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Aktas Eken G, Huang Y, Prucker O, Rühe J, Ober C. Advancing Glucose Sensing Through Auto-Fluorescent Polymer Brushes: From Surface Design to Nano-Arrays. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309040. [PMID: 38334235 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Designing smart (bio)interfaces with the capability to sense and react to changes in local environments offers intriguing possibilities for new surface-based sensing devices and technologies. Polymer brushes make ideal materials to design such adaptive and responsive interfaces given their large variety of functional and structural possibilities as well as their outstanding abilities to respond to physical, chemical, and biological stimuli. Herein, a practical sensory interface for glucose detection based on auto-fluorescent polymer brushes decorated with phenylboronic acid (PBA) receptors is presented. The glucose-responsive luminescent surfaces, which are capable of translating conformational transitions triggered by pH variations and binding events into fluorescent readouts without the need for fluorescent dyes, are grown from both nanopatterned and non-patterned substrates. Two-photon laser scanning confocal microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses reveal the relationship between the brush conformation and glucose concentration and confirm that the phenylboronic acid functionalized brushes can bind glucose over a range of physiologically relevant concentrations in a reversible manner. The combination of auto-fluorescent polymer brushes with synthetic receptors presents a promising avenue for designing innovative and robust sensing systems, which are essential for various biomedical applications, among other uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gozde Aktas Eken
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yuming Huang
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Oswald Prucker
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @FIT, Freiburg Center of Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Goerges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Ober
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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2
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Badenhorst R, Makaev S, Yaremchuk D, Sajjan Y, Sulimov A, Reukov VV, Lavrik NV, Ilnytskyi J, Minko S. Reversible Binding Interfaces Made of Microstructured Polymer Brushes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:7008-7020. [PMID: 38525827 PMCID: PMC10993409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The polymer brush architecture of the end-tethered polymer molecules is one of the most widely used efficient methods to regulate interfacial interactions in colloidal systems found in live matter and manufactured materials. Emerging applications of polymer brush structures require solutions to new tasks in the control of interfacial interactions. The rapid development of live cell manufacturing relies on scalable and efficient cell harvesting methods. Stimuli-responsive surfaces made of surface-grafted poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) can bind and detach the adherent cell upon changes in temperature and have been used for cell growth and harvesting. The applications are limited by the requirement to satisfy a range of PNIPAM coating characteristics that depend on the dimensions of the integrin complex in the cell membrane and the basal surface. The analysis of the microstructured surfaces, when adhesive and disjoining functions of the microdomains are decoupled, shows that many limitations of PNIPAM one-component coatings can be avoided by using a much broader range of structural characteristics of the microstructured interfaces composed of alternating disjoining PNIPAM domains and adhesive polymeric domains with cell-affinity functional groups. Temperature-controlled reversible adhesion to such microstructured interfaces is studied here experimentally with model systems of solid spherical particles and by employing simulations for solid and soft membranes interacting with the microstructured surfaces to mimic interactions with soft and solid disk-like particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Badenhorst
- Nanostructured
Material Lab, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Sergei Makaev
- Nanostructured
Material Lab, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Dmytro Yaremchuk
- Institute
for Condensed Matter Physics of the National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, 790011, Ukraine
| | - Yash Sajjan
- Nanostructured
Material Lab, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Artem Sulimov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Vladimir V. Reukov
- Department
of Textiles, Merchandising, and Interiors, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Nickolay V. Lavrik
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Lab, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jaroslav Ilnytskyi
- Institute
for Condensed Matter Physics of the National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, 790011, Ukraine
- Institute
of Applied Mathematics and Fundamental Sciences, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, UA-79013, Ukraine
| | - Sergiy Minko
- Nanostructured
Material Lab, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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3
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Seera SD, Pester CW. Surface-Initiated PET-RAFT via the Z-Group Approach. ACS POLYMERS AU 2023; 3:428-436. [PMID: 38107417 PMCID: PMC10722567 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Surface-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (SI-RAFT) is a user-friendly and versatile approach for polymer brush engineering. For SI-RAFT, synthetic strategies follow either surface-anchoring of radical initiators (e.g., azo compounds) or anchoring RAFT chain transfer agents (CTAs) onto a substrate. The latter can be performed via the R-group or Z-group of the CTA, with the previous scientific focus in literature skewed heavily toward work on the R-group approach. This contribution investigates the alternative: a Z-group approach toward light-mediated SI photoinduced electron transfer RAFT (SI-PET-RAFT) polymerization. An appropriate RAFT CTA is synthesized, immobilized onto SiO2, and its ability to control the growth (and chain extension) of polymer brushes in both organic and aqueous environments is investigated with different acrylamide and methacrylate monomers. O2 tolerance allows Z-group SI-PET-RAFT to be performed under ambient conditions, and patterning surfaces through photolithography is illustrated. Polymer brushes are characterized via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ellipsometry, and water contact angle measurements. An examination of polymer brush grafting density showed variation from 0.01 to 0.16 chains nm-2. Notably, in contrast to the R-group SI-RAFT approach, this chemical approach allows the growth of intermittent layers of polymer brushes underneath the top layer without changing the properties of the outermost surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Dileep
Kumar Seera
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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4
