drug targets, the current report is focused on the biomarker modality that is of interest for diagnostic and monitoring purposes. To this end it is noted that the identification of biomarkers has received more attention than corresponding quantification. Most analytical methods are very efficient in detecting large numbers of analytes but developments to accurately quantify these have so far been limited. In this perspective a parallel is made with earlier proposed tiers for protein quantification using mass spectrometry. Moreover, the foreseen reporting of multimarker readouts is discussed to describe an individual's health or disease state and their role in clinical decision-making. The potential of longitudinal sampling and monitoring of glycomic features for diagnosis and treatment monitoring is emphasized. Finally, different strategies that address quantification of a multimarker panel will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri van der Burgt
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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9
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Seo Y, Park J, Lee HJ, Kim M, Kang I, Son J, Oh MK, Min H. Development and validation of a method for analyzing the sialylated glycopeptides of recombinant erythropoietin in urine using LC-HRMS. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3860. [PMID: 36890204 PMCID: PMC9995342 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone that stimulates red blood cell production. It is produced naturally in the body and is used to treat patients with anemia. Recombinant EPO (rEPO) is used illicitly in sports to improve performance by increasing the blood's capacity to carry oxygen. The World Anti-Doping Agency has therefore prohibited the use of rEPO. In this study, we developed a bottom-up mass spectrometric method for profiling the site-specific N-glycosylation of rEPO. We revealed that intact glycopeptides have a site-specific tetra-sialic glycan structure. Using this structure as an exogenous marker, we developed a method for use in doping studies. The profiling of rEPO N-glycopeptides revealed the presence of tri- and tetra-sialylated N-glycopeptides. By selecting a peptide with a tetra-sialic acid structure as the target, its limit of detection (LOD) was estimated to be < 500 pg/mL. Furthermore, we confirmed the detection of the target rEPO glycopeptide using three other rEPO products. We additionally validated the linearity, carryover, selectivity, matrix effect, LOD, and intraday precision of this method. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a doping analysis using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based detection of the rEPO glycopeptide with a tetra-sialic acid structure in human urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoondam Seo
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Park
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Kim
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Inseon Kang
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Son
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hophil Min
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Kim A, Kim J, Park CS, Jin M, Kang M, Moon C, Kim M, Kim J, Yang S, Jang L, Jang JY, Kim HH. Peptide-N-glycosidase F or A treatment and procainamide-labeling for identification and quantification of N-glycans in two types of mammalian glycoproteins using UPLC and LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1214:123538. [PMID: 36493594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-glycans in glycoproteins can affect physicochemical properties of proteins; however, some reported N-glycan structures are inconsistent depending on the type of glycoprotein or the preparation methods. OBJECTIVE To obtain consistent results for qualitative and quantitative analyses of N-glycans, N-glycans obtained by different preparation methods were compared for two types of mammalian glycoproteins. METHODS N-glycans are released by peptide-N-glycosidase F (PF) or A (PA) from two model mammalian glycoproteins, bovine fetuin (with three glycosylation sites) and human IgG (with a single glycosylation site), and labeled with a fluorescent tag [2-aminobenzamide (AB) or procainamide (ProA)]. The structure and quantity of each N-glycan were determined using UPLC and LC-MS/MS. RESULTS The 21 N-glycans in fetuin and another 21 N-glycans in IgG by either PF-ProA or PA-ProA were identified using LC-MS/MS. The N-glycans in fetuin (8-13 N-glycans were previously reported) and in IgG (19 N-glycans were previously reported), which could not be identified by using the widely used PF-AB, were all identified by using PF-ProA or PA-ProA. The quantities (%) of the N-glycans (>0.1 %) relative to the total amount of N-glycans (100 %) obtained by AB- and ProA-labeling using LC-MS/MS had a similar tendency. However, the absolute quantities (pmol) of the N-glycans estimated using UPLC and LC-MS/MS were more efficiently determined with ProA-labeling than with AB-labeling. Thus, PF-ProA or PA-ProA allows for more effective identification and quantification of N-glycans than PF-AB in glycoprotein, particularly bovine fetuin. This study is the first comparative analysis for the identification and relative and absolute quantification of N-glycans in glycoproteins with PF-ProA and PA-ProA using UPLC and LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahyeon Kim
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongeun Kim
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Soo Park
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijung Jin
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Kang
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulmin Moon
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Mirae Kim
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Yang
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Leeseul Jang
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Jang
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Hyung Kim
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Hatfield G, Tepliakova L, Tran J, Lu H, Gilbert M, Tam RY. Bivalent non-human gal-α1-3-gal glycan epitopes in the Fc region of a monoclonal antibody model can be recognized by anti-Gal-α1-3-Gal IgE antibodies. MAbs 2023; 15:2239405. [PMID: 37497986 PMCID: PMC10376915 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2239405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) production using non-human cells can introduce non-human glycan epitopes including terminal galactosyl-α1-3-galactose (α1-3-Gal) moieties. Cetuximab is a commercial mAb associated with causing anaphylaxis in some patients due to the binding of endogenous anti-α1-3-Gal IgE to the Fab (containing bi-α1-3-galactosylated glycans) but not to the Fc region (containing mono-α1-3-galactosylated glycans). Despite being low in abundance in typical commercial mAbs, the inherent sensitivity of cell culture conditions on glycosylation profiles, and the development of novel glycoengineering strategies, novel antibody-based modalities, and biosimilars by various manufacturers with varying procedures, necessitates a better understanding of the structural requirements for anti-α1-3-Gal IgE binding to the Fc region. Herein, we synthesized mAb glycoforms with varying degrees and regioisomers of α1-3-galactosylation and tested their binding to two commercial anti-α1-3-Gal human IgE antibodies derived from a human patient with allergies to red meat (comprising α1-3-Gal epitopes), as well as to the FcγRIIIA receptor. Our results demonstrate that unexpectedly, anti-α1-3-Gal human IgE antibodies can bind to Fc glycans, with bi-α1-3-galactosylation being the most important factor, highlighting that their presence in the Fc region may be considered as a potential critical quality attribute, particularly when using novel platforms in mAb-based biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grayson Hatfield
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lioudmila Tepliakova
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Tran
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Huixin Lu
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michel Gilbert
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roger Y. Tam
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Abstract
The proper glycosylation of glycoproteins is important for their structure and function. This is an especially important consideration when choosing a platform to express recombinant glycoproteins destined for therapeutic use. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been the choice expression platform for their ability to produce recombinant glycoproteins with glycosylation profiles similar to those observed in humans. However, consistency with glycosylation has been noted as problematic, and sialylation, an important modification in human glycoproteins, has not been achieved to an acceptable degree in CHO cells. Plant biotechnology and glycoengineering has now made it possible to produce therapeutic recombinant glycoproteins in plants with glycosylation profiles observed in humans, including sialylation. Furthermore, the glycosylation profiles of recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins produced in plants are homogenous and consistently reproducible. Here, entirely via transient expression, two therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are produced in glycoengineered Nicotiana benthamiana plants that carry human glycosylation profiles including sialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Esqueda
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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13
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Lageveen‐Kammeijer GSM, Kuster B, Reusch D, Wuhrer M. High sensitivity glycomics in biomedicine. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:1014-1039. [PMID: 34494287 PMCID: PMC9788051 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Many analytical challenges in biomedicine arise from the generally high heterogeneity and complexity of glycan- and glycoconjugate-containing samples, which are often only available in minute amounts. Therefore, highly sensitive workflows and detection methods are required. In this review mass spectrometric workflows and detection methods are evaluated for glycans and glycoproteins. Furthermore, glycomic methodologies and innovations that are tailored for enzymatic treatments, chemical derivatization, purification, separation, and detection at high sensitivity are highlighted. The discussion is focused on the analysis of mammalian N-linked and GalNAc-type O-linked glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Chair for Proteomics and BioanalyticsTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development EuropeRoche Diagnostics GmbHPenzbergGermany
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Leiden University Medical CenterCenter for Proteomics and MetabolomicsLeidenThe Netherlands
