1
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Ou BS, Baillet J, Picece VCT, Gale EC, Powell AE, Saouaf OM, Yan J, Nejatfard A, Lopez Hernandez H, Appel EA. Nanoparticle-Conjugated Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonists Improve the Potency, Durability, and Breadth of COVID-19 Vaccines. ACS NANO 2024; 18:3214-3233. [PMID: 38215338 PMCID: PMC10832347 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Development of effective vaccines for infectious diseases has been one of the most successful global health interventions in history. Though, while ideal subunit vaccines strongly rely on antigen and adjuvant(s) selection, the mode and time scale of exposure to the immune system has often been overlooked. Unfortunately, poor control over the delivery of many adjuvants, which play a key role in enhancing the quality and potency of immune responses, can limit their efficacy and cause off-target toxicities. There is a critical need for improved adjuvant delivery technologies to enhance their efficacy and boost vaccine performance. Nanoparticles have been shown to be ideal carriers for improving antigen delivery due to their shape and size, which mimic viral structures but have been generally less explored for adjuvant delivery. Here, we describe the design of self-assembled poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles decorated with CpG, a potent TLR9 agonist, to increase adjuvanticity in COVID-19 vaccines. By controlling the surface density of CpG, we show that intermediate valency is a key factor for TLR9 activation of immune cells. When delivered with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, CpG nanoparticle (CpG-NP) adjuvant greatly improves the magnitude and duration of antibody responses when compared to soluble CpG, and results in overall greater breadth of immunity against variants of concern. Moreover, encapsulation of CpG-NP into injectable polymeric-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogels enhances the spatiotemporal control over codelivery of CpG-NP adjuvant and spike protein antigen such that a single immunization of hydrogel-based vaccines generates humoral responses comparable to those of a typical prime-boost regimen of soluble vaccines. These delivery technologies can potentially reduce the costs and burden of clinical vaccination, both of which are key elements in fighting a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben S. Ou
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Julie Baillet
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Vittoria C. T.
M. Picece
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Emily C. Gale
- Department
of Biochemistry, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Abigail E. Powell
- Department
of Biochemistry, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford
ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Olivia M. Saouaf
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jerry Yan
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Anahita Nejatfard
- Department
of Biochemistry, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hector Lopez Hernandez
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Eric A. Appel
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford
ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics - Endocrinology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Woods
Institute for the Environment, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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2
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Ou BS, Saouaf OM, Yan J, Bruun TUJ, Baillet J, Zhou X, King NP, Appel EA. Broad and Durable Humoral Responses Following Single Hydrogel Immunization of SARS-CoV-2 Subunit Vaccine. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301495. [PMID: 37278391 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Most vaccines require several immunizations to induce robust immunity, and indeed, most SARS-CoV-2 vaccines require an initial two-shot regimen followed by several boosters to maintain efficacy. Such a complex series of immunizations unfortunately increases the cost and complexity of populations-scale vaccination and reduces overall compliance and vaccination rate. In a rapidly evolving pandemic affected by the spread of immune-escaping variants, there is an urgent need to develop vaccines capable of providing robust and durable immunity. In this work, a single immunization SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine is developed that can rapidly generate potent, broad, and durable humoral immunity. Injectable polymer-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogels are leveraged as a depot technology for the sustained delivery of a nanoparticle antigen (RND-NP) displaying multiple copies of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) and potent adjuvants including CpG and 3M-052. Compared to a clinically relevant prime-boost regimen with soluble vaccines formulated with CpG/alum or 3M-052/alum adjuvants, PNP hydrogel vaccines more rapidly generated higher, broader, and more durable antibody responses. Additionally, these single-immunization hydrogel-based vaccines elicit potent and consistent neutralizing responses. Overall, it is shown that PNP hydrogels elicit improved anti-COVID immune responses with only a single administration, demonstrating their potential as critical technologies to enhance overall pandemic readiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben S Ou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Olivia M Saouaf