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Wu X, Barner-Kowollik C. Fluorescence-readout as a powerful macromolecular characterisation tool. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12815-12849. [PMID: 38023522 PMCID: PMC10664555 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04052f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed significant progress in synthetic macromolecular chemistry, which can provide access to diverse macromolecules with varying structural complexities, topology and functionalities, bringing us closer to the aim of controlling soft matter material properties with molecular precision. To reach this goal, the development of advanced analytical techniques, allowing for micro-, molecular level and real-time investigation, is essential. Due to their appealing features, including high sensitivity, large contrast, fast and real-time response, as well as non-invasive characteristics, fluorescence-based techniques have emerged as a powerful tool for macromolecular characterisation to provide detailed information and give new and deep insights beyond those offered by commonly applied analytical methods. Herein, we critically examine how fluorescence phenomena, principles and techniques can be effectively exploited to characterise macromolecules and soft matter materials and to further unravel their constitution, by highlighting representative examples of recent advances across major areas of polymer and materials science, ranging from polymer molecular weight and conversion, architecture, conformation to polymer self-assembly to surfaces, gels and 3D printing. Finally, we discuss the opportunities for fluorescence-readout to further advance the development of macromolecules, leading to the design of polymers and soft matter materials with pre-determined and adaptable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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5
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Purohit P, Bhatt A, Mittal RK, Abdellattif MH, Farghaly TA. Polymer Grafting and its chemical reactions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1044927. [PMID: 36714621 PMCID: PMC9874337 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1044927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer grafting is a technique to improve the morphology, chemical, and physical properties of the polymer. This technique has the potential to improve the existing conduction and properties of polymers other than charge transport; as a result, it enhances the solubility, nano-dimensional morphology, biocompatibility, bio-communication, and other property of parent polymer. A polymer's physicochemical properties can be modified even further by creating a copolymer with another polymer or by grafting. Here in the various chemical approaches for polymer grafting, like free radical, click reaction, amide formation, and alkylation have been discussed with their importance, moreover the process and its importance are covered comprehensively with their scientific explanation. The present review also covers the effectiveness of the graft-to approaches and its application in various fields, which will give reader a glimpse about polymer grafting and its uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyank Purohit
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India,*Correspondence: Priyank Purohit, ,
| | - Akanksha Bhatt
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
| | | | | | - Thoraya A. Farghaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Dhingra S, Gaur V, Bhattacharya J, Saha S. Photoinduced micropatterning on biodegradable aliphatic polyester surfaces for anchoring dual brushes and its application in bacteria and cell patterning. J Mater Chem B 2022; 11:83-98. [PMID: 36226487 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01477g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In view of intrinsic challenges encountered in surface patterning on actual biomaterials such as the ones based on biodegradable polymers, we have demonstrated an innovative strategy to create micro-patterns on the surface of tartaric acid based aliphatic polyester P (poly(hexamethylene 2,3-O-isoprpylidentartarate)) without significant loss of its molecular weight. Around 10 wt% PAG (photoacid generator, 2-(4-methoxystyryl)-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine) was purposefully encapsulated in a polyester matrix comprising of P and PLA (polylactide) at a ratio of 5 : 95. With the help of a photomask, selective areas of the matrix were exposed to UV radiation at 395 nm for 25 min to trigger the acid release from PAG entrapped unmasked areas for generating hydroxyl functionality that was later converted to an ATRP (atom transfer radical polymerization) initiating moiety on the irradiated domain of P. In subsequent steps, spatio-selective surface modification by surface initiated ATRP was carried out to generate an alternate pattern of polyPEGMA (poly(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate) and polyDMAPS (poly(3-dimethyl-(methacryloyloxyethyl)ammonium propane sulfonate)) brushes on the matrix. The patterned surface modified with dual brushes was found to be antifouling in nature (rejection of >97% of proteins). Strikingly, an alternate pattern of live bacterial cells (E. coli and S. aureus) was evident and a relatively high population of bacteria was found on the polyPEGMA brush modified domain. However, a complete reverse pattern was visible in the case of L929 mouse fibroblast cells, i.e., cells were found to predominantly adhere to and proliferate on the zwitterionic brush modified surface. An attempt was made to discuss a plausible mechanism of selective cell adhesion on the zwitterionic brush domain. This novel strategy employed on the biodegradable polymer surface provides an easy and straightforward way to micro-pattern various cells, bacteria, etc. on biodegradable substrates which hold great potential to function as biochips, diagnostics, bacteria/cell microarrays, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaifali Dhingra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India.
| | - Vidit Gaur
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | | | - Sampa Saha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India.
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7
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Wang C, Zhao H. Polymer brush-based nanostructures: from surface self-assembly to surface co-assembly. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:5138-5152. [PMID: 35781482 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00458e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Surface structures play an important role in the practical applications of materials. The synthesis of polymer brushes on a solid surface has emerged as an effective tool for tuning surface properties. The fabrication of polymer brush-based surface nanostructures has greatly facilitated the development of materials with unique surface properties. In this review article, synthetic methods used in the synthesis of polymer brushes, and self-assembly approaches applied in the fabrication of surface nanostructures including self-assembly of polymer brushes, co-assembly of polymer brushes and "free" block copolymer chains, and polymerization induced surface self-assembly, are reviewed. It is demonstrated that polymer brush-based surface nanostructures, including spherical surface micelles, wormlike surface structures, layered structures and surface vesicles, can be fabricated. Meanwhile, the challenges in the synthesis and applications of the surface nanostructures are discussed. This review is expected to be helpful for understanding the principles, methods and applications of polymer brush-based surface nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education. Nankai University, Weijing Road #94, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Hanying Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education. Nankai University, Weijing Road #94, Tianjin 300071, China.
