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Fehsel K, Bouvier ML, Capobianco L, Lunetti P, Klein B, Oldiges M, Majora M, Löffler S. Neuroreceptor Inhibition by Clozapine Triggers Mitohormesis and Metabolic Reprogramming in Human Blood Cells. Cells 2024; 13:762. [PMID: 38727298 PMCID: PMC11083702 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The antipsychotic drug clozapine demonstrates superior efficacy in treatment-resistant schizophrenia, but its intracellular mode of action is not completely understood. Here, we analysed the effects of clozapine (2.5-20 µM) on metabolic fluxes, cell respiration, and intracellular ATP in human HL60 cells. Some results were confirmed in leukocytes of clozapine-treated patients. Neuroreceptor inhibition under clozapine reduced Akt activation with decreased glucose uptake, thereby inducing ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR). Metabolic profiling by liquid-chromatography/mass-spectrometry revealed downregulation of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, thereby saving glucose to keep the electron transport chain working. Mitochondrial respiration was dampened by upregulation of the F0F1-ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) leading to 30-40% lower oxygen consumption in HL60 cells. Blocking IF1 expression by cotreatment with epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) increased apoptosis of HL60 cells. Upregulation of the mitochondrial citrate carrier shifted excess citrate to the cytosol for use in lipogenesis and for storage as triacylglycerol in lipid droplets (LDs). Accordingly, clozapine-treated HL60 cells and leukocytes from clozapine-treated patients contain more LDs than untreated cells. Since mitochondrial disturbances are described in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, clozapine-induced mitohormesis is an excellent way to escape energy deficits and improve cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Fehsel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Bergische Landstrasse 2, 40629 Duesseldorf, Germany;
| | - Marie-Luise Bouvier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Bergische Landstrasse 2, 40629 Duesseldorf, Germany;
| | - Loredana Capobianco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (L.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Paola Lunetti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (L.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Bianca Klein
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo-Brandt-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (B.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Marko Oldiges
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo-Brandt-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (B.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Marc Majora
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (IUF), Auf’m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Stefan Löffler
- Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Sana Klinikum Offenbach, Teaching Hospital of Goethe University, Starkenburgring 66, 63069 Offenbach, Germany;
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Rowbal T, Kajy M, Burghardt KJ. Epigenome-wide studies of antipsychotics: a systematic review and pathway meta-analysis. Epigenomics 2023; 15:1085-1094. [PMID: 37933568 PMCID: PMC10663877 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2023-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & methods: Researchers have aimed to understand the mechanisms of antipsychotics through epigenetics to inform interindividual response rates. However, findings have widely varied across studies, making advancement in the field difficult. Materials & methods: A systematic review was performed to include all epigenome-wide studies of antipsychotic treatment in humans. Methylation sites were used for a pathway and enrichment map analysis was conducted. Results & conclusion: Seven studies were included and 82 methylation sites were used for the exploratory pathway meta-analysis that identified six pathway clusters. The findings here demonstrate that studies of the epigenome and antipsychotic treatment are highly heterogeneous in nature and could inform future work to target cross-cutting gene sets and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rowbal
- Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Megan Kajy
- Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Kyle J Burghardt
- Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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3
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Alnafisah RS, Reigle J, Eladawi MA, O'Donovan SM, Funk AJ, Meller J, Mccullumsmith RE, Shukla R. Assessing the effects of antipsychotic medications on schizophrenia functional analysis: a postmortem proteome study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:2033-2041. [PMID: 35354897 PMCID: PMC9556610 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs (APDs) are effective in treating positive symptoms of schizophrenia (SCZ). However, they have a substantial impact on postmortem studies. As most cohorts lack samples from drug-naive patients, many studies, rather than understanding SCZ pathophysiology, are analyzing the drug effects. We hypothesized that comparing SCZ-altered and APD-influenced signatures derived from the same cohort can provide better insight into SCZ pathophysiology. For this, we performed LCMS-based proteomics on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) samples from control and SCZ subjects and used statistical approaches to identify SCZ-altered and APD-influenced proteomes, validated experimentally using independent cohorts and published datasets. Functional analysis of both proteomes was contrasted at the biological-pathway, cell-type, subcellular-synaptic, and drug-target levels. In silico validation revealed that the SCZ-altered proteome was conserved across several studies from the DLPFC and other brain areas. At the pathway level, SCZ influenced changes in homeostasis, signal-transduction, cytoskeleton, and dendrites, whereas APD influenced changes in synaptic-signaling, neurotransmitter-regulation, and immune-system processes. At the cell-type level, the SCZ-altered and APD-influenced proteomes were associated with two distinct striatum-projecting layer-5 pyramidal neurons regulating dopaminergic-secretion. At the subcellular synaptic level, compensatory pre- and postsynaptic events were observed. At the drug-target level, dopaminergic processes influenced the SCZ-altered upregulated-proteome, whereas nondopaminergic and a diverse array of non-neuromodulatory mechanisms influenced the downregulated-proteome. Previous findings were not independent of the APD effect and thus require re-evaluation. We identified a hyperdopaminergic cortex and drugs targeting the cognitive SCZ-symptoms and discussed their influence on SCZ pathology in the context of the cortico-striatal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan S Alnafisah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - James Reigle
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Sinead M O'Donovan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Adam J Funk
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Meller
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Robert E Mccullumsmith
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
- Neurosciences Institute, ProMedica, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Rammohan Shukla
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA.