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jerry Yan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Theodora U J Bruun
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Julie Baillet
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, 33600, France
| | - Xueting Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Eric A Appel
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics-Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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3
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Light- and Redox-Responsive Block Copolymers of mPEG-SS-ONBMA as a Smart Drug Delivery Carrier for Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122594. [PMID: 36559088 PMCID: PMC9788424 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of stimuli-responsive polymeric micelles for targeted drug delivery has attracted much research interest in improving therapeutic outcomes. This study designs copolymers responsive to ultraviolet (UV) light and glutathione (GSH). A disulfide linkage is positioned between a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether (mPEG) and a hydrophobic o-nitrobenzyl methacrylate (ONBMA) to yield amphiphilic copolymers termed mPEG-SS-pONBMA. Three copolymers with different ONBMA lengths are synthesized and formulated into micelles. An increase in particle size and a decrease in critical micelle concentration go together with increasing ONBMA lengths. The ONB cleavage from mPEG-SS-pONBMA-formed micelles results in the transformation of hydrophobic cores into hydrophilic ones, accelerating drug release from the micelles. Obvious changes in morphology and molecular weight of micelles upon combinational treatments account for the dual-stimuli responsive property. Enhancement of a cell-killing effect is clearly observed in doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded micelles containing disulfide bonds compared with those containing dicarbon bonds upon UV light irradiation. Collectedly, the dual-stimuli-responsive mPEG-SS-pONBMA micelle is a better drug delivery carrier than the single-stimuli-responsive mPEG-CC-pONBMA micelle. After HT1080 cells were treated with the DOX-loaded micelles, the high expression levels of RIP-1 and MLKL indicate that the mechanism involved in cell death is mainly via the DOX-induced necroptosis pathway.
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4
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Nanomedicines Bearing an Alkylating Cytostatic Drug from the Group of 1,3,5-Triazine Derivatives: Development and Characterization. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112506. [PMID: 36432699 PMCID: PMC9694467 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is still one of the major diseases worldwide. The discovery of new drugs and the improvement of existing ones is one of the areas of priority in the fight against cancer. Dioxadet ([5-[[4,6-bis(aziridin-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl]methanol) represents one of the promising 1,3,5-triazine derivatives and has cytostatic activity towards ovarian cancer. In this study, we first report the development of dioxadet-bearing nanomedicines based on block-copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether (mPEG) and poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and then conduct an investigation into their characteristics and properties. The preparation of narrow-sized nanoparticles with a hydrodynamic diameter of 100−120 nm was optimized using a nanoprecipitation approach. Thoughtful optimization of the preparation of nanomedicines was carried out through adjustments to the polymer’s molecular weight, the pH of the aqueous medium used for nanoprecipitation, the initial drug amount in respect to the polymer, and polymer concentration in the organic phase. Under optimized conditions, spherical-shaped nanomedicines with a hydrodynamic diameter of up to 230 nm (PDI < 0.2) containing up to 592 ± 22 μg of dioxadet per mg of polymer nanoparticles were prepared. Study of the drug’s release in a model medium revealed the release up to 64% and 46% of the drug after 8 days for mPEG-b-PLA and mPEG-b-PCL, respectively. Deep analysis of the release mechanisms was carried out with the use of a number of mathematical models. The developed nanoparticles were non-toxic towards both normal (CHO-K1) and cancer (A2780 and SK-OV-3) ovarian cells. A cell cycle study revealed lesser toxicity of nanomedicines towards normal cells and increased toxicity towards cancer cells. The IC50 values determined for dioxadet nanoformulations were in the range of 0.47−4.98 μg/mL for cancer cells, which is close to the free drug’s efficacy (2.60−4.14 μg/mL). The highest cytotoxic effect was found for dioxadet loaded to mPEG-b-PCL nanoparticles.