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14
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Trbojević-Akmačić I, Lageveen-Kammeijer GSM, Heijs B, Petrović T, Deriš H, Wuhrer M, Lauc G. High-Throughput Glycomic Methods. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15865-15913. [PMID: 35797639 PMCID: PMC9614987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycomics aims to identify the structure and function of the glycome, the complete set of oligosaccharides (glycans), produced in a given cell or organism, as well as to identify genes and other factors that govern glycosylation. This challenging endeavor requires highly robust, sensitive, and potentially automatable analytical technologies for the analysis of hundreds or thousands of glycomes in a timely manner (termed high-throughput glycomics). This review provides a historic overview as well as highlights recent developments and challenges of glycomic profiling by the most prominent high-throughput glycomic approaches, with N-glycosylation analysis as the focal point. It describes the current state-of-the-art regarding levels of characterization and most widely used technologies, selected applications of high-throughput glycomics in deciphering glycosylation process in healthy and disease states, as well as future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bram Heijs
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tea Petrović
- Genos,
Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83H, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Helena Deriš
- Genos,
Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83H, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos,
Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83H, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University
of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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15
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Wang Q, Wang T, Wu WW, Lin CY, Yang S, Yang G, Jankowska E, Hu Y, Shen RF, Betenbaugh MJ, Cipollo JF. Comprehensive N- and O-Glycoproteomic Analysis of Multiple Chinese Hamster Ovary Host Cell Lines. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:2341-2355. [PMID: 36129246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteomic analysis of three Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) suspension host cell lines (CHO-K1, CHO-S, and CHO-Pro5) commonly utilized in biopharmaceutical settings for recombinant protein production is reported. Intracellular and secreted glycoproteins were examined. We utilized an immobilization and chemoenzymatic strategy in our analysis. Glycoproteins or glycopeptides were first immobilized through reductive amination, and the sialyl moieties were amidated for protection. The desired N- or O-glycans and glycopeptides were released from the immobilization resin by enzymatic or chemical digestion. Glycopeptides were studied by Orbitrap Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS), and the released glycans were analyzed by Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF). Differences were detected in the relative abundances of N- and O-glycopeptide types, their resident and released glycans, and their glycoprotein complexity. Ontogeny analysis revealed key differences in features, such as general metabolic and biosynthetic pathways, including glycosylation systems, as well as distributions in cellular compartments. Host cell lines and subfraction differences were observed in both N- and O-glycan and glycoprotein pools. Differences were observed in sialyl and fucosyl glycan distributions. Key differences were also observed among glycoproteins that are problematic contaminants in recombinant antibody production. The differences revealed in this study should inform the choice of cell lines best suited for a particular bioproduction application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21210, United States
| | - Tiexin Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21210, United States
| | - Wells W Wu
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Chang-Yi Lin
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Shuang Yang
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States.,Center for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Ganglong Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ewa Jankowska
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Yifeng Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21210, United States
| | - Rong-Fong Shen
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21210, United States
| | - John F Cipollo
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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16
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Van Coillie J, Schulz MA, Bentlage AEH, de Haan N, Ye Z, Geerdes DM, van Esch WJE, Hafkenscheid L, Miller RL, Narimatsu Y, Vakhrushev SY, Yang Z, Vidarsson G, Clausen H. Role of N-Glycosylation in FcγRIIIa interaction with IgG. Front Immunol 2022; 13:987151. [PMID: 36189205 PMCID: PMC9524020 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.987151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins G (IgG) and their Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) play important roles in our immune system. The conserved N-glycan in the Fc region of IgG1 impacts interaction of IgG with FcγRs and the resulting effector functions, which has led to the design of antibody therapeutics with greatly improved antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) activities. Studies have suggested that also N-glycosylation of the FcγRIII affects receptor interactions with IgG, but detailed studies of the interaction of IgG1 and FcγRIIIa with distinct N-glycans have been hindered by the natural heterogeneity in N-glycosylation. In this study, we employed comprehensive genetic engineering of the N-glycosylation capacities in mammalian cell lines to express IgG1 and FcγRIIIa with different N-glycan structures to more generally explore the role of N-glycosylation in IgG1:FcγRIIIa binding interactions. We included FcγRIIIa variants of both the 158F and 158V allotypes and investigated the key N-glycan features that affected binding affinity. Our study confirms that afucosylated IgG1 has the highest binding affinity to oligomannose FcγRIIIa, a glycan structure commonly found on Asn162 on FcγRIIIa expressed by NK cells but not monocytes or recombinantly expressed FcγRIIIa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Van Coillie
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Morten A. Schulz
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arthur E. H. Bentlage
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Noortje de Haan
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zilu Ye
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Lise Hafkenscheid
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rebecca L. Miller
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yoshiki Narimatsu
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- GlycoDisplay ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sergey Y. Vakhrushev
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zhang Yang
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- GlycoDisplay ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Samuelsson E, Mirgorodskaya E, Nyström K, Bäckström M, Liljeqvist JÅ, Nordén R. Sialic Acid and Fucose Residues on the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain Modulate IgG Antibody Reactivity. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1883-1893. [PMID: 35980012 PMCID: PMC9469093 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is a conserved domain and a target for neutralizing antibodies. We defined the carbohydrate content of the recombinant RBD produced in different mammalian cells. We found a higher degree of complex-type N-linked glycans, with less sialylation and more fucosylation, when the RBD was produced in human embryonic kidney cells compared to the same protein produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The carbohydrates on the RBD proteins were enzymatically modulated, and the effect on antibody reactivity was evaluated with serum samples from SARS-CoV-2 positive patients. Removal of all carbohydrates diminished antibody reactivity, while removal of only sialic acids or terminal fucoses improved the reactivity. The RBD produced in Lec3.2.8.1-cells, which generate carbohydrate structures devoid of sialic acids and with reduced fucose content, exhibited enhanced antibody reactivity, verifying the importance of these specific monosaccharides. The results can be of importance for the design of future vaccine candidates, indicating that it is possible to enhance the immunogenicity of recombinant viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebba Samuelsson
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 46, Sweden
| | - Ekaterina Mirgorodskaya
- Proteomics
Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 90, Sweden
| | - Kristina Nyström
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 46, Sweden
| | - Malin Bäckström
- Mammalian
Protein Expression Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 90, Sweden
| | - Jan-Åke Liljeqvist
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 46, Sweden
| | - Rickard Nordén
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 46, Sweden,Department
of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden,
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18
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Molnarova K, Cokrtova K, Tomnikova A, Krizek T, Kozlik P. Liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis in glycomic and glycoproteomic analysis. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2022; 153:659-686. [PMID: 35754790 PMCID: PMC9212196 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-022-02938-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most significant and abundant post-translational modifications in cells. Glycomic and glycoproteomic analyses involve the characterization of oligosaccharides (glycans) conjugated to proteins. Glycomic and glycoproteomic analysis is highly challenging because of the large diversity of structures, low abundance, site-specific heterogeneity, and poor ionization efficiency of glycans and glycopeptides in mass spectrometry (MS). MS is a key tool for characterization of glycans and glycopeptides. However, MS alone does not always provide full structural and quantitative information for many reasons, and thus MS is combined with some separation technique. This review focuses on the role of separation techniques used in glycomic and glycoproteomic analyses, liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. The most important separation conditions and results are presented and discussed. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Molnarova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Cokrtova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alice Tomnikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Krizek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kozlik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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19
