1
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Li M, Beaumont VA, Akbar S, Duncan H, Creasy A, Wang W, Sackett K, Marzilli L, Rouse JC, Kim HY. Comprehensive characterization of higher order structure changes in methionine oxidized monoclonal antibodies via NMR chemometric analysis and biophysical approaches. MAbs 2024; 16:2292688. [PMID: 38117548 PMCID: PMC10761137 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2292688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The higher order structure (HOS) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is an important quality attribute with strong contribution to clinically relevant biological functions and drug safety. Due to the multi-faceted nature of HOS, the synergy of multiple complementary analytical approaches can substantially improve the understanding, accuracy, and resolution of HOS characterization. In this study, we applied one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy coupled with chemometric analysis, as well as circular dichroism (CD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and fluorescence spectroscopy as orthogonal methods, to characterize the impact of methionine (Met) oxidation on the HOS of an IgG1 mAb. We used a forced degradation method involving concentration-dependent oxidation by peracetic acid, in which Met oxidation is site-specifically quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Conventional biophysical techniques report nuanced results, in which CD detects no change to the secondary structure and little change in the tertiary structure. Yet, DSC measurements show the destabilization of Fab and Fc domains due to Met oxidation. More importantly, our study demonstrates that 1D and 2D NMR and chemometric analysis can provide semi-quantitative analysis of chemical modifications and resolve localized conformational changes with high sensitivity. Furthermore, we leveraged a novel 15N-Met labeling technique of the antibody to directly observe structural perturbations at the oxidation sites. The NMR methods described here to probe HOS changes are highly reliable and practical in biopharmaceutical characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Li
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Victor A. Beaumont
- Pfizer, Inc. Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecules, Analytical Research and Development, Sandwich, United Kingdom
| | - Shahajahan Akbar
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Duncan
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Arch Creasy
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioprocess Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Wenge Wang
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioprocess Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Kelly Sackett
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Marzilli
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Jason C. Rouse
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Hai-Young Kim
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
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2
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Sécher T, Heuzé-Vourc'h N. Barriers for orally inhaled therapeutic antibodies. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1071-1084. [PMID: 37609943 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2249821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory diseases represent a worldwide health issue. The recent Sars-CoV-2 pandemic, the burden of lung cancer, and inflammatory respiratory diseases urged the development of innovative therapeutic solutions. In this context, therapeutic antibodies (Abs) offer a tremendous opportunity to benefit patients with respiratory diseases. Delivering Ab through the airways has been demonstrated to be relevant to improve their therapeutic index. However, few inhaled Abs are on the market. AREAS COVERED This review describes the different barriers that may alter the fate of inhaled therapeutic Abs in the lungs at steady state. It addresses both physical and biological barriers and discusses the importance of taking into consideration the pathological changes occurring during respiratory disease, which may reinforce these barriers. EXPERT OPINION The pulmonary route remains rare for delivering therapeutic Abs, with few approved inhaled molecules, despite promising evidence. Efforts must focus on the intertwined barriers associated with lung diseases to develop appropriate Ab-formulation-device combo, ensuring optimal Ab deposition in the respiratory tract. Finally, randomized controlled clinical trials should be carried out to establish inhaled Ab therapy as prominent against respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sécher
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nathalie Heuzé-Vourc'h
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Tours, France
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3
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Colombo S, Alonso A, Real R, Goswami R, Suarez MC, Ogueta S, Almeida M, Adhikary L, Malmierca MG, de Melo IS. Improvement of monoclonal antibody stability by modulating trace metal iron concentration in cell culture media: A case study. Process Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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4
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Beck A, Nowak C, Meshulam D, Reynolds K, Chen D, Pacardo DB, Nicholls SB, Carven GJ, Gu Z, Fang J, Wang D, Katiyar A, Xiang T, Liu H. Risk-Based Control Strategies of Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Charge Variants. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:73. [PMID: 36412839 PMCID: PMC9703962 DOI: 10.3390/antib11040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first approval of the anti-CD3 recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb), muromonab-CD3, a mouse antibody for the prevention of transplant rejection, by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1986, mAb therapeutics have become increasingly important to medical care. A wealth of information about mAbs regarding their structure, stability, post-translation modifications, and the relationship between modification and function has been reported. Yet, substantial resources are still required throughout development and commercialization to have appropriate control strategies to maintain consistent product quality, safety, and efficacy. A typical feature of mAbs is charge heterogeneity, which stems from a variety of modifications, including modifications that are common to many mAbs or unique to a specific molecule or process. Charge heterogeneity is highly sensitive to process changes and thus a good indicator of a robust process. It is a high-risk quality attribute that could potentially fail the specification and comparability required for batch disposition. Failure to meet product specifications or comparability can substantially affect clinical development timelines. To mitigate these risks, the general rule is to maintain a comparable charge profile when process changes are inevitably introduced during development and even after commercialization. Otherwise, new peaks or varied levels of acidic and basic species must be justified based on scientific knowledge and clinical experience for a specific molecule. Here, we summarize the current understanding of mAb charge variants and outline risk-based control strategies to support process development and ultimately commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 5 Avenue Napoléon III, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Christine Nowak
- Protein Characterization, Alexion AstraZeneca Rare Disease, 100 College St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Deborah Meshulam
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kristina Reynolds
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David Chen
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dennis B. Pacardo
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Samantha B. Nicholls
- Protein Sciences, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gregory J. Carven
- Research, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Zhenyu Gu
- Jasper Therapeutics, Inc., 2200 Bridge Pkwy Suite 102, Redwood City, CA 94065, USA
| | - Jing Fang
- Biological Drug Discovery, Biogen, 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Global Biologics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 300 Shire Way, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- CMC Technical Operations, Magenta Therapeutics, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tao Xiang
- Downstream Process and Analytical Development, Boston Institute of Biotechnology, 225 Turnpike Rd., Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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5
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Liu T, Tao Y, Xia X, Zhang Y, Deng R, Wang Y. Analytical tools for antibody–drug conjugates: from in vitro to in vivo. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Bunc M, Hadži S, Graf C, Bončina M, Lah J. Aggregation Time Machine: A Platform for the Prediction and Optimization of Long-Term Antibody Stability Using Short-Term Kinetic Analysis. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2623-2632. [PMID: 35090111 PMCID: PMC8842250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Monoclonal antibodies
are the fastest growing class of therapeutics.
However, aggregation limits their shelf life and can lead to adverse
immune responses. Assessment and optimization of the long-term antibody
stability are therefore key challenges in the biologic drug development.