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5
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Ou BS, Saouaf OM, Baillet J, Appel EA. Sustained delivery approaches to improving adaptive immune responses. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 187:114401. [PMID: 35750115 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is one of the most important, complex biological networks regulating and protecting human health. Its precise modulation can prevent deadly infections and fight cancer. Accordingly, prophylactic vaccines and cancer immunotherapies are some of the most powerful technologies to protect against potential dangers through training of the immune system. Upon immunization, activation and maturation of B and T cells of the adaptive immune system are necessary for development of proper humoral and cellular protection. Yet, the exquisite organization of the immune system requires spatiotemporal control over the exposure of immunomodulatory signals. For example, while the human immune system has evolved to develop immunity to natural pathogenic infections that often last for weeks, current prophylactic vaccination technologies only expose the immune system to immunomodulatory signals for hours to days. It has become clear that leveraging sustained release technologies to prolong immunogen and adjuvant exposure can increase the potency, durability, and quality of adaptive immune responses. Over the past several years, tremendous breakthroughs have been made in the design of novel biomaterials such as nanoparticles, microparticles, hydrogels, and microneedles that can precisely control and the presentation of immunomodulatory signals to the immune system. In this review, we discuss relevant sustained release strategies and their corresponding benefits to cellular and humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben S Ou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, USA
| | - Olivia M Saouaf
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, USA
| | - Julie Baillet
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, USA; University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, Pessac 33600, France
| | - Eric A Appel
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, USA; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics (Endocrinology), Stanford University, Stanford 94305, USA; ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA; Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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6
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Javia A, Vanza J, Bardoliwala D, Ghosh S, Misra A, Patel M, Thakkar H. Polymer-drug conjugates: Design principles, emerging synthetic strategies and clinical overview. Int J Pharm 2022; 623:121863. [PMID: 35643347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Adagen, an enzyme replacement treatment for adenosine deaminase deficiency, was the first protein-polymer conjugate to be approved in early 1990s. Post this regulatory approval, numerous polymeric drugs and polymeric nanoparticles have entered the market as advanced or next-generation polymer-based therapeutics, while many others have currently been tested clinically. The polymer conjugation to therapeutic moiety offers several advantages, like enhanced solubilization of drug, controlled release, reduced immunogenicity, and prolonged circulation. The present review intends to highlight considerations in the design of therapeutically effective polymer-drug conjugates (PDCs), including the choice of linker chemistry. The potential synthetic strategies to formulate PDCs have been discussed along with recent advancements in the different types of PDCs, i.e., polymer-small molecular weight drug conjugates, polymer-protein conjugates, and stimuli-responsive PDCs, which are under clinical/preclinical investigation. Current impediments and regulatory hurdles hindering the clinical translation of PDC into effective therapeutic regimens for the amelioration of disease conditions have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Javia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat-390001, India
| | - Jigar Vanza
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat-388421, India
| | - Denish Bardoliwala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat-390001, India
| | - Saikat Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat-390001, India
| | - Ambikanandan Misra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat-390001, India; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Shirpur, Maharashtra-425405, Indi
| | - Mrunali Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat-388421, India
| | - Hetal Thakkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat-390001, India.
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7
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Nanosphere size control by varying the ratio of poly(ester amide) block copolymer blends. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 623:247-256. [PMID: 35588632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.03.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Blending amphiphilic triblock (A-B-A) and diblock (A-B) copolymers comprised of the same hydrophobic tyrosine-derived oligomeric B-block and hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (mPEG) A-block can provide highly tunable self-assembled nanosphere particle sizes suitable for biomedical applications. EXPERIMENT Triblock and diblock copolymers were synthesized via carbodiimide chemistry and were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The amount of free PEG present in the purified copolymers was determined using a standard addition calibration curve and GPC peak deconvolution methods. Nanospheres were prepared by co-precipitation of each copolymer and of copolymer blends over a range of mole ratios. Nanospheres were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and % polymer recovery post-preparation. FINDING Precise synthesis control produced triblock and diblock copolymers with narrow molecular weight distributions and minimal residual reactants. Self-assembled nanosphere particle sizes were 33 nm for the triblock and 129 nm for the diblock, and the size of their blends increased continuously as a function of mole ratio within that biomedically relevant range. Addition of unreacted PEG had minimal impact on either triblock or diblock nanosphere particle sizes whereas addition of unreacted oligomeric B-block increased nanosphere sizes.
