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Duque-Prata A, Serpa C, Caridade PJSB. Theoretical Evaluation of Fluorinated Resazurin Derivatives for In Vivo Applications. Molecules 2024; 29:1507. [PMID: 38611787 PMCID: PMC11013821 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Primarily owing to the pronounced fluorescence exhibited by its reduced form, resazurin (also known as alamarBlue®) is widely employed as a redox sensor to assess cell viability in in vitrostudies. In an effort to broaden its applicability for in vivo studies, molecular adjustments are necessary to align optical properties with the near-infrared imaging window while preserving redox properties. This study delves into the theoretical characterisation of a set of fluorinated resazurin derivatives proposed by Kachur et al., 2015 examining the influence of fluorination on structural and electrochemical properties. Assuming that the conductor-like polarisable continuum model mimics the solvent effect, the density functional level of theory combining M06-2X/6-311G* was used to calculate the redox potentials. Furthermore, (TD-)DFT calculations were performed with PBE0/def2-TZVP to evaluate nucleophilic characteristics, transition states for fluorination, relative energies, and fluorescence spectra. With the aim of exploring the potential of resazurin fluorinated derivatives as redox sensors tailored for in vivo applications, acid-base properties and partition coefficients were calculated. The theoretical characterisation has demonstrated its potential for designing novel molecules based on fundamental principles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pedro J. S. B. Caridade
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 304-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.D.-P.); (C.S.)
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2
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Chen Y, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhou Z, Cao S, Zhang J. Strategies of Targeting CK2 in Drug Discovery: Challenges, Opportunities, and Emerging Prospects. J Med Chem 2023; 66:2257-2281. [PMID: 36745746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CK2 (casein kinase 2) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells and plays important roles in a variety of cellular functions, including cell growth, apoptosis, circadian rhythms, DNA damage repair, transcription, and translation. CK2 is involved in cancer pathogenesis and the occurrence of many diseases. Therefore, targeting CK2 is a promising therapeutic strategy. Although many CK2-specific small-molecule inhibitors have been developed, only CX-4945 has progressed to clinical trials. In recent years, novel CK2 inhibitors have gradually become a research hotspot, which is expected to overcome the limitations of traditional inhibitors. Herein, we summarize the structure, biological functions, and disease relevance of CK2 and emphatically analyze the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and binding modes of small-molecule CK2 inhibitors. We also discuss the latest progress of novel strategies, providing insights into new drugs targeting CK2 for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Chen
- Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Zhilan Zhou
- Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shu Cao
- West China School of Stomatology Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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3
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Trembley JH, Kren BT, Afzal M, Scaria GA, Klein MA, Ahmed K. Protein kinase CK2 – diverse roles in cancer cell biology and therapeutic promise. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 478:899-926. [PMID: 36114992 PMCID: PMC9483426 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04558-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The association of protein kinase CK2 (formerly casein kinase II or 2) with cell growth and proliferation in cells was apparent at early stages of its investigation. A cancer-specific role for CK2 remained unclear until it was determined that CK2 was also a potent suppressor of cell death (apoptosis); the latter characteristic differentiated its function in normal versus malignant cells because dysregulation of both cell growth and cell death is a universal feature of cancer cells. Over time, it became evident that CK2 exerts its influence on a diverse range of cell functions in normal as well as in transformed cells. As such, CK2 and its substrates are localized in various compartments of the cell. The dysregulation of CK2 is documented in a wide range of malignancies; notably, by increased CK2 protein and activity levels with relatively moderate change in its RNA abundance. High levels of CK2 are associated with poor prognosis in multiple cancer types, and CK2 is a target for active research and testing for cancer therapy. Aspects of CK2 cellular roles and targeting in cancer are discussed in the present review, with focus on nuclear and mitochondrial functions and prostate, breast and head and neck malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeen H Trembley
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Betsy T Kren