Here, we present a platform based on the analysis of temperature-dependent
aggregation data that can dramatically shorten the assessment of the
long-term aggregation stability and thus accelerate the optimization
of antibody formulations. For a set of antibodies used in the therapeutic
areas from oncology to rheumatology and osteoporosis, we obtain an
accurate prediction of aggregate fractions for up to three years using
the data obtained on a much shorter time scale. Significantly, the
strategy combining kinetic and thermodynamic analysis not only contributes
to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of antibody
aggregation but has already proven to be very effective in the development
and production of biological therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Bunc
- Technical Research and Development, Global Drug Development, Novartis, Lek d.d., 1234 Mengeš, Slovenia.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - San Hadži
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Christian Graf
- Technical Research and Development, Global Drug Development, Novartis, Hexal AG, 82041 Oberhaching, Germany
| | - Matjaž Bončina
- Technical Research and Development, Global Drug Development, Novartis, Lek d.d., 1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Jurij Lah
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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7
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Glover ZK, Wecksler A, Aryal B, Mehta S, Pegues M, Chan W, Lehtimaki M, Luo A, Sreedhara A, Rao VA. Physicochemical and biological impact of metal-catalyzed oxidation of IgG1 monoclonal antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates via reactive oxygen species. MAbs 2022; 14:2122957. [PMID: 36151884 PMCID: PMC9519010 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2122957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotherapeutics are exposed to common transition metal ions such as Cu(II) and Fe(II) during manufacturing processes and storage. IgG1 biotherapeutics are vulnerable to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated via the metal-catalyzed oxidation reactions. Exposure to these metal ions can lead to potential changes to structure and function, ultimately influencing efficacy, potency, and potential immunogenicity of the molecules. Here, we stress four biotherapeutics of the IgG1 subclass (trastuzumab, trastuzumab emtansine, anti-NaPi2b, and anti-NaPi2b-vc-MMAE) with two common pharmaceutically relevant metal-induced oxidizing systems, Cu(II)/ ascorbic acid and Fe(II)/ H2O2, and evaluated oxidation, size distribution, carbonylation, Fc effector functions, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity, cell anti-proliferation and autophaghic flux. Our study demonstrates that the extent of oxidation was metal ion-dependent and site-specific, leading to decreased FcγRIIIa and FcRn receptor binding and subsequently potentially reduced bioactivity, though antigen binding was not affected to a great extent. In general, the monoclonal antibody (mAb) and corresponding antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) showed similar impacts to product quality when exposed to the same metal ion, either Cu(II) or Fe(II). Our study clearly demonstrates that transition metal ion binding to therapeutic IgG1 mAbs and ADCs is not random and that oxidation products show unique structural and functional ramifications. A critical outcome from this study is our highlighting of key process parameters, route of degradation, especially oxidation (metal catalyzed or via ROS), on the CH1 and Fc region of full-length mAbs and ADCs. Abbreviations: DNPH 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine; ADC Antibody drug conjugate; ADCC Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; CDR Complementary determining region; DTT Dithiothreitol; HMWF high molecular weight form; LC-MS Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry; LMWF low molecular weight forms; MOA Mechanism of action; MCO Metal-catalyzed oxidation; MetO Methionine sulfoxide; mAbs Monoclonal antibodies; MyBPC Myosin binding protein C; ROS Reactive oxygen species; SEC Size exclusion chromatography
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron Wecksler
- Analytical Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Baikuntha Aryal
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Division of Biotechnology Research and Review III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administrations, Maryland, USA
| | - Shrenik Mehta
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Pegues
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Division of Biotechnology Research and Review III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administrations, Maryland, USA
| | - Wayman Chan
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mari Lehtimaki
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Division of Biotechnology Research and Review III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administrations, Maryland, USA
| | - Allen Luo
- Biological Technologies, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - V Ashutosh Rao
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Division of Biotechnology Research and Review III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administrations, Maryland, USA
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8
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Interaction of Aluminum-adjuvanted Recombinant P[4] Protein Antigen With Preservatives: Storage Stability and Backbone Flexibility Studies. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:970-981. [PMID: 34758340 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Eight antimicrobial preservatives used in parenteral multidose formulations (thimerosal, 2-phenoxy ethanol, phenol, benzyl alcohol, m-cresol, chlorobutanol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben) were examined for their effects on the storage stability (4 °C, 25 °C) of an Alhydrogel® (AH) adjuvanted formulation of the non-replicating rotavirus vaccine (NRRV) recombinant P[4] protein antigen. The stability of AH-adsorbed P[4] was monitored for antigen-antibody binding, conformational stability, and antigen-adjuvant interaction via competitive ELISA, DSC, and SDS-PAGE, respectively. There was an unexpected correlation between increasing storage stability of the AH-adsorbed P[4] and preservative hydrophobicity (log P) (e.g., the parabens and chlorobutanol were least destabilizing). We used hydrogen exchange-mass spectrometry (HX-MS) to better understand the destabilizing effects of temperature and preservative on backbone flexibility of AH-adsorbed P[4]. Thimerosal addition immediately increased the backbone flexibility across much of the AH-adsorbed P[4] protein backbone (except the N-terminal P2 region and residues G17-Y38), and further increase in P[4] backbone flexibility was observed after storage (4 °C, 4 weeks). HX-MS analysis of AH-adsorbed P[4] stored for 4 weeks at 25 °C revealed structural alterations in some regions of the epitope involved in P[4] specific mAb binding. These combined results are discussed in terms of a generalized workflow for multi-dose vaccine formulation development for recombinant protein antigens.
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9
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Zhang Z, Shah B. Limited Proteolysis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry for Simultaneous Evaluation of a Large Number of Protein Variants for Their Impact on Conformational Stability. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14263-14271. [PMID: 34637272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A stable molecular structure is important in the development of a protein candidate into a therapeutic product. A therapeutic protein often contains many different variants; some of them may have an impact on the conformational stability of the protein. Conventionally, to evaluate the impact of a variant on stability, the variant must be enriched to a reasonable purity, and then its stability characterized by chromatographic or biophysical techniques. However, it is often impractical to purify and characterize each variant in a therapeutic protein. A workflow, based on limited proteolysis followed by MS detection, was established to simultaneously assess the impact of a large number of variants on conformational stability without enrichment. Because a less stable domain is more susceptible to proteolytic degradation, conformational stability of the domain can be reported from the release rate of a proteolytic peptide. A kinetic model is established to quantitatively determine the extent of domain stabilization/destabilization of different variants. The methodology is demonstrated by examining variants known to affect the stability of immunoglobulin domains, such as different N-glycoforms, methionine oxidations, and sequence variants. With this methodology, near 100 variants may be evaluated within 2 days in a single experiment. Insights into the sequence-stability relationship will be obtained by monitoring the large number of low-level sequence variants, facilitating engineering of more stable molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Zhang
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320 United States
| | - Bhavana Shah
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320 United States
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10
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James EI, Murphree TA, Vorauer C, Engen JR, Guttman M. Advances in Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry and the Pursuit of Challenging Biological Systems. Chem Rev 2021; 122:7562-7623. [PMID: 34493042 PMCID: PMC9053315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Solution-phase hydrogen/deuterium
exchange (HDX) coupled to mass
spectrometry (MS) is a widespread tool for structural analysis across
academia and the biopharmaceutical industry. By monitoring the exchangeability
of backbone amide protons, HDX-MS can reveal information about higher-order
structure and dynamics throughout a protein, can track protein folding
pathways, map interaction sites, and assess conformational states
of protein samples. The combination of the versatility of the hydrogen/deuterium
exchange reaction with the sensitivity of mass spectrometry has enabled
the study of extremely challenging protein systems, some of which
cannot be suitably studied using other techniques. Improvements over
the past three decades have continually increased throughput, robustness,
and expanded the limits of what is feasible for HDX-MS investigations.