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Pernin V, Bec N, Beyze A, Bourgeois A, Szwarc I, Champion C, Chauvin A, Rene C, Mourad G, Merville P, Visentin J, Perrochia H, Couzi L, Larroque C, Le Quintrec M. IgG3 donor-specific antibodies with a proinflammatory glycosylation profile may be associated with the risk of antibody-mediated rejection after kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:865-875. [PMID: 34863025 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of de novo donor-specific antibodies (dnDSA) varies according to their characteristics. While their MFI, complement-fixing ability, and IgG3 subclass are associated with ABMR occurrence and graft loss, they are not fully predictive of outcomes. We investigated the role of the Fc glycosylation of IgG3 dnDSA in ABMR occurrence using mass spectrometry after isolation by single HLA antigen beads. Between 2014 and 2018, we enrolled 54 patients who developed dnDSA (ABMR- n = 24; ABMR+ n = 30) in two French transplant centers. Fucosylation, galactosylation, GlcNAc bisection, and sialylation of IgG3 dnDSA were compared between ABMR+ and ABMR- patients. IgG3 dnDSA from ABMR+ patients exhibited significantly lower sialylation (7.5% vs. 10.5%, p < .001) and higher GlcNAc bisection (20.6% vs. 17.4%, p = .008). Fucosylation and galactosylation were similar in both groups. DSA glycosylation was not correlated with DSA MFI. In a multivariate analysis, low IgG3 sialylation, high IgG3%, time from transplantation to kidney biopsy, and tacrolimus-free regimen were independent predictive factors of ABMR. We conclude that a proinflammatory glycosylation profile of IgG3 dnDSA is associated with a risk of ABMR occurrence. Further studies are needed to confirm the clinical interest of DSA glycosylation and to clarify its role in determining the risk of ABMR and graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pernin
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Montpellier University hospital, Montpellier, France.,IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicole Bec
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anaïs Beyze
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Montpellier University hospital, Montpellier, France.,IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexis Bourgeois
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Montpellier University hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Ilan Szwarc
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Montpellier University hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Coralie Champion
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Montpellier University hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Anthony Chauvin
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Rene
- Department of immunology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Georges Mourad
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Montpellier University hospital, Montpellier, France.,IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Merville
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, Dialysis and Apheresis, Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux, France.,ImmunoConcEpT, UMR CNRS 5164, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jonathan Visentin
- ImmunoConcEpT, UMR CNRS 5164, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Immunology and Immunogenetics, Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Helene Perrochia
- Department of Pathology, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Lionel Couzi
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, Dialysis and Apheresis, Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux, France.,ImmunoConcEpT, UMR CNRS 5164, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Moglie Le Quintrec
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Montpellier University hospital, Montpellier, France.,IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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20
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Haga Y, Ueda K. Glycosylation in cancer: its application as a biomarker and recent advances of analytical techniques. Glycoconj J 2022; 39:303-313. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-022-10043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Towards Mapping of the Human Brain N-Glycome with Standardized Graphitic Carbon Chromatography. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12010085. [PMID: 35053234 PMCID: PMC8774104 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain N-glycome is known to be crucial for many biological functions, including its involvement in neuronal diseases. Although large structural studies of brain N-glycans were recently carried out, a comprehensive isomer-specific structural analysis has still not been achieved, as indicated by the recent discovery of novel structures with galactosylated bisecting GlcNAc. Here, we present a detailed, isomer-specific analysis of the human brain N-glycome based on standardized porous graphitic carbon (PGC)-LC-MS/MS. To achieve this goal, we biosynthesized glycans with substitutions typically occurring in the brain N-glycome and acquired their normalized retention times. Comparison of these values with the standardized retention times of neutral and desialylated N-glycan fractions of the human brain led to unambiguous isomer specific assignment of most major peaks. Profound differences in the glycan structures between naturally neutral and desialylated glycans were found. The neutral and sialylated N-glycans derive from diverging biosynthetic pathways and are biosynthetically finished end products, rather than just partially processed intermediates. The focus on structural glycomics defined the structure of human brain N-glycans, amongst these are HNK-1 containing glycans, a bisecting sialyl-lactose and structures with fucose and N-acetylgalactosamine on the same arm, the so-called LDNF epitope often associated with parasitic worms.
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22
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Szabo M, Filep C, Nagy M, Sarkozy D, Szigeti M, Sperling E, Csanky E, Guttman A. N-glycosylation structure - function characterization of omalizumab, an anti-asthma biotherapeutic product. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 209:114483. [PMID: 34864596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Omalizumab, a glycoprotein based biotherapeutics, is one of the most frequently used targeted antibody biopharmaceutical to reduce asthma exacerbations, improve lung function and reduce oral corticosteroid use. The effector function and clearance time of such glycoprotein drugs is affected by their N-glycosylation, that defines the required administration frequency to improve the quality of life in appropriately selected patients. Therefore, the glycosylation of biologics is an important critical quality attribute (CQA). The profile of asparagine linked carbohydrates is greatly dependent on the manufacturing process. Even a small deviation may have a major effect on the structure and therefore the function of the biotherapeutic product. For this reason, comprehensive N-glycosylation analysis is of high importance during production and release. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is one of the frequently used tools to characterize protein therapeutics and utilized by the biopharmaceutical industry for protein and glycan level analysis, which are key parts both for drug development and quality control. To reveal important structure - function relationships, characterization of omalizumab is presented using capillary SDS gel electrophoresis with UV detection at the protein level and capillary gel electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescent detection at the N-linked carbohydrate level. This latter technique was also used for oligosaccharide sequencing for glycan structure validation. The results suggested no ADCC function - structure relationship due to the mostly core fucosylated biantennary glycans found. However, the presence of the high mannose structures probably affects the clearance rate of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Csenge Filep
- Horváth Csaba Memorial Laboratory of Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mate Nagy
- Horváth Csaba Memorial Laboratory of Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Daniel Sarkozy
- Horváth Csaba Memorial Laboratory of Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Marton Szigeti
- Translational Glycomics Group, Research Institute for Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, Hungary
| | - Edit Sperling
- Horváth Csaba Memorial Laboratory of Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Andras Guttman
- Horváth Csaba Memorial Laboratory of Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Translational Glycomics Group, Research Institute for Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, Hungary.
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23
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Abstract
Glycosylation, one of the most common post-translational modifications in mammalian cells, impacts many biological processes such as cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. As the most abundant glycoprotein in human serum, immunoglobulin G (IgG) plays a vital role in immune response and protection. There is a growing body of evidence suggests that IgG structure and function are modulated by attached glycans, especially N-glycans, and aberrant glycosylation is associated with disease states. In this chapter, we review IgG glycan repertoire and function, strategies for profiling IgG N-glycome and recent studies. Mass spectrometry (MS) based techniques are the most powerful tools for profiling IgG glycome. IgG glycans can be divided into high-mannose, biantennary complex and hybrid types, modified with mannosylation, core-fucosylation, galactosylation, bisecting GlcNAcylation, or sialylation. Glycosylation of IgG affects antibody half-life and their affinity and avidity for antigens, regulates crystallizable fragment (Fc) structure and Fcγ receptor signaling, as well as antibody effector function. Because of their critical roles, IgG N-glycans appear to be promising biomarkers for various disease states. Specific IgG glycosylation can convert a pro-inflammatory response to an anti-inflammatory activity. Accordingly, IgG glycoengineering provides a powerful approach to potentially develop effective drugs and treat disease. Based on the understanding of the functional role of IgG glycans, the development of vaccines with enhanced capacity and long-term protection are possible in the near future.