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8
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Chemically Amplified Resist Based on Dendritic Molecular Glass for Electron Beam Lithography. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-2163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Fromel M, Benetti EM, Pester CW. Oxygen Tolerance in Surface-Initiated Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerizations: Are Polymer Brushes Turning into Technology? ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:415-421. [PMID: 35575317 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, the development of reversible deactivation radical polymerizations (RDRP), and advancements toward more user-friendly and accessible experimental setups have opened the door for nonexperts to design complex macromolecules with well-defined properties. External mediation, improved tolerance to oxygen, and increased reaction volumes for higher synthetic output are some of the many noteworthy technical improvements. The development of RDRPs in solution was paralleled by their application on solid substrates to synthesize surface-grafted "polymer brushes" via surface-initiated RDRP (SI-RDRP). This Viewpoint paper provides a current perspective on recent developments in SI-RDRP methods that are tolerant to oxygen, especially highlighting those that could potentially enable scaling up of the synthesis of brushes for the functionalization of technologically relevant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fromel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Edmondo M. Benetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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10
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Smenda J, Wolski K, Chajec K, Zapotoczny S. Preparation of Homopolymer, Block Copolymer, and Patterned Brushes Bearing Thiophene and Acetylene Groups Using Microliter Volumes of Reaction Mixtures. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4458. [PMID: 34961009 PMCID: PMC8704565 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of surface-grafted polymers with variable functionality requires the careful selection of polymerization methods that also enable spatially controlled grafting, which is crucial for the fabrication of, e.g., nano (micro) sensor or nanoelectronic devices. The development of versatile, simple, economical, and eco-friendly synthetic strategies is important for scaling up the production of such polymer brushes. We have recently shown that poly (3-methylthienyl methacrylate) (PMTM) and poly (3-trimethylsilyl-2-propynyl methacrylate) (PTPM) brushes with pendant thiophene and acetylene groups, respectively, could be used for the production of ladder-like conjugated brushes that are potentially useful in the mentioned applications. However, the previously developed syntheses of such brushes required the use of high volumes of reagents, elevated temperature, or high energy UV-B light. Therefore, we present here visible light-promoted metal-free surface-initiated ATRP (metal-free SI-ATRP) that allows the economical synthesis of PMTM and PTPM brushes utilizing only microliter volumes of reaction mixtures. The versatility of this approach was shown by the formation of homopolymers but also the block copolymer conjugated brushes (PMTM and PTPM blocks in both sequences) and patterned films using TEM grids serving as photomasks. A simple reaction setup with only a monomer, solvent, commercially available organic photocatalyst, and initiator decorated substrate makes the synthesis of these complex polymer structures achievable for non-experts and ready for scaling up.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karol Wolski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (K.C.); (S.Z.)
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11
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Li F, Thiele S, Klok HA. Polymethylene Brushes via Surface-Initiated C1 Polyhomologation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19873-19880. [PMID: 34793151 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Surface-initiated polymerization reactions are a powerful tool to generate chain-end-tethered polymer brushes. This report presents a synthetic strategy that gives access to structurally well-defined hydrocarbon polymer brushes of controlled molecular weights, which can be further modified to generate more complex surface-attached polymer architectures. The hydrocarbon brushes reported in this study are polymethylene brushes that are obtained via surface-initiated C1 polyhomologation of dimethylsulfoxonium methylide. The strategy outlined here is based on the use of an alkylboronic acid pinacol ester initiator, which allows for controlled, unidirectional chain growth by monomer insertion into only the C-B bond of the initiator and which presents the polymerization active group at the growing polymer chain end. This surface-initiated C1 polyhomologation methodology is compatible with photopatterning strategies and can be used to generate micropatterned polymethylene brush films. Furthermore, conversion of the boronic ester chain-end functionalities to hydroxyl groups allows for selective chain-end modification and enables access to a variety of surface-anchored block copolymer architectures by chain extension via, for example, ring-opening or atom transfer radical polymerization chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Batiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophia Thiele
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Batiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Batiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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13
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14
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Valles DJ, Zholdassov YS, Braunschweig AB. Evolution and applications of polymer brush hypersurface photolithography. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01073e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypersurface photolithography creates arbitrary polymer brush patterns with independent control over feature diameter, height, and spacing between features, while controlling composition along a polymer chain and between features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Valles
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yerzhan S. Zholdassov
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adam B. Braunschweig
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
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15
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Hoffman JR, Phillip WA. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Integrated Membrane Systems. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1267-1279. [PMID: 35638635 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Membranes fabricated from self-assembled materials are one recent example of how polymer science has been leveraged to advance membrane technology. Due to their well-defined nanostructures, the performance of membranes made from these materials is pushing the boundaries of size-selective filtration. Still, there remains a need for higher performance and more selective membranes. The advent of functional membrane platforms that rely on mechanisms beyond steric hindrance (e.g., charge-selective membranes and membrane sorbents) is one approach to realize improved solute-solute selectivity and further advance membrane technology. To date, the lab-scale demonstration of these platforms has often relied on fabrication schemes that require extended processing times. However, in order to translate lab-scale demonstrations to larger-scale implementation, it is critical that the rate of the functionalization scheme is reconciled with membrane manufacturing rates. In this viewpoint, it is postulated that substrates lined by reactive moieties that are amenable to postfabrication modification would enable the production of membranes with controlled nanostructures while providing access to a diverse array of pore wall chemistries. A comparison of reaction and manufacturing rates suggests that mechanisms that exhibit second-order reaction rate constants of at least 1 M-1 s-1 are needed for roll-to-roll processing. Furthermore, for mechanisms that exhibit rate constants greater than 300 M-1 s-1, it may be possible to integrate multiple functional domains over the membrane surface such that useful properties emerge. These multifunctional systems can expand the capabilities of membranes when the patterned chemistries interact at the heterojunctions between domains (e.g., Janus and charge-patterned mosaic membranes) or if they exhibit cooperative responses to external operating conditions (e.g., membrane pumps).