To provide an overview for researchers seeking to utilize and derive
the most from HDX-MS for protein structural analysis, we summarize
the fundamental principles, basic methodology, strengths and weaknesses,
and the established applications of HDX-MS while highlighting new
developments and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie I James
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Taylor A Murphree
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Clint Vorauer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - John R Engen
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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11
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Powell T, Knight MJ, Wood A, O'Hara J, Burkitt W. Photoinduced cross-linking of formulation buffer amino acids to monoclonal antibodies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 160:35-41. [PMID: 33508437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The correct choice of formulation buffer is a critical aspect of drug development and is chosen primarily to improve the stability of a protein therapeutic and protect against degradation. Amino acids are frequently incorporated into formulation buffers. In this study we have identified and characterized light induced cross-links between the side chain of histidine residues in an IgG4 monoclonal antibody and different amino acids commonly used in formulation buffers. These reactions have the potential to impact the overall product quality of the drug. The structure of each cross-link identified was elucidated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) hyphenated to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) with higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD). Furthermore, we speculate on the role of amino acids in formulation buffers and their influence on mAb stability. We theorize that whilst the adduction of formulation buffer amino acids could have a negative impact on product quality, it may protect against other pathways of photo-degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Powell
- Biomolecular Formulation and Characterization Sciences, UCB, Slough SL3WE, UK.
| | - Michael J Knight
- Biomolecular Formulation and Characterization Sciences, UCB, Slough SL3WE, UK
| | - Amanda Wood
- Biomolecular Formulation and Characterization Sciences, UCB, Slough SL3WE, UK
| | - John O'Hara
- Biomolecular Formulation and Characterization Sciences, UCB, Slough SL3WE, UK
| | - William Burkitt
- Biomolecular Formulation and Characterization Sciences, UCB, Slough SL3WE, UK
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12
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Groves K, Cryar A, Cowen S, Ashcroft AE, Quaglia M. Mass Spectrometry Characterization of Higher Order Structural Changes Associated with the Fc-glycan Structure of the NISTmAb Reference Material, RM 8761. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:553-564. [PMID: 32008322 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
As monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) rapidly emerge as a dominant class of therapeutics, so does the need for suitable analytical technologies to monitor for changes in protein higher order structure (HOS) of these biomolecules. Reference materials (RM) serve a key analytical purpose of benchmarking the suitability and robustness of both established and emerging analytical procedures for both drug producers and regulators. Here, two simple enzymatic protocols for generating Fc-glycan variants from the NISTmAb RM are described and both global and localized changes in HOS between the RM and these Fc-glycan variants are characterized using hydrogen deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) measurements. An alternative statistical approach is described where measurement thresholds that differentiate between measurement variability and significant structural changes were established on the basis of experimental data. Measurements revealed decreases in structural stability correlating with the degree of Fc-glycan structure loss, especially at the CH2/CH3 domain interface. These data promote the use of this RM and these Fc-glycan variants for establishing the sensitivity of and validating analytical methods for the detection of HOS measurements of mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Groves
- LGC, Queens Road, Teddington TW11 0LY, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Adam Cryar
- LGC, Queens Road, Teddington TW11 0LY, UK
| | | | - Alison E Ashcroft
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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13
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Klont F, Kieneker LM, Gomes-Neto AW, Stam SP, ten Hacken NHT, Kema IP, van Beek AP, van den Berg E, Horvatovich P, Bischoff R, Bakker SJL. Female Specific Association of Low Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1) Levels with Increased Risk of Premature Mortality in Renal Transplant Recipients. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020293. [PMID: 31973007 PMCID: PMC7073643 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Associations between insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and mortality have been reported to be female specific in mice and in human nonagenarians. Intervention in the growth hormone (GH)-IGF1 axis may particularly benefit patients with high risk of losing muscle mass, including renal transplant recipients (RTR). We investigated whether a potential association of circulating IGF1 with all-cause mortality in stable RTR could be female specific and mediated by variation in muscle mass. To this end, plasma IGF1 levels were measured in 277 female and 343 male RTR by mass spectrometry, and their association with mortality was assessed by Cox regression. During a median follow-up time of 5.4 years, 56 female and 77 male RTR died. In females, IGF1 was inversely associated with risk (hazard ratio (HR) per 1-unit increment in log2-transformed (doubling of) IGF1 levels, 95% confidence interval (CI)) of mortality (0.40, 0.24-0.65; p < 0.001), independent of age and the estimated Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). In equivalent analyses, no significant association was observed for males (0.85, 0.56-1.29; p = 0.44), for which it should be noted that in males, age was negatively and strongly associated with IGF1 levels. The association for females remained materially unchanged upon adjustment for potential confounders and was furthermore found to be mediated for 39% by 24 h urinary creatinine excretion. In conclusion, low IGF1 levels associate with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in female RTR, which may link to conditions of low muscle mass that are known to be associated with poor outcomes in transplantation patients. For males, the strongly negative association of age with IGF1 levels may explain why low IGF1 levels were not found to be associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Klont
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (P.H.); (R.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lyanne M. Kieneker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (L.M.K.); (A.W.G.-N.); (S.P.S.); (E.v.d.B.); (S.J.L.B.)
| | - Antonio W. Gomes-Neto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (L.M.K.); (A.W.G.-N.); (S.P.S.); (E.v.d.B.); (S.J.L.B.)
| | - Suzanne P. Stam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (L.M.K.); (A.W.G.-N.); (S.P.S.); (E.v.d.B.); (S.J.L.B.)
| | - Nick H. T. ten Hacken
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Ido P. Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - André P. van Beek
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Else van den Berg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (L.M.K.); (A.W.G.-N.); (S.P.S.); (E.v.d.B.); (S.J.L.B.)
| | - Péter Horvatovich
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (P.H.); (R.B.)
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (P.H.); (R.B.)
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (L.M.K.); (A.W.G.-N.); (S.P.S.); (E.v.d.B.); (S.J.L.B.)
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Le Basle Y, Chennell P, Tokhadze N, Astier A, Sautou V. Physicochemical Stability of Monoclonal Antibodies: A Review. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:169-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Unique Impacts of Methionine Oxidation, Tryptophan Oxidation, and Asparagine Deamidation on Antibody Stability and Aggregation. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:656-669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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16
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Gurjar SA, Wheeler JX, Wadhwa M, Thorpe R, Kimber I, Derrick JP, Dearman RJ, Metcalfe C. The impact of thioredoxin reduction of allosteric disulfide bonds on the therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19616-19634. [PMID: 31727737 PMCID: PMC6926469 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic mAbs are used to manage a wide range of cancers and autoimmune disorders. However, mAb-based treatments are not always successful, highlighting the need for a better understanding of the factors influencing mAb efficacy. Increased levels of oxidative stress associated with several diseases are counteracted by the activities of various oxidoreductase enzymes, such as thioredoxin (Trx), which also reduces allosteric disulfide bonds in proteins, including mAbs. Here, using an array of in vitro assays, we explored the functional effects of Trx-mediated reduction on the mechanisms of action of six therapeutic mAbs. We found that Trx reduces the interchain disulfide bonds of the mAbs, after which they remain intact but have altered function. In general, this reduction increased antigen-binding capacity, resulting in, for example, enhanced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) neutralization by two anti-TNF mAbs. Conversely, Trx reduction decreased the antiproliferative activity of an anti-tyrosine kinase-type cell-surface receptor HER2 mAb. In all of the mAbs, Fc receptor binding was abrogated by Trx activity, with significant loss in both complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity of the mAbs tested. We also confirmed that without alkylation, Trx-reduced interchain disulfide bonds reoxidize, and ADCC activity is restored. In summary, Trx-mediated reduction has a substantial impact on the functional effects of an mAb, including variable effects on antigen binding and Fc function, with the potential to significantly impact mAb efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalom A Gurjar
- Division of Biotherapeutics, The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Jun X Wheeler
- Division of Technology Development and Infrastructure, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Meenu Wadhwa
- Division of Biotherapeutics, The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Thorpe
- Division of Biotherapeutics, The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Kimber
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy P Derrick
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J Dearman
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Metcalfe
- Division of Biotherapeutics, The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
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17
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The Impact of Immunoglobulin G1 Fc Sialylation on Backbone Amide H/D Exchange. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040049. [PMID: 31581521 PMCID: PMC6963987 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The usefulness of higher-order structural information provided by hydrogen/deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (H/DX-MS) for the structural impact analyses of chemical and post-translational antibody modifications has been demonstrated in various studies. However, the structure-function assessment for protein drugs in biopharmaceutical research and development is often impeded by the relatively low-abundance (below 5%) of critical quality attributes or by overlapping effects of modifications, such as glycosylation, with chemical amino acid modifications; e.g., oxidation or deamidation. We present results demonstrating the applicability of the H/DX-MS technique to monitor conformational changes of specific Fc glycosylation variants produced by in vitro glyco-engineering technology. A trend towards less H/DX in Fc Cγ2 domain segments correlating with larger glycan structures could be confirmed. Furthermore, significant deuterium uptake differences and corresponding binding properties to Fc receptors (as monitored by SPR) between α-2,3- and α-2,6-sialylated Fc glycosylation variants were verified at sensitive levels.