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8
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Harrier DD, Guironnet D. Design rules for performing water-sensitive ring-opening polymerizations in an aqueous dispersion. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00069e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The droplet viscosity, surface tension, and hydrophobicity is tuned to explore the parameters that enable successful ring-opening polymerization in an aqueous dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle D. Harrier
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Damien Guironnet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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9
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Roth G, Saouaf OM, Smith AAA, Gale EC, Hernández MA, Idoyaga J, Appel EA. Prolonged Codelivery of Hemagglutinin and a TLR7/8 Agonist in a Supramolecular Polymer-Nanoparticle Hydrogel Enhances Potency and Breadth of Influenza Vaccination. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:1889-1899. [PMID: 33404236 PMCID: PMC8153386 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The sustained release of vaccine cargo has been shown to improve humoral immune responses to challenging pathogens such as influenza. Extended codelivery of antigen and adjuvant prolongs germinal center reactions, thus improving antibody affinity maturation and the ability to neutralize the target pathogen. Here, we develop an injectable, physically cross-linked polymer-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogel system to prolong the local codelivery of hemagglutinin and a toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist (TLR7/8a) adjuvant. By tethering the TLR7/8a to a NP motif within the hydrogels (TLR7/8a-NP), the dynamic mesh of the PNP hydrogels enables codiffusion of the adjuvant and protein antigen (hemagglutinin), therefore enabling sustained codelivery of these two physicochemically distinct molecules. We show that subcutaneous delivery of PNP hydrogels carrying hemagglutinin and TLR7/8a-NP in mice improves the magnitude and duration of antibody titers in response to a single injection vaccination compared to clinically used adjuvants. Furthermore, the PNP gel-based slow delivery of influenza vaccines led to increased breadth of antibody responses against future influenza variants, including a future pandemic variant, compared to clinical adjuvants. In summary, this work introduces a simple and effective vaccine delivery platform that increases the potency and durability of influenza subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillie
A. Roth
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Olivia M. Saouaf
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Anton A. A. Smith
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Emily C. Gale
- Department
of Biochemistry, Stanford University School
of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Marcela Alcántara Hernández
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Program
in Immunology, Stanford University School
of Medicine, 240 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Juliana Idoyaga
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Program
in Immunology, Stanford University School
of Medicine, 240 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Institute
for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, 240 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- ChEM-H
Institute, Stanford University, 290 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Eric A. Appel
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Institute
for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, 240 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- ChEM-H
Institute, Stanford University, 290 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics - Endocrinology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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10
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Saouaf OM, Roth GA, Ou BS, Smith AAA, Yu AC, Gale EC, Grosskopf AK, Picece VCTM, Appel EA. Modulation of injectable hydrogel properties for slow co-delivery of influenza subunit vaccine components enhance the potency of humoral immunity. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 109:2173-2186. [PMID: 33955657 PMCID: PMC8518857 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are critical for combating infectious diseases across the globe. Influenza, for example, kills roughly 500,000 people annually worldwide, despite annual vaccination campaigns. Efficacious vaccines must elicit a robust and durable antibody response, and poor efficacy often arises from inappropriate temporal control over antigen and adjuvant presentation to the immune system. In this work, we sought to exploit the immune system's natural response to extended pathogen exposure during infection by designing an easily administered slow-delivery influenza vaccine platform. We utilized an injectable and self-healing polymer-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogel platform to prolong the co-delivery of vaccine components to the immune system. We demonstrated that these hydrogels exhibit unique dynamic physical characteristics whereby physicochemically distinct influenza hemagglutinin antigen and a toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist adjuvant could be co-delivered over prolonged timeframes that were tunable through simple alteration of the gel formulation. We show a relationship between hydrogel physical properties and the resulting immune response to immunization. When administered in mice, hydrogel-based vaccines demonstrated enhancements in the magnitude and duration of humoral immune responses compared to alum, a widely used clinical adjuvant system. We found stiffer hydrogel formulations exhibited slower release and resulted in the greatest improvements to the antibody response while also enabling significant adjuvant dose sparing. In summary, this work introduces a simple and effective vaccine delivery platform that increases the potency and durability of influenza subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Saouaf
