1
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Thio DR, Veronica N, Heng PWS, Chan LW. Tableting of coated multiparticulates: Influences of punch face configurations. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123863. [PMID: 38307400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The influences of the punch face design on multi-unit pellet system (MUPS) tablets were investigated. Drug-loaded pellets coated with sustained release polymer based on ethylcellulose or acrylic were compacted into MUPS tablets. Punch face designs used include standard concave, deep concave, flat-faced bevel edge and flat-faced radius edge. MUPS tablets compacted at 2 or 8 kN were characterized for their tensile strength. The extent of pellet coat damage after tableting was evaluated from drug release profiles. Biconvex tablets were weaker by 0.01-0.15 MPa, depending on the pellet type used, and had 1-17 % higher elastic recovery (p < 0.000) than flat-faced tablets. At higher compaction force, the use of the deep concave punch showed a 13-26 % lower extent of pellet coat damage, indicated by a relatively higher mean dissolution time, compared to other punch face configurations (p < 0.000). This was attributed to increased rearrangement energy of the compacted material due to the high punch concavity, which sequestered compaction stress exerted on pellet coats. Although the deep concave punch reduced the stress, the resultant tablets containing pellets coated with acrylic were weaker (p = 0.01). Overall, the punch face configuration significantly affected the quality of MUPS tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Robin Thio
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Natalia Veronica
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Paul Wan Sia Heng
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Lai Wah Chan
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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2
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Zhao K, Li R, Qi W, Tian X, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Wang W. Adjustable strength and toughness of dual cross-linked nanocellulose films via spherical cellulose as soft-phase. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 327:121708. [PMID: 38171668 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Nanocellulose films possess numerous merits ascribing to their inherent biocompatibility, non-toxic and biodegradability properties. The potential for practical applications would be improved if their mechanical strength and toughness requirements could be met simultaneously. Herein, dual cross-linked nanocellulose (DC) film was fabricated by the treatments of chemical and physical cross-linking, which was mechanically superior to pure nanocellulose (CNF) films. To further increase the toughness of DC films, spherical cellulose (Sph) was incorporated into DC film (DC-Sph film), and analyzed under different humidity conditions (RH) (from 10 % to 90 %). The changes of functional groups of CNF, DC and DC-Sph films were detected by FTIR and XPS spectrum. The epichlorohydrin and Sph content were optimized, followed by the investigation of RH on the toughness of films. The highest tensile strength (146.6 ± 4.6 MPa) was obtained in DC film at 50 % RH, while the DC-Sph film showed the largest toughness (40.3 ± 3.7 kJ/m2) at 70 % RH. Furthermore, the possible toughening mechanism of DC-Sph film was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Collage of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Ruonan Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wenhui Qi
- Collage of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Xiaojing Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- Collage of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei 071001, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yafei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- National Engineering Lab for Pulp and Paper, China National Pulp and Paper Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Wenhang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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3
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Yu J, Zhang Y, Cosgrove DJ. The nonlinear mechanics of highly extensible plant epidermal cell walls. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316396121. [PMID: 38165937 PMCID: PMC10786299 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316396121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant epidermal cell walls maintain the mechanical integrity of plants and restrict organ growth. Mechanical analyses can give insights into wall structure and are inputs for mechanobiology models of plant growth. To better understand the intrinsic mechanics of epidermal cell walls and how they may accommodate large deformations during growth, we analyzed a geometrically simple material, onion epidermal strips consisting of only the outer (periclinal) cell wall, ~7 μm thick. With uniaxial stretching by >40%, the wall showed complex three-phase stress-strain responses while cyclic stretching revealed reversible and irreversible deformations