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18
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Graham RJ, Bhatia H, Yoon S. Consequences of trace metal variability and supplementation on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture performance: A review of key mechanisms and considerations. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:3446-3456. [PMID: 31403183 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Trace metals are supplied to chemically-defined media (CDM) for optimal Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture performance during the production of monoclonal antibodies and other therapeutic proteins. However, lot-to-lot and vendor-to-vendor variability in raw materials consequently leads to an imbalance of trace metals that are supplied to CDM. This imbalance can yield detrimental effects rooted in several primary mechanisms and pathways including oxidative stress, apoptosis, lactate accumulation, and unfavorable glycan synthesis. Recent research endeavors involve supplying zinc, copper, and manganese to CDM in excess to further maximize culture productivity and product quality. These treatments significantly impact critical quality attributes and furthermore highlight the degree to which trace metal availability can affect CHO cell culture performance. This review highlights the role of trace metal variability, supplementation, and interplay on key cellular mechanisms responsible for overall culture performance and the production and quality of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Graham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - Hemlata Bhatia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
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19
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Hageman T, Wei H, Kuehne P, Fu J, Ludwig R, Tao L, Leone A, Zocher M, Das TK. Impact of Tryptophan Oxidation in Complementarity-Determining Regions of Two Monoclonal Antibodies on Structure-Function Characterized by Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry and Surface Plasmon Resonance. Pharm Res 2018; 36:24. [PMID: 30536043 PMCID: PMC6290686 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Tryptophan’s (Trp) unique hydrophobic and structural properties make it an important antigen binding motif when positioned in complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Oxidation of Trp residues within the CDR can deleteriously impact antigen binding, particularly if the CDR conformation is altered. The goal of this study was to evaluate the conformational and functional impact of Trp oxidation for two mAb subtypes, which is essential in determining the structure-function relationship and establishing appropriate analytical control strategies during protein therapeutics development. Methods Selective Trp oxidation was induced by 2,2′-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) treatment in the presence of free methionine (Met). The native and chemically oxidized mAbs were characterized by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) for conformational changes and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for antigen-antibody binding. Results Treatment of mAbs with AAPH selectively oxidized solvent accessible Trp residues. Oxidation of Trp within or in proximity of CDRs increased conformational flexibility in variable domains and disrupted antigen binding. Conclusions Trp oxidation in CDRs can adversely impact mAbs’ conformation and antigen binding. Trp oxidation should be carefully evaluated as part of critical quality attribute assessments. Oxidation susceptible Trp should be closely monitored during process development for mAbs to establish appropriate analytical control for manufacturing of drug substance and drug product. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11095-018-2545-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Hageman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Hui Wei
- Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA.
| | - Patrick Kuehne
- Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Jinmei Fu
- Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Richard Ludwig
- Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Li Tao
- Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Anthony Leone
- Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Marcel Zocher
- Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Tapan K Das
- Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
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20
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Effect of Chemical Oxidation on the Higher Order Structure, Stability, Aggregation, and Biological Function of Interferon Alpha-2a: Role of Local Structural Changes Detected by 2D NMR. Pharm Res 2018; 35:232. [PMID: 30324266 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2518-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxidized interferons have been shown to aggregate and cause immunogenicity. In this study, the structural mechanisms underlying oxidation-induced interferon alpha-2a (IFNA2a) aggregation and loss of function were examined. METHODS IFNA2a was oxidized using 0.037% vol/vol hydrogen peroxide. Oxidized protein was probed using biophysical methods that include denaturant melts, particle counting, proteolysis-coupled mass spectrometry, and 2D NMR. RESULTS Oxidized IFNA2a did not show major changes in its secondary structure, but showed minor changes in tertiary structure when compared to the unoxidized protein. In addition, a significant loss of conformational stability was observed upon oxidation. Correspondingly, increased protein aggregation was observed resulting in the formation of sub-visible particles. Oxidized protein showed decreased biological function in terms of its anti-viral potency and cytopathic inhibition efficacy. Proteolysis-coupled mass spectrometry identified five methionine residues that were oxidized with no correlation between the extent of oxidation and their accessible surface area. 2D 15N-1H HSQC NMR identified residue-level local structural changes in the protein upon oxidation, which were not detectable by global probes such as far-UV circular dichroism and fluorescence. CONCLUSIONS Increased protein aggregation and decreased function of IFNA2a upon oxidation correlated with the site of modification identified by proteolysis-coupled mass spectrometry and local structural changes in the protein detected by 2D NMR.
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21
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Probing Conformational Diversity of Fc Domains in Aggregation-Prone Monoclonal Antibodies. Pharm Res 2018; 35:220. [PMID: 30255351 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fc domains are an integral component of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and Fc-based fusion proteins. Engineering mutations in the Fc domain is a common approach to achieve desired effector function and clinical efficacy of therapeutic mAbs. It remains debatable, however, whether molecular engineering either by changing glycosylation patterns or by amino acid mutation in Fc domain could impact the higher order structure of Fc domain potentially leading to increased aggregation propensities in mAbs. METHODS Here, we use NMR fingerprinting analysis of Fc domains, generated from selected Pfizer mAbs with similar glycosylation patterns, to address this question. Specifically, we use high resolution 2D [13C-1H] NMR spectra of Fc fragments, which fingerprints methyl sidechain bearing residues, to probe the correlation of higher order structure with the storage stability of mAbs. Thermal calorimetric studies were also performed to assess the stability of mAb fragments. RESULTS Unlike NMR fingerprinting, thermal melting temperature as obtained from calorimetric studies for the intact mAbs and fragments (Fc and Fab), did not reveal any correlation with the aggregation propensities of mAbs. Despite >97% sequence homology, NMR data suggests that higher order structure of Fc domains could be dynamic and may result in unique conformation(s) in solution. CONCLUSION The overall glycosylation pattern of these mAbs being similar, these conformation(s) could be linked to the inherent plasticity of the Fc domain, and may act as early transients to the overall aggregation of mAbs.
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22
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Trabjerg E, Nazari ZE, Rand KD. Conformational analysis of complex protein states by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS): Challenges and emerging solutions. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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MS-based conformation analysis of recombinant proteins in design, optimization and development of biopharmaceuticals. Methods 2018; 144:134-151. [PMID: 29678586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for analyzing protein higher order structures have gained increasing application in the field of biopharmaceutical development. The predominant methods used in this area include native MS, hydrogen deuterium exchange-MS, covalent labeling, cross-linking and limited proteolysis. These MS-based methods will be briefly described in this article, followed by a discussion on how these methods contribute at different stages of discovery and development of protein therapeutics.