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gillie A Roth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ben S Ou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Anton A A Smith
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Anthony C Yu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Emily C Gale
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Abigail K Grosskopf
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Vittoria C T M Picece
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Chemistry & Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eric A Appel
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Institute for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics - Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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11
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Webber MJ, Pashuck ET. (Macro)molecular self-assembly for hydrogel drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:275-295. [PMID: 33450330 PMCID: PMC8107146 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels prepared via self-assembly offer scalable and tunable platforms for drug delivery applications. Molecular-scale self-assembly leverages an interplay of attractive and repulsive forces; drugs and other active molecules can be incorporated into such materials by partitioning in hydrophobic domains, affinity-mediated binding, or covalent integration. Peptides have been widely used as building blocks for self-assembly due to facile synthesis, ease of modification with bioactive molecules, and precise molecular-scale control over material properties through tunable interactions. Additional opportunities are manifest in stimuli-responsive self-assembly for more precise drug action. Hydrogels can likewise be fabricated from macromolecular self-assembly, with both synthetic polymers and biopolymers used to prepare materials with controlled mechanical properties and tunable drug release. These include clinical approaches for solubilization and delivery of hydrophobic drugs. To further enhance mechanical properties of hydrogels prepared through self-assembly, recent work has integrated self-assembly motifs with polymeric networks. For example, double-network hydrogels capture the beneficial properties of both self-assembled and covalent networks. The expanding ability to fabricate complex and precise materials, coupled with an improved understanding of biology, will lead to new classes of hydrogels specifically tailored for drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Webber
- University of Notre Dame, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - E Thomas Pashuck
- Lehigh University, Department of Bioengineering, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
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12
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Stapleton LM, Lucian HJ, Grosskopf AK, Smith AAA, Totherow KP, Woo YJ, Appel EA. Dynamic Hydrogels for Prevention of Post‐Operative Peritoneal Adhesions. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Haley J. Lucian
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Abigail K. Grosskopf
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Anton A. A. Smith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | | | - Y. Joseph Woo
- Department of Bioengineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Eric A. Appel
- Department of Bioengineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
- ChEM‐H Institute Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
- Department of Pediatrics (Endocrinology) Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA 94305 USA
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13
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Philipps K, Junkers T, Michels JJ. The block copolymer shuffle in size exclusion chromatography: the intrinsic problem with using elugrams to determine chain extension success. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00210d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Is an increase in hydrodynamic volume always expected in block copolymer synthesis? Why SEC is sometimes not the last word.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Philipps
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
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14
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Diaz C, Mehrkhodavandi P. Strategies for the synthesis of block copolymers with biodegradable polyester segments. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01534b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated block copolymers with biodegradable polyester segments can be prepared in one-pot through sequential or simultaneous addition of monomers. This review highlights the state of the art in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Diaz
- University of British Columbia
- Department of Chemistry
- Vancouver
- Canada
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15
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Roth G, Gale EC, Alcántara-Hernández M, Luo W, Axpe E, Verma R, Yin Q, Yu AC, Lopez Hernandez H, Maikawa CL, Smith AAA, Davis MM, Pulendran B, Idoyaga J, Appel EA. Injectable Hydrogels for Sustained Codelivery of Subunit Vaccines Enhance Humoral Immunity. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:1800-1812. [PMID: 33145416 PMCID: PMC7596866 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines aim to elicit a robust, yet targeted, immune response. Failure of a vaccine to elicit such a response arises in part from inappropriate temporal control over antigen and adjuvant presentation to the immune system. In this work, we sought to exploit the immune system's natural response to extended pathogen exposure during infection by designing an easily administered slow-delivery vaccine platform. We utilized an injectable and self-healing polymer-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogel platform to prolong the codelivery of vaccine components to the immune system. We demonstrated that these hydrogels exhibit unique delivery characteristics, whereby physicochemically distinct compounds (such as antigen and adjuvant) could be codelivered over the course of weeks. When administered in mice, hydrogel-based sustained vaccine exposure enhanced the magnitude, duration, and quality of the humoral immune response compared to standard PBS bolus administration of the same model vaccine. We report that the creation of a local inflammatory niche within the hydrogel, coupled with sustained exposure of vaccine cargo, enhanced the magnitude and duration of germinal center responses in the lymph nodes. This strengthened germinal center response promoted greater antibody affinity maturation, resulting in a more than 1000-fold increase in antigen-specific antibody affinity in comparison to bolus immunization. In summary, this work introduces a simple and effective vaccine delivery platform that increases the potency and durability of subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillie