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Hoffman
- 205 McCourtney Hall, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - William A. Phillip
- 205 McCourtney Hall, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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16
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Fromel M, Li M, Pester CW. Surface Engineering with Polymer Brush Photolithography. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000177. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fromel
- Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Mingxiao Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
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17
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Buhl KB, Agergaard AH, Lillethorup M, Nikolajsen JP, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Polymer Brush Coating and Adhesion Technology at Scale. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1475. [PMID: 32630138 PMCID: PMC7407671 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Creating strong joints between dissimilar materials for high-performance hybrid products places high demands on modern adhesives. Traditionally, adhesion relies on the compatibility between surfaces, often requiring the use of primers and thick bonding layers to achieve stable joints. The coatings of polymer brushes enable the compatibilization of material surfaces through precise control over surface chemistry, facilitating strong adhesion through a nanometer-thin layer. Here, we give a detailed account of our research on adhesion promoted by polymer brushes along with examples from industrial applications. We discuss two fundamentally different adhesive mechanisms of polymer brushes, namely (1) physical bonding via entanglement and (2) chemical bonding. The former mechanism is demonstrated by e.g., the strong bonding between poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) brush coated stainless steel and bulk PMMA, while the latter is shown by e.g., the improved adhesion between silicone and titanium substrates, functionalized by a hydrosilane-modified poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) brush. This review establishes that the clever design of polymer brushes can facilitate strong bonding between metals and various polymer materials or compatibilize fillers or nanoparticles with otherwise incompatible polymeric matrices. To realize the full potential of polymer brush functionalized materials, we discuss the progress in the synthesis of polymer brushes under ambient and scalable industrial conditions, and present recent developments in atom transfer radical polymerization for the large-scale production of brush-modified materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Birk Buhl
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (K.B.B.); (A.H.A.); (J.P.N.)
| | - Asger Holm Agergaard
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (K.B.B.); (A.H.A.); (J.P.N.)
| | | | - Jakob Pagh Nikolajsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (K.B.B.); (A.H.A.); (J.P.N.)
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Steen Uttrup Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kim Daasbjerg
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (K.B.B.); (A.H.A.); (J.P.N.)
- Radisurf ApS, Arresoevej 5B, DK-8240 Risskov, Denmark
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18
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Ehtiati K, Moghaddam SZ, Daugaard AE, Thormann E. How Dissociation of Carboxylic Acid Groups in a Weak Polyelectrolyte Brush Depend on Their Distance from the Substrate. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:2339-2348. [PMID: 32069409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A weak polyelectrolyte brush is composed of a layer of polyacids or polybases grafted by one end of their chains to a substrate surface. For such brush layers immersed in an aqueous solution, the dissociation behavior of the acidic or basic groups and the structural and physical properties of the brush layer will thus be strongly dependent on the environmental conditions. For a polyacid brush layer consisting of, e.g., poly(acrylic acid), this means that the chains in the brush layer will be charged at high pH and uncharged at low pH. However, theoretical scaling laws not only foresee the structural changes occurring in response to the pH-induced dissociation behavior but also how the dissociation behavior of the brush layer depends on the ionic strength of the aqueous solution and the density of acidic groups within the brush layer. We have herein employed spectroscopic ellipsometry and a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) to experimentally evaluate the theoretically predicted dissociation and structural behavior of PAA brushes. Spectroscopic ellipsometry allows us to study the brush thickness as a function of pH and ionic strength, while QCM-D gives us an opportunity to investigate the swelling behavior of PAA brushes at various penetration depths of propagating acoustic waves. Our studies show that the dissociation degree of the carboxylic acid groups in a PAA brush increases with increasing distance from the substrate. Moreover, the ionic strength enhances carboxylic acid dissociation, such that a higher ionic strength leads to a narrower distribution and higher average dissociation degree. In conclusion, our results provide an experimental verification of the theoretically predicted gradient in the degree of dissociation of the acid groups in weak polyacid brush layers and shows that at a pH value equal to approximately the average pKa value of the brush, the state of the acid groups varies from being almost uncharged to almost fully dissociated depending on the ionic strength and vertical position in the brush.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koosha Ehtiati
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Saeed Z Moghaddam
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders E Daugaard
- Danish Polymer Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Esben Thormann
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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19
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Clegg JR, Wagner AM, Shin SR, Hassan S, Khademhosseini A, Peppas NA. Modular Fabrication of Intelligent Material-Tissue Interfaces for Bioinspired and Biomimetic Devices. PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE 2019; 106:100589. [PMID: 32189815 PMCID: PMC7079701 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2019.100589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the goals of biomaterials science is to reverse engineer aspects of human and nonhuman physiology. Similar to the body's regulatory mechanisms, such devices must transduce changes in the physiological environment or the presence of an external stimulus into a detectable or therapeutic response. This review is a comprehensive evaluation and critical analysis of the design and fabrication of environmentally responsive cell-material constructs for bioinspired machinery and biomimetic devices. In a bottom-up analysis, we begin by reviewing fundamental principles that explain materials' responses to chemical gradients, biomarkers, electromagnetic fields, light, and temperature. Strategies for fabricating highly ordered assemblies of material components at the nano to macro-scales via directed assembly, lithography, 3D printing and 4D printing are also presented. We conclude with an account of contemporary material-tissue interfaces within bioinspired and biomimetic devices for peptide delivery, cancer theranostics, biomonitoring, neuroprosthetics, soft robotics, and biological machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Clegg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Angela M Wagner
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shabir Hassan
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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20