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Chung S, Tian J, Tan Z, Chen J, Lee J, Borys M, Li ZJ. Industrial bioprocessing perspectives on managing therapeutic protein charge variant profiles. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Northeastern University; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jun Tian
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Jie Chen
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Jongchan Lee
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Michael Borys
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
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25
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Bonnington L, Lindner I, Gilles U, Kailich T, Reusch D, Bulau P. Application of Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange-Mass Spectrometry to Biopharmaceutical Development Requirements: Improved Sensitivity to Detection of Conformational Changes. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8233-8237. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Bonnington
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ingo Lindner
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gilles
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kailich
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Bulau
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
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Correlating the Effects of Antimicrobial Preservatives on Conformational Stability, Aggregation Propensity, and Backbone Flexibility of an IgG1 mAb. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1508-1518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kumar S, Plotnikov NV, Rouse JC, Singh SK. Biopharmaceutical Informatics: supporting biologic drug development via molecular modelling and informatics. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 70:595-608. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The purpose of this article is to introduce an emerging field called ‘Biopharmaceutical Informatics’. It describes how tools from Information technology and Molecular Biophysics can be adapted, developed and gainfully employed in discovery and development of biologic drugs.
Key Findings
The findings described here are based on literature surveys and the authors’ collective experiences in the field of biologic drug product development. A strategic framework to forecast early the hurdles faced during drug product development is weaved together and elucidated using chemical degradation as an example. Efficiency of translating biologic drug discoveries into drug products can be significantly improved by combining learnings from experimental biophysical and analytical data on the drug candidates with molecular properties computed from their sequences and structures via molecular modeling and simulations.
Summary
Biopharmaceutical Informatics seeks to promote applications of computational tools towards discovery and development of biologic drugs. When fully implemented, industry-wide, it will enable rapid materials-free developability assessments of biologic drug candidates at early stages as well as streamline drug product development activities such as commercial scale production, purification, formulation, analytical characterization, safety and in vivo performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Chesterfield, MO, USA
| | - Nikolay V Plotnikov
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Chesterfield, MO, USA
| | - Jason C Rouse
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Satish K Singh
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Chesterfield, MO, USA
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28
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Donnarumma D, Faleri A, Costantino P, Rappuoli R, Norais N. The role of structural proteomics in vaccine development: recent advances and future prospects. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:55-68. [PMID: 26714563 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2016.1121113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are the most effective way to fight infectious diseases saving countless lives since their introduction. Their evolution during the last century made use of the best technologies available to continuously increase their efficacy and safety. Mass spectrometry (MS) and proteomics are already playing a central role in the identification and characterization of novel antigens. Over the last years, we have been witnessing the emergence of structural proteomics in vaccinology, as a major tool for vaccine candidate discovery, antigen design and life cycle management of existing products. In this review, we describe the MS techniques associated to structural proteomics and we illustrate the contribution of structural proteomics to vaccinology discussing potential applications.
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Mo J, Yan Q, So CK, Soden T, Lewis MJ, Hu P. Understanding the Impact of Methionine Oxidation on the Biological Functions of IgG1 Antibodies Using Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9495-9502. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Mo
- Large Molecule Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Science, Janssen Research & Development LLC, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Qingrong Yan
- Large Molecule Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Science, Janssen Research & Development LLC, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Chi Kwong So
- Large Molecule Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Science, Janssen Research & Development LLC, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Tam Soden
- Large Molecule Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Science, Janssen Research & Development LLC, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Michael J. Lewis
- Large Molecule Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Science, Janssen Research & Development LLC, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Ping Hu
- Large Molecule Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Science, Janssen Research & Development LLC, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
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Benigni P, Marin R, Molano-Arevalo JC, Garabedian A, Wolff JJ, Ridgeway ME, Park MA, Fernandez-Lima F. Towards the Analysis of High Molecular Weight Proteins and Protein complexes using TIMS-MS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR ION MOBILITY SPECTROMETRY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR ION MOBILITY SPECTROMETRY 2016; 19:95-104. [PMID: 27818614 PMCID: PMC5091298 DOI: 10.1007/s12127-016-0201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, we demonstrate the potential and versatility of TIMS for the analysis of proteins, DNA-protein complexes and protein-protein complexes in their native and denatured states. In addition, we show that accurate CCS measurement are possible and in good agreement with previously reported CCS values using other IMS analyzers (<5% difference). The main challenges for the analysis of high mass proteins and protein complexes in the mobility and m/z domain are described. That is, the analysis of high molecular weight systems in their native state may require the use of higher electric fields or a compromise in the TIMS mobility resolution by reducing the bath gas velocity in order to effectively trap at lower electric fields. This is the first report of CCS measurements of high molecular weight biomolecules and biomolecular complexes (~ 150 kDa) using TIMS-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Benigni
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Rebecca Marin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | | | - Alyssa Garabedian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | | | | | - Melvin A. Park
- Bruker Daltonics, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, USA
| | - Francisco Fernandez-Lima
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Biomolecular Science Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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31
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Ferguson CN, Gucinski-Ruth AC. Evaluation of Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry for Comparative Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:822-833. [PMID: 26988372 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1369-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Analytical techniques capable of detecting changes in structure are necessary to monitor the quality of monoclonal antibody drug products. Ion mobility mass spectrometry offers an advanced mode of characterization of protein higher order structure. In this work, we evaluated the reproducibility of ion mobility mass spectrometry measurements and mobiligrams, as well as the suitability of this approach to differentiate between and/or characterize different monoclonal antibody drug products. Four mobiligram-derived metrics were identified to be reproducible across a multi-day window of analysis. These metrics were further applied to comparative studies of monoclonal antibody drug products representing different IgG subclasses, manufacturers, and lots. These comparisons resulted in some differences, based on the four metrics derived from ion mobility mass spectrometry mobiligrams. The use of collision-induced unfolding resulted in more observed differences. Use of summed charge state datasets and the analysis of metrics beyond drift time allowed for a more comprehensive comparative study between different monoclonal antibody drug products. Ion mobility mass spectrometry enabled detection of differences between monoclonal antibodies with the same target protein but different production techniques, as well as products with different targets. These differences were not always detectable by traditional collision cross section studies. Ion mobility mass spectrometry, and the added separation capability of collision-induced unfolding, was highly reproducible and remains a promising technique for advanced analytical characterization of protein therapeutics. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly N Ferguson
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 645 S. Newstead Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Pfizer Inc., Chesterfield, MO, USA
| | - Ashley C Gucinski-Ruth
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 645 S. Newstead Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Arora J, Hickey JM, Majumdar R, Esfandiary R, Bishop SM, Samra HS, Middaugh CR, Weis DD, Volkin DB. Hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry reveals protein interfaces and distant dynamic coupling effects during the reversible self-association of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody. MAbs 2016; 7:525-39. [PMID: 25875351 PMCID: PMC4622866 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1029217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need for new analytical approaches to better characterize the nature of the concentration-dependent, reversible self-association (RSA) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directly, and with high resolution, when these proteins are formulated as highly concentrated solutions. In the work reported here, hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry (HX-MS) was used to define the concentration-dependent RSA interface, and to characterize the effects of association on the backbone dynamics of an IgG1 mAb (mAb-C). Dynamic light scattering, chemical cross-linking, and solution viscosity measurements were used to determine conditions that caused the RSA of mAb-C. A novel HX-MS experimental approach was then applied to directly monitor differences in local flexibility of mAb-C due to RSA at different protein concentrations in deuterated buffers. First, a stable formulation containing lyoprotectants that permitted freeze-drying of mAb-C at both 5 and 60 mg/mL was identified. Upon reconstitution with RSA-promoting deuterated solutions, the low vs. high protein concentration samples displayed different levels of solution viscosity (i.e., approx. 1 to 75 mPa.s). The reconstituted mAb-C samples were then analyzed by HX-MS. Two specific sequences covering complementarity-determining regions CDR2H and CDR2L (in the variable heavy and light chains, respectively) showed significant protection against deuterium uptake (i.e., decreased hydrogen exchange). These results define the major protein-protein interfaces associated with the concentration-dependent RSA of mAb-C. Surprisingly, certain peptide segments in the VH domain, the constant domain (CH2), and the hinge region (CH1-CH2 interface) concomitantly showed significant increases in local flexibility at high vs. low protein concentrations. These results indicate the presence of longer-range, distant dynamic coupling effects within mAb-C occurring upon RSA.