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Abstract
Most psychiatric illnesses, such as schizophrenia, show profound sex differences in incidence, clinical presentation, course, and outcome. Fortunately, more recently the literature on sex differences and (to a lesser extent) effects of sex steroid hormones is expanding, and in this review we have focused on such studies in psychosis, both from a clinical/epidemiological and preclinical/animal model perspective. We begin by briefly describing the clinical evidence for sex differences in schizophrenia epidemiology, symptomatology, and pathophysiology. We then detail sex differences and sex hormone effects in behavioral animal models of psychosis, specifically psychotropic drug-induced locomotor hyperactivity and disruption of prepulse inhibition. We expand on the preclinical data to include developmental and genetic models of psychosis, such as the maternal immune activation model and neuregulin transgenic animals, respectively. Finally, we suggest several recommendations for future studies, in order to facilitate a better understanding of sex differences in the development of psychosis.
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Burghardt KJ, Calme G, Caruso M, Howlett BH, Sanders E, Msallaty Z, Mallisho A, Seyoum B, Qi YA, Zhang X, Yi Z. Profiling the Skeletal Muscle Proteome in Patients on Atypical Antipsychotics and Mood Stabilizers. Brain Sci 2022; 12:259. [PMID: 35204022 PMCID: PMC8870450 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical antipsychotics (AAP) are used in the treatment of severe mental illness. They are associated with several metabolic side effects including insulin resistance. The skeletal muscle is the primary tissue responsible for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Dysfunction of protein regulation within the skeletal muscle following treatment with AAPs may play a role in the associated metabolic side effects. The objective of this study was to measure protein abundance in the skeletal muscle of patients on long-term AAP or mood stabilizer treatment. Cross-sectional muscle biopsies were obtained from patients with bipolar disorder and global protein abundance was measured using stable isotope labeling by amino acid (SILAC) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Sixteen patients completed muscle biopsies and were included in the proteomic analyses. A total of 40 proteins were significantly different between the AAP group and the mood stabilizer group. In-silico pathway analysis identified significant enrichment in several pathways including glucose metabolism, cell cycle, apoptosis, and folate metabolism. Proteome abundance changes also differed based on protein biological processes and function. In summary, significant differences in proteomic profiles were identified in the skeletal muscle between patients on AAPs and mood stabilizers. Future work is needed to validate these findings in prospectively sampled populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Burghardt
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Suite 2190, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (G.C.); (B.H.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Griffin Calme
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Suite 2190, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (G.C.); (B.H.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Michael Caruso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.C.); (X.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Bradley H. Howlett
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Suite 2190, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (G.C.); (B.H.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Elani Sanders
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Suite 2190, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (G.C.); (B.H.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Zaher Msallaty
- Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 4201 St Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (Z.M.); (A.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Abdullah Mallisho
- Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 4201 St Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (Z.M.); (A.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Berhane Seyoum
- Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 4201 St Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (Z.M.); (A.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Yue A. Qi
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Xiangmin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.C.); (X.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhengping Yi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.C.); (X.Z.); (Z.Y.)
