1
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Nie XY, Xue Y, Li L, Jiang Z, Qin B, Wang Y, Wang S. A functional intact SUMOylation machinery in Aspergillus flavus contributes to fungal and aflatoxin contamination of food. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 398:110241. [PMID: 37167787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
SUMO adducts occur in Aspergillus flavus, and are implicated in fungal biology, while the underlying mechanism and the SUMOylation apparatus components in this saprophytic food spoilage mould, remain undefined. Herein, genes encoding SUMOylation cascade enzymes in A. flavus, including two heterodimeric SUMO E1 activating enzymes, a unique SUMO E2 conjugating enzyme, and one of SUMO E3 ligases, were identified and functionally analyzed. Global SUMO adducts immunoassay, multiple morphological comparison, aflatoxin attributes test, fungal infection and transcriptomic analyses collectively revealed that: E1 and E2 were essential for intracellular SUMOylation, and contributed to both stress response and fungal virulence-related events, including sporulation, colonization, aflatoxins biosynthesis; the primary E3 in this fungus, AfSizA, might serve as the molecular linkage of SUMOylation pathway to fungal virulence rather than SUMOylation-mediated stress adaptation. These findings demonstrated that SUMOylation machinery in A. flavus was functionally intact and contributed to multiple pathobiological processes, hence offering ideas and targets to control food contamination by this mycotoxigenic fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Nie
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Yang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhixin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
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2
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Zhang T, Yang H, Zhou Z, Bai Y, Wang J, Wang W. Crosstalk between SUMOylation and ubiquitylation controls DNA end resection by maintaining MRE11 homeostasis on chromatin. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5133. [PMID: 36050397 PMCID: PMC9436968 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32920-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA end resection is delicately regulated through various types of post-translational modifications to initiate homologous recombination, but the involvement of SUMOylation in this process remains incompletely understood. Here, we show that MRE11 requires SUMOylation to shield it from ubiquitin-mediated degradation when resecting damaged chromatin. Upon DSB induction, PIAS1 promotes MRE11 SUMOylation on chromatin to initiate DNA end resection. Then, MRE11 is deSUMOylated by SENP3 mainly after it has moved away from DSB sites. SENP3 deficiency results in MRE11 degradation failure and accumulation on chromatin, causing genome instability. We further show that cancer-related MRE11 mutants with impaired SUMOylation exhibit compromised DNA repair ability. Thus, we demonstrate that MRE11 SUMOylation in coordination with ubiquitylation is dynamically controlled by PIAS1 and SENP3 to facilitate DNA end resection and maintain genome stability. DNA end resection initiating DNA repair by homologous recombination needs to be delicately regulated. This study shows the interplay between SUMOylation and ubiquitylation maintains MRE11 homeostasis on chromatin, thus facilitating genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Han Yang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zenan Zhou
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yongtai Bai
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jiadong Wang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Weibin Wang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
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3
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Tang Y, Dong Q, Wang T, Gong L, Gu Y. PNET2 is a component of the plant nuclear lamina and is required for proper genome organization and activity. Dev Cell 2021; 57:19-31.e6. [PMID: 34822788 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between chromatin and the nuclear lamina (NL) is intrinsically important to the establishment of three-dimensional chromatin architecture and spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression. However, critical regulators involved in this process are poorly understood in plants. Here, we report that Arabidopsis PNET2 and its two homologs are bona fide inner nuclear membrane proteins and integral components of the NL. PNET2s physically interact with the plant nucleoskeleton and engage nucleosome-enriched chromatin at the nuclear periphery. Loss of all three PNET2s leads to severely disrupted growth and development, concomitant activation of abiotic and biotic stress responses, and ultimate lethality in Arabidopsis. The pent2 triple mutant also displays drastic transcriptome changes accompanied by a globally altered chromatin architecture revealed by HiC analysis. Our study identified PNET2 as an inner nuclear membrane (INM) component of the NL, which associates with chromatin and play a critical role in orchestrating gene expression and chromatin organization in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Qianli Dong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Tianya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yangnan Gu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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4
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Cappadocia L, Kochańczyk T, Lima CD. DNA asymmetry promotes SUMO modification of the single-stranded DNA-binding protein RPA. EMBO J 2021; 40:e103787. [PMID: 34585421 PMCID: PMC8591536 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of DNA double‐stranded breaks by homologous recombination (HR) is dependent on DNA end resection and on post‐translational modification of repair factors. In budding yeast, single‐stranded DNA is coated by replication protein A (RPA) following DNA end resection, and DNA–RPA complexes are then SUMO‐modified by the E3 ligase Siz2 to promote repair. Here, we show using enzymatic assays that DNA duplexes containing 3' single‐stranded DNA overhangs increase the rate of RPA SUMO modification by Siz2. The SAP domain of Siz2 binds DNA duplexes and makes a key contribution to this process as highlighted by models and a crystal structure of Siz2 and by assays performed using protein mutants. Enzymatic assays performed using DNA that can accommodate multiple RPA proteins suggest a model in which the SUMO‐RPA signal is amplified by successive rounds of Siz2‐dependent SUMO modification of RPA and dissociation of SUMO‐RPA at the junction between single‐ and double‐stranded DNA. Our results provide insights on how DNA architecture scaffolds a substrate and E3 ligase to promote SUMO modification in the context of DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Cappadocia
- Structural Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tomasz Kochańczyk
- Structural Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher D Lima
- Structural Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
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5
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Sui H, Hao M, Chang W, Imamichi T. The Role of Ku70 as a Cytosolic DNA Sensor in Innate Immunity and Beyond. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:761983. [PMID: 34746031 PMCID: PMC8566972 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.761983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Ku70 is a well-known endogenous nuclear protein involved in the non-homologous end joining pathway to repair double-stranded breaks in DNA. However, Ku70 has been studied in multiple contexts and grown into a multifunctional protein. In addition to the extensive functional study of Ku70 in DNA repair process, many studies have emphasized the role of Ku70 in various other cellular processes, including apoptosis, aging, and HIV replication. In this review, we focus on discussing the role of Ku70 in inducing interferons and proinflammatory cytokines as a cytosolic DNA sensor. We explored the unique structure of Ku70 binding with DNA; illustrated, with evidence, how Ku70, as a nuclear protein, responds to extracellular DNA stimulation; and summarized the mechanisms of the Ku70-involved innate immune response pathway. Finally, we discussed several new strategies to modulate Ku70-mediated innate immune response and highlighted some potential physiological insights based on the role of Ku70 in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Sui
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and Immunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Tomozumi Imamichi
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and Immunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
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6