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Key Words
- ADCs, antibody-drug conjugates
- BS2G, bis (sulfosuccinimidyl) 2,2,4,4 glutarate
- BsAbs, bispecific antibodies
- CD, circular dichroism
- CDR, complementarity-determining regions
- CH1-CH3, constant domains 1–3 respectively of the heavy chain
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- Fab, antigen binding fragment
- Fc, crystallizable fragment
- HC, heavy chain
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- HX-MS, hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry
- IgG1, immunoglobulin G1
- LC, light chain
- RSA, reversible self-association
- SC, subcutaneous
- SEC, size-exclusion chromatography
- VH/VL, variable domain of the heavy/light chain
- aggregation
- flexibility
- high protein concentration
- hydrogen exchange
- immunoglobulin G1
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- mass spectrometry
- monoclonal antibody
- protein-protein interactions
- reversible self-association
- stability
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Arora
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center; University of Kansas ; Lawrence , KS , USA
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Yan Y, Wei H, Fu Y, Jusuf S, Zeng M, Ludwig R, Krystek SR, Chen G, Tao L, Das TK. Isomerization and Oxidation in the Complementarity-Determining Regions of a Monoclonal Antibody: A Study of the Modification–Structure–Function Correlations by Hydrogen–Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2041-50. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuetian Yan
- Biologics
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Hui Wei
- Biologics
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Ya Fu
- Biologics
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | | | - Ming Zeng
- Biologics
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Richard Ludwig
- Biologics
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | | | | | - Li Tao
- Biologics
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Tapan K. Das
- Biologics
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
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Beck A, Terral G, Debaene F, Wagner-Rousset E, Marcoux J, Janin-Bussat MC, Colas O, Van Dorsselaer A, Cianférani S. Cutting-edge mass spectrometry methods for the multi-level structural characterization of antibody-drug conjugates. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:157-83. [PMID: 26653789 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2016.1132167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are highly cytotoxic drugs covalently attached via conditionally stable linkers to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and are among the most promising next-generation empowered biologics for cancer treatment. ADCs are more complex than naked mAbs, as the heterogeneity of the conjugates adds to the inherent microvariability of the biomolecules. The development and optimization of ADCs rely on improving their analytical and bioanalytical characterization by assessing several critical quality attributes, namely the distribution and position of the drug, the amount of naked antibody, the average drug to antibody ratio, and the residual drug-linker and related product proportions. Here brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris) and trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla), the first and gold-standard hinge-cysteine and lysine drug conjugates, respectively, were chosen to develop new mass spectrometry (MS) methods and to improve multiple-level structural assessment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- a Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF) , Saint-Julien-en-Genevois , France
| | - Guillaume Terral
- b BioOrganic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (LSMBO), IPHC, Analytical Sciences Department , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,c IPHC, Analytical Sciences Department, CNRS, UMR7178 , Strasbourg , France
| | - François Debaene
- b BioOrganic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (LSMBO), IPHC, Analytical Sciences Department , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,c IPHC, Analytical Sciences Department, CNRS, UMR7178 , Strasbourg , France
| | - Elsa Wagner-Rousset
- a Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF) , Saint-Julien-en-Genevois , France
| | - Julien Marcoux
- b BioOrganic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (LSMBO), IPHC, Analytical Sciences Department , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,c IPHC, Analytical Sciences Department, CNRS, UMR7178 , Strasbourg , France
| | | | - Olivier Colas
- a Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF) , Saint-Julien-en-Genevois , France
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- b BioOrganic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (LSMBO), IPHC, Analytical Sciences Department , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,c IPHC, Analytical Sciences Department, CNRS, UMR7178 , Strasbourg , France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- b BioOrganic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (LSMBO), IPHC, Analytical Sciences Department , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,c IPHC, Analytical Sciences Department, CNRS, UMR7178 , Strasbourg , France
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35
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Majumdar R, Esfandiary R, Bishop SM, Samra HS, Middaugh CR, Volkin DB, Weis DD. Correlations between changes in conformational dynamics and physical stability in a mutant IgG1 mAb engineered for extended serum half-life. MAbs 2015; 7:84-95. [PMID: 25524268 DOI: 10.4161/19420862.2014.985494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compares the local conformational dynamics and physical stability of an IgG1 mAb (mAb-A) with its corresponding YTE (M255Y/S257T/T259E) mutant (mAb-E), which was engineered for extended half-life in vivo. Structural dynamics was measured using hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange mass spectrometry while protein stability was measured with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The YTE mutation induced differences in H/D exchange kinetics at both pH 6.0 and 7.4. Segments covering the YTE mutation sites and the FcRn binding epitopes showed either subtle or no observable differences in local flexibility. Surprisingly, several adjacent segments in the CH2 and distant segments in the VH, CH1, and VL domains had significantly increased flexibility in the YTE mutant. Most notable among the observed differences is increased flexibility of the 244-254 segment of the CH2 domain, where increased flexibility has been shown previously to correlate with decreased conformational stability and increased aggregation propensity in other IgG1 mAbs (e.g., presence of destabilizing additives as well as upon de-glycosylation or methionine oxidation). DSC analysis showed decreases in both thermal onset (Tonset) and unfolding (Tm1) temperatures of 7°C and 6.7°C, respectively, for the CH2 domain of the YTE mutant. In addition, mAb-E aggregated faster than mAb-A under accelerated stability conditions as measured by SEC analysis. Hence, the relatively lower physical stability of the YTE mutant correlates with increased local flexibility of the 244-254 segment, providing a site-directed mutant example that this segment of the CH2 domain is an aggregation hot spot in IgG1 mAbs.