and elastic hysteresis. Stretching at varying strain rates and temperatures indicated the wall behaved more like a network of flexible cellulose fibers capable of sliding than a viscoelastic composite with pectin viscosity. We developed an analytic framework to quantify nonlinear wall mechanics in terms of stiffness, deformation, and energy dissipation, finding that the wall stretches by combined elastic and plastic deformation without compromising its stiffness. We also analyzed mechanical changes in slightly dehydrated walls. Their extension became stiffer and more irreversible, highlighting the influence of water on cellulose stiffness and sliding. This study offers insights into the structure and deformation modes of primary cell walls and presents a framework that is also applicable to tissues and whole organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yu
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
- China Hubei Key Laboratory of Engineering Structural Analysis and Safety Assessment, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Daniel J. Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
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4
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Jing S, Wu L, Siciliano AP, Chen C, Li T, Hu L. The Critical Roles of Water in the Processing, Structure, and Properties of Nanocellulose. ACS NANO 2023; 17:22196-22226. [PMID: 37934794 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The cellulose industry depends heavily on water owing to the hydrophilic nature of cellulose fibrils and its potential for sustainable and innovative production methods. The emergence of nanocellulose, with its excellent properties, and the incorporation of nanomaterials have garnered significant attention. At the nanoscale level, nanocellulose offers a higher exposure of hydroxyl groups, making it more intimate with water than micro- and macroscale cellulose fibers. Gaining a deeper understanding of the interaction between nanocellulose and water holds the potential to reduce production costs and provide valuable insights into designing functional nanocellulose-based materials. In this review, water molecules interacting with nanocellulose are classified into free water (FW) and bound water (BW), based on their interaction forces with surface hydroxyls and their mobility in different states. In addition, the water-holding capacity of cellulosic materials and various water detection methods are also discussed. The review also examines water-utilization and water-removal methods in the fabrication, dispersion, and transport of nanocellulose, aiming to elucidate the challenges and tradeoffs in these processes while minimizing energy and time costs. Furthermore, the influence of water on nanocellulose properties, including mechanical properties, ion conductivity, and biodegradability, are discussed. Finally, we provide our perspective on the challenges and opportunities in developing nanocellulose and its interplay with water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Jing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lianping Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Amanda P Siciliano
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Chaoji Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Teng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Center for Materials Innovation, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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5
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Krishna B A, de Vos WM, Lindhoud S. Control over Charge Density by Tuning the Polyelectrolyte Type and Monomer Ratio in Saloplastic-Based Ion-Exchange Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:6874-6884. [PMID: 37126784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Membranes based on polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) can now be prepared through several sustainable, organic solvent-free approaches. A recently developed approach allows PECs made by stoichiometric mixing of polyelectrolytes to be hot-pressed into dense saloplastics, which then function as ion-exchange membranes. An important advantage of PECs is that tuning their properties can provide significant control over the properties of the fabricated materials, and thus over their separation properties. This work studies the effects of two key parameters─(a) ratio of mixing and (b) choice of polyelectrolytes─on the mechanical, material, and separation properties of their corresponding hot-pressed saloplastic-based ion-exchange membranes. By varying these two main parameters, charge density─the key property of any IEM─was found to be controllable. While studying several systems, including strong/strong, strong/weak, and weak/weak combinations of polyelectrolytes, it was observed that not all systems could be processed into saloplastic membranes. For the processable systems, expected trends were observed where a higher excess of one polyelectrolyte would lead to a more charged system, resulting in higher water uptake and better permselectivities. An anomaly was the polystyrenesulfonate-polyvinylamine system, which showed an opposite trend with a higher polycation ratio, leading to a more negative charge. Overall, we have found that it is possible to successfully fabricate saloplastic-based anion- and cation-exchange membranes with tunable charge densities through careful choice of polyelectrolyte combination and ratio of mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya Krishna B