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Xu X, Wang M, Sun J, Yu Z, Li G, Yang N, Xu RM. Structure specific DNA recognition by the SLX1-SLX4 endonuclease complex. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:7740-7752. [PMID: 34181713 PMCID: PMC8287910 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The SLX1–SLX4 structure-specific endonuclease complex is involved in processing diverse DNA damage intermediates, including resolution of Holliday junctions, collapse of stalled replication forks and removal of DNA flaps. The nuclease subunit SLX1 is inactive on its own, but become activated upon binding to SLX4 via its conserved C-terminal domain (CCD). Yet, how the SLX1–SLX4 complex recognizes specific DNA structure and chooses cleavage sites remains unknown. Here we show, through a combination of structural, biochemical and computational analyses, that the SAP domain of SLX4 is critical for efficient and accurate processing of 5′-flap DNA. It binds the minor groove of DNA about one turn away from the flap junction, and the 5′-flap is implicated in binding the core domain of SLX1. This binding mode accounts for specific recognition of 5′-flap DNA and specification of cleavage site by the SLX1–SLX4 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Medical Data Analysis and Statistical Research of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mingzhu Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Jixue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Medical Data Analysis and Statistical Research of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Zhenyu Yu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guohong Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,School of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Na Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Medical Data Analysis and Statistical Research of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Rui-Ming Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,School of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Abbasi S, Parmar G, Kelly RD, Balasuriya N, Schild-Poulter C. The Ku complex: recent advances and emerging roles outside of non-homologous end-joining. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4589-4613. [PMID: 33855626 PMCID: PMC11071882 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03801-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1981, the Ku complex has been extensively studied under multiple cellular contexts, with most work focusing on Ku in terms of its essential role in non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). In this process, Ku is well-known as the DNA-binding subunit for DNA-PK, which is central to the NHEJ repair process. However, in addition to the extensive study of Ku's role in DNA repair, Ku has also been implicated in various other cellular processes including transcription, the DNA damage response, DNA replication, telomere maintenance, and has since been studied in multiple contexts, growing into a multidisciplinary point of research across various fields. Some advances have been driven by clarification of Ku's structure, including the original Ku crystal structure and the more recent Ku-DNA-PKcs crystallography, cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM) studies, and the identification of various post-translational modifications. Here, we focus on the advances made in understanding the Ku heterodimer outside of non-homologous end-joining, and across a variety of model organisms. We explore unique structural and functional aspects, detail Ku expression, conservation, and essentiality in different species, discuss the evidence for its involvement in a diverse range of cellular functions, highlight Ku protein interactions and recent work concerning Ku-binding motifs, and finally, we summarize the clinical Ku-related research to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Abbasi
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Gursimran Parmar
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Rachel D Kelly
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Nileeka Balasuriya
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Caroline Schild-Poulter
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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8
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Lai Z, Adzigbli L, Chen Q, Hao R, Liao Y, Deng Y, Wang Q. Identification and Allelic Variants Associated With Cold Tolerance of PmPIAS in Pinctada fucata martensii. Front Physiol 2021; 12:634838. [PMID: 33737883 PMCID: PMC7960669 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.634838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS) functions in diverse aspects, including immune response, cell apoptosis, cell differentiation, and proliferation. In the present study, the PIAS in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii was characterized. The sequence features of PmPIAS were similar to that of other PIAS sequences with PIAS typical domains, including SAP, Pro-Ile-Asn-Ile-Thr (PINIT), RLD domain, AD, and S/T-rich region. Homologous analysis showed that PmPIAS protein sequence showed the conserved primary structure compared with other species. Ribbon representation of PIAS protein sequences also showed a conserved structure among species, and the PINIT domain and RLD domain showed the conserved structure compared with the sequence of Homo sapiens. The expression pattern of PmPIAS in different tissues showed significant high expression in the gonad. PmPIAS also exhibited a significantly higher expression in the 1 and 2 days after cold tolerance stress (17°C) and showed its potential in the cold tolerance. The SNP analysis of the exon region of PmPIAS obtained 18 SNPs, and among them, 11 SNPs showed significance among different genotypes and alleles between cold tolerance selection line and base stock, which showed their potential in the breeding for cold tolerance traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoxin Lai
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Linda Adzigbli
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qingyue Chen
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ruijuan Hao
- Development and Research Center for Biological Marine Resources, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yongshan Liao
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China.,Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuewen Deng
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China.,Development and Research Center for Biological Marine Resources, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qingheng Wang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China.,Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Zhanjiang, China
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9
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Roy D, Sadanandom A. SUMO mediated regulation of transcription factors as a mechanism for transducing environmental cues into cellular signaling in plants. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2641-2664. [PMID: 33452901 PMCID: PMC8004507 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03723-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Across all species, transcription factors (TFs) are the most frequent targets of SUMOylation. The effect of SUMO conjugation on the functions of transcription factors has been extensively studied in animal systems, with over 200 transcription factors being documented to be modulated by SUMOylation. This has resulted in the establishment of a number of paradigms that seek to explain the mechanisms by which SUMO regulates transcription factor functions. For instance, SUMO has been shown to modulate TF DNA binding activity; regulate both localization as well as the abundance of TFs and also influence the association of TFs with chromatin. With transcription factors being implicated as master regulators of the cellular signalling pathways that maintain phenotypic plasticity in all organisms, in this review, we will discuss how SUMO mediated regulation of transcription factor activity facilitates molecular pathways to mount an appropriate and coherent biological response to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipan Roy
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Ari Sadanandom
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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10
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Jmii S, Cappadocia L. Plant SUMO E3 Ligases: Function, Structural Organization, and Connection With DNA. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:652170. [PMID: 33897743 PMCID: PMC8064691 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.652170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein modification by the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) plays an important role in multiple plant processes, including growth, development, and the response to abiotic stresses. Mechanistically, SUMOylation is a sequential multi-enzymatic process where SUMO E3 ligases accelerate SUMO conjugation while also influencing target identity and interactions. This review explores the biological functions of plant SUMO E3 ligases [SAP AND MIZ1 DOMAIN-CONTAINING LIGASE (SIZs), METHYL METHANESULFONATE-SENSITIVITY PROTEIN 21 (MMS21s), and PROTEIN INHIBITOR OF ACTIVATED STAT-LIKE (PIALs)] in relation to their molecular activities and domains. We also explore the sub-cellular localization of SUMO E3 ligases and review evidence suggesting a connection between certain SUMO E3 ligases and DNA that contributes to gene expression regulation.