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Key Words
- CH1-CH3, constant domains 1–3, respectively, of the heavy chain of a monoclonal antibody
- DSC, differential scanning calorimetry
- Fab, antigen binding fragment of a monoclonal antibody
- Fc, crystallizable fragment of a monoclonal antibody
- HC, heavy chain of a monoclonal antibody
- HX-MS, hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry
- LC, light chain of a monoclonal antibody
- VH/VL, variable domain of the heavy/light chain of a monoclonal antibody
- YTE mutation
- aggregation
- differential scanning calorimetry
- flexibility
- hydrogen/deuterium exchange
- immunoglobulin G1
- mass spectrometry
- monoclonal antibody
- stability
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranajoy Majumdar
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry ; University of Kansas ; Lawrence , KS USA
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Trabjerg E, Jakobsen RU, Mysling S, Christensen S, Jørgensen TJD, Rand KD. Conformational analysis of large and highly disulfide-stabilized proteins by integrating online electrochemical reduction into an optimized H/D exchange mass spectrometry workflow. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8880-8. [PMID: 26249042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of disulfide-bonded proteins by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) requires effective and rapid reduction of disulfide bonds before enzymatic digestion in order to increase sequence coverage. In a conventional HDX-MS workflow, disulfide bonds are reduced chemically by addition of a reducing agent to the quench solution (e.g., tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP)). The chemical reduction, however, is severely limited under quenched conditions due to a narrow time window as well as low pH and temperature. Here, we demonstrate the real-world applicability of integrating electrochemical reduction into an online HDX-MS workflow. We have optimized the electrochemical reduction efficiency during HDX-MS analysis of two particularly challenging disulfide stabilized proteins: a therapeutic IgG1-antibody and nerve growth factor-β (NGF). Several different parameters (flow rate and applied square wave potential, as well as the type of labeling and quench buffer) were investigated, and the optimized workflow increased the sequence coverage of NGF from 46% with chemical reduction to 99%, when electrochemical reduction was applied. Additionally, the optimized workflow also enabled a similar high sequence coverage of 96% and 87% for the heavy and light chain of the IgG1-antibody, respectively. The presented results demonstrate the successful electrochemical reduction during HDX-MS analysis of both a small exceptional tightly disulfide-bonded protein (NGF) as well as the largest protein attempted to date (IgG1-antibody). We envision that online electrochemical reduction is poised to decrease the complexity of sample handling and increase the versatility of the HDX-MS technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esben Trabjerg
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen E, DK-2100, Denmark.,Department of Biologics, H. Lundbeck A/S , Ottiliavej 9, Valby, DK-2500, Denmark
| | - Rasmus U Jakobsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen E, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Simon Mysling
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Copenhagen Biocenter , Ole Maaløes vej 5, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Søren Christensen
- Department of Biologics, H. Lundbeck A/S , Ottiliavej 9, Valby, DK-2500, Denmark
| | - Thomas J D Jørgensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark , Campuvej 55, Odense, DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Kasper D Rand
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen E, DK-2100, Denmark
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37
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Pan J, Zhang S, Chou A, Hardie DB, Borchers CH. Fast Comparative Structural Characterization of Intact Therapeutic Antibodies Using Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange and Electron Transfer Dissociation. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5884-90. [PMID: 25927482 DOI: 10.1021/ac504809r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Higher-order structural characterization plays an important role in many stages of therapeutic antibody production. Herein, we report a new top-down mass spectrometry approach for characterizing the higher-order structure of intact antibodies, by combining hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX), subzero temperature chromatography, and electron transfer dissociation on the Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Individual IgG domain-level deuteration information was obtained for 6 IgG domains on Herceptin (HER), which included the antigen binding sites. This is the first time that top-down HDX has been applied to an intact protein as large as 150 kDa, which has never been done before on any instrument. Ligand-binding induced structural differences in HER were determined to be located only on the variable region of the light chain. Global glycosylation profile of antibodies and HDX property of the glycoforms were also determined by accurate intact mass measurements. Although the presence of disulfide bonds prevent the current approach from being able to obtain amino acid level structural information within the disulfide-linked regions, the advantages such as minimal sample manipulation, fast workflow, very low level of back exchange, and simple data analysis, make it well-suited for fast comparative structural evaluation of intact antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxi Pan
- †University of Victoria-Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Vancouver Island Technology Park, #3101-4464 Markham St., Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Suping Zhang
- †University of Victoria-Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Vancouver Island Technology Park, #3101-4464 Markham St., Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Albert Chou
- †University of Victoria-Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Vancouver Island Technology Park, #3101-4464 Markham St., Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Darryl B Hardie
- †University of Victoria-Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Vancouver Island Technology Park, #3101-4464 Markham St., Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Christoph H Borchers
- †University of Victoria-Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Vancouver Island Technology Park, #3101-4464 Markham St., Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8, Canada
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38
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Pan LY, Salas-Solano O, Valliere-Douglass JF. Antibody Structural Integrity of Site-Specific Antibody-Drug Conjugates Investigated by Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5669-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Yan Pan
- Department of Analytical
Sciences, Seattle Genetics, 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
| | - Oscar Salas-Solano
- Department of Analytical
Sciences, Seattle Genetics, 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
| | - John F. Valliere-Douglass
- Department of Analytical
Sciences, Seattle Genetics, 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
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39
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Guo J, Carta G. Unfolding and aggregation of monoclonal antibodies on cation exchange columns: Effects of resin type, load buffer, and protein stability. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1388:184-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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40
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Leurs U, Mistarz UH, Rand KD. Getting to the core of protein pharmaceuticals--Comprehensive structure analysis by mass spectrometry. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 93:95-109. [PMID: 25791210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Protein pharmaceuticals are the fastest growing class of novel therapeutic agents, and have been a major research and development focus in the (bio)pharmaceutical industry. Due to their large size and structural diversity, biopharmaceuticals represent a formidable challenge regarding analysis and characterization compared to traditional small molecule drugs. Any changes to the primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary structure of a protein can potentially impact its function, efficacy and safety. The analysis and characterization of (structural) protein heterogeneity is therefore of utmost importance. Mass spectrometry has evolved as a powerful tool for the characterization of both primary and higher order structures of protein pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, the chemical and physical stability of protein drugs, as well as their pharmacokinetics are nowadays routinely determined by mass spectrometry. Here we review current techniques in primary, secondary and tertiary structure analysis of proteins by mass spectrometry. An overview of established top-down and bottom-up protein analyses will be given, and in particular the use of advanced technologies such as hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) for higher-order structure analysis will be discussed. Modification and degradation pathways of protein drugs and their detection by mass spectrometry will be described, as well as the growing use of mass spectrometry to assist protein design and biopharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Leurs
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik H Mistarz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper D Rand
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Majumdar R, Middaugh C, Weis DD, Volkin DB. Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry as an Emerging Analytical Tool for Stabilization and Formulation Development of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:327-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Remmele RL, Bee JS, Phillips JJ, Mo WD, Higazi DR, Zhang J, Lindo V, Kippen AD. Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody Aggregates and Emerging Technologies. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2015-1202.ch005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Remmele
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Jared S. Bee
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan J. Phillips
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Wenjun David Mo
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R. Higazi
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Vivian Lindo
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair D. Kippen
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
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Valliere-Douglass JF, Hengel SM, Pan LY. Approaches to Interchain Cysteine-Linked ADC Characterization by Mass Spectrometry. Mol Pharm 2014; 12:1774-83. [PMID: 25474122 DOI: 10.1021/mp500614p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) harness the cell-killing potential of cytotoxic agents and the tumor targeting specificity of monoclonal antibodies to selectively kill tumor cells. Recent years have witnessed the development of several promising modalities that follow the same basic principles of ADC based therapies but which employ unique cytotoxic agents and conjugation strategies in order to realize therapeutic benefit. The complexity and heterogeneity of ADCs present a challenge to some of the conventional analytical methods that industry has relied upon for biologics characterization. This current review will highlight some of the more recent methodological approaches in mass spectrometry that have bridged the gap that is created when conventional analytical techniques provide an incomplete picture of ADC product quality. Specifically, we will discuss mass spectrometric approaches that preserve and/or capture information about the native structure of ADCs and provide unique insights into the higher order structure (HOS) of these therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shawna M Hengel
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
| | - Lucy Y Pan
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
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44
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Concomitant Raman spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering for characterization of therapeutic proteins at high concentrations. Anal Biochem 2014; 472:7-20. [PMID: 25475399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Raman spectrometer and dynamic light scattering system were combined in a single platform (Raman-DLS) to provide concomitant higher order structural and hydrodynamic size data for therapeutic proteins at high concentration. As model therapeutic proteins, we studied human serum albumin (HSA) and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). HSA concentration and temperature interval during heating did not affect the onset temperatures for conformation perturbation or aggregation. The impact of pH on thermal stability of HSA was tested at pHs 3, 5, and 8. Stability was the greatest at pH 8, but distinct unfolding and aggregation behaviors were observed at the different pHs. HSA structural transitions and aggregation kinetics were also studied in real time during isothermal incubations at pH 7. In a forced oxidation study, it was found that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment reduced the thermal stability of HSA. Finally, the structure and thermal stability of IVIG were studied, and a comprehensive characterization of heating-induced structural perturbations and aggregation was obtained. In conclusion, by providing comprehensive data on protein tertiary and secondary structures and hydrodynamic size during real-time heating or isothermal incubation experiments, the Raman-DLS system offers unique physical insights into the properties of high-concentration protein samples.