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - George A Scaria
- Hematology/Oncology Section, Primary Care Service Line, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA
| | - Mark A Klein
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Hematology/Oncology Section, Primary Care Service Line, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Khalil Ahmed
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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4
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Flavones and flavonols may have clinical potential as CK2 inhibitors in cancer therapy. Med Hypotheses 2020; 141:109723. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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5
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Kaur K, Jaitak V. Recent Development in Indole Derivatives as Anticancer Agents for Breast Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 19:962-983. [PMID: 30864529 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666190312125602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast Cancer (BC) is the second most common cause of cancer related deaths in women. Due to severe side effects and multidrug resistance, current therapies like hormonal therapy, surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy become ineffective. Also, the existing drugs for BC treatment are associated with several drawbacks such as poor oral bioavailability, non-selectivity and poor pharmacodynamics properties. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of more effective and safer anti BC agents. OBJECTIVE This article explored in detail the possibilities of indole-based heterocyclic compounds as anticancer agents with breast cancer as their major target. METHODS Recent literature related to indole derivatives endowed with encouraging anti BC potential is reviewed. With special focus on BC, this review offers a detailed account of multiple mechanisms of action of various indole derivatives: aromatase inhibitor, tubulin inhibitor, microtubule inhibitor, targeting estrogen receptor, DNA-binding mechanism, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of PI3K/AkT/NFkB/mTOR, and HDAC inhibitors, by which these derivatives have shown promising anticancer potential. RESULTS Exhaustive literature survey indicated that indole derivatives are associated with properties of inducing apoptosis and disturbing tubulin assembly. Indoles are also associated with the inhibition of NFkB/mTOR/PI3K/AkT and regulation of estrogen-mediated activity. Furthermore, indole derivatives have been found to modulate critical targets such as topoisomerase and HDAC. These derivatives have shown significant activity against breast cancer cells. CONCLUSION In BC, indole derivatives seem to be quite competent and act through various mechanisms that are well established in case of BC. This review has shown that indole derivatives can further be explored for the betterment of BC chemotherapy. A lot of potential is still hidden which demands to be discovered for upgrading BC chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalpreet Kaur
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda (Pb) -151001, India
| | - Vikas Jaitak
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda (Pb) -151001, India
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CK2 Pro-Survival Role in Prostate Cancer Is Mediated via Maintenance and Promotion of Androgen Receptor and NFκB p65 Expression. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12020089. [PMID: 31197122 PMCID: PMC6631211 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The prosurvival protein kinase CK2, androgen receptor (AR), and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) interact in the function of prostate cells, and there is evidence of crosstalk between these signals in the pathobiology of prostate cancer (PCa). As CK2 is elevated in PCa, and AR and NFκB are involved in the development and progression of prostate cancer, we investigated their interaction in benign and malignant prostate cells in the presence of altered CK2 expression. Our results show that elevation of CK2 levels caused increased levels of AR and NFκB p65 in prostate cells of different phenotypes. Analysis of TCGA PCa data indicated that AR and CK2α RNA expression are strongly correlated. Small molecule inhibition or molecular down-regulation of CK2 caused reduction in AR mRNA expression and protein levels in PCa cells and in orthotopic xenograft tumors by various pathways. Among these, regulation of AR protein stability plays a unifying role in CK2 maintenance of AR protein levels. Our results show induction of various endoplasmic reticulum stress signals after CK2 inhibition, which may play a role in the PCa cell death response. Of note, CK2 inhibition caused loss of cell viability in both parental and enzalutamide-resistant castrate-resistant PCa cells. The present work elucidates the specific link of CK2 to the pathogenesis of PCa in association with AR and NFκB expression; further, the observation that inhibition of CK2 can exert a growth inhibitory effect on therapy-resistant PCa cells emphasizes the potential utility of CK2 inhibition in patients who are on enzalutamide treatment for advanced cancer.