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11
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Lin YL, Chung CL, Huang PJ, Chen CH, Fang SC. Revised annotation and extended characterizations of components of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii SUMOylation system. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00266. [PMID: 33015534 PMCID: PMC7522501 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) conjugation, or SUMOylation, is a reversible post-translational modification that is important for regulation of many cellular processes including cell division cycle in the eukaryotic kingdom. However, only a portion of the components of the Chlamydomonas SUMOylation system are known and their functions and regulation investigated. The present studies are aimed at extending discovery and characterization of new components and improving the annotation and nomenclature of all known proteins and genes involved in the system. Even though only one copy of the heterodimerized SUMO-activating enzyme, SAE1 and SAE2, was identified, the number of SUMO-conjugating enzymes (SCEs) and SUMO proteases/isopeptidase was expanded in Chlamydomonas. Using the reconstituted SUMOylation system, we showed that SCE1, SCE2, and SCE3 have SUMO-conjugating activity. In addition to SUMOylation, components required for other post-translational modifications such as NEDDylation, URMylation, and UFMylation, were confirmed to be present in Chlamydomonas. Our data also showed that besides isopeptidase activity, the SUMO protease domain of SUPPRESSOR OF MAT3 7/SENTRIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASE 1 (SMT7/SENP1) has endopeptidase activity that is capable of processing SUMO precursors. Moreover, the key cell cycle regulators of Chlamydomonas E2F1, DP1, CDKG1, CYCD2, and CYCD3 were SUMOylated in vitro, suggesting SUMOylation may be part of regulatory pathway modulating cell cycle regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ling Lin
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan Academia Sinica Tainan Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lin Chung
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan Academia Sinica Tainan Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Pin-Jui Huang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan Academia Sinica Tainan Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chun-Han Chen
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan Academia Sinica Tainan Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Su-Chiung Fang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan Academia Sinica Tainan Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica Taichung Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan
- National Cheng Kung University-Academia Sinica Graduate Program in Translational Agricultural Sciences Tainan Taiwan
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12
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Zhang S, Li C, Wang W, Wang C, Sun C, Chan S, Shi L. Functional characterization of a protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS) gene in Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:417-426. [PMID: 31491531 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS) plays a critical role in the feedback modulation of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway as a negative regulator in mammals and Drosophila, but the function of PIAS in crustaceans is still unclear. In this study, a PIAS termed LvPIAS was cloned and characterized from Litopenaeus vannamei. The full length of LvPIAS was 3065 bp, including a 2361 bp open reading frame (ORF) coding for a protein of 786 aa. LvPIAS expression was most abundant in muscle and could respond to the challenge of LPS, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphhylococcus aureus, Poly I: C and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). LvPIAS could be induced by the transcription factor LvSTAT, but LvPIAS could inhibit the transcriptional activity of LvSTAT to the LvPIAS promoter conversely, which indicated that there was a negative feedback loop between LvSTAT and LvPIAS. Furthermore, RNAi-mediated knockdown of LvPIAS shrimps showed higher survival rate to WSSV infection than those in the control group (dsGFP injection), suggesting that LvPIAS may play a negatively role against WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, PR China; Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, PR China
| | - Chaozheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, PR China
| | - Chenggui Wang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, PR China
| | - Chengbo Sun
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, PR China
| | - Siuming Chan
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, PR China
| | - Lili Shi
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, PR China.