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Sheng W, Amin I, Neumann C, Dong R, Zhang T, Wegener E, Chen WL, Förster P, Tran HQ, Löffler M, Winter A, Rodriguez RD, Zschech E, Ober CK, Feng X, Turchanin A, Jordan R. Polymer Brushes on Hexagonal Boron Nitride. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1805228. [PMID: 30932320 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201805228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Direct covalent functionalization of large-area single-layer hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) with various polymer brushes under mild conditions is presented. The photopolymerization of vinyl monomers results in the formation of thick and homogeneous (micropatterned, gradient) polymer brushes covalently bound to hBN. The brush layer mechanically and chemically stabilizes the material and allows facile handling as well as long-term use in water splitting hydrogen evolution reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Sheng
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ihsan Amin
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Junior Research Group Biosensing Surfaces, Leibniz Insitute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, 310 Bard Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Christof Neumann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Lessingstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Renhao Dong
- Chair of Molecular Functional Materials, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tao Zhang
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Chair of Molecular Functional Materials, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Erik Wegener
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Paul Förster
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hai Quang Tran
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Markus Löffler
- Dresden Center for Nanoanalysis, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CfAED), Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 18, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Winter
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Lessingstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Raul D Rodriguez
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Ave, 634050, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Ehrenfried Zschech
- Dresden Center for Nanoanalysis, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CfAED), Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 18, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- Department Head Microelectronic Materials and Nanoanalysis, Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems, Maria Reiche Str. 2, 01099, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, 310 Bard Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Chair of Molecular Functional Materials, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Lessingstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Rainer Jordan
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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21
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Abbaspoor S, Agbolaghi S, Mahmoudi M, Jahanbani Y, Abbasi F, Sarvari R. Effect of miscibility on migration of third component in star-like co-continuous and disperse-within-disperse mixed brushes. POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saleheh Abbaspoor
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Faculty of Polymer Engineering; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
| | - Samira Agbolaghi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering; Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University; Tabriz Iran
| | - Mojgan Mahmoudi
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Faculty of Polymer Engineering; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
| | - Yalda Jahanbani
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Faculty of Polymer Engineering; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
| | - Farhang Abbasi
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Faculty of Polymer Engineering; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
| | - Raana Sarvari
- Department of Chemistry; Payame Noor University; Tehran Iran
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22
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Disperse-within-disperse patterning on ternary/binary mixed-brush single crystals using polyaniline, polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) grafts. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Abbaspoor S, Agbolaghi S, Nazari M, Abbasi F. Conventional and rare-patched rod/coil matrix-dispersed patternings on single crystals affected by Rigidity, amorphism and crystallinity of brushes. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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24
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Schneider HJ. Logic-Gate Functions in Chemomechanical Materials. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:2306-2313. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Jörg Schneider
- FR Organische Chemie der; Universität des Saarlandes; 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
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25
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Kiremitler NB, Pekdemir S, Patarroyo J, Karabel S, Torun I, Puntes VF, Onses MS. Assembly of Plasmonic Nanoparticles on Nanopatterns of Polymer Brushes Fabricated by Electrospin Nanolithography. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:603-608. [PMID: 35650844 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents electrospin nanolithography (ESPNL) for versatile and low-cost fabrication of nanoscale patterns of polymer brushes to serve as templates for assembly of metallic nanoparticles. Here electrospun nanofibers placed on top of a substrate grafted with polymer brushes serve as masks. The oxygen plasma etching of the substrate followed by removal of the fibers leads to linear patterns of polymer brushes. The line-widths as small as ∼50 nm can be achieved by precise tuning of the diameter of fibers, etching condition, and fiber-substrate interaction. Highly aligned and spatially defined patterns can be fabricated by operating in the near-field electrospinning regime. Patterns of polymer brushes with two different chemistries effectively directed the assembly of gold nanoparticles and silver nanocubes. Nanopatterned brushes imparted strong confinement effects on the assembly of plasmonic nanoparticles and resulted in strong localization of electromagnetic fields leading to intense signals in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. The scalability and simplicity of ESPNL hold great promise in patterning of a broad range of polymer thin films for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Burak Kiremitler
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanotechnology Research Center
(ERNAM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
| | - Sami Pekdemir
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanotechnology Research Center
(ERNAM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
| | - Javier Patarroyo
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sema Karabel
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanotechnology Research Center
(ERNAM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
| | - Ilker Torun
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanotechnology Research Center
(ERNAM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
| | - Victor F. Puntes
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M. Serdar Onses
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanotechnology Research Center
(ERNAM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
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26
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Chen WL, Menzel M, Prucker O, Wang E, Ober CK, Rühe J. Morphology of Nanostructured Polymer Brushes Dependent on Production and Treatment. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Menzel
- Department
of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oswald Prucker
- Department
of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Jürgen Rühe
- Department
of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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27