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6
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Kim S, Okazaki S, Otsuka I, Shinko Y, Horai T, Shimmyo N, Hirata T, Yamaki N, Tanifuji T, Boku S, Sora I, Hishimoto A. Searching for biomarkers in schizophrenia and psychosis: Case-control study using capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry and systematic review for biofluid metabolites. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2021; 42:42-51. [PMID: 34889082 PMCID: PMC8919119 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics has been attracting attention in recent years as an objective method for diagnosing schizophrenia. In this study, we analyzed 378 metabolites in the serum of schizophrenia patients using capillary electrophoresis‐ and liquid chromatography‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Using multivariate analysis with the orthogonal partial least squares method, we observed significantly higher levels of alanine, glutamate, lactic acid, ornithine, and serine and significantly lower levels of urea, in patients with chronic schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. Additionally, levels of fatty acids (15:0), (17:0), and (19:1), cis‐11‐eicosenoic acid, and thyroxine were significantly higher in patients with acute psychosis than in those in remission. Moreover, we conducted a systematic review of comprehensive metabolomics studies on schizophrenia over the last 20 years and observed consistent trends of increase in some metabolites such as glutamate and glucose, and decrease in citrate in schizophrenia patients across several studies. Hence, we provide substantial evidence for metabolic biomarkers in schizophrenia patients through our metabolomics study. In this study, we analyzed 378 metabolites in the serum of schizophrenia patients using CE and LC‐TOFMS. With a systematic review, here we provide substantial evidence for metabolic biomarkers in schizophrenia patients through our metabolomics study.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Saehyeon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okazaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ikuo Otsuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shinko
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tadasu Horai
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naofumi Shimmyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirata
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naruhisa Yamaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takaki Tanifuji
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shuken Boku
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sora
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akitoyo Hishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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7
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Roberts RC. Mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia: With a focus on postmortem studies. Mitochondrion 2021; 56:91-101. [PMID: 33221354 PMCID: PMC7810242 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Among the many brain abnormalities in schizophrenia are those related to mitochondrial functions such as oxidative stress, energy metabolism and synaptic efficacy. The aim of this paper is to provide a brief review of mitochondrial structure and function and then to present abnormalities in mitochondria in postmortem brain in schizophrenia with a focus on anatomy. Deficits in expression of various mitochondrial genes have been found in multiple schizophrenia cohorts. Decreased activity of complexes I and IV are prominent as well as abnormal levels of individual subunits that comprise the complexes of the electron transport chain. Ultrastructural studies have shown layer, input and cell specific decreases in mitochondria. In cortex, there are fewer mitochondria in axon terminals, neuronal somata of pyramidal neurons and oligodendrocytes in both grey and white matter. In the caudate and putamen mitochondrial number is linked with symptoms and symptom severity. While there is a decrease in the number of mitochondria in astrocytes, mitochondria are smaller in oligodendrocytes. In the nucleus accumbens and substantia nigra, mitochondria are similar in density, size and structural integrity in schizophrenia compared to controls. Mitochondrial production of ATP and calcium buffering are essential in maintaining synaptic strength and abnormalities in these processes could lead to decreased metabolism and defective synaptic activity. Abnormalities in mitochondria in oligodendrocytes might contribute to myelin pathology and underlie dysconnectivity in the brain. In schizophrenia, mitochondria are affected differentially depending on the brain region, cell type in which they reside, subcellular location, treatment status, treatment response and predominant symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda C Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
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8
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Omics in schizophrenia: current progress and future directions of antipsychotic treatments. JOURNAL OF BIO-X RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/jbr.0000000000000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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9
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Zygmunt M, Piechota M, Rodriguez Parkitna J, Korostyński M. Decoding the transcriptional programs activated by psychotropic drugs in the brain. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 18:e12511. [PMID: 30084543 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of drug-induced gene expression in the brain has long held the promise of revealing the molecular mechanisms of drug actions as well as predicting their long-term clinical efficacy. However, despite some successes, this promise has yet to be fulfilled. Here, we present an overview of the current state of understanding of drug-induced gene expression in the brain and consider the obstacles to achieving a robust prediction of the properties of psychoactive compounds based on gene expression profiles. We begin with a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms controlling drug-inducible transcription and the complexity resulting from expression of noncoding RNAs and alternative gene isoforms. Particular interest is placed on studies that examine the associations within drug classes with regard to the effects on gene transcription, alterations in cell signaling and neuropharmacological drug properties. While the ability of gene expression signatures to distinguish specific clinical classes of psychotropic and addictive drugs remains unclear, some reports show that under specific constraints, drug properties can be predicted based on gene expression. Such signatures offer a simple and effective way to classify psychotropic drugs and screen novel psychoactive compounds. Finally, we note that the amount of data regarding molecular programs activated in the brain by drug treatment has grown exponentially in recent years and that future advances may therefore come in large part from integrating the currently available high-throughput data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zygmunt
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Piechota
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Rodriguez Parkitna
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Korostyński
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
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10
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The Influence of Metabolic Syndrome and Sex on the DNA Methylome in Schizophrenia. Int J Genomics 2018; 2018:8076397. [PMID: 29850476 PMCID: PMC5903198 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8076397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The mechanism by which metabolic syndrome occurs in schizophrenia is not completely known; however, previous work suggests that changes in DNA methylation may be involved which is further influenced by sex. Within this study, the DNA methylome was profiled to identify altered methylation associated with metabolic syndrome in a schizophrenia population on atypical antipsychotics. Methods Peripheral blood from schizophrenia subjects was utilized for DNA methylation analyses. Discovery analyses (n = 96) were performed using an epigenome-wide analysis on the Illumina HumanMethylation450K BeadChip based on metabolic syndrome diagnosis. A secondary discovery analysis was conducted based on sex. The top hits from the discovery analyses were assessed in an additional validation set (n = 166) using site-specific methylation pyrosequencing. Results A significant increase in CDH22 gene methylation in subjects with metabolic syndrome was identified in the overall sample. Additionally, differential methylation was found within the MAP3K13 gene in females and the CCDC8 gene within males. Significant differences in methylation were again observed for the CDH22 and MAP3K13 genes, but not CCDC8, in the validation sample set. Conclusions This study provides preliminary evidence that DNA methylation may be associated with metabolic syndrome and sex in schizophrenia.