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13
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Rosa MTG, Almeida DM, Pires IS, da Rosa Farias D, Martins AG, da Maia LC, de Oliveira AC, Saibo NJM, Oliveira MM, Abreu IA. Insights into the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the rice SUMOylation machinery and into the role of two rice SUMO proteases. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:349. [PMID: 30541427 PMCID: PMC6291987 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SUMOylation is an essential eukaryotic post-translation modification that, in plants, regulates numerous cellular processes, ranging from seed development to stress response. Using rice as a model crop plant, we searched for potential regulatory points that may influence the activity of the rice SUMOylation machinery genes. RESULTS We analyzed the presence of putative cis-acting regulatory elements (CREs) within the promoter regions of the rice SUMOylation machinery genes and found CREs related to different cellular processes, including hormone signaling. We confirmed that the transcript levels of genes involved in target-SUMOylation, containing ABA- and GA-related CREs, are responsive to treatments with these hormones. Transcriptional analysis in Nipponbare (spp. japonica) and LC-93-4 (spp. indica), showed that the transcript levels of all studied genes are maintained in the two subspecies, under normal growth. OsSUMO3 is an exceptional case since it is expressed at low levels or is not detectable at all in LC-93-4 roots and shoots, respectively. We revealed post-transcriptional regulation by alternative splicing (AS) for all genes studied, except for SUMO coding genes, OsSIZ2, OsOTS3, and OsELS2. Some AS forms have the potential to alter protein domains and catalytic centers. We also performed the molecular and phenotypic characterization of T-DNA insertion lines of some of the genes under study. Knockouts of OsFUG1 and OsELS1 showed increased SUMOylation levels and non-overlapping phenotypes. The fug1 line showed a dwarf phenotype, and significant defects in fertility, seed weight, and panicle architecture, while the els1 line showed early flowering and decreased plant height. We suggest that OsELS1 is an ortholog of AtEsd4, which was also supported by our phylogenetic analysis. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the rice SUMOylation machinery and discuss possible effects of the regulation of these genes at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. We also contribute to the characterization of two rice SUMO proteases, OsELS1 and OsFUG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida T. G. Rosa
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Diego M. Almeida
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- IBET, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes (BPMP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Montpellier (UM), Montpellier, France
| | - Inês S. Pires
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Frontiers Media SA, Avenue du Tribunal-Fédéral 34, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel da Rosa Farias
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Alice G. Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Luciano Carlos da Maia
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - António Costa de Oliveira
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Nelson J. M. Saibo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - M. Margarida Oliveira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Isabel A. Abreu
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- IBET, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Niu GJ, Xu JD, Yuan WJ, Sun JJ, Yang MC, He ZH, Zhao XF, Wang JX. Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT (PIAS) Negatively Regulates the JAK/STAT Pathway by Inhibiting STAT Phosphorylation and Translocation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2392. [PMID: 30416501 PMCID: PMC6212522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS) proteins are activation-suppressing proteins for signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), which involves gene transcriptional regulation. The inhibitory mechanism of PIAS proteins in the Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT signaling pathway has been well studied in mammals and Drosophila. However, the roles of PIAS in crustaceans are unclear. In the present study, we identified PIAS in kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus and found that its relative expression could be induced by Vibrio anguillarum stimulation. To explore the function of PIAS in shrimp infected with V. anguillarum, we performed an RNA interference assay. After knockdown of PIAS expression in shrimp subjected to V. anguillarum infection, bacterial clearance was enhanced and the survival rate increased compared with those in the control shrimp (dsGFP injection). Simultaneously, the expression levels of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF) A1, C1, C2, and CruI-1, increased. Further study revealed that knockdown of PIAS also enhanced STAT phosphorylation and translocation. Pulldown assay indicated that PIAS interacts with activated STAT in shrimp. In conclusion, PIAS negatively regulates JAK/STAT signaling by inhibiting the phosphorylation and translocation of STAT through the interaction between PIAS and STAT, which leads to the reduction of AMP expression in shrimp. Our results revealed a new mechanism of PIAS-mediated gene regulation of the STAT signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Juan Niu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ji-Dong Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wen-Jie Yuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie-Jie Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ming-Chong Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhong-Hua He
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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15
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Benlloch R, Lois LM. Sumoylation in plants: mechanistic insights and its role in drought stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4539-4554. [PMID: 29931319 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification by SUMO is an essential process that has a major role in the regulation of plant development and stress responses. Such diverse biological functions are accompanied by functional diversification among the SUMO conjugation machinery components and regulatory mechanisms that has just started to be identified in plants. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge of the SUMO conjugation system in plants in terms of components, substrate specificity, cognate interactions, enzyme activity, and subcellular localization. In addition, we analyze existing data on the role of SUMOylation in plant drought tolerance in model plants and crop species, paying attention to the genetic approaches used to stimulate or inhibit endogenous SUMO conjugation. The role in drought tolerance of potential SUMO targets identified in proteomic analyses is also discussed. Overall, the complexity of SUMOylation and the multiple genetic and environmental factors that are integrated to confer drought tolerance highlight the need for significant efforts to understand the interplay between SUMO and drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyes Benlloch
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia, Spain
| | - L Maria Lois
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics-CRAG, Edifici CRAG-Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Probing ubiquitin and SUMO conjugation and deconjugation. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:423-436. [PMID: 29588386 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin (Ub) and ubiquitin-like (Ubl) proteins including small Ubl modifier (SUMO) are small proteins which are covalently linked to target proteins to regulate their functions. In this review, we discuss the current state of the art and point out what we feel this field urgently needs in order to delineate the wiring of the system. We discuss what is needed to unravel the connections between different components of the conjugation machineries for ubiquitylation and SUMOylation, and to unravel the connections between the conjugation machineries and their substrates. Chemical probes are key tools to probe signal transduction by these small proteins that may help understand their action. This rapidly moving field has resulted in various small molecules that will help us to further understand Ub and SUMO function and that may lead to the development of new drugs.
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17
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Zilio N, Eifler-Olivi K, Ulrich HD. Functions of SUMO in the Maintenance of Genome Stability. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 963:51-87. [PMID: 28197906 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50044-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Like in most other areas of cellular metabolism, the functions of the ubiquitin-like modifier SUMO in the maintenance of genome stability are manifold and varied. Perturbations of global sumoylation causes a wide spectrum of phenotypes associated with defects in DNA maintenance, such as hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging agents, gross chromosomal rearrangements and loss of entire chromosomes. Consistent with these observations, many key factors involved in various DNA repair pathways have been identified as SUMO substrates. However, establishing a functional connection between a given SUMO target, the cognate SUMO ligase and a relevant phenotype has remained a challenge, mainly because of the difficulties involved in identifying important modification sites and downstream effectors that specifically recognize the target in its sumoylated state. This review will give an overview over the major pathways of DNA repair and genome maintenance influenced by the SUMO system and discuss selected examples of SUMO's actions in these pathways where the biological consequences of the modification have been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Zilio
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Helle D Ulrich
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, D-55128, Mainz, Germany.