- Membrane Surface Science, Membrane Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, Overijssel 7500 AE, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecules and Materials, University of Twente, Enschede, Overijssel 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Wiebe M de Vos
- Membrane Surface Science, Membrane Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, Overijssel 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Lindhoud
- Department of Molecules and Materials, University of Twente, Enschede, Overijssel 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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6
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Pontinha ADR, Mäntyneva J, Santos P, Durães L. Thermomechanical Performance Assessment of Sustainable Buildings’ Insulating Materials under Accelerated Ageing Conditions. Gels 2023; 9:gels9030241. [PMID: 36975690 PMCID: PMC10048358 DOI: 10.3390/gels9030241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The reliable characterization of insulation materials in relevant environmental conditions is crucial, since it strongly influences the performance (e.g., thermal) of building elements. In fact, their properties may vary with the moisture content, temperature, ageing degradation, etc. Therefore, in this work, the thermomechanical behaviour of different materials was compared when subjected to accelerated ageing. Insulation materials that use recycled rubber in their composition were studied, along with others for comparison: heat-pressed rubber, rubber_cork composites, aerogel_rubber composite (developed by the authors), silica aerogel, and extruded polystyrene. The ageing cycles comprised dry-heat, humid-heat, and cold conditions as the stages, during cycles of 3 and 6 weeks. The materials’ properties after ageing were compared with the initial values. Aerogel-based materials showed superinsulation behaviour and good flexibility due to their very high porosity and reinforcement with fibres. Extruded polystyrene also had a low thermal conductivity but exhibited permanent deformation under compression. In general, the ageing conditions led to a very slight increase in the thermal conductivity, which vanished after drying of the samples in an oven, and to a decrease in Young’s moduli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dora Rodrigues Pontinha
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Johanna Mäntyneva
- Häme University of Applied Sciences, HAMK Tech Research Unit, 13100 Hämeenlinna, Finland
| | - Paulo Santos
- University of Coimbra, ISISE, ARISE, Department of Civil Engineering, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luísa Durães
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
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7
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Wong CL, Wang S, Karimnejad S, Wijburg MG, Mansouri H, Darhuber AA. Transient deformation and swelling of paper by aqueous co-solvent solutions. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:1202-1211. [PMID: 36656620 PMCID: PMC9906801 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01388f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Inkjet printing inks frequently contain polar liquids of low volatility such as glycerol or poly(ethylene glycols) in addition to the main solvent water. The deposition of these liquids on paper sheets induces swelling of the cellulose fibers, which leads to an overall, anisotropic deformation of the sheet. We characterized the corresponding strain components by means of a grid projection method and white light interferometry. For pure water, most of the hydroexpansion strain vanishes again after drying is complete. However, for aqueous solutions of non-volatile co-solvents, a large fraction of the deformation persists after the water has evaporated. Because swelling occurs only after liquid enters the cellulose fibers, monitoring the dynamics of expansion provides insight into the pore-fiber distribution of co-solvents. The corresponding timescales of pore-fiber transport strongly depend on the co-solvent concentration, as a sufficient quantity of water is needed to plasticize the fiber walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-L Wong
- Fluids & Flows Group, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.
| | - S Wang
- Fluids & Flows Group, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.
| | - S Karimnejad
- Fluids & Flows Group, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.
| | - M G Wijburg
- Fluids & Flows Group, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.
| | - H Mansouri
- Canon Production Printing, Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - A A Darhuber
- Fluids & Flows Group, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.