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11
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Brady LJ, Bartley AF, Li Q, McMeekin LJ, Hablitz JJ, Cowell RM, Dobrunz LE. Transcriptional dysregulation causes altered modulation of inhibition by haloperidol. Neuropharmacology 2016; 111:304-313. [PMID: 27480797 PMCID: PMC5207497 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism involve interneuron transcriptional dysregulation. The transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α regulates gene expression in GABAergic interneurons, which are important for regulating hippocampal network activity. Genetic deletion of PGC-1α causes a decrease in parvalbumin expression, similar to what is observed in schizophrenia postmortem tissue. Our lab has previously shown that PGC-1α-/- mice have enhanced GABAergic inhibition onto CA1 pyramidal cells, which increases the inhibition/excitation (I/E) ratio, alters hippocampal circuit function, and impairs hippocampal dependent behavior. The typical antipsychotic haloperidol, a dopamine receptor antagonist with selectivity for D2-like receptors, has previously been shown to increase excitation in the CA1 region of hippocampus. We therefore tested whether haloperidol could normalize the I/E balance in CA1 of PGC-1α-/- mice, potentially improving circuit function and behavior. Surprisingly, we discovered instead that interneuron transcriptional dysregulation caused by loss of PGC-1α alters the effects of haloperidol on hippocampal synaptic transmission and circuit function. Acute administration of haloperidol causes disinhibition in CA1 and decreases the I/E ratio onto CA1 pyramidal cells in slices from PGC-1α+/+ mice, but not PGC-1α-/- mice. The spread of activity in CA1, assessed by voltage sensitive dye imaging, is increased by haloperidol in slices from PGC-1α+/+ mice; however haloperidol decreases the spread of activity in slices from PGC-1α-/- mice. Haloperidol increased the power of hippocampal gamma oscillation in slices from PGC-1α+/+ mice but reduced the power of gamma oscillations in slices from PGC-1α-/- mice. Nest construction, an innate hippocampal-dependent behavior, is inhibited by haloperidol in PGC-1α+/+ mice, but not in PGC-1α-/- mice, which already have impaired nest building. The effects of haloperidol are mimicked and occluded by a D2 receptor antagonist in slices from PGC-1α+/+ mice, and the effects of blocking D2 receptors are lost in slices from PGC-1α-/- mice, although there is no change in D2 receptor transcript levels. Together, our results show that hippocampal inhibitory synaptic transmission, CA1 circuit function, and hippocampal dependent behavior are modulated by the antipsychotic haloperidol, and that these effects of haloperidol are lost in PGC-1α-/- mice. These results have implications for the treatment of individuals with conditions involving PGC-1α deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian J Brady
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL, USA; Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Ave. S., Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Aundrea F Bartley
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL, USA; Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Ave. S., Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL, USA; Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Ave. S., Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Laura J McMeekin
- Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Ave. S., Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 7th Ave. S., Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - John J Hablitz
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL, USA; Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Ave. S., Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Rita M Cowell
- Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Ave. S., Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 7th Ave. S., Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Lynn E Dobrunz
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL, USA; Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Ave. S., Birmingham, AL, USA.