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7
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Lian H, Su M, Zhu Y, Zhou Y, Soomro SH, Fu H. Protein Kinase CK2, a Potential Therapeutic Target in Carcinoma Management. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:23-32. [PMID: 30677865 PMCID: PMC6485562 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Protein kinase CK2 (formerly known as casein kinase 2) is a highly conserved serine/ threonine kinase
overexpressed in various human carcinomas and its high expression often correlates with poor prognosis. CK2 protein
is localized in the nucleus of many tumor cells and correlates with clinical features in many cases. Increased expression
of CK2 in mice results in the development of various types of carcinomas (both solids and blood related tumors, such
as (breast carcinoma, lymphoma, etc), which reveals its carcinogenic properties. CK2 plays essential roles in many key
biological processes related to carcinoma, including cell apoptosis, DNA damage responses and cell cycle regulation.
CK2 has become a potential anti-carcinoma target. Various CK2 inhibitors have been developed with anti-neoplastic
properties against a variety of carcinomas. Some CK2 inhibitors have showed good results in in vitro and pre-clinical
models, and have even entered in clinical trials. This article will review effects of CK2 and its inhibitors on common
carcinomas in in vitro and pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Lian
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R, China.
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8
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Shahraki A, Ebrahimi A. Binding of ellagic acid and urolithin metabolites to the CK2 protein, based on the ONIOM method and molecular docking calculations. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj03508g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Using three-layer ONIOM and molecular docking calculations to investigate the binding of urolithins to the active site of the CK2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiyeh Shahraki
- Department of Chemistry
- Computational Quantum Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Sistan and Baluchestan
- Zahedan
- Iran
| | - Ali Ebrahimi
- Department of Chemistry
- Computational Quantum Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Sistan and Baluchestan
- Zahedan
- Iran
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9
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Lertsuwan J, Lertsuwan K, Sawasdichai A, Tasnawijitwong N, Lee KY, Kitchen P, Afford S, Gaston K, Jayaraman PS, Satayavivad J. CX-4945 Induces Methuosis in Cholangiocarcinoma Cell Lines by a CK2-Independent Mechanism. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E283. [PMID: 30142881 PMCID: PMC6162756 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a disease with a poor prognosis and increasing incidence and hence there is a pressing unmet clinical need for new adjuvant treatments. Protein kinase CK2 (previously casein kinase II) is a ubiquitously expressed protein kinase that is up-regulated in multiple cancer cell types. The inhibition of CK2 activity using CX-4945 (Silmitasertib) has been proposed as a novel treatment in multiple disease settings including cholangiocarcinoma. Here, we show that CX-4945 inhibited the proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma cell lines in vitro. Moreover, CX-4945 treatment induced the formation of cytosolic vacuoles in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and other cancer cell lines. The vacuoles contained extracellular fluid and had neutral pH, features characteristic of methuosis. In contrast, simultaneous knockdown of both the α and α' catalytic subunits of protein kinase CK2 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) had little or no effect on the proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and failed to induce the vacuole formation. Surprisingly, low doses of CX-4945 increased the invasive properties of cholangiocarcinoma cells due to an upregulation of matrix metallopeptidase 7 (MMP-7), while the knockdown of CK2 inhibited cell invasion. Our data suggest that CX-4945 inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell death via CK2-independent pathways. Moreover, the increase in cell invasion brought about by CX-4945 treatment suggests that this drug might increase tumor invasion in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jomnarong Lertsuwan
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | - Kornkamon Lertsuwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Anyaporn Sawasdichai
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | | | - Ka Ying Lee
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Philip Kitchen
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Simon Afford
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Kevin Gaston
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Padma-Sheela Jayaraman
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Jutamaad Satayavivad
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
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10
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Pardhi TR, Patel MS, Sudarsanam V, Vasu KK. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[ d]thiazole-based novel dual kinase inhibitors of CK2 and GSK3β. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1472-1490. [PMID: 30288222 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00321a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Casein kinase 2 (CK2) and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3β) are responsible for the phosphorylation of a tumor suppressor protein (PTEN) in a cooperative manner which causes its deactivation. Thus, it is essential to inhibit both kinases simultaneously to prevent PTEN deactivation more efficiently. In this study, we have designed a novel lead from Hit15 which was identified in silico as a dual kinase inhibitor against CK2 and GSK3β through our previous study. The dataset of structural analogs of the lead was designed and confirmed by pharmacophore mapping and molecular docking. The screened analogs were considered further and a series of "tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazoles" were synthesized. Compound 1g has shown highest dual kinase inhibitory activity at a concentration of 1.9 μM against CK2 and 0.67 μM against GSK3β. Our results suggest that the presence of a carboxyl group at the meta position of the phenyl ring plays a vital role in dual kinase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triveni R Pardhi
- Department of Natural Products , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad , Opp. Air force station, Palaj , Gandhinagar-382355 , Gujarat , India . ; ; Tel: +917927439375
| | - Manishkumar S Patel
- Department of Biotechnology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad , Gandhinagar-382355 , Gujarat , India
| | - V Sudarsanam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education & Research Development (PERD) Centre , Ahmedabad-380054 , Gujarat , India .