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8
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Liu Z, Chung PW. Critical Evaluation of Reactive Force Fields for Vibrational Spectra: Case Study of Crystalline Cellulose Iβ. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Liu
- Center for Engineering Concepts Development Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Maryland College Park 4298 Campus Drive, Glenn L. Martin Hall Room 2135 College Park MD, 20742 USA
| | - Peter W. Chung
- Center for Engineering Concepts Development Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Maryland College Park 4298 Campus Drive, Glenn L. Martin Hall Room 2135 College Park MD, 20742 USA
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9
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Zhao H, Zhao L, Lin X, Shen L. An update on microcrystalline cellulose in direct compression: Functionality, critical material attributes, and co-processed excipients. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 278:118968. [PMID: 34973783 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is one of the most popular cellulose derivatives in the pharmaceutical industry. Thanks to its outstanding tabletability, MCC is generally included in direct compression (DC) tablet formulations containing poor-tabletability active pharmaceutical ingredients. Nowadays, numerous grades of MCC from various brands are accessible for pharmaceutical manufacturers, leading to variability in MCC properties. Hence, it seems to be worthy and urgent to evaluate the influences of MCC variability on tablet quality and to identify critical material attributes (CMAs) based on the idea of Quality by Control. Besides, MCC-based co-processed excipients can effectively combine the functions of the filler, binder, disintegrant, lubricant, glidant, or flavor, and thus have drawn extensive interest. In this review, we focused specifically on the recent advances and development of MCC on DC tableting, including the functions in tablet formulations, potential CMAs, and MCC-based co-possessed excipients, therefore providing a reference for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1200, Cai-lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Lijie Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1200, Cai-lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Xiao Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1200, Cai-lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Lan Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1200, Cai-lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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10
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Wang Y, Kiziltas A, Drews AR, Tamrakar S, Blanchard P, Walsh TR. Dynamical Water Ingress and Dissolution at the Amorphous-Crystalline Cellulose Interface. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3884-3891. [PMID: 34337937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of cellulose has considerable promise in a wide range of industrial applications but is hampered by degradation in mechanical properties due to ambient moisture uptake. Existing models of equilibrium moisture content can predict the impact of these effects, but at present, the dynamical, atomic-scale picture of water ingress into cellulose is lacking. The present work reports nonequilibrium molecular simulations of the interface between cellulose and water aimed at capturing the initial stages of two simultaneous dynamical processes, water ingress into cellulose and cellulose dissolution into water. These simulations demonstrate that the process depends on the temperature and chain length in the amorphous region, where high temperatures can induce more mass exchange and short chains can easily detach from amorphous cellulose. A cooperative mechanism that involves both chemical and physical aspects, namely, hydrogen bonding and chain intertwining, respectively, is proposed to interpret the incipient dual ingress/dissolution process. Outcomes of this work will provide a foundation for cellulose functionalization strategies to impede moisture uptake and preserve the mechanical properties of nanocellulose in applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Wang
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Alper Kiziltas
- Research and Innovation Center, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan 48124, United States
| | - Andrew R Drews
- Research and Innovation Center, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan 48124, United States
| | - Sandeep Tamrakar
- Research and Innovation Center, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan 48124, United States
| | - Patrick Blanchard
- Research and Innovation Center, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan 48124, United States
| | - Tiffany R Walsh
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
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11
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So C, Narang AS, Mao C. Modeling the Tablet Disintegration Process Using the Finite Difference Method. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3614-3622. [PMID: 34233152 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to present the finite difference method (FDM) and demonstrate its utility in modeling mass transport processes that are pharmaceutically relevant. In particular, diffusion processes are ideally suited for FDM because the governing equation, Fick's second law of diffusion, can be readily solved using FDM over a finite space and time. The method entails the mesh creation, space and time discretization, and solving Fick's second law at each node using finite difference-based numerical schemes. We applied FDM to study tablet disintegration, in which the tablet water uptake was simulated with an effective water diffusion coefficient; the tablet disintegration was controlled by a designated critical water content parameter, beyond which the node is treated as being disintegrated from the tablet. The resulting simulation agreed with the experimental tablet disintegration behaviors, under both disintegration-controlled and water uptake-controlled conditions. This study highlighted the unique advantage of FDM, capable of providing spatial-temporal information on water uptake and evolution of tablet size and shape during tablet disintegration, which was otherwise not available using other methods. The FDM method enabled more in-depth tablet disintegration studies. The model also has the potential to be calibrated and incorporated in tablet formulation DoE studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi So
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Ajit S Narang
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Chen Mao
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States.