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18
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Jalal D, Chalissery J, Hassan AH. Genome maintenance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: the role of SUMO and SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:2242-2261. [PMID: 28115630 PMCID: PMC5389695 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome of the cell is often exposed to DNA damaging agents and therefore requires an intricate well-regulated DNA damage response (DDR) to overcome its deleterious effects. The DDR needs proper regulation for its timely activation, repression, as well as appropriate choice of repair pathway. Studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have advanced our understanding of the DNA damage response, as well as the mechanisms the cell employs to maintain genome stability and how these mechanisms are regulated. Eukaryotic cells utilize post-translational modifications as a means for fine-tuning protein functions. Ubiquitylation and SUMOylation involve the attachment of small protein molecules onto proteins to modulate function or protein–protein interactions. SUMO in particular, was shown to act as a molecular glue when DNA damage occurs, facilitating the assembly of large protein complexes in repair foci. In other instances, SUMOylation alters a protein's biochemical activities, and interactions. SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases (STUbLs) are enzymes that target SUMOylated proteins for ubiquitylation and subsequent degradation, providing a function for the SUMO modification in the regulation and disassembly of repair complexes. Here, we discuss the major contributions of SUMO and STUbLs in the regulation of DNA damage repair pathways as well as in the maintenance of critical regions of the genome, namely rDNA regions, telomeres and the 2 μm circle in budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena Jalal
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Jisha Chalissery
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Ahmed H Hassan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al-Ain, UAE
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19
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Src1 is a Protein of the Inner Nuclear Membrane Interacting with the Dictyostelium Lamin NE81. Cells 2016; 5:cells5010013. [PMID: 26999214 PMCID: PMC4810098 DOI: 10.3390/cells5010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) consists of the outer and inner nuclear membrane (INM), whereby the latter is bound to the nuclear lamina. Src1 is a Dictyostelium homologue of the helix-extension-helix family of proteins, which also includes the human lamin-binding protein MAN1. Both endogenous Src1 and GFP-Src1 are localized to the NE during the entire cell cycle. Immuno-electron microscopy and light microscopy after differential detergent treatment indicated that Src1 resides in the INM. FRAP experiments with GFP-Src1 cells suggested that at least a fraction of the protein could be stably engaged in forming the nuclear lamina together with the Dictyostelium lamin NE81. Both a BioID proximity assay and mis-localization of soluble, truncated mRFP-Src1 at cytosolic clusters consisting of an intentionally mis-localized mutant of GFP-NE81 confirmed an interaction of Src1 and NE81. Expression GFP-Src11–646, a fragment C-terminally truncated after the first transmembrane domain, disrupted interaction of nuclear membranes with the nuclear lamina, as cells formed protrusions of the NE that were dependent on cytoskeletal pulling forces. Protrusions were dependent on intact microtubules but not actin filaments. Our results indicate that Src1 is required for integrity of the NE and highlight Dictyostelium as a promising model for the evolution of nuclear architecture.
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20
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Chung I, Zhao X. DNA break-induced sumoylation is enabled by collaboration between a SUMO ligase and the ssDNA-binding complex RPA. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1593-8. [PMID: 26253534 PMCID: PMC4536307 DOI: 10.1101/gad.265058.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Upon genome damage, large-scale protein sumoylation occurs from yeast to humans to promote DNA repair. Currently, the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. Here we show that, upon DNA break induction, the budding yeast SUMO ligase Siz2 collaborates with the ssDNA-binding complex RPA (replication protein A) to induce the sumoylation of recombination factors and confer damage resistance. Both RPA and nuclease-generated ssDNA promote Siz2-mediated sumoylation. Mechanistically, the conserved Siz2 interaction with RPA enables Siz2 localization to damage sites. These findings provide a molecular basis for recruiting SUMO ligases to the vicinity of their substrates to induce sumoylation upon DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inn Chung
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Xiaolan Zhao
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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21
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Ulrich HD. Two-way communications between ubiquitin-like modifiers and DNA. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2014; 21:317-24. [PMID: 24699080 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many aspects of nucleic acid metabolism, such as DNA replication, repair and transcription, are regulated by the post-translational modifiers ubiquitin and SUMO. Not surprisingly, DNA itself plays an integral part in determining the modification of most chromatin-associated targets. Conversely, ubiquitination or SUMOylation of a protein can impinge on its DNA-binding properties. This review describes mechanistic principles governing the mutual interactions between DNA and ubiquitin or SUMO.