| | - Kamala K Vasu
- Department of Natural Products , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad , Opp. Air force station, Palaj , Gandhinagar-382355 , Gujarat , India . ; ; Tel: +917927439375.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry , B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education & Research Development (PERD) Centre , Ahmedabad-380054 , Gujarat , India .
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11
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Ruhs S, Strätz N, Quarch K, Masch A, Schutkowski M, Gekle M, Grossmann C. Modulation of transcriptional mineralocorticoid receptor activity by casein kinase 2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15340. [PMID: 29127314 PMCID: PMC5681688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15418-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases is a multifunctional process in which the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor, is involved as proven by numerous clinical studies. The development of pathophysiological MR actions depends on the existence of additional factors e.g. inflammatory cytokines and seems to involve posttranslational MR modifications e.g. phosphorylation. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a ubiquitously expressed multifunctional serine/threonine kinase that can be activated under inflammatory conditions as the MR. Sequence analysis and inhibitor experiments revealed that CK2 acts as a positive modulator of MR activity by facilitating MR-DNA interaction with subsequent rapid MR degradation. Peptide microarrays and site-directed mutagenesis experiments identified the highly conserved S459 as a functionally relevant CK2 phosphorylation site of the MR. Moreover, MR-CK2 protein-protein interaction mediated by HSP90 was shown by co-immunoprecipitation. During inflammation, cytokine stimulation led to a CK2-dependent increased expression of proinflammatory genes. The additional MR activation by aldosterone during cytokine stimulation augmented CK2-dependent NFκB signaling which enhanced the expression of proinflammatory genes further. Overall, in an inflammatory environment the bidirectional CK2-MR interaction aggravate the existing pathophysiological cellular situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Ruhs
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06112, Germany.
| | - Nicole Strätz
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06112, Germany
| | - Katja Quarch
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06112, Germany
| | - Antonia Masch
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Division of Enzymology, University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06110, Germany
| | - Mike Schutkowski
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Division of Enzymology, University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06110, Germany
| | - Michael Gekle
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06112, Germany
| | - Claudia Grossmann
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06112, Germany
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12
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Li ZS, Deng CZ, Ye YL, Yao K, Guo SJ, Chen JP, Li YH, Qin ZK, Liu ZW, Wang B, Zhao Q, Chen P, Mi QW, Chen XF, Han H, Zhou FJ. More precise prediction in Chinese patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma: protein kinase CK2α catalytic subunit (CK2α) as a poor prognosticator. Oncotarget 2017; 8:51542-51550. [PMID: 28881666 PMCID: PMC5584267 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose In this study, we assess the CK2α expression in human penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and its clinical significance. Methods A total of 157 human penile SCC tissue samples were immunohistochemically analyzed. In addition, 12 human penile SCC and adjacent normal tissues were examined for CK2α protein and mRNA expression by Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR, respectively. Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier test and the log-rank test. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed to determine the impacts of CK2α expression and the clinicopathological features on patient disease-specific survival (DSS). Likelihood ratios (LRs), Akaike information criterion (AIC) values, and concordance indexes (C-indexes) were investigated to evaluate the accuracies of the factors. Bootstrap-corrected C-indexes were used for internal validation (with sampling 1000 times). Results A significant difference in the distribution of CK2α was observed between the normal and penile carcinoma tissues (P<0.001). CK2α expression was associated with the pathological T and N stages in the penile cancer tissues (P<0.001). High CK2α expression was with significantly poorer DSS compared with low expression one (P<0.001). Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR also confirmed that CK2α expression was increased in the penile cancer tissues. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, CK2α overexpression still was one of independent prognostic factors for penile SCC (P=0.005). The predictive accuracy of CK2α was verified by analysis of the C-indexes. Conclusion High protein kinase CK2α expression is associated with several prognostic factors and is thus a significant indicator of poor prognosis for penile cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Shang Li