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12
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Ma T, Hu X, Lu S, Cui R, Zhao J, Hu X, Song Y. Cellulose nanocrystals produced using recyclable sulfuric acid as hydrolysis media and their wetting molecular dynamics simulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 184:405-414. [PMID: 34146558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were successfully produced with good nanoscales and dispersibility, using a recycled sulfuric acid (H2SO4) hydrolysis process. This method, at the cost of an overall 25% increase in the hydrolysis time, could significantly reduce the dosage of H2SO4 by approximately 40% without affecting the per-batch yield and performance of CNCs. The obtained CNCs with an average diameter of 6.0-6.5 nm and an average length of 126-134 nm, were successfully applied in the preparation of oil-in-water (O/W) Pickering emulsions via high-pressure homogenization. The emulsions exhibited good storage stability when the concentration of CNC was 1.0 wt%. Further, understanding the wetting behaviors of surface modified CNCs with solvent is critical for the functional designing of Pickering emulsion. Hence, we gained insights into the wetting of hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces of sulfate modified CNCs with water and organic solvent (hexadecane) droplets, using molecular dynamic simulation. The results showed that both surfaces had hydrophilic as well as lipophilic properties. Although the sulfate-grafted surface was more hydrophilic than unmodified CNC, substantial local wetting heterogeneities appeared for both solvents. It provides a deeper understanding of the interfacial interactions between modified CNCs and solvent molecules at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinna Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuyu Lu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ranran Cui
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Song
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China.
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13
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Abstract
LAMMPS is a powerful simulator originally developed for molecular dynamics that, today, also accounts for other particle-based algorithms such as DEM, SPH, or Peridynamics. The versatility of this software is further enhanced by the fact that it is open-source and modifiable by users. This property suits particularly well Discrete Multiphysics and hybrid models that combine multiple particle methods in the same simulation. Modifying LAMMPS can be challenging for researchers with little coding experience. The available material explaining how to modify LAMMPS is either too basic or too advanced for the average researcher. In this work, we provide several examples, with increasing level of complexity, suitable for researchers and practitioners in physics and engineering, who are familiar with coding without been experts. For each feature, step by step instructions for implementing them in LAMMPS are shown to allow researchers to easily follow the procedure and compile a new version of the code. The aim is to fill a gap in the literature with particular reference to the scientific community that uses particle methods for (discrete) multiphysics.
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14
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Mariano M, Souza SF, Borges AC, do Nascimento DM, Bernardes JS. Tailoring strength of nanocellulose foams by electrostatic complexation. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 256:117547. [PMID: 33483055 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular assembly of biobased components in water is a promising strategy to construct advanced materials. Herein, electrostatic complexation was used to prepare wet-resilient foams with improved mechanical property. Small-angle X-ray scattering and cryo-transmission electron microscopy experiments showed that suspensions with oppositely charged cellulose nanofibers are a mixture of clusters and networks of entangled fibers. The balance between these structures governs the colloidal stability and the rheological behavior of CNFs in water. Foams prepared from suspensions exhibited maximum compressive modulus at the mass composition of 1:1 (ca 0.12 MPa), suggesting that meaningful attractive interactions happen at this point and act as stiffening structure in the material. Besides the electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts may also occur within the clustering, improving the water stability of cationic foams. These results may provide a basis for the development of robust all- cellulose materials prepared in water, with nontoxic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Mariano
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), P.O. Box 6192, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Sivoney F Souza
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), P.O. Box 6192, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Antônio C Borges
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), P.O. Box 6192, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Diego M do Nascimento
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), P.O. Box 6192, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Bernardes
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), P.O. Box 6192, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, 09210-580, Brazil.