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45
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Jensen PF, Larraillet V, Schlothauer T, Kettenberger H, Hilger M, Rand KD. Investigating the interaction between the neonatal Fc receptor and monoclonal antibody variants by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 14:148-61. [PMID: 25378534 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.042044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The recycling of immunoglobulins by the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is of crucial importance in the maintenance of antibody levels in plasma and is responsible for the long half-lives of endogenous and recombinant monoclonal antibodies. From a therapeutic point of view there is great interest in understanding and modulating the IgG-FcRn interaction to optimize antibody pharmacokinetics and ultimately improve efficacy and safety. Here we studied the interaction between a full-length human IgG(1) and human FcRn via hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and targeted electron transfer dissociation to map sites perturbed by binding on both partners of the IgG-FcRn complex. Several regions in the antibody Fc region and the FcRn were protected from exchange upon complex formation, in good agreement with previous crystallographic studies of FcRn in complex with the Fc fragment. Interestingly, we found that several regions in the IgG Fab region also showed reduced deuterium uptake. Our findings indicate the presence of hitherto unknown FcRn interaction sites in the Fab region or a possible conformational link between the IgG Fc and Fab regions upon FcRn binding. Further, we investigated the role of IgG glycosylation in the conformational response of the IgG-FcRn interaction. Removal of antibody glycans increased the flexibility of the FcRn binding site in the Fc region. Consequently, FcRn binding did not induce a similar conformational stabilization of deglycosylated IgG as observed for the wild-type glycosylated IgG. Our results provide new molecular insight into the IgG-FcRn interaction and illustrate the capability of hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry to advance structural proteomics by providing detailed information on the conformation and dynamics of large protein complexes in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Foged Jensen
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vincent Larraillet
- §Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Tilman Schlothauer
- §Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Kettenberger
- §Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Maximiliane Hilger
- §Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Kasper D Rand
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
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46
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Stracke J, Emrich T, Rueger P, Schlothauer T, Kling L, Knaupp A, Hertenberger H, Wolfert A, Spick C, Lau W, Drabner G, Reiff U, Koll H, Papadimitriou A. A novel approach to investigate the effect of methionine oxidation on pharmacokinetic properties of therapeutic antibodies. MAbs 2014; 6:1229-42. [PMID: 25517308 PMCID: PMC4622569 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Preserving the chemical and structural integrity of therapeutic antibodies during manufacturing and storage is a major challenge during pharmaceutical development. Oxidation of Fc methionines Met252 and Met428 is frequently observed, which leads to reduced affinity to FcRn and faster plasma clearance if present at high levels. Because oxidation occurs in both positions simultaneously, their individual contribution to the concomitant changes in pharmacokinetic properties has not been clearly established. A novel pH-gradient FcRn affinity chromatography method was applied to isolate three antibody oxidation variants from an oxidized IgG1 preparation based on their FcRn binding properties. Physico-chemical characterization revealed that the three oxidation variants differed predominantly in the number of oxMet252 per IgG (0, 1, or 2), but not significantly in the content of oxMet428. Corresponding to the increase in oxMet252 content, stepwise reduction of FcRn affinity in vitro, as well as faster clearance and shorter terminal half-life, in huFcRn-transgenic mice were observed. A single Met252 oxidation per antibody had no significant effect on pharmacokinetics (PK) compared with unmodified IgG. Importantly, only molecules with both heavy chains oxidized at Met252 exhibited significantly faster clearance. In contrast, Met428 oxidation had no apparent negative effect on PK and even led to somewhat improved FcRn binding and slower clearance. This minor effect, however, seemed to be abrogated by the dominant effect of Met252 oxidation. The novel approach of functional chromatographic separation of IgG oxidation variants followed by physico-chemical and biological characterization has yielded the first experimentally-backed explanation for the unaltered PK properties of antibody preparations containing relatively high Met252 and Met428 oxidation levels.
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Key Words
- AUC, area under the concentration-time curve
- Antibody
- ESI-MS, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
- Fab, antigen-binding fragment
- Fc, crystallizable fragment
- FcRn
- FcRn, neonatal Fc receptor
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- Met, methionine
- Met252
- Met428
- PK, pharmacokinetic
- RU, response units
- SEC, size exclusion chromatography
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- affinity chromatography
- column
- degradation
- m/z, mass-to-charge ratio
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- methionine oxidation
- neonatal Fc receptor
- pH gradient
- pharmacokinetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stracke
- a Biochemical and Analytical Research; Large Molecule Research ; Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED); Roche Innovation Center ; Penzberg , Germany
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47
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Hmiel LK, Brorson KA, Boyne MT. Post-translational structural modifications of immunoglobulin G and their effect on biological activity. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:79-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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48
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Unfolding and aggregation of a glycosylated monoclonal antibody on a cation exchange column. Part II. Protein structure effects by hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1356:129-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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49
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Pan J, Borchers CH. Top-down mass spectrometry and hydrogen/deuterium exchange for comprehensive structural characterization of interferons: Implications for biosimilars. Proteomics 2014; 14:1249-58. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxi Pan
- University of Victoria - Genome BC Proteomics Centre; University of Victoria; Victoria BC Canada
| | - Christoph H. Borchers
- University of Victoria - Genome BC Proteomics Centre; University of Victoria; Victoria BC Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology; University of Victoria; Victoria BC Canada
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50
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Pan LY, Salas-Solano O, Valliere-Douglass JF. Conformation and dynamics of interchain cysteine-linked antibody-drug conjugates as revealed by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2657-64. [PMID: 24512515 DOI: 10.1021/ac404003q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are protein therapeutics in which a target specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) is conjugated with drug molecules. The manufacturing of ADCs involves additional conjugation steps, which are carried out on the parent mAbs, and it is important to evaluate how the drug conjugation process impacts the conformation and dynamics of the mAb. Here, we present a comparative study of interchain cysteine linked IgG1 ADCs and the corresponding mAb by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). We found that ∼90% of the primary sequence of the ADC conjugated with either monomethyl auristatin E or F (vcMMAE/mcMMAF) displayed the same HDX kinetics as the mAb, indicating the ADCs and mAbs share very similar conformation and dynamics in solution. Minor increases in HDX kinetic rates were observed in two Fc regions in the ADCs relative to the mAb which indicated that both regions become more structurally dynamic and/or more solvent-accessible in the ADCs. The findings led to a subsequent inquiry into whether the local conformational changes were due to the presence of drugs on the interchain cysteine residues or the absence of intact interchain disulfides or both. To address this question, a side-by-side HDX comparison of ADCs, mAbs, reduced mAbs (containing 8 reduced interchain cysteine thiols), and partially reduced mAbs (conjugation process intermediate) was performed. Our results indicated that the slight increase in conformational dynamics detected at the two regions in the ADCs was due to the absence of intact interchain disulfide bonds and not the presence of vcMMAE or mcMMAF on the alkylated interchain cysteine residues. These results highlight the utility of HDX-MS for interrogating the higher-order structure of ADCs and other protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Yan Pan
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
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