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chuang-Zhong Deng
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Lin Ye
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Kai Yao
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Jie Guo
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jie-Ping Chen
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Hong Li
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Ke Qin
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo-Wei Liu
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Urology, Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, P. R. China
| | - Qi-Wu Mi
- Department of Urology, Dong Guan People's Hospital, Guang Dong, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Chen
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fang-Jian Zhou
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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Chua MMJ, Ortega CE, Sheikh A, Lee M, Abdul-Rassoul H, Hartshorn KL, Dominguez I. CK2 in Cancer: Cellular and Biochemical Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Target. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:E18. [PMID: 28134850 PMCID: PMC5374422 DOI: 10.3390/ph10010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CK2 genes are overexpressed in many human cancers, and most often overexpression is associated with worse prognosis. Site-specific expression in mice leads to cancer development (e.g., breast, lymphoma) indicating the oncogenic nature of CK2. CK2 is involved in many key aspects of cancer including inhibition of apoptosis, modulation of signaling pathways, DNA damage response, and cell cycle regulation. A number of CK2 inhibitors are now available and have been shown to have activity against various cancers in vitro and in pre-clinical models. Some of these inhibitors are now undergoing exploration in clinical trials as well. In this review, we will examine some of the major cancers in which CK2 inhibition has promise based on in vitro and pre-clinical studies, the proposed cellular and signaling mechanisms of anti-cancer activity by CK2 inhibitors, and the current or recent clinical trials using CK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M J Chua
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Charina E Ortega
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Ayesha Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Migi Lee
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Hussein Abdul-Rassoul
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Kevan L Hartshorn
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Isabel Dominguez
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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CX4945 suppresses the growth of castration-resistant prostate cancer cells by reducing AR-V7 expression. World J Urol 2017; 35:1213-1221. [PMID: 28105499 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-016-1996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aberrant expression of casein kinase 2 (CK2) has been reported to be involved in the tumorigenesis and progression of prostate cancer. The inhibition of CK2 activity represses androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells by attenuating the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway. In this study, we examined the effect of CK2 inhibition in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells, in which AR variants (ARVs) play a predominant role. METHODS A newly synthetic CK2 selective inhibitor CX4945 was utilized to study the effect of CK2 inhibition in CRPC cells by CCK8 assay and colony formation assay. Protein and mRNA levels of full-length AR (AR-FL) and AR-V7 were determined by qPCR and western blot, respectively. The nuclear translocation of p50 and p65 was assessed to reflect the activity of the NF-κB pathway. RESULTS CX4945 reduced the proliferation of CRPC cells in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. AR-V7 rather than AR-FL was downregulated by CX4945 in both the mRNA and protein level. Furthermore, CX4945 could restore the sensitivity of CRPC cells to bicalutamide. The analysis of possible mechanisms demonstrated that the inhibition of CK2 diminished the phosphorylation of p65 at ser529 and thus attenuated the activity of the NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSION The inhibition of CK2 by CX4945 can repress the viability of CRPC cells and restore their sensitivity to anti-androgen therapy by suppressing AR-V7. This finding presents a potential option for the treatment of prostate cancer, especially CRPC.