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22
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Raorane ML, Mutte SK, Varadarajan AR, Pabuayon IM, Kohli A. Protein SUMOylation and plant abiotic stress signaling: in silico case study of rice RLKs, heat-shock and Ca(2+)-binding proteins. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:1053-65. [PMID: 23666184 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to stress conditions through early stress-response factors (ESRF), which serve the function of stress sensing and/or signal transduction. These mainly comprise qualitative and/or quantitative flux in the redox molecules, calcium ions (Ca(2+)), phosphatidic acid, hexose sugars and phytohormones. The role of resident proteins such as phytohormone receptors and G-proteins as first messengers under stress is well established. Yet, within the modern omics context, most of the stress response at the protein level is injudiciously attributed to substantial up- or down-regulation of expression measured at the RNA or protein level. Proteins such as kinases and transcription factors (TFs) that exhibit cascade effects are primary candidates for studies in plant stress tolerance. However, resident-protein post-translational modification (PTM), specifically in response to particular conditions such as stress, is a candidate for immediate and potent 'quick reaction force' (QRF) kind of effects. Stress-mediated SUMOylation of TFs and other proteins have been observed. SUMOylation can change the rate of activity, function or location of the modified protein. Early SUMOylation of resident proteins can act in the stress signal transduction or in adaptive response. Here, we consider brief background information on ESRFs to establish the crosstalk between these factors that impinge on PTMs. We then illustrate connections of protein SUMOylation to phytohormones and TFs. Finally, we present results of an in silico analysis of rice Receptor-Like Kinases, heat-shock and calcium-binding proteins to identify members of these gene families, whose basal expression under drought but potential SUMOylation presents them as QRF candidates for roles in stress signaling/response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish L Raorane
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777 Metro Manila, Philippines
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23
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Popovic A, Wu B, Arrowsmith CH, Edwards AM, Davidson AR, Maxwell KL. Structural and biochemical characterization of phage λ FI protein (gpFI) reveals a novel mechanism of DNA packaging chaperone activity. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:32085-95. [PMID: 22801427 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.378349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the final steps in the morphogenetic pathway of phage λ is the packaging of a single genome into a preformed empty head structure. In addition to the terminase enzyme, the packaging chaperone, FI protein (gpFI), is required for efficient DNA packaging. In this study, we demonstrate an interaction between gpFI and the major head protein, gpE. Amino acid substitutions in gpFI that reduced the strength of this interaction also decreased the biological activity of gpFI, implying that this head binding activity is essential for the function of gpFI. We also show that gpFI is a two-domain protein, and the C-terminal domain is responsible for the head binding activity. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we determined the three-dimensional structure of the C-terminal domain and characterized the helical nature of the N-terminal domain. Through structural comparisons, we were able to identify two previously unannotated prophage-encoded proteins with tertiary structures similar to gpFI, although they lack significant pairwise sequence identity. Sequence analysis of these diverse homologues led us to identify related proteins in a variety of myo- and siphophages, revealing that gpFI function has a more highly conserved role in phage morphogenesis than was previously appreciated. Finally, we present a novel model for the mechanism of gpFI chaperone activity in the DNA packaging reaction of phage λ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Popovic
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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Novatchkova M, Tomanov K, Hofmann K, Stuible HP, Bachmair A. Update on sumoylation: defining core components of the plant SUMO conjugation system by phylogenetic comparison. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 195:23-31. [PMID: 22799003 PMCID: PMC3399776 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The conjugation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier, SUMO, to substrate proteins is a reversible and dynamic process, and an important response of plants to environmental challenges. Nevertheless, reliable data have so far been restricted largely to the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The increasing availability of genome information for other plant species offers the possibility to identify a core set of indispensable components, and to discover species-specific features of the sumoylation pathway. We analyzed the enzymes responsible for the conjugation of SUMO to substrates for their conservation between dicots and monocots. We thus assembled gene sets that relate the Arabidopsis SUMO conjugation system to that of the dicot species tomato, grapevine and poplar, and to four plant species from the monocot class: rice, Brachypodium distachyon, Sorghum bicolor and maize. We found that a core set of genes with clear assignment in Arabidopsis had highly conserved homologs in all tested plants. However, we also observed a variation in the copy number of homologous genes, and sequence variations that suggested monocot-specific variants. Generally, SUMO ligases and proteases showed the most pronounced differences. Finally, we identified potential SUMO chain-binding ubiquitin ligases, pointing to an in vivo function of SUMO chains as degradation signals in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Novatchkova
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Konstantin Tomanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Center for Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kay Hofmann
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47a, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Stuible
- Physical Engineering Department, University of Applied Sciences of Gelsenkirchen, August-Schmidt-Ring 10, D-45665 Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bachmair
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Center for Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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Shindo H, Suzuki R, Tsuchiya W, Taichi M, Nishiuchi Y, Yamazaki T. PHD finger of the SUMO ligase Siz/PIAS family in rice reveals specific binding for methylated histone H3 at lysine 4 and arginine 2. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1783-9. [PMID: 22626555 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We determined the three-dimensional structure of the PHD finger of the rice Siz/PIAS-type SUMO ligase, OsSiz1, by NMR spectroscopy and investigated binding ability for a variety of methylated histone H3 tails, showing that OsSiz1-PHD primarily recognizes dimethylated Arg2 of the histone H3 and that methylations at Arg2 and Lys4 reveal synergy effect on binding to OsSiz1-PHD. The K4 cage of OsSiz1-PHD for trimethylated Lys4 of H3K4me3 was similar to that of the BPTF-PHD finger, while the R2 pocket for Arg2 was different. It is intriguing that the PHD module of Siz/PIAS plays an important role, with collaboration with the DNA binding domain SAP, in gene regulation through SUMOylation of a variety of effectors associated with the methylated arginine-riched chromatin domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heisaburo Shindo
- Biomolecular Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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26
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Abstract
The nuclear envelope in eukaryotic cells has important roles in chromatin organization. The inner nuclear membrane contains over 60 transmembrane proteins. LEM [LAP2 (lamina-associated polypeptide 2)/emerin/MAN1] domain-containing proteins of the inner nuclear membrane are involved in tethering chromatin to the nuclear envelope and affect gene expression. They contain a common structural, bihelical motif, the so-called LEM domain, which mediates binding to a conserved chromatin protein, BAF (barrier to autointegration factor). Interestingly, this domain is highly related to other bihelical motifs, termed HeH (helix-extension-helix) and SAP {SAF (scaffold attachment factor)/acinus/PIAS [protein inhibitor of activated STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription)]} motifs, which are directly linked to DNA. In the present paper, we summarize evidence that the LEM motif evolved from the HeH and SAP domains concomitantly with BAF. In addition, we discuss the potential evolution of HeH/SAP and LEM domain-containing proteins and their role in chromatin tethering and gene regulation from unicellular eukaryotes to mammals.