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24
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Helm J, Grünwald-Gruber C, Thader A, Urteil J, Führer J, Stenitzer D, Maresch D, Neumann L, Pabst M, Altmann F. Bisecting Lewis X in Hybrid-Type N-Glycans of Human Brain Revealed by Deep Structural Glycomics. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15175-15182. [PMID: 34723506 PMCID: PMC8600501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
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The importance of
protein glycosylation in the biomedical field
requires methods that not only quantitate structures by their monosaccharide
composition, but also resolve and identify the many isomers expressed
by mammalian cells. The art of unambiguous identification of isomeric
structures in complex mixtures, however, did not yet catch up with
the fast pace of advance of high-throughput glycomics. Here, we present
a strategy for deducing structures with the help of a deci-minute
accurate retention time library for porous graphitic carbon chromatography
with mass spectrometric detection. We implemented the concept for
the fundamental N-glycan type consisting of five
hexoses, four N-acetylhexosamines and one fucose
residue. Nearly all of the 40 biosynthetized isomers occupied unique
elution positions. This result demonstrates the unique isomer selectivity
of porous graphitic carbon. With the help of a rather tightly spaced
grid of isotope-labeled internal N-glycan, standard
retention times were transposed to a standard chromatogram. Application
of this approach to animal and human brain N-glycans
immediately identified the majority of structures as being of the
bisected type. Most notably, it exposed hybrid-type glycans with galactosylated
and even Lewis X containing bisected N-acetylglucosamine,
which have not yet been discovered in a natural source. Thus, the
time grid approach implemented herein facilitated discovery of the
still missing pieces of the N-glycome in our most
noble organ and suggests itself—in conjunction with collision
induced dissociation—as a starting point for the overdue development
of isomer-specific deep structural glycomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Helm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Thader
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonathan Urteil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Führer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Stenitzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Neumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Pabst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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25
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Gutierrez-Reyes CD, Jiang P, Atashi M, Bennett A, Yu A, Peng W, Zhong J, Mechref Y. Advances in mass spectrometry-based glycoproteomics: An update covering the period 2017-2021. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:370-387. [PMID: 34614238 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is one of the most common posttranslational modifications, and plays an essential role in a wide range of biological processes such as immune response, intercellular signaling, inflammation, host-pathogen interaction, and protein stability. Glycoproteomics is a proteomics subfield dedicated to identifying and characterizing the glycans and glycoproteins in a given cell or tissue. Aberrant glycosylation has been associated with various diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, viral infections, inflammation, immune deficiencies, congenital disorders, and cancers. However, glycoproteomic analysis remains challenging because of the low abundance, site-specific heterogeneity, and poor ionization efficiency of glycopeptides during LC-MS analyses. Therefore, the development of sensitive and accurate approaches to efficiently characterize protein glycosylation is crucial. Methods such as metabolic labeling, enrichment, and derivatization of glycopeptides, coupled with different mass spectrometry techniques and bioinformatics tools, have been developed to achieve sophisticated levels of quantitative and qualitative analyses of glycoproteins. This review attempts to update the recent developments in the field of glycoproteomics reported between 2017 and 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peilin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Mojgan Atashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew Bennett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Aiying Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Jieqiang Zhong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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26
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Structural and Biochemical Features of Human Serum Albumin Essential for Eukaryotic Cell Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168411. [PMID: 34445120 PMCID: PMC8395139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum albumin physically interacts with fatty acids, small molecules, metal ions, and several other proteins. Binding with a plethora of bioactive substances makes it a critical transport molecule. Albumin also scavenges the reactive oxygen species that are harmful to cell survival. These properties make albumin an excellent choice to promote cell growth and maintain a variety of eukaryotic cells under in vitro culture environment. Furthermore, purified recombinant human serum albumin is mostly free from impurities and modifications, providing a perfect choice as an additive in cell and tissue culture media while avoiding any regulatory constraints. This review discusses key features of human serum albumin implicated in cell growth and survival under in vitro conditions.
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27
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StrucGP: de novo structural sequencing of site-specific N-glycan on glycoproteins using a modularization strategy. Nat Methods 2021; 18:921-929. [PMID: 34341581 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Precision mapping of glycans at structural and site-specific level is still one of the most challenging tasks in the glycobiology field. Here, we describe a modularization strategy for de novo interpretation of N-glycan structures on intact glycopeptides using tandem mass spectrometry. An algorithm named StrucGP is also developed to automate the interpretation process for large-scale analysis. By dividing an N-glycan into three modules and identifying each module using distinct patterns of Y ions or a combination of distinguishable B/Y ions, the method enables determination of detailed glycan structures on thousands of glycosites in mouse brain, which comprise four types of core structure and 17 branch structures with three glycan subtypes. Owing to the database-independent glycan mapping strategy, StrucGP also facilitates the identification of rare/new glycan structures. The approach will be greatly beneficial for in-depth structural and functional study of glycoproteins in the biomedical research.
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28
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Patabandige MW, Go EP, Desaire H. Clinically Viable Assay for Monitoring Uromodulin Glycosylation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:436-443. [PMID: 33301684 PMCID: PMC8541689 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Uromodulin, also known as the Tamm-Horsfall protein or THP, is the most abundant protein excreted in human urine. It is associated with the progression of kidney diseases; therefore, changes in the glycosylation profile of this protein could serve as a potential biomarker for kidney health. The typical glycomics analysis approaches used to quantify uromodulin glycosylation involve time-consuming and tedious glycoprotein isolation and labeling steps, which limit their utility in clinical glycomics assays, where sample throughput is important. Herein, we introduce a radically simplified sample preparation workflow, with direct ESI-MS analysis, enabling the quantification of N-linked glycans that originate from uromodulin. The method omits any glycan labeling steps but includes steps to reduce the salt content of the samples, thereby minimizing ion suppression. The method is effective for quantifying subtle glycosylation differences of uromodulin samples derived from different biological states. As a proof of concept, glycosylation from samples that differ by pregnancy status were shown to be differentiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milani Wijeweera Patabandige
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, United States
| | - Eden P. Go
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, United States
| | - Heather Desaire
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, United States
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29
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Gstöttner C, Reusch D, Haberger M, Dragan I, Van Veelen P, Kilgour DPA, Tsybin YO, van der Burgt YEM, Wuhrer M, Nicolardi S. Monitoring glycation levels of a bispecific monoclonal antibody at subunit level by ultrahigh-resolution MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry. MAbs 2021; 12:1682403. [PMID: 31630606 PMCID: PMC6927770 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1682403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific monoclonal antibodies (BsAbs) are engineered proteins with multiple functionalities and properties. The "bi-specificity" of these complex biopharmaceuticals is a key characteristic for the development of novel and more effective therapeutic strategies. The high structural complexity of BsAbs poses a challenge to the analytical methods needed for their characterization. Modifications of the BsAb structure, resulting from enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes, further complicate the analysis. An important example of the latter type of modification is glycation, which can occur in the manufacturing process, during storage in the formulation or in vivo after application of the drug. Glycation affects the structure, function, and stability of monoclonal antibodies, and consequently, a detailed analysis of glycation levels is required. Mass spectrometry (MS) plays a key role in the structural characterization of monoclonal antibodies and top-down, middle-up and middle-down MS approaches are increasingly used for the analysis of modifications. Here, we apply a novel middle-up strategy, based on IdeS digestion and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) MS, to analyze all six different BsAb subunits in a single high-resolution mass spectrum, namely two light chains, two half fragment crystallizable regions and two Fd' regions, thus avoiding upfront chromatography. This method was used to monitor glycation changes during a 168 h forced-glycation experiment. In addition, hot spot glycation sites were localized using top-down and middle-down MALDI-in-source decay FT-ICR MS, which provided complementary information compared to standard bottom-up MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gstöttner
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Markus Haberger
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Irina Dragan
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Van Veelen
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David P A Kilgour
- Department of Chemistry, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Yury O Tsybin
- Spectroswiss, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yuri E M van der Burgt
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Nicolardi