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The conventional term 'casein kinase' (CK) denotes three classes of kinases - CK1, CK2 and Golgi-CK (G-CK)/Fam20C (family with sequence similarity 20, member C) - sharing the ability to phoshorylate casein in vitro, but otherwise unrelated to each other. All CKs have been reported to be implicated in human diseases, and reviews individually dealing with the druggability of CK1 and CK2 are available. Our aim is to provide a comparative analysis of the three classes of CKs as therapeutic targets. AREAS COVERED CK2 is the CK for which implication in neoplasia is best documented, with the survival of cancer cells often relying on its overexpression. An ample variety of cell-permeable CK2 inhibitors have been developed, with a couple of these now in clinical trials. Isoform-specific CK1 inhibitors that are expected to play a beneficial role in oncology and neurodegeneration have been also developed. In contrast, the pathogenic potential of G-CK/Fam20C is caused by its loss of function. Activators of Fam20C, notably sphingolipids and their analogs, may prove beneficial in this respect. EXPERT OPINION Optimization of CK2 and CK1 inhibitors will prove useful to develop new therapeutic strategies for treating cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, while the design of potent activators of G-CK/Fam20C will provide a new tool in the fields of bio-mineralization and hypophosphatemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Cozza
- a 1 University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences , Via Ugo Bassi 58B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- a 1 University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences , Via Ugo Bassi 58B, 35131 Padova, Italy .,b 2 University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neurosciences , Padova, Italy ;
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Alchab F, Ettouati L, Bouaziz Z, Bollacke A, Delcros JG, Gertzen CGW, Gohlke H, Pinaud N, Marchivie M, Guillon J, Fenet B, Jose J, Borgne ML. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Modeling of Substituted Indeno[1,2-b]indoles as Inhibitors of Human Protein Kinase CK2. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2015; 8:279-302. [PMID: 26061121 PMCID: PMC4491662 DOI: 10.3390/ph8020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their system of annulated 6-5-5-6-membered rings, indenoindoles have sparked great interest for the design of ATP-competitive inhibitors of human CK2. In the present study, we prepared twenty-one indeno[1,2-b]indole derivatives, all of which were tested in vitro on human CK2. The indenoindolones 5a and 5b inhibited human CK2 with an IC50 of 0.17 and 0.61 µM, respectively. The indeno[1,2-b]indoloquinone 7a also showed inhibitory activity on CK2 at a submicromolar range (IC50 = 0.43 µM). Additionally, a large number of indenoindole derivatives was evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against the cell lines 3T3, WI-38, HEK293T and MEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten Alchab
- EA 4446 Biomolécules Cancer et Chimiorésistances, SFR Santé Lyon-Est CNRS UMS3453 - INSERM US7, Faculté de Pharmacie - ISPB, Université Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, F-69373, Lyon Cedex 8, France.
| | - Laurent Ettouati
- EA 4446 Biomolécules Cancer et Chimiorésistances, SFR Santé Lyon-Est CNRS UMS3453 - INSERM US7, Faculté de Pharmacie - ISPB, Université Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, F-69373, Lyon Cedex 8, France.
| | - Zouhair Bouaziz
- EA 4446 Biomolécules Cancer et Chimiorésistances, SFR Santé Lyon-Est CNRS UMS3453 - INSERM US7, Faculté de Pharmacie - ISPB, Université Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, F-69373, Lyon Cedex 8, France.
| | - Andre Bollacke
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Jean-Guy Delcros
- Laboratoire Récepteurs à dépendance, UMR INSERM U1052/CNRS 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Cheney A, 28 rue Laënnec, F-69008, Lyon, France.
| | - Christoph G W Gertzen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Noël Pinaud
- ISM - CNRS UMR 5255, Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, F-33405 Talence cedex, France.
| | - Mathieu Marchivie
- ICMCB, UPR 9048, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 87, avenue du Docteur Schweitzer, F-33600 Pessac, France.
| | - Jean Guillon
- Laboratoire ARNA, INSERM U869, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, F-33076 Bordeaux cedex, France.
| | - Bernard Fenet
- Centre Commun de RMN, Université de Lyon, F-69003 Lyon, France.
- ESCPE Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Marc Le Borgne
- EA 4446 Biomolécules Cancer et Chimiorésistances, SFR Santé Lyon-Est CNRS UMS3453 - INSERM US7, Faculté de Pharmacie - ISPB, Université Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, F-69373, Lyon Cedex 8, France.