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15
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Insights into the Thermo-Mechanical Treatment of Brewers' Spent Grain as a Potential Filler for Polymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060879. [PMID: 33809349 PMCID: PMC7999812 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper investigated the impact of twin-screw extrusion parameters on the properties of brewers’ spent grain. The chemical structure, antioxidant activity, particle size, and color properties, as well as the emission of volatile organic compounds during extrusion, were investigated. The main compounds detected in the air during modifications were terpenes and terpenoids, such as α-pinene, camphene, 3-carene, limonene, or terpinene. They could be considered as a potential threat to human health and the environment. Changes in the chemical structure, antioxidant activity, and color of materials after modification indicated the Maillard reactions during extrusion, which resulted in the generation of melanoidins, especially at higher temperatures. This should be considered an exciting feature of this treatment method because modified brewers’ spent grain may improve the thermooxidative stability of polymer materials. Moreover, the impact of the brewers’ spent grain particle size on color and browning index used to determine the melanoidins content was investigated. The presented results show that proper adjustment of extrusion parameters enables the preparation of brewers’ spent grain with the desired appearance and chemical properties, which could maximize the efficiency of the modification process.
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16
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Hou Y, Guan QF, Xia J, Ling ZC, He Z, Han ZM, Yang HB, Gu P, Zhu Y, Yu SH, Wu H. Strengthening and Toughening Hierarchical Nanocellulose via Humidity-Mediated Interface. ACS NANO 2021; 15:1310-1320. [PMID: 33372752 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Undoubtedly humidity is a non-negligible and sensitive problem for cellulose, which is usually regarded as one disadvantage to cellulose-based materials because of the uncontrolled deformation and mechanical decline. But the lack of an in-depth understanding of the interfacial behavior of nanocellulose in particular makes it challenging to maintain anticipated performance for cellulose-based materials under varied relative humidity (RH). Starting from multiscale mechanics, we herein carry out first-principles calculations and large-scale molecular dynamics simulations to demonstrate the humidity-mediated interface in hierarchical cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and associated deformation modes. More intriguingly, the simulations and subsequent experiments reveal that water molecules (moisture) as the interfacial media can strengthen and toughen nanocellulose simultaneously within a suitable range of RH. From the perspective of interfacial design in materials, the anomalous mechanical behavior of nanocellulose with humidity-mediated interfaces indicates that flexible hydrogen bonds (HBs) play a pivotal role in the interfacial sliding. The difference between CNC-CNC HBs and CNC-water-CNC HBs triggers the humidity-mediated interfacial slipping in nanocellulose, resulting in the arising of a pronounced strain hardening stage and the suppression of strain localization during uniaxial tension. This inelastic deformation of nanocellulose with humidity-mediated interfaces is similar to the Velcro-like behavior of a wet wood cell wall. Our investigations give evidence that the humidity-mediated interface can promote the mechanical enhancement of nanocellulose, which would provide a promising strategy for the bottom-up design of cellulose-based materials with tailored mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuanZhen Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Qing-Fang Guan
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jun Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zhang-Chi Ling
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - ZeZhou He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zi-Meng Han
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Huai-Bin Yang
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ping Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - YinBo Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - HengAn Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
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17
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Elhi F, Peikolainen AL, Kiefer R, Tamm T. Cellulose-Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Fiber Actuator Behavior in Aqueous and Organic Electrolyte. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3213. [PMID: 32707652 PMCID: PMC7412319 DOI: 10.3390/ma13143213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
As both consumers and producers are shifting from fossil-derived materials to other, more sustainable approaches, there is a growing interest in bio-origin and biodegradable polymers. In search of bio-degradable electro-mechanically active materials, cellulose-multi wall carbon nanotube (Cell-CNT) composites are a focus for the development of actuators and sensors. In the current study, our aim was to fabricate Cell-CNT composite fibers and study their electro-mechanical response as linear actuators in aqueous and propylene carbonate-based electrolyte solutions. While the response was (expectedly) strongly solvent dependent, the different solvents also revealed unexpected phenomena. Cell-CNT fibers in propylene carbonate revealed a strong back-relaxation process at low frequencies, and also a frequency dependent response direction change (change of actuation direction). Cell-CNT fibers operated in aqueous electrolyte showed response typical to electrochemical capacitors including expansion at discharging with controllable actuation dependence on charge density. While the response was similarly stable in both electrolyte solution systems, the aqueous electrolytes were clearly favorable for Cell-CNT with 3.4 times higher conductivities, 4.3 times higher charge densities and 11 times higher strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Elhi
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (F.E.); (A.-L.P.); (T.T.)
| | - Anna-Liisa Peikolainen
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (F.E.); (A.-L.P.); (T.T.)
| | - Rudolf Kiefer
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Tarmo Tamm
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (F.E.); (A.-L.P.); (T.T.)