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
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30
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Hagelkruys A, Wirnsberger G, Stadlmann J, Wöhner M, Horrer M, Vilagos B, Jonsson G, Kogler M, Tortola L, Novatchkova M, Bönelt P, Hoffmann D, Koglgruber R, Steffen U, Schett G, Busslinger M, Bergthaler A, Klein C, Penninger JM. A crucial role for Jagunal homolog 1 in humoral immunity and antibody glycosylation in mice and humans. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20200559. [PMID: 32930709 PMCID: PMC7953624 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Jagunal homolog 1 (JAGN1) has been identified as a critical regulator of neutrophil biology in mutant mice and rare-disease patients carrying JAGN1 mutations. Here, we report that Jagn1 deficiency results in alterations in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of antibody-producing cells as well as decreased antibody production and secretion. Consequently, mice lacking Jagn1 in B cells exhibit reduced serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels at steady state and fail to mount an efficient humoral immune response upon immunization with specific antigens or when challenged with viral infections. We also demonstrate that Jagn1 deficiency in B cells results in aberrant IgG N-glycosylation leading to enhanced Fc receptor binding. Jagn1 deficiency in particular affects fucosylation of IgG subtypes in mice as well as rare-disease patients with loss-of-function mutations in JAGN1. Moreover, we show that ER stress affects antibody glycosylation. Our data uncover a novel and key role for JAGN1 and ER stress in antibody glycosylation and humoral immunity in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Hagelkruys
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Wirnsberger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Apeiron Biologics AG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Stadlmann
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resource and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miriam Wöhner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marion Horrer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bojan Vilagos
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gustav Jonsson
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Kogler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luigi Tortola
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Novatchkova
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Bönelt
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rubina Koglgruber
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Steffen
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Bergthaler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Josef M. Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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31
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Habazin S, Štambuk J, Šimunović J, Keser T, Razdorov G, Novokmet M. Mass Spectrometry-Based Methods for Immunoglobulin G N-Glycosylation Analysis. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2021; 112:73-135. [PMID: 34687008 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry and its hyphenated techniques enabled by the improvements in liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, novel ionization, and fragmentation modes are truly a cornerstone of robust and reliable protein glycosylation analysis. Boost in immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycan and glycopeptide profiling demands for both applied biomedical and research applications has brought many new advances in the field in terms of technical innovations, sample preparation, improved throughput, and confidence in glycan structural characterization. This chapter summarizes mass spectrometry basics, focusing on IgG and monoclonal antibody N-glycosylation analysis on several complexity levels. Different approaches, including antibody enrichment, glycan release, labeling, and glycopeptide preparation and purification, are covered and illustrated with recent breakthroughs and examples from the literature omitting excessive theoretical frameworks. Finally, selected highly popular methodologies in IgG glycoanalytics such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization are discussed more thoroughly yet in simple terms making this text a practical starting point either for the beginner in the field or an experienced clinician trying to make sense out of the IgG glycomic or glycoproteomic dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siniša Habazin
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jerko Štambuk
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Toma Keser
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Mislav Novokmet
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia.
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32
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Mimura Y, Saldova R, Mimura-Kimura Y, Rudd PM, Jefferis R. Micro-Heterogeneity of Antibody Molecules. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2021; 112:1-26. [PMID: 34687006 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are mostly of the IgG class and constitute highly efficacious biopharmaceuticals for a wide range of clinical indications. Full-length IgG mAbs are large proteins that are subject to multiple posttranslational modifications (PTMs) during biosynthesis, purification, or storage, resulting in micro-heterogeneity. The production of recombinant mAbs in nonhuman cell lines may result in loss of structural fidelity and the generation of variants having altered stability, biological activities, and/or immunogenic potential. Additionally, even fully human therapeutic mAbs are of unique specificity, by design, and, consequently, of unique structure; therefore, structural elements may be recognized as non-self by individuals within an outbred human population to provoke an anti-therapeutic/anti-drug antibody (ATA/ADA) response. Consequently, regulatory authorities require that the structure of a potential mAb drug product is comprehensively characterized employing state-of-the-art orthogonal analytical technologies; the PTM profile may define a set of critical quality attributes (CQAs) for the drug product that must be maintained, employing quality by design parameters, throughout the lifetime of the drug. Glycosylation of IgG-Fc, at Asn297 on each heavy chain, is an established CQA since its presence and fine structure can have a profound impact on efficacy and safety. The glycoform profile of serum-derived IgG is highly heterogeneous while mAbs produced in mammalian cells in vitro is less heterogeneous and can be "orchestrated" depending on the cell line employed and the culture conditions adopted. Thus, the gross structure and PTM profile of a given mAb, established for the drug substance gaining regulatory approval, have to be maintained for the lifespan of the drug. This review outlines our current understanding of common PTMs detected in mAbs and endogenous IgG and the relationship between a variant's structural attribute and its impact on clinical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mimura
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi Ube Medical Center, Ube, Japan.
| | - Radka Saldova
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Yuka Mimura-Kimura
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi Ube Medical Center, Ube, Japan
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co Dublin, Ireland
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roy Jefferis
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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33
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Petrović T, Trbojević-Akmačić I. Lectin and Liquid Chromatography-Based Methods for Immunoglobulin (G) Glycosylation Analysis. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2021; 112:29-72. [PMID: 34687007 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) glycosylation has been shown to dramatically affect its structure and effector functions. Ig glycosylation changes have been associated with different diseases and show a promising biomarker potential for diagnosis and prognosis of disease advancement. On the other hand, therapeutic biomolecules based on structural and functional features of Igs demand stringent quality control during the production process to ensure their safety and efficacy. Liquid chromatography (LC) and lectin-based methods are routinely used in Ig glycosylation analysis complementary to other analytical methods, e.g., mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis. This chapter covers analytical approaches based on LC and lectins used in low- and high-throughput N- and O-glycosylation analysis of Igs, with the focus on immunoglobulin G (IgG) applications. General principles and practical examples of the most often used LC methods for Ig purification are described, together with typical workflows for N- and O-glycan analysis on the level of free glycans, glycopeptides, subunits, or intact Igs. Lectin chromatography is a historical approach for the analysis of lectin-carbohydrate interactions and glycoprotein purification but is still being used as a valuable tool in Igs purification and glycan analysis. On the other hand, lectin microarrays have found their application in the rapid screening of glycan profiles on intact proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Petrović
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
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34
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Cajic S, Hennig R, Burock R, Rapp E. Capillary (Gel) Electrophoresis-Based Methods for Immunoglobulin (G) Glycosylation Analysis. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2021; 112:137-172. [PMID: 34687009 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The in-depth characterization of protein glycosylation has become indispensable in many research fields and in the biopharmaceutical industry. Especially knowledge about modulations in immunoglobulin G (IgG) N-glycosylation and their effect on immunity enabled a better understanding of human diseases and the development of new, more effective drugs for their treatment. This chapter provides a deeper insight into capillary (gel) electrophoresis-based (C(G)E) glycan analysis, addressing its impressive performance and possibilities, its great potential regarding real high-throughput for large cohort studies, as well as its challenges and limitations. We focus on the latest developments with respect to miniaturization and mass spectrometry coupling, as well as data analysis and interpretation. The use of exoglycosidase sequencing in combination with current C(G)E technology is discussed, highlighting possible difficulties and pitfalls. The application section describes the detailed characterization of N-glycosylation, utilizing multiplexed CGE with laser-induced fluorescence detection (xCGE-LIF). Besides a comprehensive overview on antibody glycosylation by comparing species-specific IgGs and human immunoglobulins A, D, E, G, and M, the chapter comprises a comparison of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies from different production cell lines, as well as a detailed characterization of Fab and Fc glycosylation. These examples illustrate the full potential of C(G)E, resolving the smallest differences in sugar composition and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Cajic
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - René Hennig
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany.