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12
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Fromer M, Roussos P, Sieberts SK, Johnson JS, Kavanagh DH, Perumal TM, Ruderfer DM, Oh EC, Topol A, Shah HR, Klei LL, Kramer R, Pinto D, Gümüş ZH, Cicek AE, Dang KK, Browne A, Lu C, Xie L, Readhead B, Stahl EA, Xiao J, Parvizi M, Hamamsy T, Fullard JF, Wang YC, Mahajan MC, Derry JMJ, Dudley JT, Hemby SE, Logsdon BA, Talbot K, Raj T, Bennett DA, De Jager PL, Zhu J, Zhang B, Sullivan PF, Chess A, Purcell SM, Shinobu LA, Mangravite LM, Toyoshiba H, Gur RE, Hahn CG, Lewis DA, Haroutunian V, Peters MA, Lipska BK, Buxbaum JD, Schadt EE, Hirai K, Roeder K, Brennand KJ, Katsanis N, Domenici E, Devlin B, Sklar P. Gene expression elucidates functional impact of polygenic risk for schizophrenia. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:1442-1453. [PMID: 27668389 PMCID: PMC5083142 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 724] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over 100 genetic loci harbor schizophrenia-associated variants, yet how these variants confer liability is uncertain. The CommonMind Consortium sequenced RNA from dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of people with schizophrenia (N = 258) and control subjects (N = 279), creating a resource of gene expression and its genetic regulation. Using this resource, ∼20% of schizophrenia loci have variants that could contribute to altered gene expression and liability. In five loci, only a single gene was involved: FURIN, TSNARE1, CNTN4, CLCN3 or SNAP91. Altering expression of FURIN, TSNARE1 or CNTN4 changed neurodevelopment in zebrafish; knockdown of FURIN in human neural progenitor cells yielded abnormal migration. Of 693 genes showing significant case-versus-control differential expression, their fold changes were ≤ 1.33, and an independent cohort yielded similar results. Gene co-expression implicates a network relevant for schizophrenia. Our findings show that schizophrenia is polygenic and highlight the utility of this resource for mechanistic interpretations of genetic liability for brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menachem Fromer
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Panos Roussos
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Psychiatry, JJ Peters Virginia Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Jessica S Johnson
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - David H Kavanagh
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Douglas M Ruderfer
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Edwin C Oh
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aaron Topol
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hardik R Shah
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lambertus L Klei
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robin Kramer
- Human Brain Collection Core, National Institutes of Health, NIMH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dalila Pinto
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zeynep H Gümüş
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - A Ercument Cicek
- Department of Computational Biology, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kristen K Dang
- Systems Biology, Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew Browne
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cong Lu
- Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lu Xie
- Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ben Readhead
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eli A Stahl
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jianqiu Xiao
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mahsa Parvizi
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tymor Hamamsy
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - John F Fullard
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ying-Chih Wang
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Milind C Mahajan
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Joel T Dudley
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Scott E Hemby
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Konrad Talbot
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Towfique Raj
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Philip L De Jager
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew Chess
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shaun M Purcell
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Leslie A Shinobu
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyoshi Toyoshiba
- Integrated Technology Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chang-Gyu Hahn
- Neuropsychiatric Signaling Program, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David A Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Psychiatry, JJ Peters Virginia Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mette A Peters
- Systems Biology, Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Barbara K Lipska
- Human Brain Collection Core, National Institutes of Health, NIMH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Keisuke Hirai
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kathryn Roeder
- Department of Computational Biology, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Enrico Domenici
- Laboratory of Neurogenomic Biomarkers, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Bernie Devlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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13
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Cassoli JS, Guest PC, Santana AG, Martins-de-Souza D. Employing proteomics to unravel the molecular effects of antipsychotics and their role in schizophrenia. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:442-55. [PMID: 26679983 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is an incurable neuropsychiatric disorder managed mostly by treatment of the patients with antipsychotics. However, the efficacy of these drugs has remained only low to moderate despite intensive research efforts since the early 1950s when chlorpromazine, the first antipsychotic, was synthesized. In addition, antipsychotic treatment can produce often undesired severe side effects in the patients and addressing these remains a large unmet clinical need. One of the reasons for the low effectiveness of these drugs is the limited knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of schizophrenia, which impairs the development of new and more effective treatments. Recently, proteomic studies of clinical and preclinical samples have identified changes in the levels of specific proteins in response to antipsychotic treatment, which have converged on molecular pathways such as cell communication and signaling, inflammation and cellular growth, and maintenance. The findings of these studies are summarized and discussed in this review and we suggest that this provides validation of proteomics as a useful tool for mining drug mechanisms of action and potentially for pinpointing novel molecular targets that may enable development of more effective medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana S Cassoli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul C Guest
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline G Santana
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,UNICAMP Neurobiology Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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