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18
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Gurina D, Surov O, Voronova M, Zakharov A. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Polyacrylamide Adsorption on Cellulose Nanocrystals. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10071256. [PMID: 32605224 PMCID: PMC7408107 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Classical molecular dynamics simulations of polyacrylamide (PAM) adsorption on cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) in a vacuum and a water environment are carried out to interpret the mechanism of the polymer interactions with CNC. The structural behavior of PAM is studied in terms of the radius of gyration, atom–atom radial distribution functions, and number of hydrogen bonds. The structural and dynamical characteristics of the polymer adsorption are investigated. It is established that in water the polymer macromolecules are mainly adsorbed in the form of a coil onto the CNC facets. It is found out that water and PAM sorption on CNC is a competitive process, and water weakens the interaction between the polymer and CNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Gurina
- Correspondence: (D.G.); (O.S.); Tel.: +7-493-2351-869 (D.G.); +7-493-2351-545 (O.S.)
| | - Oleg Surov
- Correspondence: (D.G.); (O.S.); Tel.: +7-493-2351-869 (D.G.); +7-493-2351-545 (O.S.)
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19
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Chen R, Wang Z, Li S, Du H. A novel degradation mechanism of the elastic modulus of wet polymer substrates under nanoindentation. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:5009-5019. [PMID: 32436554 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00645a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated that the formation and solidification of a continuous confined water film played a very important role in changing the elastic modulus of the wet polymer substrate in a nanoindentation process by a coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation of this process. It was found that as the water content increased, the elastic modulus of the wet polymer substrate showed a non-monotonic change. Relative to the dry polymer substrate, the elastic modulus of the wet polymer first decreased. This is because the appearance of a confined water film caused the force between the polymer substrate and the indenter to change from repulsion to attraction. Subsequently, as the confined water film gradually solidified and then weakened, the elastic modulus of the wet polymer slowly increased and then rapidly increased due to a large number of interstitial water molecules gradually penetrating the polymer substrate. Therefore, it is unreasonable to explain the wet polymer degradation during nanoindentation only from the plasticization and anti-plasticization effects based on the hydrogen bond breaking and formation during stretching. The above-mentioned results will help to more comprehensively understand the degradation mechanism of the polymers' encounter with water, thus promoting further practical applications for polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruling Chen
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
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20
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Development of a poly(vinyl alcohol)/lysine electrospun membrane-based drug delivery system for improved skin regeneration. Int J Pharm 2019; 570:118640. [PMID: 31446025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanofiber-based wound dressings are currently being explored as delivery systems of different biomolecules for avoiding skin infections as well as improve/accelerate the healing process. In the present work, a nanofibrous membrane composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and lysine (Lys) was produced by using the electrospinning technique. Further, anti-inflammatory (ibuprofen (IBP)) and antibacterial (lavender oil (LO)) agents were incorporated within the electrospun membrane through blend electrospinning and surface physical adsorption methods, respectively. The obtained results demonstrated that the PVA_Lys electrospun membranes incorporating IBP or LO displayed the suitable morphological, mechanical and biological properties for enhancing the wound healing process. Moreover, the controlled and sustained release profile attained for IBP was appropriate for the duration of the wound healing inflammatory phase, whereas the initial burst release of LO is crucial to prevent wound bacterial contamination. Indeed, the PVA_Lys_LO electrospun membranes were able to mediate a strong antibacterial activity against both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, without compromising human fibroblasts viability. Overall, the gathered data emphasizes the potential of the PVA_Lys electrospun membranes-based drug delivery systems to be used as wound dressings.
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