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Zoppe JO, Ataman NC, Mocny P, Wang J, Moraes J, Klok HA. Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization: State-of-the-Art, Opportunities, and Challenges in Surface and Interface Engineering with Polymer Brushes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:1105-1318. [PMID: 28135076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of polymer brushes by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization (SI-CRP) techniques has become a powerful approach to tailor the chemical and physical properties of interfaces and has given rise to great advances in surface and interface engineering. Polymer brushes are defined as thin polymer films in which the individual polymer chains are tethered by one chain end to a solid interface. Significant advances have been made over the past years in the field of polymer brushes. This includes novel developments in SI-CRP, as well as the emergence of novel applications such as catalysis, electronics, nanomaterial synthesis and biosensing. Additionally, polymer brushes prepared via SI-CRP have been utilized to modify the surface of novel substrates such as natural fibers, polymer nanofibers, mesoporous materials, graphene, viruses and protein nanoparticles. The last years have also seen exciting advances in the chemical and physical characterization of polymer brushes, as well as an ever increasing set of computational and simulation tools that allow understanding and predictions of these surface-grafted polymer architectures. The aim of this contribution is to provide a comprehensive review that critically assesses recent advances in the field and highlights the opportunities and challenges for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin O Zoppe
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nariye Cavusoglu Ataman
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Piotr Mocny
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jian Wang
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Moraes
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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28
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Willott JD, Murdoch TJ, Webber GB, Wanless EJ. Physicochemical behaviour of cationic polyelectrolyte brushes. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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29
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Pester CW, Narupai B, Mattson KM, Bothman DP, Klinger D, Lee KW, Discekici EH, Hawker CJ. Engineering Surfaces through Sequential Stop-Flow Photopatterning. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:9292-9300. [PMID: 27615382 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Solution-exchange lithography is a new modular approach to engineer surfaces via sequential photopatterning. An array of lenses reduces features on an inkjet-printed photomask and reproduces arbitrarily complex patterns onto surfaces. In situ exchange of solutions allows successive photochemical reactions without moving the substrate and affords access to hierarchically patterned substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Pester
- Materials Research Laboratory (MRL), University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Benjaporn Narupai
- Materials Research Laboratory (MRL), University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Kaila M Mattson
- Materials Research Laboratory (MRL), University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - David P Bothman
- Department of Mechanical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Daniel Klinger
- Institut für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kenneth W Lee
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Emre H Discekici
- Materials Research Laboratory (MRL), University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Craig J Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory (MRL), University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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30
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Beiler AM, Khusnutdinova D, Jacob SI, Moore GF. Chemistry at the Interface: Polymer-Functionalized GaP Semiconductors for Solar Hydrogen Production. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Beiler
- School of Molecular Sciences
and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery
(CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Diana Khusnutdinova
- School of Molecular Sciences
and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery
(CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Samuel I. Jacob
- School of Molecular Sciences
and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery
(CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Gary F. Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences
and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery
(CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
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31
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Narupai B, Poelma JE, Pester CW, McGrath AJ, Toumayan EP, Luo Y, Kramer JW, Clark PG, Ray PC, Hawker CJ. Hierarchical comb brush architectures via sequential light-mediated controlled radical polymerizations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjaporn Narupai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93106
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93106
| | - Justin E. Poelma
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93106
- Materials Department; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93106
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93106
| | - Alaina J. McGrath
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93106
| | - Edward P. Toumayan
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93106
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93106
| | - Yingdong Luo
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93106
| | | | | | - Paresh C. Ray
- Department of Chemistry; Jackson State University; Jackson Mississippi 39217
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93106
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93106
- Materials Department; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93106
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32
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Dalier F, Eghiaian F, Scheuring S, Marie E, Tribet C. Temperature-Switchable Control of Ligand Display on Adlayers of Mixed Poly(lysine)-g-(PEO) and Poly(lysine)-g-(ligand-modified poly-N-isopropylacrylamide). Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:1727-36. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Dalier
- Ecole Normale
Supérieure-PSL Research University, Dpt Chimie, Sorbonne Universités
- UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - F. Eghiaian
- U1006 INSERM,
Aix-Marseille Université, Parc Scientifique et Technologique
de Luminy, 163 av. de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - S. Scheuring
- U1006 INSERM,
Aix-Marseille Université, Parc Scientifique et Technologique
de Luminy, 163 av. de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - E. Marie
- Ecole Normale
Supérieure-PSL Research University, Dpt Chimie, Sorbonne Universités
- UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - C. Tribet
- Ecole Normale
Supérieure-PSL Research University, Dpt Chimie, Sorbonne Universités
- UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
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Epps Iii TH, O'Reilly RK. Block copolymers: controlling nanostructure to generate functional materials - synthesis, characterization, and engineering. Chem Sci 2016; 7:1674-1689. [PMID: 30155013 PMCID: PMC6090521 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03505h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this perspective, we survey recent advances in the synthesis and characterization of block copolymers, discuss several key materials opportunities enabled by block copolymers, and highlight some of the challenges that currently limit further realization of block copolymers in promising nanoscale applications. One significant challenge, especially as the complexity and functionality of designer macromolecules increases, is the requirement of multiple complementary techniques to fully characterize the resultant polymers and nanoscale materials. Thus, we highlight select characterization and theoretical methods and discuss how future advances can improve understanding of block copolymer systems. In particular, we consider the application of theoretical/simulation methods to the rationalization, and prediction, of observed experimental self-assembly phenomena. Finally, we explore several next steps for the field and emphasize some general areas of emerging research that could unlock additional opportunities for nanostructure-forming block copolymers in functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Epps Iii
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , USA .