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Jabor Gozzi G, Bouaziz Z, Winter E, Daflon-Yunes N, Aichele D, Nacereddine A, Marminon C, Valdameri G, Zeinyeh W, Bollacke A, Guillon J, Lacoudre A, Pinaud N, Cadena SM, Jose J, Le Borgne M, Di Pietro A. Converting potent indeno[1,2-b]indole inhibitors of protein kinase CK2 into selective inhibitors of the breast cancer resistance protein ABCG2. J Med Chem 2014; 58:265-77. [PMID: 25272055 DOI: 10.1021/jm500943z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of indeno[1,2-b]indole-9,10-dione derivatives were synthesized as human casein kinase II (CK2) inhibitors. The most potent inhibitors contained a N(5)-isopropyl substituent on the C-ring. The same series of compounds was found to also inhibit the breast cancer resistance protein ABCG2 but with totally different structure-activity relationships: a N(5)-phenethyl substituent was critical, and additional hydrophobic substituents at position 7 or 8 of the D-ring or a methoxy at phenethyl position ortho or meta also contributed to inhibition. The best ABCG2 inhibitors, such as 4c, 4h, 4i, 4j, and 4k, behaved as very weak inhibitors of CK2, whereas the most potent CK2 inhibitors, such as 4a, 4p, and 4e, displayed limited interaction with ABCG2. It was therefore possible to convert, through suitable substitutions of the indeno[1,2-b]indole-9,10-dione scaffold, potent CK2 inhibitors into selective ABCG2 inhibitors and vice versa. In addition, some of the best ABCG2 inhibitors, which displayed a very low cytotoxicity, thus giving a high therapeutic ratio, and appeared not to be transported, constitute promising candidates for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Jabor Gozzi
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2014, BMSSI UMR 5086 CNRS/Université Lyon 1, IBCP, 69367 Lyon, France
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Yoo JY, Lim BJ, Choi HK, Hong SW, Jang HS, Kim C, Chun KH, Choi KC, Yoon HG. CK2-NCoR signaling cascade promotes prostate tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2014; 4:972-83. [PMID: 23669876 PMCID: PMC3759675 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant expressions of casein kinase 2 (CK2) was found in prostate cancer patient and cell lines, but little is known of the detailed mechanisms implicated in prostate tumorigenesis. In this study, we report that both CK2 activity and CK2-mediated NCoR phosphorylation are significantly elevated in the androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line DU145 and PC-3 compared with RWPE1 and LNCaP cells. Increased phosphorylation inversely correlates with the mRNA level of the NCoR-regulated gene, interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10). CK2 inhibition abrogated NCoR phosphorylation, IP-10 transcriptional repression, and the invasion activity of PC-3 cells. Inhibition of the CK2-NCoR network significantly reduced in vivo PC-3 cell tumorigenicity, likely due to transcriptional derepression of IP-10. Clinicopathological analyses revealed that increased CK2-mediated NCoR phosphorylation significantly correlates with poor survival among prostate cancer patients. These findings elucidate a CK2-modulated oncogenic cascade in prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yoon Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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Rampersad SN. Multiple applications of Alamar Blue as an indicator of metabolic function and cellular health in cell viability bioassays. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2012; 12:12347-60. [PMID: 23112716 PMCID: PMC3478843 DOI: 10.3390/s120912347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 611] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accurate prediction of the adverse effects of test compounds on living systems, detection of toxic thresholds, and expansion of experimental data sets to include multiple toxicity end-point analysis are required for any robust screening regime. Alamar Blue is an important redox indicator that is used to evaluate metabolic function and cellular health. The Alamar Blue bioassay has been utilized over the past 50 years to assess cell viability and cytotoxicity in a range of biological and environmental systems and in a number of cell types including bacteria, yeast, fungi, protozoa and cultured mammalian and piscine cells. It offers several advantages over other metabolic indicators and other cytotoxicity assays. However, as with any bioassay, suitability must be determined for each application and cell model. This review seeks to highlight many of the important considerations involved in assay use and design in addition to the potential pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sephra N Rampersad
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
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