- glyXera GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | | | - Erdmann Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
- glyXera GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
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de Haan N, Falck D, Wuhrer M. Monitoring of immunoglobulin N- and O-glycosylation in health and disease. Glycobiology 2020; 30:226-240. [PMID: 31281930 PMCID: PMC7225405 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein N- and O-glycosylation are well known co- and post-translational modifications of immunoglobulins. Antibody glycosylation on the Fab and Fc portion is known to influence antigen binding and effector functions, respectively. To study associations between antibody glycosylation profiles and (patho) physiological states as well as antibody functionality, advanced technologies and methods are required. In-depth structural characterization of antibody glycosylation usually relies on the separation and tandem mass spectrometric (MS) analysis of released glycans. Protein- and site-specific information, on the other hand, may be obtained by the MS analysis of glycopeptides. With the development of high-resolution mass spectrometers, antibody glycosylation analysis at the intact or middle-up level has gained more interest, providing an integrated view of different post-translational modifications (including glycosylation). Alongside the in-depth methods, there is also great interest in robust, high-throughput techniques for routine glycosylation profiling in biopharma and clinical laboratories. With an emphasis on IgG Fc glycosylation, several highly robust separation-based techniques are employed for this purpose. In this review, we describe recent advances in MS methods, separation techniques and orthogonal approaches for the characterization of immunoglobulin glycosylation in different settings. We put emphasis on the current status and expected developments of antibody glycosylation analysis in biomedical, biopharmaceutical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noortje de Haan
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David Falck
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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36
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Colombo M, Asadi Shehni A, Thoma I, McGurnaghan SJ, Blackbourn LAK, Wilkinson H, Collier A, Patrick AW, Petrie JR, McKeigue PM, Saldova R, Colhoun HM. Quantitative levels of serum N-glycans in type 1 diabetes and their association with kidney disease. Glycobiology 2020; 31:613-623. [PMID: 33245334 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated associations of quantitative levels of N-glycans with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), renal function and renal function decline in type 1 diabetes. We measured 46 total N-glycan peaks (GPs) on 1565 serum samples from the Scottish Diabetes Research Network Type 1 Bioresource Study (SDRNT1BIO) and a pool of healthy donors. Quantitation of absolute abundance of each GP used 2AB-labeled mannose-3 as a standard. We studied cross-sectional associations of GPs and derived measures with HbA1c, albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and prospective associations with incident albuminuria and final eGFR. All GPs were 1.4 to 3.2 times more abundant in SDRTN1BIO than in the healthy samples. Absolute levels of all GPs were slightly higher with higher HbA1c, with strongest associations for triantennary trigalactosylated disialylated, triantennary trigalactosylated trisialylated structures with core or outer arm fucose, and tetraantennary tetragalactosylated trisialylated glycans. Most GPs showed increased abundance with worsening ACR. Lower eGFR was associated with higher absolute GP levels, most significantly with biantennary digalactosylated disialylated glycans with and without bisect, triantennary trigalactosylated trisialylated glycans with and without outer arm fucose, and core fucosylated biantennary monogalactosylated monosialylated glycans. Although several GPs were inversely associated prospectively with final eGFR, cross-validated multivariable models did not improve prediction beyond clinical covariates. Elevated HbA1c is associated with an altered N-glycan profile in type 1 diabetes. Although we could not establish GPs to be prognostic of future renal function decline independently of HbA1c, further studies to evaluate their impact in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colombo
- Independent conultant, Via Palestro 16/B, 23900, Lecco, Italy
| | - Akram Asadi Shehni
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Ioanna Thoma
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Stuart J McGurnaghan
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Luke A K Blackbourn
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Hayden Wilkinson
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Andrew Collier
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0B4, UK
| | - Alan W Patrick
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
| | - John R Petrie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Paul M McKeigue
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Radka Saldova
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland.,UCD School of Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Helen M Colhoun
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.,Public Health, NHS Fife, Hayfield Road, Kirkcaldy KY2 5AH, UK
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Glycoproteomics Technologies in Glycobiotechnology. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 175:413-434. [PMID: 33205259 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a key factor determining the pharmacological properties of biotherapeutics, including their stability, solubility, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity. As such, comprehensive information about glycosylation of biotherapeutics is critical to demonstrate similarity. Regulatory agencies also require extensive documentation of the comprehensive analyses of glycosylation-related critical quality attributes (CQAs) during the development, manufacturing, and release of biosimilars. Mass spectrometry has catalysed tremendous advancements in the characterisation of glycosylation CQAs of biotherapeutics. Here we provide a perspective overview on the MS-based technologies relevant for biotherapeutic product characterisation with an emphasis on the recent developments that allow determination of glycosylation features such as site of glycosylation, sialic acid linkage, glycan structure, and content.
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Zhao J, Peng W, Dong X, Mechref Y. Analysis of NIST Monoclonal Antibody Reference Material Glycosylation Using the LC-MS/MS-Based Glycoproteomic Approach. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:818-830. [PMID: 33196194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based therapeutics such as mAbs have become emerging drugs in modern medicine. Most of the approved therapeutic proteins are glycoproteins. Glycosylation is an essential critical quality attribute (CQA) due to the influence that glycoforms have on the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of biotherapeutics. Here, we applied an LC-MS/MS-based glycoproteomics approach to characterize Fc glycans of an NISTmAb reference material (RM) 8671 (sample B) and a β-1,4-galactosidase-treated NISTmAb (sample A). Overall, 48 glycan compositions were identified and quantified. The glycan structure with the highest abundance was FA2, with a relative abundance of 52% in sample A and 38% in sample B. Over 50% of the identified glycans presented at levels smaller than 0.1%. Important glycan attributes were further derived using the quantitative results. The galactosylation level of modified NISTmAb was found to decrease by ∼10% when compared to the galactosylation level of NISTmAb. There was no significant difference between the two samples in the levels of sialylation, fucosylation, and high mannose. Moreover, unglycosylated peptides were also observed at a level of 1-2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Xue Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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Pralow A, Cajic S, Alagesan K, Kolarich D, Rapp E. State-of-the-Art Glycomics Technologies in Glycobiotechnology. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 175:379-411. [PMID: 33112988 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation affects the properties of biologics; thus regulatory bodies classified it as critical quality attribute and force biopharma industry to capture and control it throughout all phases, from R&D till end of product lifetime. The shift from originators to biosimilars further increases importance and extent of glycoanalysis, which thus increases the need for technology platforms enabling reliable high-throughput and in-depth glycan analysis. In this chapter, we will first summarize on established glycoanalytical methods based on liquid chromatography focusing on hydrophilic interaction chromatography, capillary electrophoresis focusing on multiplexed capillary gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry focusing on matrix-assisted laser desorption; we will then highlight two emerging technologies based on porous graphitized carbon liquid chromatography and on ion-mobility mass spectrometry as both are highly promising tools to deliver an additional level of information for in-depth glycan analysis; additionally we elaborate on the advantages and challenges of different glycoanalytical technologies and their complementarity; finally, we briefly review applications thereof to biopharmaceutical products. This chapter provides an overview of current state-of-the-art analytical approaches for glycan characterization of biopharmaceuticals that can be employed to capture glycoprotein heterogeneity in a biopharmaceutical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pralow
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Samanta Cajic
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kathirvel Alagesan
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel Kolarich
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany.