| | - Rachel K O'Reilly
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
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34
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Huang CF. Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization for applications in sensors, non-biofouling surfaces and adsorbents. Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2016.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Hafner D, Ziegler L, Ichwan M, Zhang T, Schneider M, Schiffmann M, Thomas C, Hinrichs K, Jordan R, Amin I. Mussel-Inspired Polymer Carpets: Direct Photografting of Polymer Brushes on Polydopamine Nanosheets for Controlled Cell Adhesion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:1489-1494. [PMID: 26671880 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
2D mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA) nanosheets are prepared and exploited as a functional surface for grafting various polymer brushes. The PDA nanosheet and its polymer-brush derivatives show lateral integrity and are robust; therefore, they can be detached from their substrates. Cell-adhesion tests show that the PDA nanosheet promotes cell growth and attachment, while a PDA-based poly(3-sulfopropyl methacrylate) carpet exhibits nonfouling behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hafner
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lisa Ziegler
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Muhammad Ichwan
- Center for Regenerative Therapy Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jalan Dr. T. Mansur 5, 20155, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Tao Zhang
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schneider
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Schiffmann
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Thomas
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karsten Hinrichs
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische, Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Department Berlin, Schwarzschildstrasse 8, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Jordan
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, George-Schumannstrasse 11, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ihsan Amin
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, George-Schumannstrasse 11, 01187, Dresden, Germany
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36
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Nowacka M, Kowalewska A, Makowski T. Nanostructured surfaces by supramolecular self-assembly of linear oligosilsesquioxanes with biocompatible side groups. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:2377-87. [PMID: 26734528 PMCID: PMC4685769 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Linear oligomeric silsesquioxanes with polar side moieties (e.g., carboxylic groups and derivatives of N-acetylcysteine, cysteine hydrochloride or glutathione) can form specific, self-assembled nanostructures when deposited on mica by dip coating. The mechanism of adsorption is based on molecule-to-substrate interactions between carboxylic groups and mica. Intermolecular cross-linking by hydrogen bonds was also observed due to the donor-acceptor character of the functional groups. The texture of supramolecular nanostructures formed by the studied materials on mica was analysed with atomic force microscopy and their specific surface energy was estimated by contact angle measurements. Significant differences in the surface roughness, thickness and the arrangement of macromolecules were noted depending on the kind of functional groups on the side chains. Specific changes in the morphology of the surface layer were observed when mica was primed with a monolayer of small organic compounds (e.g., N-acetylcysteine, citric acid, thioglycolic or acid). The adsorption of both silsesquioxane oligomers and organic primers was confirmed with attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy. The observed physiochemical and textural variations in the adsorbed materials correlate with the differences in the chemical structure of the applied oligomers and primers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nowacka
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Anna Kowalewska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Tomasz Makowski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
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Kowalewska A, Nowacka M, Tracz A, Makowski T. Supramolecular self-assembly of linear oligosilsesquioxanes on mica--AFM surface imaging and hydrophilicity studies. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:4818-4829. [PMID: 25982889 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00787a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Linear oligomeric [2-(carboxymethylthio)ethylsilsesquioxanes] (LPSQ-COOH) adsorb spontaneously on muscovite mica and form smooth, well-ordered lamellar structures at the liquid-solid interface. Side carboxylic groups, having donor-acceptor character with regard to hydrogen bonds, are engaged both in multipoint molecule-to-substrate interactions and intermolecular cross-linking. The unique arrangement of silsesquioxane macromolecules, with COOH groups situated at the interface with air, produces highly hydrophilic surfaces of good thermal and solvolytic stability. Supramolecular assemblies of LPSQ-COOH were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM), angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR spectroscopy. Comparative height profile analysis combined with ATR-FTIR studies of the spectral regions characteristic of carboxylic groups and C1s core level envelope by XPS confirmed specific interactions between LPSQ-COOH and mica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kowalewska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland.
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Klok HA, Genzer J. Expanding the Polymer Mechanochemistry Toolbox through Surface-Initiated Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:636-639. [PMID: 35596399 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Surface-initiated polymerizations represent a versatile toolbox to generate densely grafted assemblies of chain end-tethered polymers. At sufficiently short interchain distances, surface-grafted polymers are forced into an extended chain conformation, which forms the basis of several unique properties, including their ability to withstand efficiently biofouling or to act as low friction coatings. While the effect on materials properties is well-established, only relatively recently first reports have appeared describing that chain stretching in surface-grafted polymer films also impacts chemical stability/reactivity. This Viewpoint presents surface-initiated polymerization as an alternative polymer mechanochemical tool. The absence of an external force field to induce chain elongation and the possibility to modulate chain stretching by varying brush molecular weight and grafting density, in conjunction with electrostatic interactions and nanoinclusions that may be present inside the polymeric grafts, make surface-initiated polymerization an attractive tool to both study and understand the effects of polymer chain conformation on the stability/reactivity of surface-grafted polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm-Anton Klok
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
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Sheng W, Li B, Wang X, Dai B, Yu B, Jia X, Zhou F. Brushing up from "anywhere" under sunlight: a universal surface-initiated polymerization from polydopamine-coated surfaces. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2068-2073. [PMID: 28706651 PMCID: PMC5496382 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03851g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a simple yet extremely versatile and generalized surface polymer modification approach based on a surface initiated polymerization from a polydopamine (PDA) layer. PDA deposits on virtually any substrate independent of specific surface chemistries and can act as a photoinitiating layer to initiate the radical polymerization of a variety of (methyl)acrylic/styrene monomers. It does not require any metal/ligand catalyst, additional photoinitiator or dye sensitizer. Another attractive feature of this novel strategy is the ability to spatially control the architectures (pattern, gradient) of the polymer films by altering the areas of light irradiation. It is also adaptable to large area grafting with an ultra-small amount of monomer solution (a thin monomer solution layer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 730000 , Lanzhou , China . ;
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Materials of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shihezi University , 832003 , Shihezi , China .
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 730000 , Lanzhou , China . ;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 , Beijing , China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 730000 , Lanzhou , China . ;
| | - Bin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Materials of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shihezi University , 832003 , Shihezi , China .
| | - Bo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 730000 , Lanzhou , China . ;
| | - Xin Jia
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Materials of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shihezi University , 832003 , Shihezi , China .