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Bohne A, Zhou Q, Darras A, Schmidt C, Schartl M, Galiana-Arnoux D, Volff JN. Zisupton--A Novel Superfamily of DNA Transposable Elements Recently Active in Fish. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 29:631-45. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msr208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Xie T, He Y, Korkeamaki H, Zhang Y, Imhoff R, Lohi O, Radhakrishnan I. Structure of the 30-kDa Sin3-associated protein (SAP30) in complex with the mammalian Sin3A corepressor and its role in nucleic acid binding. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:27814-24. [PMID: 21676866 PMCID: PMC3149371 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.252494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ∼2-megadalton evolutionarily conserved histone deacetylase-associated Rpd3L/Sin3L complex plays critical roles in altering the histone code and repressing transcription of a broad range of genes involved in many aspects of cellular physiology. Targeting of this complex to specific regions of the genome is presumed to rely on interactions involving one or more of at least 10 distinct subunits in the complex. Here we describe the solution structure of the complex formed by the interacting domains of two constitutively associated subunits, mSin3A and SAP30. The mSin3A paired amphipathic helix 3 (PAH3) domain in the complex adopts the left-handed four-helix bundle structure characteristic of PAH domains. The SAP30 Sin3 interaction domain (SID) binds to PAH3 via a tripartite structural motif, including a C-terminal helix that targets the canonical PAH hydrophobic cleft while two other helices and an N-terminal extension target a discrete surface formed largely by the PAH3 α2, α3, and α3' helices. The protein-protein interface is extensive (∼1400 Å(2)), accounting for the high affinity of the interaction and the constitutive association of the SAP30 subunit with the Rpd3L/Sin3L complex. We further show using NMR that the mSin3A PAH3-SAP30 SID complex can bind to nucleic acids, hinting at a role for a nucleolar localization sequence in the SID αA helix in targeting the Rpd3L/Sin3L complex for silencing ribosomal RNA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xie
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 and
| | - Yuan He
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 and
| | - Hanna Korkeamaki
- the Pediatric Research Center, University of Tampere Medical School and Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Yongbo Zhang
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 and
| | - Rebecca Imhoff
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 and
| | - Olli Lohi
- the Pediatric Research Center, University of Tampere Medical School and Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland, To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Ishwar Radhakrishnan
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 and , To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
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Thangasamy S, Guo CL, Chuang MH, Lai MH, Chen J, Jauh GY. Rice SIZ1, a SUMO E3 ligase, controls spikelet fertility through regulation of anther dehiscence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 189:869-882. [PMID: 21083564 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
• Sumoylation, a post-translational modification, has important functions in both animals and plants. However, the biological function of the SUMO E3 ligase, SIZ1, in rice (Oryza sativa) is still under investigation. • In this study, we employed two different genetic approaches, the use of siz1 T-DNA mutant and SIZ1-RNAi transgenic plants, to characterize the function of rice SIZ1. • Genetic results revealed the co-segregation of single T-DNA insertional recessive mutation with the observed phenotypes in siz1. In addition to showing reduced plant height, tiller number and seed set percentage, both the siz1 mutant and SIZ1-RNAi transgenic plants showed obvious defects in anther dehiscence, but not pollen viability. The anther indehiscence in siz1 was probably a result of defects in endothecium development before anthesis. Interestingly, rice orthologs of AtIRX and ZmMADS2, which are essential for endothecium development during anther dehiscence, were significantly down-regulated in siz1. Compared with the wild-type, the sumoylation profile of high-molecular-weight proteins in mature spikelets was reduced significantly in siz1 and the SIZ1-RNAi line with notably reduced SIZ1 expression. The nuclear localization signal located in the SIZ1 C-terminus was sufficient for its nuclear targeting in bombarded onion epidermis. • The results suggest the functional role of SIZ1, a SUMO E3 ligase, in regulating rice anther dehiscence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saminathan Thangasamy
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung-Hsing University - Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cian-Ling Guo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiang Chuang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsing Lai
- Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jychian Chen
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung-Hsing University - Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Yuh Jauh
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung-Hsing University - Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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30
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Park HC, Kim H, Koo SC, Park HJ, Cheong MS, Hong H, Baek D, Chung WS, Kim DH, Bressan RA, Lee SY, Bohnert HJ, Yun DJ. Functional characterization of the SIZ/PIAS-type SUMO E3 ligases, OsSIZ1 and OsSIZ2 in rice. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2010; 33:1923-34. [PMID: 20561251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sumoylation is a post-translational regulatory process in diverse cellular processes in eukaryotes, involving conjugation/deconjugation of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins to other proteins thus modifying their function. The PIAS [protein inhibitor of activated signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)] and SAP (scaffold attachment factor A/B/acinus/PIAS)/MIZ (SIZ) proteins exhibit SUMO E3-ligase activity that facilitates the conjugation of SUMO proteins to target substrates. Here, we report the isolation and molecular characterization of Oryza sativa SIZ1 (OsSIZ1) and SIZ2 (OsSIZ2), rice homologs of Arabidopsis SIZ1. The rice SIZ proteins are localized to the nucleus and showed sumoylation activities in a tobacco system. Our analysis showed increased amounts of SUMO conjugates associated with environmental stresses such as high and low temperature, NaCl and abscisic acid (ABA) in rice plants. The expression of OsSIZ1 and OsSIZ2 in siz1-2 Arabidopsis plants partially complemented the morphological mutant phenotype and enhanced levels of SUMO conjugates under heat shock conditions. In addition, ABA-hypersensitivity of siz1-2 seed germination was partially suppressed by OsSIZ1 and OsSIZ2. The results suggest that rice SIZ1 and SIZ2 are able to functionally complement Arabidopsis SIZ1 in the SUMO conjugation pathway. Their effects on the Arabidopsis mutant suggest a function for these genes related to stress responses and stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Cheol Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center and Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
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31