- glyXera GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Martínez VPM, Tierrablanca-Sánchez L, Espinosa-de la Garza CE, Juárez-Bayardo LC, Piña-Lara N, Santoyo GG, Pérez NO. Functional analysis of glycosylation in Etanercept: Effects over potency and stability. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 153:105467. [PMID: 32682933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Etanercept is a biotechnological product that has a complex glycosylation profile. To elucidate Etanercept glycosylation effect over biological activity and stability, we deglycosylated sequentially this molecule. Sequential deglycosylation was performed to understand which glycans are critical for Etanercept folding and activity. Extended study showed that gross glycosylation differences, affect thermal stability, hydrodynamic radius, pI, CDC, ADCC, protection against oxidation and charge surface exposition with any effect (within biological assay dispersion) over TNFα neutralization, indicating which glycoforms have a critical effect over Etanercept ADCC, CDC and stability. In this regard, complete remotion of sialic acids have a predominant importance over pI, ADCC, CDC and surface charge while N and O glycosylation over thermal stability, hydrophobicity, aggregation and protection against oxidation. Our research suggest that gross differences in the glycosylation profile are relevant for the stability and biological main activities of Etanercept, and that significant differences that affect the activities related to this fusion protein could be detected with proper analytical methods and stability studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilia Tierrablanca-Sánchez
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo, Probiomed S.A. de C.V., Tenancingo, Estado de México, México. C. P. 52400
| | | | - Laura C Juárez-Bayardo
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo, Probiomed S.A. de C.V., Tenancingo, Estado de México, México. C. P. 52400
| | - Nelly Piña-Lara
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo, Probiomed S.A. de C.V., Tenancingo, Estado de México, México. C. P. 52400
| | | | - Néstor O Pérez
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo, Probiomed S.A. de C.V., Tenancingo, Estado de México, México. C. P. 52400.
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Chen C, Li T, Chen G, Chen D, Peng Y, Hu B, Sun Y, Zeng X. Commensal Relationship of Three Bifidobacterial Species Leads to Increase of Bifidobacterium in Vitro Fermentation of Sialylated Immunoglobulin G by Human Gut Microbiota. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9110-9119. [PMID: 32806107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sialylated immunoglobulin G (IgG) is an important immunoglobulin in breast milk, but its effect on adult gut microbiota is not yet clear due to digestion by pepsin. Based on our previous IgG protecting study, effects of sialylated IgG on gut microbiota were investigated by in vitro anaerobic fermentation in the present study. It was found that the addition of sialylated IgG could significantly promote the growth of Bifidobacterium. Meanwhile, three bifidobacterial species B. bifidum CCX 19061, Bembidion breve CCX 19041, and B. longum subsp. infantis CCX 19042 were isolated. Furthermore, B. breve CCX 19041 and B. longum subsp. infantis CCX 19042 showed co-culture growth property with B. bifidum CCX 19061 in a sialylated IgG-based medium, which was also supported by changes of free monosaccharides and N-glycan structure. These findings suggest that the increase of Bifidobacterium in vitro fermentation is attributed to the commensal relationship of the three bifidobacterial species by utilizing sugars released from sialylated IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxu Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
- College of Food Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, Anhui, China
| | - Tianhui Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guijie Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujia Peng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Zeng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
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Zhu R, Huang Y, Zhao J, Zhong J, Mechref Y. Isomeric Separation of N-Glycopeptides Derived from Glycoproteins by Porous Graphitic Carbon (PGC) LC-MS/MS. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9556-9565. [PMID: 32544320 PMCID: PMC7815195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is involved in many biological processes and physiological functions. Despite the recent advances in LC-MS/MS methodologies, the profiling of site-specific glycosylation is one of the major analytical challenges of glycoprotein analysis. Herein, we report that the separation of glycopeptide isomers on porous graphitic carbon (PGC)-LC was significantly improved by elevating the separation temperature under basic mobile phases. These findings permitted the isomeric separation of glycopeptides resulting from highly specific enzymatic digestions. The selectivity for different glycan types was studied using bovine fetuin, asialofetuin, IgG, ribonuclease B, and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) by PGC-LC-MS. Comprehensive structural isomeric separation of glycopeptides was observed by high-resolution MS and confirmed by MS/MS. The specific structures of the glycopeptide isomers were identified and confirmed through exoglycosidase digestions. Glycosylation analysis of human AGP revealed the potential use of PGC-LC-MS for extensive glycoprotein analysis for biomarker discovery. This newly developed separation technique was shown as a reproducible and useful analytical method to study site-specific isomeric glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jingfu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Jieqiang Zhong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
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Ohyama Y, Nakajima K, Renfrow MB, Novak J, Takahashi K. Mass spectrometry for the identification and analysis of highly complex glycosylation of therapeutic or pathogenic proteins. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:275-296. [PMID: 32406805 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1769479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein glycosylation influences characteristics such as folding, stability, protein interactions, and solubility. Therefore, glycan moieties of therapeutic proteins and proteins that are likely associated with disease pathogenesis should be analyzed in-depth, including glycan heterogeneity and modification sites. Recent advances in analytical methods and instrumentation have enabled comprehensive characterization of highly complex glycosylated proteins. AREA COVERED The following aspects should be considered when analyzing glycosylated proteins: sample preparation, chromatographic separation, mass spectrometry (MS) and fragmentation methods, and bioinformatics, such as software solutions for data analyses. Notably, analysis of glycoproteins with heavily sialylated glycans or multiple glycosylation sites requires special considerations. Here, we discuss recent methodological advances in MS that provide detailed characterization of heterogeneous glycoproteins. EXPERT OPINION As characterization of complex glycosylated proteins is still analytically challenging, the function or pathophysiological significance of these proteins is not fully understood. To reproducibly produce desired forms of therapeutic glycoproteins or to fully elucidate disease-specific patterns of protein glycosylation, a highly reproducible and robust analytical platform(s) should be established. In addition to advances in MS instrumentation, optimization of analytical and bioinformatics methods and utilization of glycoprotein/glycopeptide standards is desirable. Ultimately, we envision that an automated high-throughput MS analysis will provide additional power to clinical studies and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Ohyama
- Department of Nephrology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine , Toyoake, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medicine , Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakajima
- Center for Research Promotion and Support, Fujita Health University , Toyoake, Japan
| | - Matthew B Renfrow
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jan Novak
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kazuo Takahashi
- Department of Nephrology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine , Toyoake, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medicine , Toyoake, Japan.,Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, USA
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Wang D, Nowak C, Mason B, Katiyar A, Liu H. Analytical artifacts in characterization of recombinant monoclonal antibody therapeutics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 183:113131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Stelter S, Paul MJ, Teh AY, Grandits M, Altmann F, Vanier J, Bardor M, Castilho A, Allen RL, Ma JK. Engineering the interactions between a plant-produced HIV antibody and human Fc receptors. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:402-414. [PMID: 31301102 PMCID: PMC6953194 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants can provide a cost-effective and scalable technology for production of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, with the potential for precise engineering of glycosylation. Glycan structures in the antibody Fc region influence binding properties to Fc receptors, which opens opportunities for modulation of antibody effector functions. To test the impact of glycosylation in detail, on binding to human Fc receptors, different glycovariants of VRC01, a broadly neutralizing HIV monoclonal antibody, were generated in Nicotiana benthamiana and characterized. These include glycovariants lacking plant characteristic α1,3-fucose and β1,2-xylose residues and glycans extended with terminal β1,4-galactose. Surface plasmon resonance-based assays were established for kinetic/affinity evaluation of antibody-FcγR interactions, and revealed that antibodies with typical plant glycosylation have a limited capacity to engage FcγRI, FcγRIIa, FcγRIIb and FcγRIIIa; however, the binding characteristics can be restored and even improved with targeted glycoengineering. All plant-made glycovariants had a slightly reduced affinity to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) compared with HEK cell-derived antibody. However, this was independent of plant glycosylation, but related to the oxidation status of two methionine residues in the Fc region. This points towards a need for process optimization to control oxidation levels and improve the quality of plant-produced antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Stelter