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 730000 , Lanzhou , China . ;
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40
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Li B, Yu B, Ye Q, Zhou F. Tapping the potential of polymer brushes through synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:229-37. [PMID: 25521476 DOI: 10.1021/ar500323p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CONSPECTUS: Polymer brushes are becoming increasing popular in the chemical literature, because scientists can control their chemical configuration, density, architecture, and thickness down to nanoscale precision with even simple laboratory setups. A polymer brush is made up of a layer of polymers attached to a substrate surface at one end with the other end dangling into a solvent. In a suitable solvent, the polymer chains stretch away from the surface due to both steric and osmotic repulsion between the chain segments. In an inadequate solvent, however, the polymer chains collapse due to enough interior free space after desolvation. This unique class of materials exhibit interesting physicochemical properties at interfaces and have numerous applications from sensing to surface/interface property control. Chemists have made recent advances in surface modification and specific application of polymer brushes, due to both profound mechanistic understanding and synthetic strategies. The commonly used synthetic strategies for generating polymer brushes are surface-initiated polymerizations (SIPs), which resemble planting rice. That is, the assembly of initiator on the surface is similar to transplanting rice seedlings, and the subsequent polymerizations are akin to rice growth. Among different SIP methods, researchers mostly use surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) because it provides many advantages in the preparation of well-defined polymer brushes, including easy initiator synthesis, fair control over polymer growth, a "living" end for copolymer grafting, and polymerization in aqueous solution. However, chemists gradually realized that there still room for improvement in this method, since the conventional SI-ATRP method suffers several drawbacks. These include having limited availability on various materials surfaces, rigorous synthetic protocols, heavy consumption and waste of unreacted monomers, and limited ability to control a polymerization process. Moreover, applications of polymer brushes as model surfaces must benefit from the synergistic strategies and profound insights into the fundamental understanding of the polymerization. This is not only to optimize the SI-ATRP process but also to expand the range of monomers, simplify reaction setups, reduce the cost, and ultimately gain control of the synthesis of well-defined polymeric surfaces for material science and engineering. In this Account, we provide an overview of our and others' recent advances in the fabrication of polymer brushes by using SI-ATRP, to promote the widespread application of SI-ATRP and practical applications of the polymer brushes. We aim to provide fundamental mechanistic and synthetic features of SI-ATRP, while emphasizing the various externally applied stimuli mediated catalytic and initiation systems, including electrochemistry, chemical reducing agents, and photochemistry. In addition, we discuss how chemists can advantageously exploit these methods to synthesize functional polymeric surfaces in environmentally friendly media and facilitate in situ regulation of a dynamic polymerization process. We also discuss structural polymer brushes, such as block copolymers and patterned and gradient structures. Finally, we provide examples that highlight some practical applications of polymer brushes using SI-ATRP, especially the emerging polymerization methods. Overall, recently developed SI-ATRP systems overcome many limitations that permit less rigorous synthetic protocols and facilitate scientific community-wide access to surface modifications. By using these methodologies, chemists are tapping the potential of polymer brushes in surface/interface research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Qian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000 China
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41
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Chen C, Zhou X, Xie Z, Gao T, Zheng Z. Construction of 3D polymer brushes by dip-pen nanodisplacement lithography: understanding the molecular displacement for ultrafine and high-speed patterning. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:613-21. [PMID: 25256006 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201400642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Dip-pen nanodisplacement lithography (DNL) is a versatile scanning probe-based technique that can be employed for fabricating ultrafine 3D polymer brushes under ambient conditions. Many fundamental studies and applications require the large-area fabrication of 3D structures. However, the fabrication throughput and uniformity are still far from satisfactory. In this work, the molecular displacement mechanism of DNL is elucidated by systematically investigating the synergistic effect of z extension and contact time. The in-depth understanding of molecular displacement results in the successful achievement of ultrafine control of 3D structures and high-speed patterning at the same time. Remarkably, one can prepare arbitrary 3D polymer brushes on a large area (1.3 mm × 1.3 mm), with <5% vertical and lateral size variations, and a patterning speed as much as 200-fold faster than the current state-of-the-art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojian Chen
- Advanced Research Centre for Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic, University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China; Nanotechnology Center, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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42
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Panzarasa G, Soliveri G, Sparnacci K, Ardizzone S. Patterning of polymer brushes made easy using titanium dioxide: direct and remote photocatalytic lithography. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:7313-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00255a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide photocatalytic lithography of initiator functionalized surfaces is proved for the realization of micropatterned polymer brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Panzarasa
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- Università del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”
- Viale T. Michel 11
- 15100 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - G. Soliveri
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM)
| | - K. Sparnacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- Università del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”
- Viale T. Michel 11
- 15100 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - S. Ardizzone
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM)
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43
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Krishnamoorthy M, Hakobyan S, Ramstedt M, Gautrot JE. Surface-initiated polymer brushes in the biomedical field: applications in membrane science, biosensing, cell culture, regenerative medicine and antibacterial coatings. Chem Rev 2014; 114:10976-1026. [PMID: 25353708 DOI: 10.1021/cr500252u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahentha Krishnamoorthy
- Institute of Bioengineering and ‡School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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44
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Ruan W, Zhou T, Hui G, Wang Y, Chong X, Wang X, Song W, Han X, Zhao B. Particle lithography-based patterning of polyelectrolyte template films and their application in fabrication of gold/silver nanoparticle assembly. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 432:65-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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45
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Chen C, Tang P, Qiu F. Binary hairy nanoparticles: Recent progress in theory and simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cangyi Chen
- Department of Macromolecular Science; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Ping Tang
- Department of Macromolecular Science; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Department of Macromolecular Science; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
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46
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Li B, Yu B, Zhou F. Spatial Control over Brush Growth through Sunlight-Induced Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Using Dye-Sensitized TiO2
as a Photocatalyst. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 35:1287-92. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 730000 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Bo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 730000 China
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 730000 China
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47
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Roling O, Mardyukov A, Krings JA, Studer A, Ravoo BJ. Polymer Brushes Exhibiting Versatile Supramolecular Interactions Grown by Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization and Structured via Microcontact Chemistry. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500043b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Roling
- Organic Chemistry Institute
and Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Artur Mardyukov
- Organic Chemistry Institute
and Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jennifer A. Krings
- Organic Chemistry Institute
and Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organic Chemistry Institute
and Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic Chemistry Institute
and Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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