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Kim K, Bae S, Hong J, Choi J, Ryoo S, Jhun H, Lee S, Her E, Hong K, Kim S. Generation of monoclonal antibodies against recombinant AtSIZ1. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2010; 29:333-40. [PMID: 20715991 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2010.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of target proteins by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins modulate many cellular processes in yeast and animals. Here we present the development of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) and polyclonal antibodies (PAb) against Arabidopsis SIZ1 (AtSIZ1) protein with high specificity. Mice were immunized with recombinant AtSIZ1 protein for generating monoclonal antibodies via the classic hybridoma production technique. Anti-AtSIZ1 MAb and PAb were able to detect endogenous AtSIZ1 in Arabidopsis wild type and its complementary line formed by transforming C-siz1-2 mutant with construct containing the AtSIZ1 gene under the control of the native promoter, but not the siz1-2 deletion mutant. These results show that these anti-AtSIZ MAbs are highly sensitive to detect endogenous AtSIZ1 and can be used for immunoblotting and other experimental methods. The new anti-AtSIZ1 MAbs will be essential tools used to investigate the role of AtSIZ1 in plant developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangchang Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (Brain Korea 21 Program), PMBBRC, EB-NCRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju City, Korea
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32
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Ryu H, Azuma Y. Rod/Zw10 complex is required for PIASy-dependent centromeric SUMOylation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:32576-85. [PMID: 20696768 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.153817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMO conjugation of cellular proteins is essential for proper progression of mitosis. PIASy, a SUMO E3 ligase, is required for mitotic SUMOylation of chromosomal proteins, yet the regulatory mechanism behind the PIASy-dependent SUMOylation during mitosis has not been determined. Using a series of truncated PIASy proteins, we have found that the N terminus of PIASy is not required for SUMO modification in vitro but is essential for mitotic SUMOylation in Xenopus egg extracts. We demonstrate that swapping the N terminus of PIASy protein with the corresponding region of other PIAS family members abolishes chromosomal binding and mitotic SUMOylation. We further show that the N-terminal domain of PIASy is sufficient for centromeric localization. We identified that the N-terminal domain of PIASy interacts with the Rod/Zw10 complex, and immunofluorescence further reveals that PIASy colocalizes with Rod/Zw10 in the centromeric region. We show that the Rod/Zw10 complex interacts with the first 47 residues of PIASy which were particularly important for mitotic SUMOylation. Finally, we show that depletion of Rod compromises the centromeric localization of PIASy and SUMO2/3 in mitosis. Together, we demonstrate a fundamental mechanism of PIASy to localize in the centromeric region of chromosome to execute centromeric SUMOylation during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Ryu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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33
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A PIAS-ed view of DNA double strand break repair focuses on SUMO. DNA Repair (Amst) 2010; 9:588-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Phosphorylation-dependent interaction of SATB1 and PIAS1 directs SUMO-regulated caspase cleavage of SATB1. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:2823-36. [PMID: 20351170 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01603-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 1 (SATB1) is a tissue-restricted genome organizer that provides a key link between DNA loop organization, chromatin modification/remodeling, and transcription factor association at matrix attachment regions (MARs). The SUMO E3 ligase PIAS1 enhances SUMO conjugation to SATB1 lysine-744, and this modification regulates caspase-6 mediated cleavage of SATB1 at promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs). Since this regulated caspase cleavage occurs on only a subset of SATB1, and the products are relatively stable, proteolysis likely mediates cellular processes other than programmed cell death. However, the mechanism for the spatial and temporal regulation of SATB1 sumoylation and caspase cleavage is not known. Here we report that these processes are controlled by SATB1 phosphorylation; specifically, PIAS1 interaction with SATB1 is inhibited by phosphorylation. Mutagenesis studies identified interaction of the PIAS SAP (scaffold attachment factor-A/B/acinus/PIAS) motif with SATB1 N-terminal sequences. Notably, phosphorylation of SATB1 at threonine-188 regulates its interaction with PIAS1. Sequences near this phosphorylation site, LXXLL (residues 193 to 197), appear to be conserved among a subset of SUMO substrate proteins. Thus, this motif may be commonly involved in interaction with the PIAS SAP, and phosphorylation may similarly inhibit some of these substrates by preventing their interaction with the ligase.
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35
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Cheong MS, Park HC, Hong MJ, Lee J, Choi W, Jin JB, Bohnert HJ, Lee SY, Bressan RA, Yun DJ. Specific domain structures control abscisic acid-, salicylic acid-, and stress-mediated SIZ1 phenotypes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 151:1930-42. [PMID: 19837819 PMCID: PMC2785975 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.143719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
SIZ1 (for yeast SAP and MIZ1) encodes the sole ortholog of mammalian PIAS (for protein inhibitor of activated STAT) and yeast SIZ SUMO (for small ubiquitin-related modifier) E3 ligases in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Four conserved motifs in SIZ1 include SAP (for scaffold attachment factor A/B/acinus/PIAS domain), PINIT (for proline-isoleucine-asparagine-isoleucine-threonine), SP-RING (for SIZ/PIAS-RING), and SXS (for serine-X-serine, where X is any amino acid) motifs. SIZ1 contains, in addition, a PHD (for plant homeodomain) typical of plant PIAS proteins. We determined phenotypes of siz1-2 knockout mutants transformed with SIZ1 alleles carrying point mutations in the predicted domains. Domain SP-RING is required for SUMO conjugation activity and nuclear localization of SIZ1. Salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and SA-dependent phenotypes of siz1-2, such as diminished plant size, heightened innate immunity, and abscisic acid inhibition of cotyledon greening, as well as SA-independent basal thermotolerance were not complemented by the altered SP-RING allele of SIZ1. The SXS domain also controlled SA accumulation and was involved in greening and expansion of cotyledons of seedlings germinated in the presence of abscisic acid. Mutations of the PHD zinc finger domain and the PINIT motif affected in vivo SUMOylation. Expression of the PHD and/or PINIT domain mutant alleles of SIZ1 in siz1-2 promoted hypocotyl elongation in response to sugar and light. The various domains of SIZ1 make unique contributions to the plant's ability to cope with its environment.
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36
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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