- Hotung Molecular Immunology UnitInstitute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
- Present address:
Crescendo Biologics LtdMeditrina Building 260Babraham Research CampusCambridgeCB22 3ATUK
| | - Mathew J. Paul
- Hotung Molecular Immunology UnitInstitute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Audrey Y.‐H. Teh
- Hotung Molecular Immunology UnitInstitute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Melanie Grandits
- Hotung Molecular Immunology UnitInstitute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Division of BiochemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Jessica Vanier
- UNIROUENLaboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EANormandie UnivRouenFrance
| | - Muriel Bardor
- UNIROUENLaboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EANormandie UnivRouenFrance
- Institut Universitaire de France (I.U.F.)Paris Cedex 05France
| | - Alexandra Castilho
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Rachel Louise Allen
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Julian K‐C. Ma
- Hotung Molecular Immunology UnitInstitute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
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Antibody glycosylation: impact on antibody drug characteristics and quality control. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:1905-1914. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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47
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Lu Y, Liu J, Jia Y, Yang Y, Chen Q, Sun L, Song S, Huang L, Wang Z. Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Changes in Human Milk N/ O-Glycopatterns at Different Lactation Stages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10702-10712. [PMID: 31490688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides are complex carbohydrates with multibiofunctional health benefits to newborns. Human milk free oligosaccharides (HMOs) are well characterized. However, changes in the N/O-glycome during lactation are poorly reported. Herein, we qualitatively and quantitatively investigated N/O-glycome profiles and their alteration in human milk at different lactation stages. N-Glycans were mainly fucosylated and nonsialylated, nonfucosylated throughout lactation. O-Glycans mainly consisted of sialylated and nonsialylated, nonfucosylated in colostrum and transitional milk, and fucosylated and nonfucosylated, nonsialylated in mature milk. Fucosylated and sialylated N-glycans gradually decreased and increased, respectively, as lactation progressed; O-glycans showed the reverse. Interestingly, changes in HMO abundance decreased during lactation, complementing HMG N/O-glycome changes. In conclusion, temporal HMG glycosylation changes provide the groundwork for developing infant formula that is closer to breast milk at different lactation stages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shuang Song
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , China
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48
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A signal motif retains Arabidopsis ER-α-mannosidase I in the cis-Golgi and prevents enhanced glycoprotein ERAD. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3701. [PMID: 31420549 PMCID: PMC6697737 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis ER-α-mannosidase I (MNS3) generates an oligomannosidic N-glycan structure that is characteristically found on ER-resident glycoproteins. The enzyme itself has so far not been detected in the ER. Here, we provide evidence that in plants MNS3 exclusively resides in the Golgi apparatus at steady-state. Notably, MNS3 remains on dispersed punctate structures when subjected to different approaches that commonly result in the relocation of Golgi enzymes to the ER. Responsible for this rare behavior is an amino acid signal motif (LPYS) within the cytoplasmic tail of MNS3 that acts as a specific Golgi retention signal. This retention is a means to spatially separate MNS3 from ER-localized mannose trimming steps that generate the glycan signal required for flagging terminally misfolded glycoproteins for ERAD. The physiological importance of the very specific MNS3 localization is demonstrated here by means of a structurally impaired variant of the brassinosteroid receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1. The Arabidopsis ER-α-mannosidase I MNS3 generates N-glycan structures typical of ER-resident glycoproteins. Here Schoberer et al. identify a novel motif that anchors MNS3 to the cis-Golgi, spatially separating MNS3 from ER-localized mannose trimming associated with the ER-associated degradation pathway.
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49
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Impact of mammalian cell culture conditions on monoclonal antibody charge heterogeneity: an accessory monitoring tool for process development. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 46:1167-1178. [PMID: 31175523 PMCID: PMC6697719 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant monoclonal antibodies are predominantly produced in mammalian cell culture bioprocesses. Post-translational modifications affect the micro-heterogeneity of the product and thereby influence important quality attributes, such as stability, solubility, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. The analysis of the surface charge distribution of monoclonal antibodies provides aggregated information about these modifications. In this work, we established a direct injection pH gradient cation exchange chromatography method, which determines charge heterogeneity from cell culture supernatant without any purification steps. This tool was further applied to monitor processes that were performed under certain process conditions. Concretely, we were able to provide insights into charge variant formation during a fed-batch process of a Chinese hamster ovary cell culture, in turn producing a monoclonal antibody under varying temperatures and glucose feed strategies. Glucose concentration impacted the total emergence of acidic variants, whereas the variation of basic species was mainly dependent on process temperature. The formation rates of acidic species were described with a second-order reaction, where a temperature increase favored the conversion. This platform method will aid as a sophisticated optimization tool for mammalian cell culture processes. It provides a quality fingerprint for the produced mAb, which can be tested, compared to the desired target and confirmed early in the process chain.
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50
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Wang Q, Yang G, Wang T, Yang W, Betenbaugh MJ, Zhang H. Characterization of intact glycopeptides reveals the impact of culture media on site-specific glycosylation of EPO-Fc fusion protein generated by CHO-GS cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2303-2315. [PMID: 31062865 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing demand to provide more detailed quality attributes, more sophisticated glycan analysis tools are highly desirable for biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Here, we performed an intact glycopeptide analysis method to simultaneously analyze the site-specific N- and O-glycan profiles of the recombinant erythropoietin Fc (EPO-Fc) protein secreted from a Chinese hamster ovary glutamine synthetase stable cell line and compared the effects of two commercial culture media, EX-CELL (EX) and immediate advantage (IA) media, on the glycosylation profile of the target protein. EPO-Fc, containing the Fc region of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) fused to EPO, was harvested at Day 5 and 8 of a batch cell culture process followed by purification and N- and O-glycopeptide profiling. A mixed anion exchange chromatographic column was implemented to capture and enrich N-linked glycopeptides. Using intact glycopeptide characterization, the EPO-Fc was observed to maintain their individual EPO and Fc N-glycan characteristics in which the EPO region presented bi-, tri-, and tetra-branched N-glycan structures, while the Fc N-glycan displayed mostly biantennary glycans. EPO-Fc protein generated in EX medium produced more complex tetra-antennary N-glycans at each of the three EPO N-sites while IA medium resulted in a greater fraction of bi- and tri-antennary N-glycans at these same sites. Interestingly, the sialylation content decreased from sites 1-4 in both media while the fucosylation progressively increased with a maximum at the final IgG Fc site. Moreover, we observed that low amounts of Neu5Gc were detected and the content increased at the later sampling time in both EX and IA media. For O-glycopeptides, both media produced predominantly three structures, N1F1F0SOG0, N1H1F0S1G0, and N1H1F0S2G0, with lesser amounts of other structures. This intact glycopeptide method can decipher site-specific glycosylation profile and provide a more detailed characterization of N- and O-glycans present for enhanced understanding of the key product quality attributes such as media on recombinant proteins of biotechnology interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ganglong Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tiexin Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Weiming Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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