A. Roth
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Emily C. Gale
- Department
of Biochemistry, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Marcela Alcántara-Hernández
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Program
in Immunology, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Wei Luo
- Institute
for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Eneko Axpe
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Rohit Verma
- Institute
for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Qian Yin
- Institute
for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Anthony C. Yu
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hector Lopez Hernandez
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Caitlin L. Maikawa
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Anton A. A. Smith
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mark M. Davis
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Program
in Immunology, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Institute
for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- The
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Program
in Immunology, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Institute
for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Pathology, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- ChEM-H
Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Juliana Idoyaga
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Program
in Immunology, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Institute
for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- ChEM-H
Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Eric A. Appel
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Institute
for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- ChEM-H
Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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16
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Zhang CJ, Zhang X, Zhang XH. Dual cooperative organocatalysts for one-pot synthesis of polyester-polythiocarbonate block copolymers from multiple monomers. Sci China Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9816-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Dong M, Song Y, Wang H, Su L, Shen Y, Tran DK, Letteri RA, Flores JA, Lin YN, Li J, Wooley KL. Degradable sugar-based magnetic hybrid nanoparticles for recovery of crude oil from aqueous environments. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00029a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We designed and fabricated a sugar-based magnetic nanocomposite material that is capable of tackling environmental pollution posed by marine oil spills, while minimizing potential secondary problems that may occur from microplastic contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Dong
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Yue Song
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Lu Su
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Yidan Shen
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - David K. Tran
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | | | | | - Yen-Nan Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
- College of Medicine
| | - Jialuo Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering
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18
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König N, Willner L, Lund R. Structure and thermodynamics of mixed polymeric micelles with crystalline cores: tuning properties via co-assembly. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:7777-7786. [PMID: 31482169 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01452g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate micelles formed by mixtures of n-alkyl-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymers, Cn-PEO, with different alkyl block lengths in aqueous solution. This model system has previously been used to shed light on the interplay between exchange kinetics and crystallinity in self-assembling systems [König et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 2019, 122, 078001]. Now we report on the structure and thermodynamics of these micelles by combining results from small-angle X-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry and volumetric measurements. We show that mixed micelles are formed despite the fact that length-mismatched n-alkanes of similar weights in bulk tend to demix below the crystallization temperature. Instead, the system exhibits similar properties as single-component micelles but with a modulated melting region. Interestingly, the melting point depression due to self-confinement within the micellar core can be approximately described by a generalized Gibbs-Thomson equation, similar to single-component micelles [Zinn et al. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2014, 113, 238305]. Furthermore, we find a novel scaling law for these micelles where, at least for larger n, the aggregation number scales with the third power of the length of the hydrophobic block, Nagg ∝ n3. Possibly, there might be a cross-over from the conventional Nagg ∝ n2 behaviour around n ≈ 19. However, the reason for such a transition as well as the strong n dependence remains a challenge and requires more theoretical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico König
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Postboks 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
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